Dyckia BROMELIACEAE

Abstract

A diagnostic description of the genus is given with special emphasis on the occurrence of succulence amongst its species. The geographical distribution is outlined, together with a selection of important literature, and an explanation of the etymology of the name. This is followed by a short summary of its position in the phylogeny of the family and of the past and present classification in a phylogenetic context. The succulent features present amongst the species of the genus are shortly explained as to morphology and anatomy.

This is followed by a synoptical treatment of the species (all succulent) of the genus, complete with typification details, full synonymy, geographical and ecological data, a diagnostic description, and, where applicable, notes on phylogenetic placement and relationships, as well as economic and/or horticultural importance.

Dyckia Schultes fil. (in Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7(2): lxv, 1194, 1830). Type: Dyckia densiflora Schultes fil. [lectotype, designated by L. B. Smith, ING card 00365, 1955]. — Pitcairnioideae — Lit: Smith & Downs (1974: 500–577, Fl. Neotropica); Krapp (2013: phylogeny); Krapp & al. (2014: phylogeny); Santos-Silva & al. (2015: fruit dehiscence); Pinangé & al. (2017: phylogeny, evolution & biogeography). Distr: Brazil, E Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, N Argentina. Etym: For Fürst Joseph Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck (1773–1861), German (Prussian) botanist, botanical artist, horticulturist and succulent plant collector.

• Incl. Garrelia Gaudichaud (1851). Type: Garrelia encholirioides Gaudichaud.

• Incl. Prionophyllum K. Koch (1874). Type: Prionophyllum selloum K. Koch.

Perennial terrestrial rosette plants, usually with thick and often repent rhizomes or short branches and often forming groups, leaves, inflorescences, bracts and sepals glabrous or variously to completely covered with cinereous scales; L in open to dense rosettes, typically tough and stiff, coriaceous to succulent, with well developed marginal spines; Inf lateral, simple to 3 orders of branching, often with extrafloral nectaries, axis sometimes with brilliant colours similar to the flowers; Fl sessile or pedicellate, unscented or slightly fragrant, usually hermaphrodite and uniform within the inflorescence or sometimes (species of the “Prionophyllum complex”) plants gynomonoecious with larger hermaphrodite flowers and smaller female flowers in the same inflorescence (female flowers usually confined to the distal parts of the inflorescence axes); Per typically orange, red or yellow, rarely greenish or green, brown or black, tubular or campanulate; Pet centrally attached to the Fil tube (referred to as “common tube”); Anth frequently recurved; Ov superior; Sti conduplicate-spiral; Fr 3-locular septicidal xerochastic capsules with additional delayed loculicidal dehiscence resulting in 6 apical teeth; Se typically asymmetrical, alate, broad, in some species (“Prionophyllum complex”) oblong.

The large genus currently contains 168 species, many of them recently described narrow endemics. Delimitation and identification of Dyckia species is extremely difficult due to highly variable and overlapping morphological features. Many of the older names are based exclusively on herbarium material, whereas more recent taxa are based on ample collections, often also including living plants. No modern revision is available, and the key supplied by Smith & Downs (1974) is not reliable.

Dyckia species are typically strongly xeromorphic plants of the azonal rock vegetation of Neotropical savannas. They are notable for their consistent lateral inflorescence position. It appears that inflorescence origin has not been studied in detail yet, and it is unknown whether inflorescence position is truly lateral, or whether conditions are similar to the species of Hechtia with seemingly lateral inflorescences that are, in fact (see Espejo-Serna & al., for the genus Hechtia in this volume) terminal, with the flowering rosette becoming pushed in a lateral position before incipient inflorescence growth is noticeable.

The diversity centre of the genus is located in the Brazilian Campos Rupestres, esp. in Minas Gerais (Serra do Espinhaço) and Bahia (Chapada Diamantina). Many species are narrow endemics with small populations. Some species grow in riverbeds with alternating seasons of submergence and desiccation, but the term “rheophyte”, as used in some publications, is hardly justified.

Succulence can be pronounced, and the water storage tissue, devoid of chlorophyll, can account for the major part of the leaf volume (Voltolini & al. 2009). Plants show some plasticity in size, depending on water and nutrient availability. Under optimal cultivation conditions, plants are therefore often larger and the inflorescences may be more branched than under natural conditions.

Fruit Morphology: Fruits are rather uniform throughout the genus, differing only in size among the species. Fruits of 3 species were studied in detail by Santos-Silva & al. (2015): The carpels are incompletely fused with 3 suture lines remaining clearly visible. Opening of the capsules is first septicidal, followed by delayed loculicidal dehiscence so that the open fruit presents 6 apical teeth. Santos-Silva & al. (2015) call the capsules “denticidal”, while Fagundes & Mariath (2010) use the term “bicidal”. The capsules are xerochastic, i.e. they open when drying out, caused by “lignified sclerenchymatous walls that are oriented in different directions” (Santos-Silva & al. 2015).

Evolution and Phylogeny: Molecular data derived from chloroplast DNA sequences suggest that the genus is monophyletic and arose from within a paraphyletic genus Encholirium (Krapp 2013, Krapp & al. 2014). The phylogeny based on combined chloroplast and nuclear data of Schütz & al. (2016) supports this position. The close relationship between the two genera is also supported by the shared presence of winged seeds (see Fig. 1 in Schütz & al. (2016)).

The impressive species diversity is the result of a recent explosive radiation during the last three million years. Within the genus the genetic diversity is disappointingly low and the resolution of the available phylogenetic trees is limited. The chloroplast DNA sequence data shows a geographic pattern, rather than a clear assignment to particular morphospecies, probably resulting from poor seed dispersal ability. Severe incongruencies between morphologically defined species and nuclear and chloroplast data suggest frequent exchange of genetic material across species borders. Although most morphospecies seem to be cohesive and stable, hybridization and introgression are common events. This may be the primary reason for the pronounced difficulties to reliably delimit and identify Dyckia species. In addition, some degree of intercompatibility and introgression between species of Dyckia and Encholirium appears to exist, explaining the apparent paraphyly of the latter in the molecular studies (Krapp & al. 2014). A subsequent phylogenetic study based on AFLP data and morphological aspects (Pinangé & al. 2017) corroborated the poor resolution along the backbone of the phylogeny, and the likely importance of hybridization and introgression. Character reconstructions supported the geographical structuring found amongst some major clades.

Here, we follow the traditional morphology-based species concept. The taxonomy of Smith & Downs (1974) is largely followed, and subsequently described taxa have been added, recognizing that some appear to differ in minor characters only and are thus candidates for future synonymizations. Moreover, many of the species described in the nineteenth century are still only poorly known and have not been recollected in recent years. Unfortunately, no infrageneric classification is available. Instead, we use a simple artificial grouping based on inflorescence branching and filament characters:

• [1] Inflorescence compound with up to 3 orders of branching, primary branches spreading.

• [2] Inflorescence compound with 1 order of branching, branches erect.

• [3] Inflorescence simple or pseudosimple:

  • [a] Filaments free above the common tube (= species of subkey 3 of Smith & Downs (1974)).

  • [b] Filaments connate above the common tube (= species of subkey 4 of Smith & Downs (1974)).

Some of the species assigned to subgen. Prionophyllum by Smith & Downs (1974), i.e. D. maritima and D. selloa, are notable for the presence of gynomonoecy, with some pistillate flowers (smaller in sepal and petal size than the hermaphrodite flowers) in part of their inflorescences. Unisexual flowers are otherwise rare in the family, but some species of Cryptanthus are andromonoecious, and Hechtia is completely dioecious. In the course of the years, additional species have been assigned to an informal “Prionophyllum complex”, most of them with hermaphrodite flowers, however. It remains to be investigated whether gynomonoecy is a diagnostic character for some species, or a group of species, or whether it occurs sporadically in just some populations.

Ecology: Only few studies have investigated the pollination of Dyckia flowers. The conspicuous bright orange flowers conform to the ornithophily syndrome, and for D. floribunda, D. ragonesei and D. velascana Bernardello & al. (1991) indeed observed pollination by hummingbirds in Argentina. These authors also observed a butterfly foraging for nectar on D. floribunda, and European honey bees to collect pollen on the same species. In view of the size spectrum of flower size and morphology, other pollinators are to be expected for some species, and indeed, Hmeljevski & al. (2011) found a carpenter bee of the genus Xylocopa as pollinator of D. ibiramensis, together with hummingbirds.

Horticulture: Species of Dyckia in general have little horticultural potential, mainly due to the usually long-elongate inflorescences with generally not very showy flowers, and despite the variability in leaf shapes, colours and armature. An exception is D. marnier-lapostollei, which is fairly commonly encountered in the horticultural trade. Hobby growers have produced a considerable number of hybrids and cultivars.

Formally named hybrids are known with Deuterocohnia (= ×Dyckcohnia), Hechtia (= ×Dycktia), and Puya (= ×Pukia), all of which have separate entries in this handbook.

The following names are of unresolved application but are referred to this genus: Dyckia acrosoma Rojas (1897); Dyckia altissima Lindley (1841); Dyckia laxiflora Martius ex Baker (1889) (nom. inval., ICN Art. 36.1c); Dyckia lemaireana hort. (1874) (nom. inval., ICN Art. 38.1a); Dyckia lindaiana hort. (s.a.) (nom. inval., ICN Art. 29.1); Dyckia ramosa hort. ex K. Koch (1874) (nom. inval., ICN Art. 38.1a); Dyckia schreiteri Hort. Heidelberg (s.a.) (nom. inval., ICN Art. 29.1); Puya edulis E. Morren (1878).

D. acutiflora Leme & Z. J. G. Miranda (Phytotaxa 67: 10–13, ills., 2012). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Miranda s.n. in Leme 6806 [RB]). — Distr: Brazil (Goiás); rock outcrops in Campo Rupestre vegetation.

[2] Ros offsetting, densely leaved; L 25–30 × 1.1–1.4 cm, thinly coriaceous, sheath wider than the lamina, L lamina narrowly triangular, nearly flat, arcuate, apex long acuminate-caudate, acicular, pungent, yellowish-green, veined, subdensely to densely white-lepidote on both faces, margins glabrescent, subdensely spinose, Sp 0.5–2 mm, acicular, spreading or nearly so, pale-coloured with yellowish-castaneous tip, glabrous, 3–8 mm apart; Inf 90–100 cm; peduncle erect, ±60 cm, green towards the base and orange near the apex, with subdense to sparse glandulose trichomes; peduncular Bra narrowly triangular-lanceolate, erect, acuminate, spinescent, 20–45 × 5–7 mm, longer than the internodes except the upper, green to stramineous, veined, inconspicuously white-lepidote to glabrous, densely and inconspicuously spinulose; fertile Inf part simple and 35–46 cm, or with 1–4 Br, ±60-flowered, subdense to dense, straight, subangulose, orange, densely covered by white glandular trichomes; Br suberect, 4–6 cm, densely 5- to 10-flowered; primary Bra like the peduncular bracts, distinctly exceeding the sterile branch base; floral Bra narrowly triangular to triangular-ovate, acuminate to caudate, ecarinate, spreading to suberect, 8–18 × 5 mm, from slightly shorter than the sepals to equalling the flowers, thin-textured, soon stramineous, with dense, white, glandular trichomes, densely and remotely denticulate; Fl subspreading at anthesis to erect afterwards, ±15 mm, somewhat tubular, fragrant already at bud-stage; Ped 2–3 mm, stout; Sep subovate-triangular, acute, 9–10 × 5 mm, orange; Pet spatulate, acute, slenderly apiculate, ecarinate, ±11 × 6 mm, orange, glabrous or glabrescent; St just included; Fil free above the 2 mm high common tube, complanate, 7–8 mm, yellowish; Anth subtriangular, strongly recurved at anthesis, ±2 mm, base obtuse-bilobed, acute; Ov ovoid, ±4 × 2.5 mm, yellowish; Sty ±4 mm, orange, Sti scalloped-lacerate; Fr and Se unknown.

D. affinis Baker (Handb. Bromel., 133–134, 1889). Type: Paraguay, Paraguarí (Balansa 534 [G [status?], F [photo]]). — Distr: Paraguay (Paraguarí); ecology not reported.

[2] Ros not described; L to 50 × 1.5 cm, sheath not described, L lamina sublinear, long-attenuate to an acicular apex, subdensely ferrugineous-lepidote abaxially, serrate, Sp 2.5–3 mm; Inf ±1 m, peduncle glabrous at maturity; peduncular Bra ovate, linear-laminate (lower) to long-acuminate (upper), shorter than the internodes (upper), fimbriate-serrulate; Inf paniculate with few ascending branches, Br mostly elongate, laxly many-flowered, cinereous-furfuraceous; primary Bra like the upper peduncular bracts; floral Bra spreading or reflexed, triangular-ovate, acute to acuminate, reaching the middle of the sepals; Fl spreading or suberect at anthesis, to 18 mm, orange; Ped 3 mm, obconical; Sep ovate-elliptic, 7 mm, abruptly acute, carinate, furfuraceous towards the base; Pet elliptic-rhombic, 14 mm, obtuse and inflexed, undulate, carinate, suberect; St distinctly shorter than the petals; Fil free above the common tube; Anth sagittate, sublinear, apex recurved; Sty very short.

Insufficiently known, never illustrated, and not recently recollected.

D. agudensis Irgang & Sobral (Napaea 3: 5–7, figs. 1–3, 1987). Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Sobral & al. 5581 [ICN, MBM]). — Lit: Silva & al. (2007: conservation, propagation). Distr: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul: Agudo); on basalt rocks, very local.

[1] Ros 70 cm ∅; L 40–50 × 1–2 cm, succulent, sheath not described, L lamina lanceolate, glabrous, densely or sparsely bright-lepidote on both faces, Sp antroretrorsely curved or straight, 4–6 mm, dark, ±10 mm apart; Inf to 90 cm; peduncle ±60 cm; peduncular Bra to 50 × 10 mm, except the lowest shorter than the internodes, glabrous, margins glabrous or brown-floccose, entire, the lower ones soon dry; fertile Inf part compound, glabrous, sometimes grey-lepidote; Br 1- to 12-flowered, sterile base 5–8 cm, rachis 4–9 cm, terminal part of the main axis longer than the branches; floral Bra acuminate, carinate or ecarinate, to 10 × 8 mm, glabrous, entire; Ped absent; Sep obtuse, 10 × 4–5 mm, abaxially dark brown-lanate, floccose, adaxially glabrous; Pet rounded or obovate, 13–15 × 3–5 mm, yellow; St 7–8 mm; Fil free for 4–6.5 mm above the 8 mm high common tube; Anth ovate-lanceolate, to 3 × 1 mm; Ov 4–5 mm; Sty 4 mm, shortly fimbriate; Fr ovate, apex rostrate, to 12 × 8 mm, dark brown or black; Se with thick regular yellowish-brown margins, unwinged, trigonous to tetragonous, ovoid, asymmetrical, 2.5–3 × 1–1.2 mm, castaneous.

Growing only on a single hill, and threatened with extinction. Similar to D. encholirioides.

D. alba S. Winkler (Doc. Nat. 3: 33–34, Fig. 2, 1982). Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Winkler 747 [ICN]). — Distr: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); dry sandstone rocks – Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Dyckia alba (Eggli 2470: Brazil; Rio Grande do Sul; Pedras de Segredo). (Copyright: U. Eggli)

[1] Ros to 100 cm ∅, acaulescent; L very numerous, to 60 × 4 cm, lamina white-tomentose on both faces, strongly spinose, Sp to 6 mm; Inf to 1.5 m; peduncle glabrous; peduncular Bra leaf-like, with dark bown pungent tip, longer (lower) or shorter (upper) than the internodes, spinose; fertile Inf part 3× branched, glabrous; Br shortly white-tomentose, densely many-flowered; floral Bra small, to 2 mm; Fl sessile, widely opening; Sep broadly triangular, acute, subcarinate, to 4 mm, abaxially white-tomentose; Pet broadly ovate, to 8 mm, yellow; St equalling the petals, exserted at anthesis; Fil free above the 0.5 mm high common tube; Sty exserted for 3 mm; Fr and Se not described.

D. areniticola Leme (Phytotaxa 67: 13–15, ills., 2012). Type: Brazil, Mato Grosso (Leme & Gonzalez 6964 [RB, HB]). — Distr: Brazil (Mato Grosso); sandstone outcrops.

[3a?] Ros solitary or group-forming, densely 30- to 40-leaved; L 15–22 × 1–1.3 cm, 2–3 mm thick, coriaceous, sheath wider than the lamina, L lamina narrowly triangular, slightly canaliculate towards the apex, arcuate, green to dark reddish, finely veined and obscurely white-lepidote abaxially, less densely lepidote adaxially, apex long-acuminate-caudate, acicular, pungent, margins coarsely white-lepidote to glabrous, subdensely spinose, Sp 2.5–4 mm, acicular, spreading to retrorse, pale with yellowish-castaneous tip, glabrous, 3–12 mm apart; Inf 30–38 cm, simple; peduncle erect, 20–25 cm, dark reddish to greenish, glabrous, distally sulcate; peduncular Bra broadly ovate at the base, apex narrowly sublinear-triangular to acuminate-caudate, rigid, erect, 8–30 × 3–5 mm, exceeding to equalling (lowest) or shorter (upper) than the internodes, stramineous, veined, glabrous, entire (upper) or remotely spinulose (lowest); fertile Inf part 15- to 28-flowered, subdense to dense, suberect, 6–14 cm, rachis straight to flexuous towards the apex, dark to wine-red, glabrous; floral Bra like the upper peduncular bracts (lowest) to suborbicular and acute and apiculate (upper), distinctly shorter than the sepals (lowest) or exceeding the pedicel (upper); Fl subspreading to suberect at anthesis, 15–16 mm, tubular; Ped ±2 mm, stout; Sep ovate to suborbicular, convex, apex obtuse to acute and sometimes narrowly emarginate, slightly cucullate, 7–8 × 5–8 mm, red or orange-red, glabrous; Pet spatulate from a narrowed base, acute to emarginate, ecarinate, 11–13 × 6–10 mm, orange to reddish-orange; St slightly exserted; Fil free above the 2–2.5 mm high common tube (data from the protologue, completely connate according to fig. 3 in Pinangé & al. (2017)), 8–10 × 1.5–2 mm, yellowish; Anth sublinear, slightly to distinctly recurved, 4–4.5 mm, base bilobed, acuminate; Ov suboblong-ovate, ±5 × 2 mm, yellowish; Sty ±1 mm, yellowish, Sti scalloped-lacerate, orange; Fr and Se unknown.

Closely related to D. pumila according to the protologue, but with broader leaves, longer spines, glabrous inflorescences and more numerous flowers, etc. — [F. Krapp]

D. atratiflora P. J. Braun & al. (Bromelie 2009(2–3): 83–88, ills.; 2010(1): 46 [erratum], 2009). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Esteves Pereira 446 [UFG]). — Distr: Brazil (Goiás); sandy-loamy soil. I: Braun (2018: 77).

[2/3b] Ros ±1.25 m ∅, with a stem to 17 × 9 cm in very old plants, solitary or in small groups; L ±80 × 5.8 cm, sheath ±3.6 × 9.5 cm, whitish-green, L lamina suberect or recurved, coriaceaous, soft and flexible, spreading radially, narrowly triangular to lanceolate, green or chocolate-brown to brownish-red, both faces strongly veined, adaxially brilliantly glossy, abaxially white-lepidote, margins minutely laxly serrate, Sp not pungent, antroretrorse, ±1 mm, brown, 3–7 mm apart; Inf to 1.75 m, usually simple or with 1 (–9) Br to 19 cm; peduncle erect, terete, glossy, green, silky light-grey-lepidote; peduncular Bra subfoliaceous, linear-lanceolate, suberect or sinuous, ± amplexicaul, 8–14 × 9 mm (uppermost), green at the base, soon brownish-green, withering stramineous, densely veined, tip hard but not pungent, margins minutely serrate with teeth <1 mm; fertile Inf part sparsely flowered at the base, rachis 29–37 cm, green, silky light-grey-lepidote; primary Bra like the upper peduncular bracts but shorter; floral Bra triangular to lanceolate, base succulent, ±12 × 3.5 mm (lowest) to 2.5–4 mm long (uppermost), very dark pink, densely light grey-lepidote; Fl horizontally ± spreading, 17–21 mm; Ped ±6 mm; Sep lanceolate, ±10 × 5.2 mm, sometimes obtuse, succulent, rose to blackish-green or pink, densely light grey-lepidote (less dense near the margins); Pet obtuse, ±15 × 11 mm, blackish to very dark orange or pink, apical margins rosy; Fil ±10.5 mm, apical 0.8–1.7 mm free, yellowish-orange; Anth ±3 × 1.6 mm, yellow, recurved; Ov narrowly subpyramidal, ±7–19 × 3–4.5 mm, yellow with a slight green hue; Sty 2.6 mm, very dark pink; Sti yellow, hidden at anthesis; Fr ellipsoid to ovoid, acuminate, 16–18 × 11–14 mm, dark brown, lustrous.

D. aurea L. B. Smith (Phytologia 14: 488, t. 1, figs. 46–49, 1967). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Irwin & al. 13613 [US, NY]). — Distr: Brazil (Goiás); ecology not described, ±1200 m. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 575).

[3b] Ros not described; L to 23 × 3 cm, sheath suborbicular, 2–3 cm, stramineous, L lamina strongly recurved, narrowly triangular, attenuate to an abruptly acute pungent apex, adaxially glabrous, finely lepidote in the narrow grooves abaxially, margins laxly serrate, Sp recurved, 1.5 mm; Inf to ±1 m, simple; peduncle sparsely white-lepidote; peduncular Bra broadly ovate, acuminate, <½ as long as the internodes (upper), entire; fertile Inf part laxly many-flowered, 30 cm, sparsely and fugaciously white-lepidote; floral Bra broadly ovate, acuminate, exceeding the sepals (lowest), entire; Ped 4 mm, subcylindrical, stout; Sep ovate, broadly subacute, 8 mm; Pet obovate, 12 mm, colour not described but presumably yellow; St equalling the petals; Fil completely connate above the common tube; Sty <1 mm.

Insufficiently known, though apparently recently recollected as material is included in the study of Pinangé & al. (2017).

D. barthlottii R. Vásquez & Ibisch (Bromelie 2012(3): 123–124, ills. (pp. 124–126), 2012). Type: Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Vásquez & Coimbra 2010 [LPB, NY, SEL, USZ]). — Distr: Bolivia (Santa Cruz); lowland Chaco dry forest; only known from a small region.

[3b] Ros 30–40 cm ∅, with a short stem to 5 mm ∅, offsetting; L curved, coriaceous, greyish-green, sheath suborbicular, 3 cm wide, L lamina narrowly triangular, 15–20 cm, abaxially finely lepidote, margins serrate, Sp black with white base, retrorse, 2–4 mm, ±4–6 mm apart; Inf to 45 cm, erect, simple; peduncle 23 cm, cinereously lepidote; peduncular Bra shorter than the internodes, 10 mm, acuminate; fertile Inf part 16 cm, ±10-flowered, slightly twisted, rather densely grey-tomentose; floral Bra broadly ovate, apiculate, shorter than the sepals, erect and appressed to the axis, rather densely grey-tomentose; Fl 10 mm, sessile, diverging-ascending, tubular and narrowed towards the tip, with lemon-like scent; Ped none; Sep elliptic, 6 × 3 mm, greenish-brown, convex, grey-tomentose, tip slightly incised; Pet rhomboid, 10 × 8 mm, greenish-yellow, carinate, marginally infolded towards the apex, glabrous; St included; Fil shortly connate above the common tube; Anth linear, recurved at anthesis; Ov oblong-pyramidal, 3 mm; Sty and Sti not described; Fr dark brown, 20 × 10 mm; Se 4 × 5 mm, brownish, winged.

First confused with the long-lost D. gracilis, from which it differs by the recurved somewhat greyish leaves, tomentose peduncles, tomentose sepals and greenish-yellow petals. The flower colour is described as sulphur-yellow in the protologue text, but the photographs illustrate distinctly greenish flowers. — [U. Eggli]

D. beateae E. Gross & Rauh (Trop. subtrop. Pfl.-welt 79: 7–10, Fig. 2, 1991). Type: Brazil, Mato Grosso (Braun 560 [HEID]). — Distr: Brazil (Matto Grosso); flat sandstone rocks, Cerrado vegetation. I: Braun (2018: 73).

[1/2] Ros flat, ±60–70 cm ∅, acaulescent; L numerous, 43–48 × 2 cm, sheath broadly ovate, 2.5 × 3 cm, pale, lustrous, glabrous, L lamina narrowly triangular, acuminate, succulent, becoming reddish-green in the sun, both faces white-lepidote, adaxially soon glabrous, margins serrate, Sp predominantly retrorse, to 8 mm, light green, ±10 mm apart; Inf ±80 cm, 2× or rarely 3× branched; peduncle erect, terete, 50 cm, green, sparsely white-floccose (denser near the flowering part), soon glabrous; peduncular Bra membranous, lanceolate, acuminate, 20 mm, shorter than the internodes, light brown, sparsely lepidote, veined; fertile Inf part dense, polystichous; Br shortly cylindrical to sessile and globose, terminal part of the inflorescence to 9 cm, narrowly conical to cylindrical in outline; primary Bra like the peduncular bracts; lower floral Bra shallowly bowl-shaped, long-acuminate, membranous, 15 mm, exceeding the flowers, light brown, upper ones triangular-acuminate, erect, thin, 10 × 5 mm, shorter than the sepals, abaxially white-lanate, veined, with a strong midvein, crenate; Fl erect-spreading, 15 mm, subsessile; Sep oblong-ovate, 10 × 6 mm, obtuse, carinate, slightly crenate at the tip, light orange-yellow, glabrous to sparsely white-lanate; Pet rhombic, 14 × 10 mm, erect, ecarinate, crenate, obtuse, brilliant orange, glabrous; St exserted; Fil free above the common tube, light orange-yellow; Anth curved outwards, golden-yellow; Ov not described; Sty 3 mm; Sti branches free, papillate, orange, equalling the anthers; Fr and Se not described.

According to the protologue closely related to D. microcalyx. The flowers produce abundant nectar.

D. brachyphylla L. B. Smith (Phytologia 19: 282, t. 1, figs. 1–3, 1970). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Irwin & al. 22383 [US, NY]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais); quartzite outcrops with Cerrado vegetation, 1300 m. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 568).

[3a] Ros symmetrical, 8.4 cm ∅, densely leaved; L ±9 × 1.2 cm, sheath broad, wholly covered, 15 mm, L lamina recurved, broadly canaliculate, soon glabrous adaxially, appressedly whitish-lepidote abaxially, margins very laxly serrate, Sp nearly straight to antrorse-uncinate, slender, 0.8–1.1 mm, yellow, 3–10 mm apart; Inf to 50 cm, simple; peduncle straight, white-lepidote, soon glabrous; peduncular Bra ovate, acuminate, much shorter than the internodes, entire; fertile Inf part 7 cm, few-flowered, lax at the base, sparsely white-lepidote when young; floral Bra ovate, acuminate, shorter than the sepals, entire; Fl subsessile; Sep broadly ovate, 4 mm, rounded at the apex and cucullate, ecarinate; Pet erect, elliptic, 8 mm, ecarinate, orange; St included; Fil free above the common tube; Anth linear; Ov not described; Sty 0.7 mm; Sti sessile; Fr and Se not described.

Similar to D. elongata, and often confused with D. macedoi. The species belongs into the D. saxatilis complex (Guarçoni & al. 2014).

D. brachystachya Rauh & E. Gross (Trop. subtrop. Pfl.-welt 65: 8–10, figs. 3 and 4, 1988). Type: Brazil, Bahia (Rauh 56443a [HEID]). — Distr: Brazil (Bahia); quartzitic rocks.

[3b] Ros ±7-leaved, with a short stem surrounded by old leaf sheaths; L to 17 × 1 cm, sheath broadly ovate, to 2 × 1.8 cm, glabrous adaxially, densely lepidote abaxially, L lamina erect (younger) to reflexed (older), sturdy, strongly canaliculate, with pungent tip, reddish-green, adaxially sparsely white-lepidote, abaxially veined and denser white-lepidote, serrate, Sp retrorse, 2 mm, brownish; Inf to 12 cm, simple, erect; peduncle 6 cm, much shorter than the leaves, olive-green, floccose; peduncular Bra triangular, slightly longer (lower) or shorter (upper) than the internodes, appressed, soon drying; fertile Inf part 4- to 7-flowered, 2–3 cm; floral Bra narrowly-lanceolate from a broad sheath, small, much shorter than the sepals, olive-green, lanate; Fl spreading, hardly opening, subsessile; Sep free, broadly ovate, 5 × 5 mm, obtuse, ecarinate, brilliant orange, abaxially sparsely lanate; Pet erect, spatulate, 10 × 5 mm, obtuse, brilliant orange; Fil high-connate and forming a tube 5 mm long, yellowish; Ov 5 mm, white; Sty erect, ±2 mm; Sti surpassed by the anthers; Fr and Se not described.

Compared with D. oligantha (here treated as synonym of D. saxatilis) in the protologue, but with shorter inflorescences and subsessile flowers.

D. bracteata (Wittmack) Mez (in Martius, Fl. Bras. 3(3): 470, 1894). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Schenck 3510 [B]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais); high-altitude grassland, rocky fields, >1900 m. I: Machado & al. (2016: 138).

≡ Dyckia dissitiflora var. bracteata Wittmack (1891).

[3b] Ros solitary or with few offsets; L 50 × ±1.5 cm, sheath not described, lamina narrowly triangular, densely cinereous-lepidote abaxially, Sp 1.5–2 mm; Inf to 50 cm and more, often appearing simple and spicate but usually paniculately branched from near the base; peduncle ferrugineous-tomentulose; peduncular Bra ovate, long-attenuate, exceeding the internodes, laxly laciniate-spinulose; fertile Inf part densely ferrugineous-tomentulose; floral Bra spreading, lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, to 25 mm, exceeding the flowers, spinulose-serrate; Ped short; Sep obtuse, convex, 12 mm, fimbriate; Pet lamina large, suborbicular, obtuse, slightly undulate, ecarinate, apparently erect, 16 mm, orange; St included, Fil 2–6 mm connate above the common tube; Anth oblong, acute, recurved; Sty ${1}\left/ {3}\right.$ as long as the ovary.

Similar to and sometimes misidentified as D. minarum or D. reitzii. Insufficiently known.

D. brasiliana L. B. Smith (Phytologia 14: 481, t. 1, figs. 13–15, 1967). Type: Brazil, Distrito Federal (Irwin & al. 10268 [US, NY]). — Distr: Brazil (Distrito Federal); open Cerrado vegetation. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 539).

[3b] Ros densely many-leaved; L >30 × 2–3 cm, sheath suborbicular, castaneous, L lamina linear-triangular and filiform-attenuate, appressedly white-lepidote abaxially, laxly serrate, Sp slender, retrorsely curved, 2.5 mm; Inf to 1.5 m, simple; peduncle sparsely and finely white-lepidote, soon glabrous; peduncular Bra lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, very irregularly longer and shorter than the internodes, serrulate; fertile Inf part elongate, laxly many-flowered, finely and fugaciously white-lepidote; floral Bra ovate, acuminate, broad, exceeding the flowers (lowest), serrulate; Ped 5–7 mm, subterete; Sep suborbicular, 9 mm, cucullate; Pet broadly obovate, 15 mm, suberect to spreading, orange; St included; Fil connate above the common tube; Sty very short.

Similar to D. pseudococcinea. — [F. Krapp]

D. braunii Rauh (J. Bromeliad Soc. 40(1): 25–26, ill., 1990). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Braun & Esteves P. 690 [HEID]). — Distr: Brazil (N Goiás); rocky exposed areas. I: Braun & Esteves Pereira (1991); Braun & al. (2008).

[3a] Ros solitary or rarely branched. with 10–15 leaves, to 9 × 20 cm ∅; L to 10 × 4 cm, 2 mm thick, lamina stiff, adaxially shiny silvery to white-lepidote with the scales arranged in conspicuous rows, marginal Sp black to brown, glabrous; Inf to 1.2 m but usally less, simple or compound; peduncle to 50 cm, reddish-brown, glabrous; fertile Inf part slender, laxly spirally 8- to 12-flowered, 15–30 (–70) cm; floral Bra to 4 × 3 mm, frequently much reduced or absent; Fl sessile, erect to suberect, tubular to tubular-urceolate and narrowed towards the throat, ±10 × 5 mm, yellow to light orange, unscented; Sep thin, hyaline, tough, ovate, ±7 × 3 mm, yellowish-orange, glabrous, occasionally with some nectar drops; Pet 10–11 × 7–8 mm, orange; St almost included at anthesis; Fil 8 mm, free above the common tube; Sty ±1.7 mm; Fr sessile, 6–9 × ±8 mm, brown; Se 1.5–3 mm ∅, light brown, chartaceous, thin.

Closely related to D. joanae-marcioi with more open flowers. The species is self-fertile according to Braun & al. (2008).

D. brevifolia Baker (Refug. Bot. 4: t. 236 + text, 1871). Type:[icono]: l.c. t. 236. — Lit: Rogalski & al. (2009: pollination ecology, with ills.). Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay (Rivera)?; ledges along streams and rock islands, seasonally inundated. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 539); Reitz (1983: t. 44).

Incl. Dyckia sulphurea K. Koch (1874); incl. Dyckia gemellaria E. Morren ex Mez (1894).

[3a] Ros dense, many-leaved, in dense groups of 2–5 and more; L 10–20 × 2.5–3.5 cm, very thick when living, sheaths suborbicular or reniform, scarcely wider than the lamina, L lamina lanceolate-triangular, acute, glabrous adaxially, minutely pale-lepidote between the prominent veins abaxially, evenly laxly serrate, Sp hooked, 2 mm; Inf 40–110 cm, simple; peduncle stout, soon glabrous; peduncular Bra leaf-like and densely imbricate (lower) or much shorter (upper), longer than the internodes, serrulate or sometimes entire (upper); fertile Inf part lax or rather dense at anthesis, many-flowered, soon glabrous; floral Bra spreading or reflexed, narrowly lanceolate-triangular, entire, the lowest usually exceeding the flowers; Fl spreading at anthesis, afterwards erect; Ped 2–4 mm at anthesis, elongating in fruit; Sep ovate, acute or obtuse, to 8 mm, glabrous; Pet lamina spreading, suborbicular, ±10 mm, obtuse or apiculate, ± carinate towards the apex, not undulate, bright yellow; St included; Fil free above the very short common tube; Anth narrowly triangular, acute, recurved; Sty ±½ as long as the ovary.

Winkler (1982: 34) reports the taxon for N-most Rio Grande do Sul from rocks in the river bed of the Río Uruguay, and it likely also occurs in neighbouring Argentina (Formosa). Whether superficially similar broad-leaved plants from N Uruguay are this species has not yet been clarified. — The main pollinator is the hummingbird Amazilia versicolor (Rogalski & al. 2009).

D. burchellii Baker (Handb. Bromel., 131, 1889). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Burchell 8178 [K, GH [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Goiás); rocky terrain, 400–800 m.

[3a] Ros not described; L >40 cm, sheaths broadly ovate, thick, dark, L lamina very narrowly triangular, becoming involute, with pungent tip, sharply carinate and appressedly pale-lepidote abaxially, entire (inner) or basally minutely spinose (outer), Sp brown, hooked; Inf to 50 cm, simple; peduncle ±16 cm, slender, lepidote or glabrous; peduncular Bra suborbicular with long linear lamina, slightly shorter than the internodes, entire; fertile Inf part lax, 2- to 6-flowered, axis very slender, ± glabrous; floral Bra spreading, broadly ovate with 10–13 mm long acuminate tips (lower), exceeding the flowers; Fl suberect, subsecund, 9 mm or longer, glabrous, subsessile; Sep subelliptic with a minute recurved mucro at the apex; Pet erect, lamina large, suborbicular, obtuse, colour not described; St included; Fil free above the common tube; Anth elliptic, acute, straight or slightly recurved; Sty very short; Fr and Se not described.

Insufficiently known and not recently collected.

D. burle-marxii L. B. Smith & Read (Phytologia 38: 137–138, t. 5, 1977). Type: Brazil, Bahia (Burle Marx s.n. [HB, US [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Bahia: Chapada Diamantina); ecology not recorded.

[1?] Ros not described; L >30 × 1.5 cm, sheath not described, L lamina very narrowly triangular, between the veins finely pale-lepidote abaxially, soon glabrous and lustrous adaxially except on the spines, laxly spinose-serrate, Sp curved, 9 mm; Inf 1.7 m or more, compound; peduncle glabrous at least with age; peduncular Bra ovate, lamina narrowly triangular (lower) to attenuate (upper), exceeding the internodes but not imbricate, serrulate (lower) or entire (upper); fertile Inf part finely cinereous-tomentose; Br suberect, slender, ±30 cm; primary Bra lanceolate-ovate, attenuate, to 5 cm, serrulate or entire; floral Bra broadly ovate, acuminate, nearly equalling the sepals; Ped 3 mm, obconical; Sep broadly subelliptic, 6 mm, broadly rounded at the apex, ecarinate, cucullate at anthesis; Pet lamina spreading, elliptic, 8 mm, broadly rounded, ecarinate, orange; St ± equalling the petals; Fil high-connate above the common tube; Ov broadly ovoid; Sty very short.

Probably related to D. encholirioides. — [F. Krapp]

D. cabrerae L. B. Smith & Reitz (Sellowia 14: 101, fig. 2, 1962). Type: Brazil, Santa Catarina (Smith & al. 9262 [US, HBR]). — Distr: Brazil (Santa Catarina); dry open ground and rocks. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 523).

[1/2?] Ros dense, many-leaved; L 31–40 × 1.5 cm, rigid, slightly curved, sheath ovate, 3 × 2–4 cm, glabrous and sublustrous adaxially, densely cinereous-lepidote towards the apex abaxially, L lamina linear, canaliculate, acute, abruptly acute and mucronulate, appressedly cinereous-lepidote, soon glabrous adaxially, laxly serrate, Sp slender, retrorsely curved, 3 mm, brown; Inf to 1.2 m, branched; peduncle ± flattened, ±70 cm, glabrous; peduncular Bra broadly ovate, acuminate or the lowest leaf-like, the uppermost remote, cinereous-lepidote towards the apex, glabrous elsewhere; fertile Inf part with 1–2 long-stipitate racemes at the base, lax, 38–54 cm, diffusely cinereous-lepidote, soon glabrous; Br few-flowered; primary Bra like the upper peduncular bracts, to 2 cm, much exceeded by the sterile branch bases; floral Bra acuminate from a broadly ovate base, ascending, reaching ± the middle of the sepals, minutely serrulate; Fl suberect, to 17 mm, orange; Ped 5 mm, slender; Sep broadly ovate, 8–13 mm, acute, strongly incurved, subeven, the posterior ones strongly carinate; Pet distinctly unguiculate, curved-spreading towards the apex, lamina rhombic, obtuse; St slightly shorter than the petals; Fil short-connate above the common tube; Anth narrowly triangular, 3 mm, recurved towards the apex; Ov ovoid; Sty short; Fr stout-ovoid, acute, 18 mm, dark castaneous, lustrous; Se subovate, 4 mm, strongly complanate, wing asymmetrical and circumferential.

D. cangaphila P. J. Braun & al. (Bromelie 2010(3): 107, ills. (pp. 105–110), 2010). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Esteves Pereira 392 [UFG]). — Distr: Brazil (SW Goiás); iron-rich gravel deposits (“pedra canga”) on and between sandstone. I: Esteves Pereira & Gouda (2017: 180).

[2/3a] Ros with up to 70 living leaves, to 35 cm ∅, with a stem to 11 × 4.7 cm; L to 19 × 2.6 cm, sheaths broadly ovate, to 1.8 × 2.8 cm, whitish, glabrous adaxially, L lamina arching, very rigid, concave, triangular-lanceolate, brownish-red to purple, sometimes green basally, veined, adaxially glossy and sparsely lepidote basally, abaxially densely light grey-lepidote, serrate, Sp strong and claw-like, pungent, brownish; Inf to 1.3 m, simple or with up to 3 branches; peduncle ± erect, 85–107 cm, pale green to pale brownish, densely grey-lepidote; peduncular Bra leaf-like, triangular-lanceolate, to 65 × 5.5 mm (uppermost only to 17 mm), green to brownish-green (lower) or dull pale green (upper), later stramineous; fertile Inf part to 41 cm, 37- to 52-flowered, basally lax, above much denser, rachis initially pale green, towards the apex changing to greenish-orange or orange, grey- or orange-lepidote; Br slender, ±15 cm; floral Bra ±19 mm, sometimes equalling the petals, smaller higher up, brownish-green, soon stramineous, strongly veined; Fl slightly ascending, ±16 × 8 mm; Ped absent in bud, to 7 mm at anthesis; Sep ±7.7 × 6.5 mm, orange-yellowish, creamish-yellow-lepidote, base succulent; Pet obtuse, ±11 × 7.6 mm, emarginate (V-like), orange-yellowish; St included at anthesis; Fil 7.6 mm, apical 1.4 mm free, yellow; Anth yellow, ±3.5 mm, apex curved; Ov narrowly pyramidal, ±5.5 × 2.8 mm, yellow to light yellow; Sty ±4 mm; Sti lobes linear, yellow; Fr conically ovoid, to 15 × 12 mm, chestnut-brown to blackish-wine-coloured.

Closely related to D. pumila.

D. choristaminea Mez (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 16: 71, 1919). Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Malme s.n. [B]). — Distr: S Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); open rocky places. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 528) – Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Dyckia choristaminea (Kirschnek s.n.: Brazil; Rio Grande do Sul, sine loco). (Copyright: U. Eggli)

[3a] Ros solitary or with some congested offsets, to 15 cm ∅; L 7–12 × 0.5 cm, sheath suborbicular, 2 cm, pale, glabrous, L lamina linear, deeply canaliculate, both faces cinereous-lepidote, margins laxly serrate, Sp slender, curved, 2.5 mm; Inf 15–25 cm, simple; peduncle slender, glabrous; peduncular Bra densely imbricate, broadly ovate, abruptly acute, somewhat inflated, minutely lepidote; fertile Inf part few-flowered, 3–5 cm, rachis densely white-villous, subterete; floral Bra like the peduncular bracts, carinate towards the apex, 15 mm, equalling the sepals, entire; Ped short, stout; Fl 18–24 mm, ± funnel-shaped; Sep very broadly ovate, acute, 10–11 mm; Pet lobes spreading to recurved at anthesis, yellow; St included to slightly exserted; Fil free above the very short common tube; Ov 8 mm; Sty very stout, 8 mm.

D. cinerea Mez (in Martius, Fl. Bras. 3(3): 469, 1894). Type: Brazil, sine loco (Glaziou 18570 [B, K, F [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais); high-altitude grasslands, rocky fields, on rocks.

[2] Ros acaulescent; L very numerous, ±50 × >3 cm, very rigid, sheath not described, L lamina narrowly triangular, densely cinereous-lepidote, laxly serrate, Sp stout, curved, 2.5 mm; Inf 1 m or more, compound or pseudo-racemose with reduced branches or buds only in the axils of the lower bracts; peduncle stout, cinereous-tomentulose or glabrescent; peduncular Bra broadly ovate with narrowly triangular lamina, exceeding the internodes, serrulate; fertile Inf part cinereous-tomentulose; floral Bra broadly ovate, apiculate, reflexed (upper), equalling the flowers or shorter (lower), serrulate; Ped short, stout; Fl erect to spreading, 17–18 mm, orange; Sep 11 mm, abruptly obtuse, cucullate, obtusely carinate towards the apex, subglabrous, minutely fimbriate; Pet erect, elliptical-oblong, 16 mm, subacute or obtuse, orange; St much shorter than the petals; Fil 2 mm connate above the common tube; Anth sublinear, stout, ± recurved; Sty ± none.

D. commixta Hassler (Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 20: 305, 1919). Type: Paraguay, Cordillera (Chodat & Vischer 97 p.p. [G, F [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Paraná), Paraguay; ecology not reported.

[3a] Known only from fragments; inner L 6 × 0.5 cm, sheaths triangular-elliptic, 3 × 1.5 cm, membranous, glabrous adaxially, striate abaxially with whitish scales between the veins, margins entire and hyaline, L lamina linear-triangular, attenuate, pungent, ± glabrate adaxially, like the sheaths abaxially, serrate, Sp antroretrorsely curved or straight, 1–1.5 mm; Inf size unknown, pseudosimple; peduncle flexuous, long, glabrous; peduncular Bra broadly ovate, acuminate (lower), much shorter than the internodes, 6–20 mm (lowest), striately immersed-lepidote (lowest), with hyaline margin and ± finely fimbriate (uppermost); fertile Inf part with undeveloped buds in the axils of the lowest bracts, laxly flowered, rachis flexuous, subquadrangular, glabrous; floral Bra erect to spreading, broadly ovate, acute and mucronulate, convex, 5–6 mm, ±½ as long as the sepals, glabrous; Fl 14–15 mm; Ped 1–2 mm, rather stout; Sep ovate-elliptic, 10 × 7 mm, subacute, thin, with hyaline margin, glabrous, rugulose when dry; Pet erect, ovate-elliptic, 14 mm, ecarinate, inflexed at the apex, colour not described; St included; Fil free above the 2 mm high common tube; Anth linear-triangular, sagittate at the base, 6 mm; Ov trigonous, 10 mm; Sty 1 mm.

D. conceicionensis O. B. C. Ribeiro & Leme (J. Bromeliad Soc. 65(1): 15–19, ills., 2015). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Ribeiro 267 [BHCB]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais: Conceição do Mato Dentro); on iron-rich rock (“pedra canga”) outcrops, ±1000 m.

[3a] Ros ±20 cm ∅; L ±20, erect to spreading, straight to arcuate, coriacous, sheath 1.7–1.9 × 2–2.2 cm, whitish, glabrous and glossy on both faces, L lamina narrowly triangular, 9–10 × 1.5 cm, canaliculate, dark red to bronze-coloured towards the tip, adaxially glabrous and glossy, abaxially distinctly veined and between the veins rather densely white-lepidote, tip acuminately spine-tipped, pungent, margins laxly spinose, Sp retrorse-uncinate, 2.5–3 mm, subtriangular, ±15 mm apart; Inf ±50 cm, simple, erect; peduncle 30–35 cm, glabrescent, reddish-green; peduncular Bra ovate-acuminate, 9–11 × 5–6 mm, much shorter than the internodes, greenish near the base to ochraceous near the tip, veined and with prominent midvein near the tip, sparsely white-lepidote, margins minutely denticulate to subentire; fertile Inf part 18–20 cm, laxly 6- to 20-flowered, rachis reddish, sparsely lepidote; floral Bra broadly ovate, 9–10 × 5–6 mm, acute, remotely denticulate, somewhat spreading; Fl 14–15 mm, porrect-spreading, tubular, sessile; Sep broadly ovate, 6–7 × 5–6 mm, orange-red, obtuse-emarginate, convex, sparsely white-lepidote; Pet broadly spatulate, 10–11 × 9 mm, erect, orange, ecarinate, broadly obtuse-emarginate; St included; Fil yellow, free above the common tube; Anth suboblong-lanceolate, straight, base bilobed; Ov ±6 mm, suboblong, yellow; Sty ±1 mm, distinct, orange; Sti conduplicate-spiral; Fr and Se unknown.

A member of the D. saxatilis complex, and compared with the similar D. brachyphylla in the protologue. — [U. Eggli]

D. consimilis Mez (in Martius, Fl. Bras. 3(3): 479, t. 90, 1894). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Weddell 1407 [P, GH [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais); rocky fields, on rocks. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 575).

[3b] Ros acaulescent, with a basal bulbous part and a short thick rhizome; L numerous, densely arranged, ±5 × 0.7 cm, sheath broad and conspicuous, depressedly semicircular, glabrous and glossy, abaxially brownish, L lamina narrowly triangular, glabrous adaxially, appressedly ferrugineous- or canescent-lepidote abaxially, laxly serrate, Sp stout, 3 mm; Inf <50 cm, simple; peduncle slender, completely glabrous; peduncular Bra ovate, acuminate, much shorter than the internodes, obscurely serrulate; fertile Inf part subdense, few-flowered, glabrous or sparsely lepidote; floral Bra broadly ovate, long-apiculate, 5 mm, slightly shorter than the sepals; Fl spreading or reflexed, ±8 mm; Ped very short; Sep broadly ovate, 4 mm or longer, subacute; Pet lamina erect, suborbicular, colour not described; St included; Fil high-connate above the common tube; Anth narrowly subtriangular, recurved; Sty very short.

Insufficiently known and apparently not recently recollected. Nonetheless, it is compared with D. nana in the protologue of the latter, and Guarçoni & al. (2014) place it in the D. saxatilis complex.

D. coximensis L. B. Smith & Reitz (Phytologia 19: 282, t. 1, figs. 4–6, 1970). Type: Brazil, Mato Grosso (Reitz 7365 [HBR, US [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Mato Grosso); on rocks. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 565).

[3a] Ros symmetrical; L incompletely known, recurved, >10 × 1.5 cm, sheath suborbicular, 1.5 cm, brown, L lamina narrowly triangular, pungent, appressedly cinereous-lepidote on both faces, margins very laxly serrate, Sp flat, mostly retrorse, 1 mm; Inf 30 cm, simple; peduncle erect, very sparsely and minutely white-lepidote; peduncular Bra ovate, acuminate, pungent, small, remote; fertile Inf part laxly ±7-flowered, rachis slender, 4 cm, very sparsely and minutely lepidote; floral Bra broadly ovate, acuminate, the lower ± equalling the sepals; Fl spreading; Ped 1 mm, obconical; Sep triangular-ovate, 5 mm, obtuse, the posterior carinate; Pet suborbicular, 10 mm, slightly carinate, orange; St slightly exserted; Fil free above the short common tube; Sty very short.

Similar to D. pumila. The recently described D. secundifolia is also compared with D. coximensis in its protologue.

D. crassifolia Rauh (Trop. subtrop. Pfl.-welt 79: 10–11, fig. 4, 1991). Type: Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Rauh 40670 [HEID]). — Distr: Bolivia (Santa Cruz); dry forest, 1200 m.

[3a] Ros few-leaved, to 16 cm ∅, ±8 cm high, acaulescent; L 10–16 × 1.2 cm, strongly succulent, sheath 1.5 × 1.3 cm, white, glabrous adaxially, lepidote abaxially, L lamina narrowly triangular, with a long pungent tip, pale green to reddish adaxially, densely white-lepidote abaxially, margins spinose, Sp strong, retrorse, to 5 mm, dark brown, lepidote, ±10 mm apart; Inf to 45 cm, simple; peduncle slender, 30–40 cm, green to reddish, sparsely white-lepidote; peduncular Bra oblong-ovate, acuminate, 5 mm, shorter than the internodes, veined, indistinctly serrulate; fertile Inf part lax, 10 cm, ±10-flowered, rachis green to reddish, sparsely white-lepidote, slender; floral Bra broadly ovate, short-acuminate, very small, 2 mm, brownish, membranous, appressed; Fl spreading, 17 mm, narrowly tubular and narrowed towards the throat; Ped very short, stout; Sep oblong, 7 mm, obtuse, succulent, slightly carinate, orange-red, darker at the tip, sparsely white-lepidote, margins membranous, indistinctly serrulate; Pet 15 mm, obtuse, erect, orange-red, margins smooth; St slightly exserted; Fil free above the very short common tube; Anth curved outwards; Sty much shorter than the conspicuous Sti branches; Fr and Se not described.

Similar to D. leptostachya. Somtimes treated as synonym of D. pulquinensis. — [F. Krapp]

D. crocea L. B. Smith (Phytologia 19: 282, t. 1, figs. 7 and 8, 1970). Type: Brazil, Paraná (Hatschbach 17391 [US]). — Distr: Brazil (Paraná); open fields; I: Smith & Downs (1974: 575).

[3b] Ros many-leaved; L to 25 × 0.8–1.3 cm, sheath suborbicular, 3 cm, yellow, glabrous and lustrous adaxially, L lamina very narrowly triangular, soon glabrous adaxially, appressedly pale-lepidote abaxially, laxly serrate, Sp recurved or spreading, 1–2.5 mm; Inf 60–120 cm, usually simple; peduncle straight or nearly so, glabrous; peduncular Bra ovate, acuminate, shorter than most of the internodes, entire or inconspicuously serrulate; fertile Inf part laxly many-flowered, 17–32 cm, soon glabrous; floral Bra spreading, ovate, acuminate, shorter than the sepals, entire; Sep ovate, acute, ± carinate, 8–9 mm; Pet lamina elliptic, cucullate, 15 mm, orange; St included; Fil connate above the common tube; Sty ± none.

Similar to D. aurea. — [F. Krapp]

D. dawsonii L. B. Smith (Contr. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles County 17: 2, figs. 2–4, 1957). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Dawson 15236 [R, LAM, US]). — Distr: Brazil (Goiás); rock outcrops along a canyon, Cerrado vegetation – Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Dyckia dawsonii (Dawson 15236: Brazil; Goiás, E of Formoso, type collection.). (Copyright: U. Eggli)

[3b] Ros acaulescent, 30–40 cm ∅, slowly offsetting and forming a dense clump; L to 22 × 0.7 cm, mostly spreading, sheath suborbicular, >2 cm wide, stramineous, lustrous, glabrous, L lamina linear, appressedly cinereous-lepidote on both faces, laxly serrate, Sp slender, curved, 5–7 mm, mostly subopposite; Inf ±70 cm, simple; peduncle glabrous; peduncular Bra broadly ovate with a linear lamina, thin, all but the lowest much shorter than the internodes, entire; fertile Inf part lax, 25–30 cm, glabrous; floral Bra suborbicular, apiculate, thin, 4 mm, erose; Ped 3 mm, stoutly obconical; Sep broadly elliptic, obtuse, thin, ecarinate, 5–6 mm; Pet ecarinate, lamina broadly obovate, 9 mm, yellow; St exserted; Fil 2 mm connate above the 1 mm high common tube; Sty ± none.

The protologue description is incomplete; rosette characters have been added from offspring of the type collection cultivated at the Sukkulenten-Sammlung Zürich. The species has recently used for hybridization, with Dyckia ‘Brittle Star’ (likely = D. fosteriana × D. platyphylla) as second parent, yielding very attractive plants (Saul 2018).

D. delicata Larocca & Sobral (Novon 12(2): 234–236, ills., 2002). Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Larocca & al. 96/001 [ICN, MBM, US, ZSS]). — Lit: Sachs (2011: with ills.). Distr: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); basalt outcrops.

[1?] Ros 20–60 cm ∅; L lamina 5–20 × 0.7–2 cm, succulent, eventually recurved in solitary individuals, cinereous to reddish-cinereous, densely pale-lepidote on both faces, sheath broadly triangular, L lamina linear-triangular, apex forming a rigid spine, margins undulate, Sp soft, straight, antroretrorse, flexible, 5–7 mm, 3–5 mm apart near the leaf tip; Inf ±120 cm, simple or with up to 9 branches to 35 cm long; peduncular Bra linear-lanceolate, papyraceous, 30–55 × 6–16 mm, exceeding the internodes (lower) or shorter (upper), with 10–20 parallel veins, glabrous, with teeth to 3 mm (upper); fertile Inf part 80- to 150-flowered, erect, rachis softly ridged, glabrous; floral Bra elliptic-ovate, rounded or acute, 5.5–8 × 5–6 mm, glabrous; Sep ovate-oblong, rounded, 6–7 × 3.5–4 mm, green, margins hyaline for ±1 mm; Pet lanceolate-spatulate to oblanceolate, 10–13 × 3–4 mm, yellow; St 9–10 mm; Fil somewhat unequally fused with the petals, free above the common tube; Anth lanceolate-ovate, ±2 × 1 mm; Ov triquetrous, oblong-acute, ±7 × 2.5–3 mm; Sty 7–10 mm, Sti lobes papillose; Fr ellipsoid, 9–12 × 3–5 mm; Se triangular, with a reduced wing along the longitudinal axis, 1.2–1.7 × 0.5–1 mm.

Similar to D. hebdingii. — [F. Krapp]

D. deltoidea (L. B. Smith) L. B. Smith (Phytologia 14: 485, 1967). Type: Brazil, Paraná (Dusén 17357 [GH, S]). — Distr: Brazil (Paraná); campo, 740 m.

≡ Dyckia coccinea var. deltoidea L. B. Smith (1943) ≡ Dyckia tuberosa var. deltoidea (L. B. Smith) L. B. Smith (1950).

[3a] Ros not described; L >40 × 1.4 cm, sheath suborbicular, 4 cm, brown, L lamina linear, attenuate to a finely subulate rigid apex, flat, glabrous adaxially, closely appressedly brownish-lepidote abaxially, very laxly serrate, Sp slender, curved, 2 mm; Inf to 80 cm, simple; peduncle soon glabrous; peduncular Bra erect, subfoliaceous and imbricate (lowest) to ovate and acuminate, shorter than the internodes, densely lepidote abaxially; fertile Inf part lax, 23–28 cm, rachis soon glabrous; floral Bra narrowly triangular, to 22 mm, exceeding the lowest flowers, densely appressed-lepidote abaxially, minutely serrulate; Fl spreading; Ped 5 mm, subcylindrical, stout; Sep broadly ovate or elliptic, 10 mm, acuminate, mucronate, smooth except for the strong midvein, slightly if at all carinate, minutely serrulate, white-lepidote, glabrescent; Pet lamina suberect to spreading, subrhombic, 17 mm, carinate-complicate, orange-yellow; St included; Fil free above the common tube; Sty ± none. — [F. Krapp]

D. densiflora Schultes fil. (in Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7(2): 1194, 1830). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Martius s.n. [M, US [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais: Diamantina region: Morro de Vila Rica); rocky slopes, 1070–1200 m; only known from the region of the type locality. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 535).

[3b] Ros not described; L to 5 × 0.7 cm, sheath 2 cm wide, dark brown, glabrous, L lamina narrowly triangular, soon glabrous adaxially, cinereous-lepidote abaxially, laxly serrate, Sp 2 mm; Inf to 40 cm, simple; peduncle densely ferrugineous-lepidote; peduncular Bra ovate, acuminate, equalling the internodes, densely serrulate; fertile Inf part subdensely few-flowered, densely tomentose-lepidote; floral Bra spreading or reflexed, ovate, acuminate, equalling the sepals (lower) or shorter (upper), serrulate; Fl spreading at anthesis and then erect, 10 mm; Ped 2 mm; Sep ovate, 8 mm, apiculate, fimbriate-serrulate; Pet lamina suberect, broadly elliptic, obtusely undulate, barely carinate, orange; St slightly shorter than the petals; Fil high-connate (to completely connate) above the common tube; Anth stout, subacute, ± recurved; Sty very short. — [F. Krapp]

D. dissitiflora Schultes fil. (in Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7(2): 1194, 1830). Type: Brazil, Bahia (Martius s.n. [M, F [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais, Piauí); on rocks in dense Caatinga vegetation or savanna.

[3b] Ros not described; L ±20 × ±1 cm, sheath not described, L lamina narrowly triangular, densely appressed-lepidote abaxially, serrate, Sp slightly >1 mm; Inf 50–100 cm, simple; peduncle glabrous; peduncular Bra ovate with long-attenuate pungent lamina, much shorter than the internodes, entire; fertile Inf part lax, elongate, lepidote; floral Bra spreading, lanceolate and acuminate (lower) or broadly ovate and apiculate (upper), equalling or exceeding the sepals (lower) or much shorter (upper); Fl 12–13 mm; Ped 3–4 mm; Sep elliptic, broadly acute and apiculate, straight or nearly so, 7 (–9) mm, furfuraceous esp. towards the base; Pet suberect, lamina suborbicular, carinate, when dry brownish-yellow; St included; Fil completely connate above the common tube; Anth narrowly triangular, acute, nearly or quite straight; Sty ${1}\left/ {3}\right.$ as long as the ovary. — [F. Krapp]

D. distachya Hassler (Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 20: 308, 1919). Type: Paraguay (Fiebrig 5648 [G, F [photo]]). — Lit: Pompelli & Guerra (2004: conservation); Wiesbauer (2008: biology, conservation); Voltolini & al. (2009: leaf anatomy). Distr: Brazil (Santa Catarina), Paraguay; ledges by streams and rock islands, seasonally inundated. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 542); Reitz (1983: t. 45).

≡ Dyckia interrupta Mez (1919) (nom. illeg., Art. 52.1); incl. Dyckia distachya fa. induta Hassler (1919).

[2] Ros acaulescent, ±50-leaved; L 14–20 × 2–3.5 cm, thick, rigid, sheath suborbicular, L lamina narrowly triangular, pungent, glabrous adaxially, minutely white-lepidote between the prominent veins abaxially, very laxly serrate, Sp minute, curved; Inf to 1.3 m, simple or few-branched; peduncle soon glabrous; lowest peduncular Bra leaf-like, all others much smaller, to 10 mm, shorter than the internodes, entire; fertile Inf part to 50 cm, white-furfuraceous, Br laxly flowered, divergent; primary Bra shorter than the sterile branch base; floral Bra broadly ovate, apiculate, shorter than or ± equalling the sepals (lowest), entire; Ped 1–1.5 mm; Sep elliptic, 6–8 mm, obtuse, ecarinate; Pet suborbicular, 12–15 mm, orange or yellow; St included; Fil free above the common tube; Sty ± equalling the ovary; Fr trigonous, dark brown, glossy, 17 × 8 mm; Se 3 mm.

The disjunct distribution is notable. Reitz (1983) compares the species with D. brevifolia. The species appears severely threatened by dam construction, and micropropagation possibilities have been developed (Pompelli & Guerra 2004, Pompelli & Guerra 2005).

D. divaricata Leme & H. Büneker (J. Bromeliad Soc. 65(2): 129–134, ills., 2015). Type: Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul (Kranz & al. 426 [RB, HB]). — Distr: Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul: region of Antônio João); on horizontal rock outcrop with disturbed semi-deciduous tropical forest, ±480 m.

[1] Ros offsetting and forming large colonies; L 20–25, densely rosulate, coriaceous-succulent, suberect to arching, sheath suborbicular, ±5 × 6 cm, densely white-lepidote at the apex, glabrous below, at least near the apex castaneous and glossy, L lamina narrowly triangular, attenuate, 40–45 × 2–2.3 cm, vividly green, shallowly canaliculate towards the tip, adaxially densely white-lepidote towards the base but glabrous above, adaxially subdensely white-lepidote along the veins, tip a pungent spine, margins spinose, Sp narrowly triangular, 3–6 mm, antrorse-uncinate, 5–20 mm apart; Inf ±1.7 m, ascending-spreading, broadly paniculate; peduncle to 75 cm, erect, glabrescent, densely covered with white wax, pale greenish-bronze-coloured; peduncular Bra narrowly triangular, 60–80 × 15–20 mm, acuminate, spinescent, subdensely white-lepidote; Br ±11, spreading, 35–47 cm, densely 50- to 85-flowered, rachis straight, densely white-floccose; primary Bra similar to the upper peduncular bracts, 40–45 × 10 mm, as long as or shorter than the sterile branch base; floral Bra triangular-ovate to broadly ovate, 3–10 × 2–4 mm, stramineous, densely white-floccose, irregularly dentate to entire; Fl 15–17 mm, 16 mm ∅, subverticillately arranged, broadly campanulate to substellate, spreading; Ped ±3 mm, stout but inconspicuous, densely white-floccose; Sep broadly elliptic to orbicular, 5–6 × 4.5–5 mm, green with yellowish apex, strongly convex, densely white-floccose; Pet elliptic to obovate, spreading, obtuse-emarginate, 11–12 × 7–7.5 mm, yellow, ecarinate, basally connate for 2 mm, glabrous; St ± as long as the petals, exposed, erect; Fil free above the common tube, yellow; Anth sublinear, ±4 mm, straight, base deeply bilobed; Ov slenderly ovoid, ±6 × 2.5 mm, yellow; Sty 4 mm, yellow; Sti conduplicate-spiral, yellow, ±2 mm; Fr subglobose, dark brown, glossy, size not described; Se unknown.

Compared with D. walteriana, D. microcalyx and D. exserta in the protologue. The species occurs within 10 km of the border with Paraguay and probably occurs in that country as well. — [U. Eggli]

D. domfelicianensis Strehl (Vidalia 2(2): 30–32, figs. 5–8, 2004). Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Strehl & Silva 1283 [HAS]). — Distr: S Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); rocky outcrops between grasses – Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Dyckia domfelicianensis (Sachs s.n.: Brazil; Rio Grande do Sul; Arroio dos Ratos). (Copyright: U. Eggli)

[1] Ros very many-leaved (100–300 leaves), 50 cm ∅, with a short stem; L sheath ±3.5 × 5.5 cm, dark brown, glossy on both faces, L lamina 23–25 × ±3.5 cm, tough and succulent, acuminate, acute, clear green, cinereously white-lepidote, with pungent tip, margin spinose, Sp hooked, antrorse, brown; Inf to 120 cm, 1–2× branched, paniculate; peduncle ±50 cm, green to brownish, with fine white tomentum; peduncular Bra leaf-like (lowest), long-triangular, acuminate, to ±50 mm, sparsely serrate, laxly arranged; fertile Inf part 60–80 cm, lax, white-lepidote; Br to 45 cm, rachis slightly angular, white-lepidote; floral Bra broadly triangular, acute, ±2 × ±3 mm, green to brown, abaxially puberulous; Fl sessile, narrowly tubular; Sep ovate-acuminate, 5–6 × 3 mm, carinate, connate for ${1}\left/ {3}\right.$ of their length, abaxially white-lepidote, tip ± bifid; Pet ovate, 9 × 3–4 mm, clear yellow, abaxially white-lepidote; St exserted; Fil free, ±6 mm; Ov green, ±3–4 mm; Sty ±6 mm, yellow; Fr and Se not described.

Similar to D. hebdingii.

D. duckei L. B. Smith (Bol. Mus. Paraense “Emilio Goeldi”, n.s., Bot. 1: 3, fig. k–o, 1958). Type: Brazil, Pará (Ducke s.n. [US, MG 14856]). — Distr: Brazil (Maranhão, Pará); iron-rich rocky (“pedra canga”) fields. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 558).

[3a] Ros acaulescent, very dense, very many-leaved; L to 26–40 × 1.5–2 cm, arching-recurved, sheath broadly elliptic, 2–3 cm, L lamina very narrowly triangular, with pungent tip, soon glabrous adaxially, appressedly cinereous-lepidote abaxially, margins laxly serrate, Sp slender, spreading, 2 mm; Inf 40–130 cm, simple or subsimple; peduncle very slender, glabrous; peduncular Bra ovate, acuminate, very small, entire (except the lowest), remote; fertile Inf part lax, 5–26 cm, soon glabrous; floral Bra broadly ovate, apiculate, shorter than the pedicels, entire; Fl divergent or spreading; Ped to 3 mm, slender; Sep elliptic, 5.5 mm, obtuse, ecarinate, erose; Pet lamina rhomboid, 10 mm, carinate, orange; St slightly but distinctly exserted; Fil free above the 1 mm high common tube, 10 mm, orange; Sty 1 mm; Fr subglobose, 10–12 mm, dark castaneous.

Monteiro & Forzza (2016, 1260) describe and illustrate material under this name with rosettes with few erect to spreading leaves only 10–13 cm long, and much smaller inflorescences, but with similar flowers.

D. dusenii L. B. Smith (Contr. Gray Herb. 98: 6, t. 2, 1932). Type: Brazil, Paraná (Dusén 18081 [S, GH [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul); cliffs and dry fields. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 539).

[3b] Plants stout; L 30–40 × 1.5–2 cm, sheath broad, suborbicular, dark castaneous, L lamina narrowly triangular, attenuate, yellow-green, glabrous adaxially, densely pale-lepidote abaxially, laxly serrate, Sp curved, 2–3 mm; Inf to 70 cm, simple; peduncle stout, soon glabrous; peduncular Bra broadly ovate, acuminate, large, much exceeding the internodes, densely pale-lepidote, entire or minutely denticulate; fertile Inf part subdense, many-flowered, 20–30 cm; floral Bra broadly ovate, acuminate, exceeding the sepals (all) and the petals (lowest); Fl subspreading, soon glabrous; Ped 5 mm, stout; Sep ovate, 16 mm, acute, strongly alate-carinate, frequently denticulate; Pet lamina broadly elliptic, 15–20 mm, obtuse, ecarinate, suberect, yellow; St much shorter than the petals; Fil shortly connate above the common tube; Anth sublinear, acuminate; Sty very short.

D. edwardii P. J. Braun & al. (Bromelie 2008(3): 116–123, ills., 2008). Type:Brazil, Goiás (Esteves Pereira 467 [UFG]). — Lit: Braun & Esteves Pereira (2009a). Distr: Brazil (Goiás); granitic rocks and granite-derived soils in very dry Cerrado vegetation. I: Braun (2018: 75).

[2] Ros with >50 living leaves, to 1 m ∅, usually solitary, sometimes forming small groups, with a stem to 50 × ±17 cm in very old plants, compactly covered by old leaves; L ±56 × to 4.3 cm, sheath ±3.2 × 4.3 cm, white, apically densely yellowish-lepidote, L lamina erect to slightly arching, narrowly triangular to lanceolate, apex a flat brownish pungent tip to 35 mm long, light-green to chocolate-brown, adaxially lustrous, abaxially white-lepidote, strongly veined, sparsely serrate, Sp pungent, uncinate, usually antrorse, retrorse towards the leaf tip, to 5.5 mm, 6–18 mm apart; Inf to 1.8 m, compound; peduncle hard and strong, terete, slightly sinuous and sulcate, ±50 cm, green to reddish-green; peduncular Bra linear to lanceolate, acuminate, pungent, exceeding or equalling the internodes, 3.1–4.4 × 1 cm, pale green, soon stramineous, serrate; fertile Inf part lax, ±1.4 m, ascending, below the first branch with 1–2 dormant buds; Br 7–15, ascending, spreading, flexible, 26–53 cm, dark rose, sparsely white-lepidote; primary Bra like the upper peduncular bracts but shorter; floral Bra narrowly triangular to lanceolate, ±22 × 7 mm (lower) to 6 mm (upper), brownish-green, soon stramineous, densely white-lepidote, serrate; Fl ascending, 18–20 × 7–9 mm; Ped 0–2 mm; Sep lanceolate, ±11 × 5.9 mm, yellowish to reddish-orange, scatteredly white-lepidote; Pet obtuse, ±11 × 8 mm, orange but more yellowish than the sepals, basally light orange to yellow; Fil 9 mm, apical 1.8 mm free above the 7 mm high common tube, pale yellow; Anth to 2.6 × 1.2 mm, yellow, recurved at anthesis; Ov narrowly subpyramidal, ±5 mm; Sty ±1.3 mm, yellow, Sti ±2.5 mm, yellowish-orange, hidden at anthesis; Fr ellipsoid-ovate, apex acuminate, 15–16 × 8–10 mm, dark brown, lustrous.

Similar to D. goiana and D. uleana, but forming extraordinary stems to 50 cm long in old plants.

D. elata Mez (in A. & C. de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 9: 508, 1896). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Schwacke 8739 [B, F [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais); rocky fields.

[2?] Insufficiently described; L to 40 × 1.7 cm, sheath suborbicular, large, L lamina narrowly triangular, green, subglabrous adaxially, laxly serrate, Sp 4 mm; Inf probably >1 m, laxly paniculate; peduncle stout, 50 cm, soon glabrous; peduncular Bra subfoliaceous, equalling or exceeding the internodes, sparsely serrulate; fertile Inf part many-flowered, narrow, rachis tomentulose but soon glabrous; Br elongate, laxly flowered; primary Bra much shorter than the sterile branch bases; floral Bra reflexed, broadly ovate, acute, shorter than the flowers or equalling the sepals (lowest), finely serrate; Fl spreading or reflexed, 12 mm; Ped short; Sep elliptic, 7 mm, broadly rounded, glabrous; Pet erect, lamina large, suborbicular, neither carinate nor undulate when dry, orange; St included; Fil free above the common tube; Anth short, subtriangular, apiculate, scarcely recurved; Sty to ${1}\left/ {3}\right.$ as long as the ovary. — [F. Krapp]

D. elisabethae S. Winkler (Doc. Nat. 3: 36–37, fig. 3, 1982). Type:Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Winkler 741 [ICN]). — Distr: Brazil (E Rio Grande do Sul); barren granite rocks in moist ground.

[1?] Ros to 30 cm ∅; L 35 × 3 cm, sheath dark, L lamina adaxially light green, abaxially white-lepidote, margins conspicuously serrate, Sp curved, to 5 mm, irregularly arranged; Inf to 1.7 m, usually branched or rarely simple, branches not further described; peduncle reddish to red (younger parts), white-pubescent; peduncular Bra serrate; floral Bra elliptic, acuminate, pubescent, to 8 mm; Fl sessile; Sep lanceolate-ovate, to 12 mm, yellow, white-pubescent, tip rounded; Pet orbicular, to 18 mm, light yellow, finely lepidote, ecarinate, margins shortly ciliate; St included or equalling the petals; Fil free above the common tube; Ov 3 mm; Sty 3 mm.

The incomplete description from the protologue was expanded on the base of the comparison with D. pontesii in the protologue of the latter. The flowers are described as sessile in the protologue, but as pedicellate in the comparison with D. pontesii.

D. elongata Mez (in A. & C. de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 9: 529, 1896). Type: Brazil, sine loco (Sellow Brom. Paris 58 [P, GH [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Bahia); on rocks. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 568).

[3a] Ros not described; L to 40 × ±1.5 cm, sheath broadly ovate, L lamina narrowly triangular, appressedly pale-lepidote abaxially, serrate, Sp stout, straight or curved, 6 mm; Inf almost 1 m, simple; peduncle slender, soon glabrous; peduncular Bra ovate-triangular (upper), much shorter than the internodes, ±10 mm; fertile Inf part very laxly few-flowered, soon glabrous; floral Bra spreading or subreflexed, ovate-triangular, shorter than the sepals; Fl suberect, 11 mm, subsessile; Sep broadly ovate, 7–8 mm, obtuse; Pet lamina suberect, broadly obovate, obscurely carinate, colour not described; St included; Fil free above the common tube; Anth triangular, acute, straight or slightly recurved; Sty very short. — [F. Krapp]

D. eminens Mez (Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 30 (Beiblatt 67): 5, 1901). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Glaziou 22192-A [B, K, P]). — Distr: Brazil (Goiás); ecology not reported.

[3a?] Ros not described; L ±30 × >2 cm, sheath not described, L lamina narrowly triangular, with a strongly pointed hard tip, sparsely appressed-lepidote abaxially, laxly serrate, Sp 1 mm, far apart; Inf 1 m or more, simple; peduncle stout, soon glabrous; peduncular Bra broad with narrowly triangular pungent lamina, exceeding the internodes, serrulate; fertile Inf part lax, densely furfuraceous; floral Bra reflexed, broadly ovate, acuminate (lower), 20 mm; Fl spreading or subreflexed, ±14 mm; Ped <5 mm; Sep broadly elliptic, ±9 mm obtuse; Pet suberect, trapeziform, carinate, slightly undulate, colour not described; St much shorter than the petals; Fil free or shortly connate above the common tube; Anth 3 mm, strongly spirally reflexed; Sty very short. — [F. Krapp]

D. encholirioides (Gaudichaud) Mez (in A. & C. de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 9: 507, 1896). Type: Brazil, Santa Catarina (Gaudichaud 130 [P, GH [photo]]). — Lit: Krieck (2008: pollination ecology, with ills.). Distr: Brazil (São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul); on rocks and sand, along the coast. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 521).

≡ Garrelia encholirioides Gaudichaud (1851); incl. Encholirium garrelii Beer (1857) (nom. illeg., Art. 52.1).

[1] Ros to 1.5 m ∅, with prostrate branching stems to 2 m × 10–15 cm; L 30–100× to 4 cm, sheath not described, L lamina narrowly triangular, glabrous adaxially, densely pale-lepidote abaxially, area between the veins broad and shallow, margins laxly serrate, Sp coarse, curved, 3–5 mm; Inf very variable, to 2 m, simple to paniculate with many long branches; peduncle stout, ferrugineous-puberulous; peduncular Bra broadly ovate with narrowly triangular lamina, longer than the internodes or sometimes the uppermost slightly shorter, serrulate; fertile Inf part many-flowered with 50–100 flowers, ferrugineous-tomentulose; primary Bra like the peduncular bracts, much shorter than the sterile branch bases; floral Bra ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, varying from shorter than the sepals to longer than the flowers, minutely serrulate; Fl spreading; Ped 1–2 mm, rather slender; Sep broadly ovate, 8 mm, acute and mucronulate, fimbriate; Pet lamina elliptic to obovate, 12 mm, apiculate, undulate, carinate, red or yellow; St included; Fil free to shortly connate above the common tube; Anth narrowly triangular, apiculate, recurved; Sty ${1}\left/ {3}\right.$ as long as the ovary.

As expected for a plant from coastal habitats, seed viability is not reduced by high-salt conditions, but germination only occurs when salt concentrations are low or nil (Pompelli & al. 2006). Flowers are visited by native Brazilian bees of the genera Xylocopa and Trigona, the introduced honey bee, as well as by hummingbirds (Krieck 2008). The measurements given by these authors indicate that the flowers can be much larger than in the description above (sepals ±15 mm, petals 15–19 mm).

D. encholirioides var. encholirioides — Distr: Brazil (São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul); on rocks and sand, along the coast. I: Reitz (1983: t. 46).

Incl. Dyckia catharinensis K. Koch (1874) (nom. illeg., Art. 52.1?) ≡ Encholirium catharinense (K. Koch) Bentham & Hooker fil. ex Mez (1934); incl. Dyckia catharinensis var. dentata Wittmack (1891).

[1] Axes of the Inf and the Sep yellow. — [F. Krapp]

D. encholirioides var. rubra (Wittmack) Reitz (Anais Bot. Herb. “Barbosa Rodrigues” 3: 108, 1951). Type: Brazil, Santa Catarina (Schenck 619 [not located]). — Distr: Brazil (Santa Catarina); on rocks and sand, along the coast.

≡ Dyckia rubra Wittmack (1891).

[1] Axes of the Inf and the Sep red. — [F. Krapp]

D. espiritosantensis Leme & al. (Rodriguésia 61(1): 34–36, figs. 4E–F and 5A–G, 2010). Type: Brazil, Espírito Santo (Leme & al. 6930 [RB, MBML, VIC]). — Distr: Brazil (Espírito Santo); shallow soils.

[3a] Ros dense, ±25-leaved, with short basal shoots; L 23–26 × 1.5–1.7 cm, strongly coriaceous, slightly succulent, sheath ±2.5 × 3 cm, whitish towards the base, ± glabrous, L lamina narrowly triangular, flat, suberect, green to reddish, acuminate, pungent with a nearly subulate tip, adaxially subdensely white-lepidote, abaxially finely veined and densely white-lepidote, margins white-lepidote, laxly spinose, Sp triangular, prevailingly antrorse-uncinate, 2–3 mm, subdensely white-lepidote, pale, 8–20 mm apart; Inf ±1 m, erect, simple; peduncle ±50 cm, greenish to bronze, subdensely white-lepidote to glabrous; peduncular Bra subfoliaceous (lowest), erect, narrowly triangular, acuminate, 10–20 × 4–6 mm, distinctly shorter than the internodes, stramineous at anthesis, subdensely white-lepidote, veined, inconspicuously denticulate to subentire; fertile Inf part ±45-flowered, lax to subdense, erect, ±37 cm, rachis ± straight, pale orange, subdensely pale ferrugineous-lepidote to glabrescent; floral Bra spreading to reflexed at anthesis, narrowly subtriangular-ovate (lower) or broadly ovate to suborbicular (upper), acuminate, carinate, 7–10 × 4–5 mm (lower) to ±4 × 3 mm (upper), stramineous at anthesis, distinctly veined, densely pale ferrugineous-lepidote, remotely denticulate to entire; Fl spreading to reflexed at anthesis, ±15 mm, narrowly campanulate, unscented; Ped 2.5–3 mm, orange; Sep broadly ovate, 5–6 × ±5 mm, rounded, ecarinate, convex, orange, densely pale ferrugineous-lepidote, entire; Pet obovate-spatulate, ±11 × 7.5 mm, obtuse-emarginate, ecarinate, orange, ± glabrous, entire; St just included; Fil free above the 1 mm high common tube, complanate, ±8 mm, pale orange towards the apex; Anth narrowly subtriangular, ±2.5 mm, straight at anthesis, base truncate, acute; Ov narrowly suboblong, ±6.5 mm, pale yellow; Sty 1–1.5 mm, Sti ±1 mm, orange, margins minutely crenulate.

Closely similar to D. mello-barretoi, but also somewhat similar to D. martinellii.

D. estevesii Rauh (Trop. subtrop. Pfl.-welt 60: 16–20, ills., 1987). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Esteves Pereira s.n. in BG Heidelberg 67420 [HEID]). — Distr: Brazil (Goiás); ecology not recorded. I: Braun (2018: 70) – Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

Dyckia estevesii. (Copyright: U. Eggli)

[2] Ros fan-like, clump-forming, stem to 10 cm ∅, thickened towards the base, densely covered by leaf sheaths, branching at the base; L numerous, distichous, spreading-recurved, sheath distinct, densely imbricate, to 5 × 10 cm, green with brown base, soon stramineous, glabrous, upper margins with wing-like scales, sulcate abaxially, persistent, L lamina erect (younger) to spreading (older), to ±30 × 3.5 cm, slightly succulent, narrowly lanceolate, long-attenuate with pungent tip, distinctly sulcate, adaxially dark green to brownish, abaxially greyish-green, sparsely lepidote, margins dentate especially basally, Sp hard, retrorse, 5 mm, 10–30 mm apart; Inf to 1.2 m, very laxly branched; peduncle slender, erect, to 50 cm, greyish-green, glabrous; peduncular Bra narrowly lanceolate (lower) to triangular (upper), to 5 mm, much shorter than the internodes, entire; fertile Inf part laxly flowered, rachis very slender, slightly flexuous, greyish-green; Br 2–3, 15–25 cm with 2–4 densely rosulate and scale-like bracts; primary Bra scale-like, small; floral Bra broadly ovate, 2–3 mm, shortly apiculate, reddish-brown, glabrous; Fl partially secund, erect to divergent, ±15 mm; Ped ±5 mm; Sep ovoid, 5 × 2–3 mm, obtuse, subcarinate, free, glabrous; Pet erect, obtuse, 13–15 × 5 mm, indistinctly carinate, little diverging at the tips, described as reddish-brown but orange in cultivated material; St slightly exserted; Fil free above the common tube; Anth outcurved; Ov ±10 mm; Sty short; Sti roundly capitate-lobate; Fr oblong-globose, 17 mm, blackish-brown.

The leaves are usually arranged distichously, but can also form a regular rosette, and the feature varies even within offsets of a single specimen. Butcher (2010) concluded that the distichous arrangement is an anomaly.

D. excelsa Leme (Pabstia 4(4): 6–7, ills., 1993). Type: Brazil, Mato Grosso? (Burle Marx s.n. [HB, RB]). — Lit: Paggi & al. (2015: with ills.). Distr: Brazil (W Mato Grosso do Sul: region of Corumbá and Ladário); granitic and iron-rich rock outcrops.

[3a] Ros dense; L ±70 × 4 cm, rigid, lamina canaliculate, suberect-arcuate, narrowly triangular, long acuminate, apex caudate, green, both faces white-lepidote, margins subdensely spinose, Sp 5–9 mm, uncinate, pale brown; Inf ±2 m, erect, simple; peduncle ±70 cm, lepidote but glabrescent; peduncular Bra subfoliaceous; fertile Inf part lax (basally) to subdense (apically) at anthesis, ±120 cm, rachis notably brown-lepidote, towards the apex densely pale brown-sublanate; floral Bra spreading or uppermost recurved, subtriangular and shortly acuminate (lower) or broadly ovate-elliptic and acute (upper), ± equalling the sepals (lower) to equalling the pedicels (upper), densely pale-lanate, entire; Fl suberect, ±50 mm, vary narrowly urceolate and narrowing towards the throat; Ped 6–10 mm, pale brown-lanate; Sep suborbicular, ±14 × 13 mm, obtuse, when dry distinctly corrugately veined, thick, reddish-orange, pale brown-sublanate; Pet narrowly ovate, ±32 × 16 mm, rounded, slightly thick, erect at anthesis, reddish-orange, densely pale brown-lanate; St barely exserted; Fil ± free above the common tube, ±33 mm, yellow; Anth narrowly triangular, ±5 mm, recurved; Ov subpyramidal, sulcate, ±20 mm, pale green; Sty ±17 mm, slightly surpassing the anthers, yellow; Sti yellow, ±3 mm; Fr and Se not described.

Similar to D. ferruginea. While the type is said to have been collected in the State of Mato Grosso (but without known locality), Paggi & al. (2015) record the taxon only from Mato Grosso do Sul.

D. exserta L. B. Smith (Revista Argent. Agron. 8: 192, figs. 1–5, 1941). Type: Paraguay, Amambay (Rojas 7563 [GH]). — Distr: Paraguay (Amambay); ecology not recorded.

[1?] Ros stout; L >70 × 4.5 cm, lamina narrowly triangular, punctulate and sublustrous adaxially, finely appressedly white-lepidote and striate abaxially, Sp slightly curved, to 9 mm, 20–30 mm apart; Inf probably 1 m or more, few-branched; peduncle stout, glabrous; peduncular Bra broadly ovate, acute, 15–20 mm, upper much shorter than the internodes; fertile Inf part lax, glabrous, terminal part to 60 cm; Br densely flowered, subspreading, to 16 cm; primary Bra like the peduncular bracts, distinctly shorter than the sterile branch bases; floral Bra broadly ovate, acute, except for the lowest shorter than the sepals; Fl yellowish, subsessile; Sep suborbicular or broadly ovate, 6 mm, apiculate; Pet elliptic, 11–13 mm, obtuse, not unguiculate, pale-margined when dry, yellowish; St long-exserted, slightly exceeding the style; Fil free above the 1 mm high common tube; Anth straight, 3.5 mm; Sty slender, elongate, longer than the ovary; Se narrowly winged. — [F. Krapp]

D. ferox Mez (in A. & C. de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 9: 511, 1896). Type:Paraguay (Kuntze s.n. [NY]). — Distr: Brazil (Mato Grosso), Paraguay, Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Argentina (Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Formosa); dry fields and woods. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 544).

Incl. Dyckia meziana Kuntze (1898); incl. Dyckia hamosa Mez (1906) ≡ Dyckia ferox ssp. hamosa (Mez) Hassler (1919) ≡ Dyckia ferox fa. hamosa (Mez) Castellanos (1933); incl. Dyckia ferox fa. vulgaris Hassler (1919); incl. Dyckia ferox fa. australis Hassler (1919) (nom. inval., Art. 26.2).

[1] Ros slowly offsetting and clump-forming; L 20–50 × 0.8–2 cm or longer, sheath suborbicular, ±3 cm, L lamina narrowly triangular, closely appressedly pale-lepidote abaxially, Sp acicular, antroretrorsely curved, 4–6 mm; Inf 60 cm, simple or few-branched with short branches; peduncle slender, cinereous-tomentose, soon glabrous; peduncular Bra very broadly ovate, abruptly acute, shorter than the internodes, entire; fertile Inf part lax, cinereous-tomentose to glabrous; primary Bra scarcely larger than the floral bracts; floral Bra spreading or reflexed, suborbicular-ovate, obtuse or apiculate, much shorter than the sepals, subglabrous; Fl subsessile, narrowly funnel-shaped; Sep very broadly elliptic, 5–7 mm, very broadly rounded at the apex, subglabrous; Pet lamina suberect, subrhombic, to 12 mm, rounded, scarcely undulate, little if at all carinate, yellow; St shorter than the petals; Fil free above the common tube; Anth triangular, subacute, strongly recurved at the apex; Sty very short. — [F. Krapp]

D. ferrisincola O. B. C. Ribeiro & Leme (J. Bromeliad Soc. 65(1): 19–22, ills. (incl. p. 18), 2015). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Ribeiro 249 [BHCB]). — Distr: Brazil (C Minas Gerais: Sarzedo); white iron-rich rock outcrop (“canga couraçada”), in full sun, ±1200 m; known from the type area only.

[3b] Ros ±40 cm ∅, offsetting; L 11–14, suberect to arching-spreading, coriaceous, sheath 3.5–4 × 4.5–5 cm, distinct from the lamina, whitish, both faces glabrous and glossy, L lamina narrowly triangular, 20–22 × 2.5–3 cm, strongly canaliculate, mostly wine-red or sometimes green, adaxially glabrous and glossy, abaxially white-lepidote at the base but glabrous further up, distinctly veined, tip acuminate, pungent, margins laxly spinose, Sp narrowly subtriangular, spreading to retrorse, 3.5–4 mm, ±20 mm apart; Inf 60–80 cm, erect, simple; peduncle 35–40 cm, reddish-green, densely white-hairy; peduncular Bra broadly triangular with a long lanceolate acuminate-caudate lamina, 15–17 × 6–8 mm, erect, with prominent midvein and appearing carinate, densely white-lanate; fertile Inf part 30–40 cm, laxly 15- to 40-flowered, rachis red, densely white-lanate; floral Bra subtriangular, acuminate, 10–11 × 5–6 mm mm, with prominent midvein and appearing carinate, stramineous towards the tip, minutely denticulate; Fl 15–16 mm, porrect-spreading, tubular, unscented; Ped 4–5 mm, white-lanate; Sep broadly ovate to suborbicular, 6–7 × 5–6 mm, convex, ecarinate, reddish, sparsely white-lanate, margins with recurved fimbriate trichomes; Pet broadly spatulate, emarginate, 11–12 × 9–10 mm, orange, basally connate for 2.5 mm, ecarinate; St included and distinctly shorter than the petals; Fil yellow, connate for ±2 mm above the common tube; Anth oblong-lanceolate, ±2 mm, straight, base bilobed; Ov suboblong, ±6 × 2 mm, yellow; Sty ±2 mm, distinct, orange; Sti conduplicate-spiral, yellow, lobes shortly lacerate; Fr and Se unknown.

A member of the D. saxatilis complex, and compared with D. saxatilis in the protologue. — [U. Eggli]

D. ferruginea Mez (in A. & C. de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 9: 533, 1896). Type: Brazil, Mato Grosso (Kuntze s.n. [NY]). — Distr: Brazil (Mato Grosso); vertical walls of red sandstone. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 535).

[3a] Ros not described; L to 80 × 2.5 cm, sheath suborbicular, 5 cm, castaneous, glabrous, L lamina narrowly triangular, soon glabrous adaxially, subappressedly white-lepidote abaxially, margins densely and coarsely serrate, Sp curved, 10 mm; Inf 1 m or more, simple; peduncle stout, ferrugineous-tomentulose or glabrous with age; peduncular Bra leaf-like, imbricate, the upper ones linear-lanceolate, entire; fertile Inf part dense or ± interrupted, many-flowered, rachis stout, densely ferrugineous-tomentulose; floral Bra divergent to spreading, narrowly triangular, to 7 mm, shorter than the sepals; Fl suberect to spreading, to 15 mm; Ped very short; Sep ovate, 7–8.5 mm, broadly rounded; Pet lamina broadly elliptic, 10–14 mm, obtuse, ecarinate, suberect, yellowish-green, ferrugineous-tomentulose outside; St exserted (± equalling the petals according to the protologue); Fil free above the common tube; Anth linear, obtuse, scarcely recurved; Ov sparsely lepidote; Sty as long as the ovary.

The protologue is based on immature flowers according to Smith & Downs (1974), and in fresh material, the stamens are exserted.

D. floribunda Grisebach (Gött. Abh. 24: 331, 1879). Type: Argentina, Córdoba (Hieronymus 566 p.p. [GOET]). — Lit: Vesprini & al. (2003: ecology). Distr: Argentina (Catamarca, Córdoba, La Rioja, San Luís, San Juan, Jujuy, Salta); dry rocky slopes. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 549); Subils (2009: 349, 423).

Incl. Dyckia gilliesii Baker (1889); incl. Dyckia chaguar A. Castellanos (1931).

[1] Ros densely many-leaved, acaulescent, with ± sessile offsets; L 20–100 × 2.5 cm, sheath suborbicular, 3–6 cm, pale, glabrous, L lamina attenuate to a pungent tip, white- or cinereous-lepidote esp. abaxially, laxly serrate, Sp curved, 4–6 mm; Inf 60–100 cm, paniculate; peduncle elongate, glabrescent; peduncular Bra broadly triangular-ovate, acuminate, thin, shorter than the internodes; fertile Inf part laxly branched, lepidote at least at anthesis, Br subspreading, slightly flexuous, laxly to densely flowered; primary Bra ovate, apiculate, small; floral Bra ovate-triangular, acute or apiculate, much exceeded by the sepals; Fl divergent to spreading, orange; Ped very short at anthesis, to 4 mm in fruit; Sep broad, 7 mm, rounded, obtuse or apiculate, strongly convex; Pet obovate-elliptic, 10–14 mm, broadly rounded and emarginate, undulate, carinate; St slightly exserted; Fil free above the very short common tube; Anth sublinear, acute, ± recurved; Sty free, very short.

D. formosensis Leme & Z. J. G. Miranda (Phytotaxa 67: 15–17, ills., 2012). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Leme & Miranda 6451 [RB, HB]). — Distr: Brazil (Goiás); open Cerrado vegetation.

[3b] Ros solitary, subdense, ±18-leaved; L 60–65 × 3.5–4 cm, rigid, thickly coriaceous, sheath wider than the lamina, L lamina narrowly triangular, canaliculate, suberect, straight, acuminate and with spinescent tip, green to reddish-ferrugineous, veined, adaxially inconspicuously white-lepidote, abaxially densely non-obscuringly white-lepidote, margins glabrescent and laxly spinose, Sp shortly acicular, retrorse-uncinate, 1.5–5 mm, pale castaneous, glabrous, 10–20 mm apart; Inf 1.9–2 m, simple, erect; peduncle 95–100 cm, reddish-ferrugineous, densely white-sublanate; peduncular Bra subfoliaceous (lowest) to narrowly triangular-lanceolate (upper), acuminate, with spinescent tip, erect, distinctly shorter than the internodes, stramineous, inconspicuously white-sublanate, veined, densely spinulose, uppermost like the floral bracts; fertile Inf part 70- to 75-flowered, lax basally, subdense apically, 90–100 cm, ± straight, reddish-ferrugineous towards the base and orange towards the apex, densely white-sublanate; floral Bra suberect to slightly reflexed, ovate-triangular to lanceolate, acuminate-caudate, 15–35 × 6–15 mm, stramineous, inconspicuously white-sublanate abaxially, veined, densely spinulose; Fl spreading to slightly reflexed at anthesis, ± erect afterwards, 18–22 mm, campanulate, slightly fragrant; Ped stout, 3–5 mm; Sep broadly ovate, 8–10 × 7–8 mm, apex obtuse, ecarinate, convex, orange, densely and coarsely white-lepidote, margins with fimbriate trichomes, remotely and densely spinulose-crenulate; Pet broadly spatulate, 13–14 × 8–12 mm, obtuse and emarginate, the base narrower, ecarinate, orange, glabrous; St included; Fil 5–6 mm connate above the 2–4 mm high common tube, complanate, 9–10 mm, orange; Anth subtriangular, 3–5 mm, strongly recurved at anthesis, acute and apiculate, base bilobed; Ov narrowly oblong-subpyramidal, yellowish; Sty slender, 3–3.5 mm, orange; Sti slightly exceeding the anthers after anthesis, ±1.5 mm, orange, margins crenulate-lacerate.

Closely related to D. brasiliana, and also similar to D. goiana. — [F. Krapp]

D. fosteriana L. B. Smith (Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo ser. 2, 1: 107, t. 106, 1943). Type: Brazil, Paraná (Foster 1154 [GH]). — Distr: Brazil (Paraná).

[3b] Ros dense, flat, clustering; L numerous, 9–17 × 0.8–1.2 cm, arching-recurved, sheath suborbicular, L lamina narrowly triangular, covered with a cinereous membrane of fused scales, Sp antroretrorsely curved, 2–4 mm; Inf 10–45 cm, simple; peduncle sparsely flocculose; peduncular Bra lanceolate, acuminate, exceeding the internodes or the upper slightly shorter, densely lepidote, serrulate; fertile Inf part 3.5–13 cm, densely lepidote; floral Bra like the peduncular bracts, carinate towards the apex, lowest ± equalling the flowers, serrulate; Fl suberect or spreading; Ped ±2 mm; Sep ovate, 6–9 mm, acute, carinate, ferrugineous-lepidote; Pet lamina spreading, rhombic, 8–10 mm, orange; St included; Fil short-connate above the common tube; Sty very short. — [F. Krapp]

D. fosteriana var. fosteriana — Distr: Brazil (Paraná); sandstone outcrops. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 531).

[3b] L lamina 0.8–1 cm wide, repand-serrate with recurved Sp 2–3 mm long; Inf peduncle slender; Fl dense to lax; Sep 6 mm. — [F. Krapp]

D. fosteriana var. robustior L. B. Smith (Phytologia 19: 283, 1970). Type: Brazil, Paraná (Hatschbach 17310 [US]). — Distr: Brazil (Paraná); in soil.

[3b] L lamina 1.2 cm wide, laxly serrate but scarcely repand, the mostly antrorse Sp to 4 mm; Inf peduncle stout, 6 mm ∅; Fl dense; Sep to 9 mm. — [F. Krapp]

D. frigida Hooker fil. (Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 103: t. 6294 + text, 1877). Type: Brazil (Anonymus ex Hort. Linden s.n. [K, LG [status?]]). — Distr: Brazil (Paraná); on rocks. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 519).

Incl. Dyckia regalis Linden & Morren ex Baker (1889) (nom. inval., Art. 34.1a).

[1] Ros robust, acaulescent; L ±100 × 3.5 cm, sheath reniform, 9 cm wide, dark castaneous, L lamina narrowly triangular, with pungent tip, pale or glaucescent, densely appressed-lepidote abaxially, Sp 2–5 mm; Inf ±1 m, amply paniculate; peduncle ascending, stout, lepidote when young; peduncular Bra sparse, acute from a broadly ovate base, exceeding the internodes or the upper shorter, minutely serrulate; fertile Inf part many-flowered, subferrugineous-tomentellous, Br spreading, subdense towards the apex, to 30 cm; primary Bra like the upper peduncular bracts, usually shorter than the sterile branch bases; floral Bra broadly ovate, abruptly acute, shorter than the flowers, the lower serrulate; Fl spreading-ascending, 11–18 mm, narrowly funnel-shaped; Ped to 3 mm; Sep ovate, 5–8 mm, acute, carinate, fimbriate; Pet subovate, rounded, undulate, strongly carinate, spreading-recurved, yellow or pale yellow; St much shorter than the petals but well visible in the throat; Fil free above the common tube; Anth broadly truncate at the base, attenuate, strongly recurved; Ov narrowly ovoid; Sty very short.

D. glabrifolia Leme & O. B. C. Ribeiro (Phytotaxa 67: 18–20, ills., 2012). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Leme & al. 7273 [RB, HB]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais); on rocky quartzite outcrops, Campo Rupestre vegetation.

[2] Ros solitary or in small groups, 17- to 25-leaved; L 25–42 × 2–4 cm, distinctly succulent mainly towards the base, sheath subreniform, ±3.5 × 7.5 cm, whitish towards the base, green to reddish at the apex, lustrous, glabrous, L lamina narrowly triangular, attenuate, flat, suberect-arcuate, acuminate-caudate, with pungent tip, green to reddish, lustrous and veined adaxially, opaque abaxially, glabrous on both faces except adaxially at the base, margins laxly spinose, Sp straight to slightly antrorse, narrowly triangular, 1–2 mm, tip castaneous, 7–17 mm apart; Inf 90–150 cm, erect, usually simple or sometimes with a short branch near the base; peduncle 36–81 cm, greenish, sparsely white-sublanate, soon glabrous; peduncular Bra subfoliaceous (lowest), erect, narrowly ovate-triangular, acuminate, 15–30 × 6–10 mm, from equalling to distinctly shorter than the internodes, green or reddish, stramineous at anthesis, subdensely white-sublanate basally, glabrous apically, veined, densely and minutely denticulate; fertile Inf part ±50- to 110-flowered, 33–77 cm, rachis straight, greenish to pale orange, subdensely to densely pale-lanate; floral Bra spreading to suberect, narrowly subovate-triangular (lowest), acuminate-caudate, 10–25 × 4–8 mm, stramineous towards the apex at anthesis, pale-lanate, veined, denticulate to subentire; Fl spreading at anthesis, erect afterwards, 16–19 mm, broadly tubular with narrowed throat, unscented; Ped 2–4 mm, orange, densely white-sublanate; Sep ovate to broadly ovate, 6–8 × 6 mm, convex, apex subacute and apiculate, ecarinate, orange, subdensely white-lanate, fimbriate; Pet broadly obovate-spatulate, 12–13 × 10–11 mm, apex obtuse to subacute and inconspicuously apiculate, ecarinate, orange, glabrous, entire or sometimes irregularly crenulate near the apex; St included; Fil 9–10 mm, 3–4 mm connate above the 1 mm high common tube (according to the protologue, completely connate according to Fig. 3 in Pinangé & al. (2017)), yellowish towards the apex; Anth narrowly subtriangular, ±4 mm and straight before anthesis, after anthesis distinctly smaller and strongly recurved, base bilobed, acute; Ov narrowly suboblong, ±6.5 mm, pale yellow; Sty ±1 mm, Sti ±1.5 mm, yellow, margins minutely crenulate-lacerate; Fr broadly ovoid, beaked, ±15 × 11 mm, dark castaneous, lustrous; Se flat, asymmetrical, subcuneate, 3–4 × 2–2.5 mm.

Closely related to D. trichostachya, and also similar to D. weddelliana.

D. glandulosa L. B. Smith & Reitz (Phytologia 14: 484, t. 1, figs. 20–24, 1967). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Magalhães 18959 [HB, NY, US [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais: Diamantina Plateau); among rocks in Campo Rupestre vegetation, 1400–1800 m. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 565).

[3a] Ros not described; L to 23 × 2.3 cm, sheath suborbicular, 2 cm, L lamina narrowly triangular, attenuate to an abruptly acute pungent apex, smooth and glabrous adaxially, appressedly cinereous-lepidote abaxially, laxly serrate, Sp antrorsely uncinate, 2 mm; Inf 70 cm, simple; peduncle laxly glandular-lepidote with yellow trichomes; peduncular Bra triangular to linear-laminate (lowest), small, shorter than the internodes (uppermost), peltate-lepidote (lower) to vestite with glandular trichomes alone, entire; fertile Inf part laxly many-flowered, to 27 cm, all parts incl. pedicels and sepals laxly glandular-tomentose; floral Bra triangular-ovate, acuminate, the lowest exceeding the sepals, entire; Fl spreading; Ped 5 mm, subcylindrical; Sep ovate, 7 mm, obtuse, cucullate, ecarinate, rugose when dry as if initially fleshy; Pet lamina rhombic, 12 mm, obtuse, carinate, orange; St included; Fil free above the common tube; Sty 1 mm. — [F. Krapp]

D. goehringii E. Gross & Rauh (Trop. subtrop. Pfl.-welt 79: 12–14, ills., 1991). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Esteves Pereira s.n. in Rauh 67622 [HB, HEID]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais); rocky fields, on rocks or quartz sand. I: Braun & Esteves Pereira (2006b) – Fig. 6.

Fig. 6

Dyckia goehringii (Esteves Pereira s.n. in Rauh 67622: Brazil; Goiás, near Portelândia; type collection). (Copyright: U. Eggli)

[3b] Ros many-leaved, ±50 cm ∅, ±30 cm high, with a short stem; L to 23 × 2 cm, reflexed, succulent, sheath broadly ovate, appressed to the stem, 3 × 3.5 cm, whitish adaxially, castaneous and lustrous abaxially, glabrous, L lamina triangular, with pungent tip, both faces appressedly white-lepidote, adaxially with conspicuous imprint from neighbouring leaves, abaxially veined, trichomes arranged in distinct rows, margins spinose, Sp strong, antroretrorse, white-lepidote, ±10 mm apart; Inf ±80 cm, usually simple; peduncle ±50 cm, green, glabrous at the base, upper part white-lepidote; peduncular Bra broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 10 mm and much shorter than the internodes (upper), the lowest longer than the internodes, sparsely lepidote, veined, indistinctly serrulate; fertile Inf part ±25-flowered, lax, 35 cm, rachis green, densely white-lanate, terete; floral Bra broadly ovate, acuminate, much shorter than the sepals, ±5 × 6 mm, densely white-lanate, indistinctly serrulate; Fl spreading, 15 mm, subsessile; Sep oblong-ovate, 7 mm, obtuse, ecarinate, slightly succulent, greenish-orange-red, white-floccose, margins hyaline, indistinctly serrulate; Pet erect, rhombic, 10 × 10 mm, obtuse, ecarinate, forming a narrow tube, orange-red, margins indistinctly serrulate; St slightly exserted; Fil short-connate above the common tube (or completely free according to Fig. 3 in Pinangé & al. (2017)), basally broadly complanate, attenuate; Anth golden-yellow, sagittate; Sty very short, Sti papillate.

Related to D. crassifolia and D. leptostachya. — [F. Krapp]

D. goiana L. B. Smith (Phytologia 14: 479, t. 1, figs. 1–5, 1967). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Irwin & al. 15163 [US, NY]). — Distr: Brazil (Goiás); Cerrado vegetation, 800 m. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 528); Esteves Pereira & Gouda (2017: 181).

[1] Ros 1.5–1.8 m ∅; L 80–100 cm long, adaxially lepidote, margins serrate but apical ${1}\left/ {3}\right.$ entire; Inf to 2.5 m, laxly compound with up to 8 suberect branches; peduncle stout, soon glabrous; peduncular Bra presumably foliaceous (lower) to ovate with a long narrowly triangular apex (upper), exceeding the internodes, serrulate; fertile Inf part 100 cm, initially finely cinereous-lepidote, sublax; Br slender, slightly flexuous, to 50 cm; primary Bra like the upper peduncular bracts, to 70 mm; floral Bra broadly ovate, long-acuminate (lower) to apiculate (upper), exceeding the flowers (lower) or shorter than the sepals (upper), serrulate; Fl spreading and slightly descending; Ped to 4 mm in fruit, stout; Sep broadly deltoid-ovate, to 6 mm, ecarinate, persistently brown-black-lepidote; Pet spreading, elliptic, 10–12 mm, rounded, carinate, reddish-orange; St ± equalling the petals; Fil shortly connate above the common tube; Sty 1 mm.

Similar to D. elata and compared with D. edwardii in the protologue of the latter.

D. gouveiana Leme & O. B. C. Ribeiro (Phytotaxa 67: 21–23, ills., 2012). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Leme & al. 8485 [RB]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais: Diamantina Plateau); rock outcrops in Campo Rupestre vegetation, in shallow humus on rocks; only known from the type locality.

[3b] Ros dense, 12- to 18-leaved; L 12–18 × 2–2.6 cm, strongly coriaceous, sheath inconspicuous, L lamina narrowly triangular, strongly canaliculate, suberect to nearly erect and unilaterally curved, acuminate and spine-tipped, light green, obscurely white-lepidote on both faces, veined mainly adaxially, subdensely to densely spinose, Sp narrowly triangular, straight to prevailingly antrorse-uncinate, 1–2.5 mm, with pale castaneous tip, 2–7 mm apart; Inf 35–60 cm, simple, erect; peduncle 18–30 cm, dark reddish-green, sparsely to subdensely white-lepidote, glabrescent; peduncular Bra base suborbicular to subreniform and slightly gibbose, lamina long narrowly triangular and acuminate-spinescent, ecarinate, to 18–45 × 3–6 mm, longer (lowest) to shorter (uppermost) than the internodes, stramineous towards the apex, veined, subdensely white-lepidote, densely spinulose; fertile Inf part 8- to 26-flowered, lax, 13–24 cm, straight, dark reddish, (sub-) densely non-obscuringly white-sublanate; floral Bra ovate-triangular, acuminate-caudate, spreading at anthesis, ecarinate with raised midvein, the upper ones convex at the base, 13–19 × 7–10 mm, soon becoming stramineous towards the apex, (sub-) densely white-lepidote, finely veined, densely spinulose to inconspicuously denticulate; Fl spreading, 16–17 mm, subtubular, unscented; Ped 3–4 mm, stout, red, densely white-lanate; Sep broadly ovate, 7–8 × 5–6 mm, acute and apiculate, ecarinate, convex, reddish-orange, densely white-lanate, margins inconspicuously denticulate near the apex; Pet broadly spatulate, 11–12 × 9 mm, apex broadly acute, ecarinate, entire, orange, glabrous; St included; Fil 1 mm connate above the 3 mm high common tube, ±8 mm, pale orange towards the apex; Anth narrowly subtriangular, 3.5–4 mm, strongly recurved at anthesis; Ov narrowly suboblong, ±5 mm, pale yellow; Sty ±2.5 mm; Sti ±1.5 mm, orange, margins minutely crenulate.

Compared with D. mezii in the protologue (as D. argentea). — [F. Krapp]

D. gracilis Mez (in A. & C. de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 9: 516, 1896). Type: Bolivia, Santa Cruz (d’Orbigny 1006 [P, F [photo], G, GH [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Argentina (Chaco); seasonally deciduous lowland forests and savannas, dry rocky soil, 230–500 m. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 576); Vásquez & Ibisch (2012: 127).

[3b] Ros not described; L to 30 × 2–2.5 cm, suberect, L lamina narrowly triangular, quite green adaxially, closely appressedly pale cinereous-lepidote abaxially, margins serrate, Sp 4 mm; Inf 50 cm, simple; peduncle very slender, glabrous; peduncular Bra remote, very broadly ovate with a short acuminate apex, entire; fertile Inf part lax, few-flowered, minutely furfuraceous; floral Bra reflexed, suborbicular-ovate, apiculate, ±4 mm, much shorter than the sepals; Fl suberect, slender, subsessile; Sep very broadly elliptic, 7–9 mm, emarginate, nearly glabrous; Pet erect, obovate, 14–18 mm, rounded, scarcely if at all carinate, bright yellow; St equalling or slightly exceeding the petals; Fil connate above the common tube; Anth linear, acute, strongly recurved; Sty 2–3× shorter than the ovary.

Lost for some 180 years before found again in Bolivia (Vásquez & Ibisch 2012). The recently described D. barthlotii is similar (see there for differences). Paggi & al. (2015) record the taxon also from the Brazilian state Mato Grosso do Sul.

D. grandidentata P. J. Braun & Esteves (Cact. Succ. J. (US) 80(6): 323, ills. (pp. 322–323), 2008). Type: Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul (Esteves Pereira & Braun 659 [UFG, HAL]). — Distr: Brazil (Mato Grosso to Sul); on barren reddish-black rocks among shrubs, trees, orchids and cacti.

[2] Ros to 37 cm ∅ but usually much smaller, stem ±6 × 5–6 cm, forming a small clump; L 23–29, to 23 × 3.1 cm, 5 mm thick, sheath to 4 cm wide, L lamina recurved, spreading, slightly coriaceous, succulent, glabrous, narrowly triangular to lanceolate, canaliculate, apex a hard brownish spine to 7 mm long, veined on both faces, margins with an inconspicuous pale yellow stripe, serrate, Sp pungent, uncinate, predominantly retrorse, 7–11 mm, narrowly triangular, shiny, light green to light yellow, with a brown-reddish tip, 14–23 mm apart towards the leaf tip, basally ± connected; Inf to 80 cm, usually simple or rarely with 1–3 branches; peduncle erect or slightly sinuous, ±40 cm, base reddish-green, red distally, shiny green to brownish-green elsewhere, glabrous or partly creamy-lepidote; peduncular Bra narrowly triangular to lanceolate, pungent, 58 mm (lowest) to 6 mm (uppermost), green to brownish, finely serrate; fertile Inf part erect, to 39 cm, rachis dark rose, distally rose to orange and red; floral Bra narrowly triangular to lanceolate, to 4.7 mm, rose, drying parchment-like; Fl ±17 × 8 mm, orange to yellowish, subsessile; Sep slightly triangular, 7.5 × 6.2 mm, succulent, abaxially carinate, reddish, margins pale; Pet 12 × 5–7 mm, orange; St exserted; Fil apically free above the common tube, to 9 mm; Anth 5 mm, light yellow, strongly curved outwards, acuminate; Ov elongate-pyramidal, ±6 × 2 mm, light greenish-white; Sty 0.7–0.9 mm, orange; Fr ovoid, acute, ±13 × 10 mm, dark brownish, glossy; Se broad, drop-shaped, flattened, with a tiny acute tip towards the hilum, 3–4.5 mm ∅ — [F. Krapp]

D. granmogulensis Rauh (Trop. subtrop. Pfl.-welt 65: 11–12, fig. 5, 1988). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Rauh 56484 [HEID]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais); rocky fields, on rocks.

[3a] Ros acaulescent, in groups, spreading, many-leaved, 15 cm ∅, to 10 cm high; L to 18 × 1.5 cm, sheath 2.5 × 2.5 cm, with brownish base and green tip abaxially, glabrous, L lamina narrowly triangular, long-attenuate, slightly succulent, adaxially dark green and sparsely lepidote, abaxially veined and appressedly white-lepidote, Sp retrorse, hard, small, white; Inf to 60 cm, simple, erect; peduncle to 40 cm, green, glabrous, sparsely white-lanate-lepidote towards the apex; peduncular Bra subfoliaceous (lower) to narrowly triangular-acute (upper), ½ as long as the internodes, sparsely lepidote, slightly serrate; fertile Inf part lax, straight, to 20 cm, green, reddish towards the apex, densely lanate; floral Bra triangular, acuminate, small, shorter than or equalling the pedicels, inconspicuously serrate (lower); Fl spreading to ascending, 8–10 × 4–5 mm, 3 mm at the throat, in the evening with fishy scent; Ped to 5 mm, stout, green to reddish, pubescent; Sep ovate, 5 × 3 mm, obtuse, ecarinate, reddish, densely lanate; Pet broadly spatulate, 6 × 7 mm, broadened towards the tip, obtuse, ecarinate, initially erect, later with reflexed tips, brilliant orange-red; St included; Fil free above the 2 mm high common tube, narrowing apically; Anth centripetally bent; Sty 2 mm, yellow.

Compared with D. oligantha (here treated as synonym of D. saxatilis) in the protologue. — [F. Krapp]

D. hatschbachii L. B. Smith (Phytologia 14: 480, t. 1, figs. 9–12, 1967). Type: Brazil, Paraná (Hatschbach 2725 [US]). — Distr: Brazil (Paraná); low woods in Restinga vegetation. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 535).

[3a] Only known from fragments; L to 85 × 4.5 cm, lamina linear-triangular, with pungent tip, initially or soon glabrous adaxially, appressedly white-lepidote abaxially, laxly serrate, Sp antrorsely uncinate, dark, 7 mm; Inf to 1.5 m, simple; peduncle slender, ferrugineous-tomentose; peduncular Bra imbricate, linear-triangular from an ovate base, serrulate; fertile Inf part sublax, many-flowered, 40 cm, all parts incl. pedicels and sepals ferrugineous-tomentulose; floral Bra narrowly triangular, slightly exceeding the pedicels (lower), serrulate; Fl spreading; Ped to 10 mm, straight, slender; Sep ovate, 8 mm, acute, carinate; Pet subrhombic, 14 mm, curved-spreading, colour not described; St included; Fil free above the common tube; Sty to 2 mm.

Insufficiently known.

D. hebdingii L. B. Smith (Phytologia 21: 90, t. 2, figs. 1–7, 1971). Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Croizat 22495 [US]). — Distr: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); on rocks.

[1] Ros dense, spreading, many-leaved; L ±15 × >1.5 cm, L lamina narrowly triangular, appressedly cinereous-lepidote on both faces, subdensely serrate, Sp slender, spreading; Inf >1 m, laxly 3× branched; peduncle erect, slender, ±45 cm; peduncular Bra very narrowly triangular, longer than the internodes, red, serrulate, divergent, wholly exposing the axis; fertile Inf part densely cinereous-lepidote, Br many-flowered, subdense to lax, to 30 cm; floral Bra broadly ovate, apiculate, 5 mm, much exceeded by the sepals; Fl suberect to spreading and sometimes slightly secund; Ped short; Sep ovate, 4.5 mm, broadly subacute; Pet spatulate, 7 mm, obtuse, yellow; St included; Fil free above the 1 mm high common tube; Sty slender, elongate; Fr 8 mm; Se with a narrow apically pointed wing.

Part of the “Prionophyllum” complex, and similar to D. maritima. — [F. Krapp]

D. hohenbergioides Leme & Esteves (J. Bromeliad Soc. 48(3): 124–126, ills., 1998). Type: Brazil, Bahia (Esteves Pereira E-385 [HB, RB]). — Distr: Brazil (Bahia); ecology not described.

[1/2] Ros ±30-leaved; L ±60 × 4–5 cm, very rigid, succulent, sheath not described, L lamina suberect, very narrowly triangular, attenuate, acuminate, with pungent tip, greenish, finely veined, densely white-lepidote on both faces, laxly spinose, Sp triangular-uncinate, 5–9 mm, densely white-lepidote; Inf 1.8–2 m, laxly 2–3× branched, erect; peduncle sulcate, 80–100 cm, green, white-sublanate, soon glabrous; peduncular Bra triangular, acuminate-caudate, ecarinate, erect, 50–100 × 20–30 mm, equalling to slightly exceeding (lowest) to shorter than the internodes (upper), greenish to ochre, white-lepidote to glabrescent, finely veined, laxly serrulate apically or entire; fertile Inf part dense, erect, ±70 cm, white-sublanate at anthesis, glabrescent; Br ±10, subsessile, densely strobilate-digitate, 7–10 cm, erect to suberect, axis white-lanate; primary Bra like the upper peduncular bracts but gradually reduced towards the apex, distinctly shorter than the branches; floral Bra suborbicular to triangular, acuminate, suberect, concave, ecarinate to slightly carinate near the apex, 10–14 × 13–15 mm, white-lanate at the base, glabrescent, chaffy towards the tip, minutely denticulate-crenulate to entire; Fl suberect at anthesis, ± ovoid-tubular, 16–17 mm, unscented; Ped ±2.5 mm, indistinct, stout; Sep suborbicular, 7–8 × 9 mm, subobtuse to slightly emarginate, very minutely mucronulate, ecarinate, orange-red, sparsely sublanate to glabrescent, entire; Pet subcordate, 13 × 11–12 mm, truncate-emarginate, ecarinate, erect at anthesis, orange-red, glabrous; St slightly exserted for ±${2}\left/ {3}\right.$ of the anther length; Fil 10 mm, sometimes connate for ±1.5 mm above the 1.5 mm high common tube (according to the protologue, completely connate according to Fig. 3 in Pinangé & al. (2017)); Anth 3–4 mm, strongly recurved towards the apex, apiculate, base sagittate; Ov narrowly subpyramidal, ±6 mm; Sty indistinct, Sti orange, ±1.5 mm, margins irregularly scalloped.

Compared with D. beateae in the protologue. — [F. Krapp]

D. horridula Mez (Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 30 (Beiblatt 67): 5, 1901). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Glaziou 22194 [B, F [photo], K]). — Lit: Leme & Miranda (2009: with ills.). Distr: Brazil (Goiás: Santo Antonio do Descoberto); rocky soils in Campo Rupestre vegetation, amongst herbs.

[3b] Ros compact, ±15 cm ∅, with a bulbous base formed by old leaf sheaths, probably solitary; L 35–40, dense, coriaceous, sheath 4.5–5 × 4–5 cm, L lamina sublinear, 10–12 × 0.8 cm, (sub-) erect, nearly flat near the base, canaliculate and obtusely carinate above and subulate towards the tip, green basally changing to reddish towards the tip, adaxially sparsely and abaxially densely white-lepidote but scales not obscuring the leaf colour, tip acuminate-caudate, pungent, margins subdensely spinose, Sp spreading to retrorse, 1–1.5 mm, reddish-brown, 2–3 mm apart; Inf 15–25 cm, simple, erect; peduncle 9–17 cm, subdensely white-furfuraceous to glabrous; peduncular Bra 10–20 × 5 mm, subfoliaceous (lowest) to ovate-subtriangular (upper), erect, stramineous, sparsely white-lepidote; fertile Inf part 3–4 cm, 5- to 7-flowered, subdensely to inconspicuously white-furfuraceous (incl. pedicel and sepals); floral Bra ovate, ±7 × 3 mm, acuminate, veined, stramineous, subspreading to reflexed; Fl 12–14 mm long and ∅, somewhat campanulate, strongly sweet-fragrant; Ped inconspicuous, ±2 × 3.5–4 mm ∅; Sep broadly ovate to suborbicular, ±5 × 4 mm, ecarinate, yellow with green tip to pale orange; Pet broadly obovate-spatulate from narrow base, ±10 × 6 mm, upper part spreading to spreading-ascending, yellow; St shorter than the petals but distinctly exposed at anthesis, connivent; Fil yellow, connate over the whole length and forming a tube ±8 mm long Anth narrowly subtriangular, ±2 mm, dark purplish-brown, basally connate; Ov ±2.5 × 1 mm, yellowish-white; Sty ±1 mm, yellowish; Sti conduplicate-spiral, yellow; Fr and Se unknown.

A rarely collected species, easily overlooked due to its small size. — [F. Krapp]

D. ibicuiensis Strehl (Bromélia 4(4): 14–16, ills., 1999). Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Strehl 1098 [HAS 31720]). — Distr: Brazil (C Rio Grande do Sul); rocky outcrops, among grasses and herbs.

[2/3b] Ros ±20-leaved, ±60 cm ∅; L ±40 × ±2 cm, sheath not described, L lamina narrowly triangular, light green, flexible, slightly contorted, the inner ones erect, the outer spreading, glabrous adaxially, striate-lepidote abaxially, margins subentire with widely spaced minute Sp only; Inf ±2 m, simple or sometimes branched, erect; peduncle ±70 (30–140) cm, yellowish-green, glabrous; peduncular Bra long-lanceolate, acute, ±150 × ±12 mm and longer than the internodes (lowest), the others much smaller, lepidote at the base, margins membranous, sparsely irregularly spinose, soon drying; fertile Inf part densely to sparsely flowered, robust, ±55 (40–80) cm, slightly lepidote to glabrous, yellowish-green; floral Bra narrow, slightly carinate basally, ending in a long acute pungent tip, ±40 mm (lowest) or shorter (uppermost), lemon-yellow, finely serrate; Fl spreading, tubular with spreading limb, 20–24 mm; Ped 6–7 mm; Sep narrow, ovate, 10–15 mm, apex rounded, ending in a short spine, slightly carinate, yellow; Pet free, tongue-shaped, 15–20 mm, distally spreading, greenish-yellow; St included; Fil ${1}\left/ {3}\right.$ of their length free above the common tube; Fr 13–15 × 10 mm, dark brown at the apex, otherwise almost black, shiny; Se base acute, apex rounded, with a lateral wing, ±4 mm wide, brown.

Similar to D. dusenii.

D. ibiramensis Reitz (Sellowia 14: 104, fig. 4, 1962). Type: Brazil, Santa Catarina (Reitz & Klein 2635 [HBR, US]). — Lit: Hmeljevski & al. (2011: genetics, conservation). Distr: Brazil (C-E Santa Catarina: Ibirama); ledges along streams, and rock islands, seasonally inundated; only known from the region of the type locality. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 552); Reitz (1983: t. 48).

[1/2] Ros solitary or forming small groups with age, acaulescent; L 30–40 × 2.2 cm, rigid, sheath not described, L lamina narrowly triangular, glabrous above, cinereous-lepidote abaxially, sinuate-serrate, Sp 4 mm; Inf 1 m, paniculate; peduncle glabrous; peduncular Bra erect, foliaceous (lowest) to 15 mm (upper), serrate; fertile Inf part few- to 6-branched, subglabrous or sparsely lanate distally, Br ascending, laxly flowered; primary Bra like the upper peduncular bracts, much shorter than the sterile branch bases; floral Bra triangular, recurved, pungent, shorter than the sepals, serrate; Fl suberect to reflexed; Ped 3 (–5) mm; Sep broadly elliptic, 7–9 × 4 mm, rounded, entire, coriaceous, glabrous; Pet broadly ovate, 14 × 8 mm, ecarinate with undulate margins, deep orange; St included; Fil free above the short common tube; Sty 2 mm.

Hmeljevski & al. (2011) studied the genetic diversity and mating system of this rare endemic, which is confined to a 4 km large rocky outcrop along the Rio Itajaí, and which is classified as critically endangered. The flowers are pollinated by the carpenter bee Xylocopa brasilianorum as well as by the hummingbird Thalurania glaucopsis.

D. incana O. B. C. Ribeiro & Leme (J. Bromeliad Soc. 65(1): 23–26, ills. (incl. p. 18), 2015). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Ribeiro 268 [BHCB, HB]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais: Nova Lima); iron-rich rock outcrops in Campo Rupestre vegetation, 1310 m; known only from the region of the type population.

[3a] Ros ±12 cm ∅, sometimes asymmetrical, offsetting and forming dense colonies; L 8–10, dense and sometimes secund, subspreading to suberect, sheath 1.5–2 × 3–4 cm, adaxially whitish, adaxially castaneous, glabrous towards the base, L lamina narrowly triangular, very succulent and rigid, 4.5–6 × 1–1.4 cm, densely and coarsely cinereous-tomentose on both faces, tip a pungent spine, margins laxly spinose, Sp narrowly triangular, straight to slightly retrorse, 0.5–1 mm, 5–8 mm apart; Inf 25–55 cm, erect, simple; peduncle 25–35 cm, sparsely white-lepidote, pale orange to brownish-red; peduncular Bra 5–10 × 5 mm, with suborbicular base and a long lanceolate-caudate lamina, erect, stramineous, veined and with raised midvein; fertile Inf part 6–10 cm, subdensely 11- to 16-flowered, rachis reddish, glabrous, distally slightly flexuose; floral Bra broadly ovate to triangular, acuminate to acute, 4.5–5 × 4.5–5 mm, subspreading to suberect, finely veined, stramineous, slightly crenulate; Fl 12–13 mm, porrect-spreading, ± secund, tubular, unscented; Ped 3.5–5 mm, stout, yellow-orange, glabrous, curved; Sep broadly ovate to suborbicular, 4–5.5 × 3.5–4 mm, orange to reddish, convex, obtuse and apiculate, ecarinate, glabrous except the margins with recurved fimbriate trichomes; Pet broadly obcordate with narrowed base, 7.5 × 6.5–7 mm, orange-yellow, emarginate, ecarinate, (nearly) erect, basally connate for ±1.5 mm; St included and much shorter than the petals; Fil free above the common tube; Anth oblong-ovate, (almost) straight, base bilobed; Ov suboblong-ovoid, ±2.5 × 1.5 mm, yellow; Sty ±1 mm, distinct, yellow; Sti conduplicate-spiral, yellow; Fr and Se unknown.

Another member of the D. saxatilis complex, and compared with D. brachyphylla, D. macedoi and D. oligantha (here treated as synonym of D. saxatilis) in the protologue. — [U. Eggli]

D. inflexifolia Guarçoni & M. Sartori (Ann. Bot. Fenn. 49: 407–410, ills., 2012). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Guarçoni & Sartori 1474 [VIC, R]). — Lit: Büneker & al. (2016: with ills.). Distr: Brazil (C Minas Gerais: Serro); Campo Rupestre vegetation on iron-rich igneous rocks (“pedra canga”) and rocky soil; only known from the small population at the type locality.

[2/3a] Ros solitary, dense, ±40-leaved, ±70 cm ∅, ±40 cm high; L 30–35 × 2.4–3 cm, outer reflexed, youngest inflexed, strongly succulent, sheath elliptic, ±3–3.3 × 5.9–6.3 cm, white, yellowish-cream at the apex adaxially, densely white-lepidote at the apex abaxially, dentate at the apex, L lamina narrowly triangular, indistinctly canaliculate, acute, with pungent tip, green, adaxially completely glabrous, abaxially densely white-lepidote (basally) to pubescent, margins rather densely spinose, Sp irregularly curved, 2.4–3.5 mm, amber with a brown apex, 7–17 mm apart; Inf 0.95–1.45 m, erect, simple or with up to 6 branches; peduncle erect, 25–67 cm, red, densely rusty-tomentose; peduncular Br linear-triangular to triangular with suborbicular base, erect and acuminate and pungent (upper), carinate, succulent (lowest), 36–65 × 3–6 mm (lowest) to 14–20 × 6–8 mm (upper), margins vinaceous adaxially (lowest), stramineous (upper), margins (lowest) or completely (upper) densely rusty-lepidote abaxially, fimbriate basally, entire apically; main axis of the fertile Inf part to 45-flowered, 24–56 cm, branches 8- to 10-flowered, subdense, erect, rachis red, densely rusty-tomentose, basal-most branches with delayed development, suberect, curved or not, slightly flexuose, 4.5–21 cm; primary Bra similar to the upper peduncular bracts but slightly smaller, 13–15 × 5–6 mm; floral Bra carinate, triangular, convex, acuminate, pungent, 11–18 × 5–8 mm, stramineous, densely rusty-tomentose abaxially, entire to inconspicuously fimbriate; Fl 18–20 mm, ascending to spreading; Ped 5 mm, robust, red; Sep ovate to broadly triangular, 7.2–11 × 6.3–8.7 mm, obtuse, convex, strongly succulent, red to orange, densely rusty-tomentose abaxially, fimbriate; Pet rhomboid to elliptic, 11–14 × 8–11 mm, otuse to retuse, strongly succulent, undulate after anthesis, orange, scarcely tomentose, margins in the upper ½ fimbriate; St included; Fil free above the 1.3–2.9 mm high common tube, 7.4–8.8 mm, yellowish-orange; Anth lanceolate to elliptic, yellow, 3–3.4 mm, base sagittate, apex otusely apiculate; Ov pyramidal, 4.9–5.2 mm, yellow to greenish-yellow; Sty 0.7–0.8 mm, orange to brownish-orange towards the apex, Sti orange, 0.6–0.7 mm; Fr ovoid, acute, 14 × 10 mm, dark brown.

Part of the D. sordida complex together with D. nobilis and D. ursina (Büneker & al. 2016).

D. insignis Hassler (Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 20: 316, 1919). Type: Paraguay, Concepción (Fiebrig 4615 [G, F [photo]]). — Distr: NE Paraguay (Concepción); dry open rocky ground. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 515).

≡ Dyckia grandiflora Mez (1919) (nom. illeg., Art. 52.1); incl. Dyckia insignis [?] flaviflora Hassler (1919); incl. Dyckia insignis var. macrantha Hassler (1919); incl. Dyckia insignis var. obtusiflora Hassler (1919).

[3a] Ros shortly caulescent, stem 6–8 cm; L 20–35 × 1.5 cm, sheaths forming a bulb, broad, brown and lustrous abaxially, glabrous, L lamina linear-triangular, filiform-attenuate, appressedly white-lepidote, laxly serrate, Sp acicular, 3 mm; Inf 30–60 cm, simple; peduncle slender, 25–50 cm, striate, glabrous; peduncular Bra long-acuminate from a triangular-ovate base, the lower 6–7 cm, exceeding the internodes, the upper 2 cm, shorter than the internodes, serrate like the leaves; fertile Inf part laxly 3- to 7-flowered, all parts including the flowers ± lepidote; floral Bra like the upper peduncular bracts (lower) to triangular-ovate and filiform-attenuate and shorter (upper), entire; Fl erect to spreading; Ped 7–11 mm; Sep oblong-ovate, 10–12 mm, obtuse, finely fimbriate-serrulate; Pet erect, elliptic-oblong, 22–28 mm, subacute or obtuse, red to yellowish (brownish-red in the protologue of D. grandiflora); St exserted 10 mm; Fil free above the 1 mm high common tube; Anth linear, subsagittate at the base, strongly recurved; Ov conical, 10 mm; Sty 25 mm; Fr stoutly ovoid, long-beaked, 20 × 14 mm; Se with a dorsal falciform hyaline wing, 4 mm.

D. irmgardiae L. B. Smith (Phytologia 15: 150, t. 7, figs. 8 and 9, 1966). Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Smith & al. s.n. [US]). — Distr: Brazil (NE Rio Grande do Sul); ecology not recorded. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 535).

[3a] Ros spreading, very many-leaved, with a short and stout rhizome; L to 56 × 1.8 cm, subrigid, sheath not described, L lamina very narrowly triangular, soon glabrous adaxially, closely appressedly pale-lepidote abaxially, laxly serrate, Sp antrorsely curved, black, 2 mm; Inf to 1 m, simple, erect; peduncle densely ferrugineous-lanate; peduncular Bra densely imbricate, narrowly triangular from a broadly ovate base, ferrugineous-lanate, serrulate; fertile Inf part densely many-flowered, ±30 cm, densely ferrugineous-lanate; floral Bra like the upper peduncular bracts, mostly exceeding the flowers, serrulate; Ped 5 mm, stout, compressed; Sep ovate, 10 mm, acuminate, the posterior ones alate-carinate; Pet lamina subrhombic, 15 mm, colour not described; St included; Fil free above the common tube; Sty ± none.

Similar to D. reitzii. — [F. Krapp]

D. irwinii L. B. Smith (Phytologia 14: 483, t. 1, figs. 16–19, 1967). Type:Brazil, Mato Grosso (Irwin & al. 16923 [US, NY]). — Distr: Brazil (E Mato Grosso); open Cerrado scrub and border of fields. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 552).

[1] Ros not described; L 60–70 × 2–2.5 cm, sheaths suborbicular, 4 cm, castaneous with pale margins, L lamina linear-triangular, with pungent tip, appressedly whitish-lepidote on both faces, glabrescent adaxially, margins laxly serrate, Sp 2 mm, brown; Inf to 2.25 m, laxly few-branched; peduncle pale-lepidote, glabrescent; peduncular Bra subfoliaceous (lower) to narrowly triangular from a broadly ovate base (upper), much shorter than the internodes, serrulate; fertile Inf part 1 m, finely cinereous-lepidote, glabrescent; Br suberect, slightly flexuous, slender, elongate; primary Bra like the upper peduncular bracts, much shorter than the sterile bracteate branch bases; floral Bra broadly ovate, apiculate, mostly shorter than the pedicels; Fl laxly arranged, secund, curved-ascending; Ped to 5 mm, slender; Sep broadly ovate, 6–8 mm, obtuse; Pet suberect, broadly obovate, 9 mm or more, colour not described; St included; Fil connate above the common tube; Sty ± none; Fr ovoid, acute, 15 mm; Se with a broad rounded subfalcate wing.

D. joanae-marcioi P. J. Braun & al. (Bromelie 2008(1): 33–46, ills., 2008). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Esteves Pereira & Braun 493 [UFG, HAL]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais: Mato Verde); rocky ground, between shrubs and grasses, ±900 m.

[3] Ros many-leaved, 20–30 cm ∅, 10–15 cm high, usually with some offsets; L 8–17 × 1–2 cm, 5–15 mm thick, lamina succulent, very hard, stiff, breaking, adaxially flat to concave, apex pungent and brown, both faces grey- to sordidly white-lepidote, margins spinose-serrate, Sp brown, lower ones white-lepidote; Inf to 50 cm but usually shorter, simple, erect to ascending, stout; peduncle reddish, to 32 cm, sparsely white-lepidote; fertile Inf part 12–18 cm, 5- to 10-flowered, reddish, sparsely lepidote; floral Bra to 6 mm, very soon drying, later translucent; Fl erect in bud, then slightly nutant, 15–20 × 10 mm; Ped 3–5 mm, thick; Sep broadly spatulate, to 13 × 5–8 mm, basally connate, apical 7–10 mm free, succulent, convex, red to orange, white-lepidote, compressing the perianth, densely covered with thick nectar drops; Pet 16–17 × 8–10 mm, reddish-orange to dark orange, upper margins rolled back towards the end of anthesis; St included or shortly exserted; Fil 7–8 mm, free above the common tube (Pinangé & al. 2017: fig. 3); Anth yellow, 3 mm, strongly arching outwards; Ov incl. Sty 10 mm, light yellow; Fr ±13 × 12–15 mm, blackish-brown; Se lentiform, slightly flattened in the hilum-micropylar region, 5–6 mm ∅, light brown.

Compared with D. marnier-lapostollei and D. braunii, and very similar. Fruit size has been taken from the table in the protologue, and appears incorrectly given in the description.

D. jonesiana Strehl (Bromeliaceae 42(5): 8–9, figs. 1–4, 2009). Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Silva & Strehl 1172 [HAS]). — Distr: Brazil (S-C Rio Grande do Sul: Caçapava do Sul); on or between sandstone.

[3b] Ros with only ±7 leaves, 15 cm ∅, with a bulbous base, rhizomatous and forming sparse groups; L 10–15 × 1.2–1.5 cm, sheath ovate, 2 cm wide, white, L lamina succulent, triangular-acute, rather recurved, with hard and pungent tip, easily breaking, dark green to copper-coloured, densely white-lepidote esp. abaxially, very laxly serrate, Sp slender, 1–2 mm; Inf 60–80 cm, simple; peduncle erect, 40–60 cm; peduncular Bra triangular, amplexicaul, acute, membranous, longer (lower) or shorter (upper) than the internodes, white-lepidote; fertile Inf part lax, 20 cm, rachis slightly lepidote or glabrous, reddish; floral Bra membranous, ovate, 5–12 × 11–13 mm, ecarinate or slightly carinate, orange to castaneous, white-lepidote esp. apically; Ped absent or short; Sep narrowly ovate, apex acute or roundish, ecarinate, covered by the bracts, 8–16 mm, orange-reddish, glabrous, margins membranous; Pet free, tongue-shaped, 20–24 mm, carinate, obtuse; St included; Fil connate above the ±7 mm high common tube; Anth narrowly triangular, recurved; Ov ±15 mm; Fr dehiscent to the base, 13–14 × 10 mm, dark castaneous to nearly black, shining; Se acute at the base, apex rounded, with lateral wing, ±4 mm, castaneous.

The rather small-sized plants are compared with D. remotiflora in the protologue. — [F. Krapp]

D. julianae Strehl (Vidalia 2(2): 2730, figs. 1–4, 2004). Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Strehl 1427 [HAS]). — Distr: Brazil (E Rio Grande do Sul); on rock outcrops and stony ground, between grasses.

[3a] Ros squarrose, ±50- to 80-leaved, 20–30 cm ∅, subcaulescent, offsetting and forming dense clumps; L to 14–15 × ±1.5 cm, sheath 2.5 × 3 cm, white with brown spots adaxially, both faces glabrous, L lamina narrowly acuminate, recurved, with acute pungent tip, somewhat succulent, pale green, white-lepidote on both faces, margins densely regularly spinose, Sp 2 mm, antrorse, 10–15 mm apart; Inf 80–100 cm, simple or sometimes branched; peduncle 20–30 cm; peduncular Bra almost verticillate near the peduncle base, leaf-like (lowest), 2–5 × 1–1.5 cm, lamina long-triangular, apex long-acuminate, white-tomentose, margins serrate; fertile Inf part 20–40 cm, axis white-tomentose; floral Bra ovate-triangular, acute, 5–12 × ±5 mm, abaxially puberulous, somewhat carinate, (sub-) entire; Ped absent and Fl sessile, tubular to narrowly funnel-shaped, 16 × 4 mm; Sep narrowly ovate, 6–8 × 3–4 mm, ecarinate or slightly carinate towards the apex, basally green, distally brown, slightly white-puberulous abaxially; Pet ovate, 13–16 × 5 mm, (sub-) erect, yellow; St included; Fil yellow, filiform, free above the common tube; Anth yellow, visible in the throat; Ov ±5 × 3 mm, yellow-green or brown; Sty ±6 mm.

D. kranziana Leme (Phytotaxa 16: 12–14, ills., 2011). Type: Brazil, Mato Grosso (Kranz 122 [RB, HB]). — Distr: Brazil (Mato Grosso); Cerrado vegetation, on reddish soil or rocks.

[1/3b?] Ros dense, ±12-leaved, basally offsetting; L 29–32 × 2–3.5 cm, stiff, slightly succulent, sheath inconspicuous, L lamina narrowly triangular, attenuate and strongly canaliculate towards the apex, suberect-arcuate, acuminate and with pungent tip, green, abaxially densely white-lepidote, adaxially subdensely white-lepidote, subdensely to laxly spinose, Sp narrowly triangular, straight to slightly retrorse, 2.5–5 mm, with castaneous tip, 6–15 mm apart; Inf to 85 cm, simple or sometimes with ±3 late-developing branches; peduncle erect, ±65 cm, green, sparsely white-lanate to glabrous mainly towards the base; peduncular Bra acuminate, lowest sublinear and canaliculate-carinate and exceeding the internodes, upper ovate-caudate and shorter than the internodes, 18–25 × 10–12 mm, green, stramineous at anthesis (upper), inconspicuously white-lepidote to glabrous, veined, lowest laxly spinulose, upper densely finely denticulate-crenulate; fertile Inf part densely ±38-flowered, 10–30 cm, often deflexed-ascending, greenish to pale orange, densely white-lanate; Br when present spicate, 3–6 cm, densely 5- to 11-flowered, 10–12 cm; primary Bra narrowly lanceolate, acuminate-caudate, white-lepidote, veined; floral Bra ovate, acuminate, 7–15 × 6–8 mm, stramineous at anthesis, white-lepidote, veined, margins remotely denticulate-crenulate to entire; Fl suberect, 13–14 mm, narrowly ovate with narrow throat, unscented; Ped ±2 mm, pale orange, densely white-lanate; Sep broadly ovate, 6–7 × 6 mm, obtuse-emarginate, ecarinate, strongly convex, yellowish-orange, obscurely white-lanate, entire, sparsely fimbriate; Pet broadly obovate-spatulate, 10 × 8.5 mm, obtuse-emarginate, ecarinate, orange, glabrous; St equalling the petals to slightly exserted; Fil 1 mm connate above the 1 mm high common tube, 7.5–8 mm, pale orange; Anth narrowly subtriangular-sagittate, ±3 mm, recurved at anthesis, acuminate; Ov narrowly suboblong, ±4 mm; Sty ±1 mm, pale yellow, Sti ±1 mm, orange, margins scalloped; Fr subglobose, broadly acute and shortly beaked, 15 × 11 mm, olivaceous-castaneous, lustrous; Se nearly circular, obtuse, strongly flattened, 4–5 × 3.5–4.5 mm.

Similar to D. velascana.

D. lagoensis Mez (in Martius, Fl. Bras. 3(3): 483, 1894). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Warming 2171 p.p. [C, F [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais); open Cerrado scrub and fields, on soil or on rocks. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 535).

[3b] Ros acaulescent; L to 40 × 1.2–1.6 cm, sheath not described, L lamina narrowly triangular, green, canescent or fuscescent, sublepidote abaxially, laxly serrate, Sp slender, 1–2 mm; Inf to 1 m, simple; peduncle lepidote or finally glabrous; peduncular Bra broadly ovate with long narrowly triangular lamina, equalling or exceeding the internodes, serrulate; fertile Inf part few-flowered, minutely and fugaciously lepidote; floral Bra suberect to spreading, suborbicular, lamina long narrowly triangular, exceeding the sepals and the lowest flowers, fimbriate-serrulate; Fl erect or suberect, to 12 mm; Ped 1–2 mm, stout; Sep ovate, broadly subacute or rounded, mucronulate or obtuse, 6–9 mm, slightly fimbriate; Pet erect, lamina broadly obovate, obtuse, slightly undulate, orange, subcarinate, slightly exceeding the sepals; St included; Fil 7 mm connate above the common tube; Anth narrowly triangular, recurved; Sty very short.

D. leptostachya Baker (Gard. Chron., ser. nov. 1884(2): 198, 1884). Type: Brazil, Paraná (Anonymus s.n. [K, GH [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina, Paraná, Mato Grosso, Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay (Caaguazú, Itapúa), Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Santa Cruz), Argentina (Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Ríos); dry fields or open scrub (Cerrado vegetation). I: Smith & Downs (1974: 549); Reitz (1983: t. 51, as D. remotiflora var. montevidensis).

Incl. Dyckia leptostachia Baker (s.a.) (nom. inval., Art. 61.1); incl. Dyckia boliviensis Mez (1896); incl. Dyckia conspicua Mez (1896); incl. Dyckia hassleri Mez (1903); incl. Dyckia apensis Mez (1919); incl. Dyckia hassleri fa. gracilis Hassler (1919); incl. Dyckia hassleri ssp. basispina Hassler (1919); incl. Dyckia hassleri var. arenosa Hassler (1919); incl. Dyckia hassleri var. montana Hassler (1919); incl. Dyckia longifolia Mez (1919); incl. Dyckia rojasii Mez (1919); incl. Dyckia hassleri var. typica Hassler (1919) (nom. inval., Art. 26.1).

[2/3a] Plants very variable as to size; Ros ±15-leaved; L 40–100 × 1–3 cm, L lamina arching, narrowly triangular, long-attenuate, densely white-lepidote, soon glabrous adaxially, Sp slender, curved, 3–4.5 mm; Inf 50–150 cm, simple or few-branched; peduncle very slender, minutely lepidote or glabrous; peduncular Bra very broadly ovate, apiculate, much shorter than the internodes, entire; fertile Inf part 12–16 cm, rachis sparsely lepidote or glabrous; floral Bra spreading, very broadly ovate, abruptly contracted to an acuminate point, 3–8 (–12) mm, much exceeded by the sepals; Fl suberect to spreading, 13–23 mm; Ped very short, stout; Sep broadly ovate, 6–12 mm, obtuse, ± carinate, smooth, soon glabrous; Pet erect, broad, obtuse or emarginate, minutely crenulate, red-orange; St usually exserted; Fil free above the common tube; Anth acute, mucronate, recurved; Sty sometimes long or partially divided.

D. limae L. B. Smith (Phytologia 20: 179, t. 2, figs. 9–11, 1970). Type: Brazil, Pernambuco (Lima 61-3996 [IPA, US [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Pernambuco); in compact nearly barren sandy soil. I: Siqueiro Filho & Leme (2007: 315).

[1/2] Ros not described; L ±24 × 1.5 cm, curved, sheath 3.5 cm wide, stramineous to dark brown, densely serrulate at the apex, L lamina narrowly triangular, with pungent tip, appressedly pale-lepidote, laxly serrate, Sp slender, antroretrorsely uncinate, 2 mm, brown; Inf 70–80 cm, depauperately compound with 1 or 2 small suberect branches, or simple; peduncle ± straight, glabrous; peduncular Bra except the lowest triangular, remote, small, finely serrulate; fertile Inf part lax, rachis slender, flexuous, compressed, to 25 cm, all parts incl. pedicels and sepals appressedly pale-lepidote; floral Bra ovate, 6 mm, acuminate, slightly exceeding the pedicels (lowest), serrulate (lowest); Fl secund; Ped to 5 mm in fruit, rather stout; Sep ovate, 7 mm, broadly acute and apiculate, sulcate; Pet elliptic-rhomboid, 12 mm, obtuse, carinate, orange; St included; Fil 7 mm, connate for 2–4 mm with the petals but free above the common tube (or completely connate according to Fig. 3 of Pinangé & al. (2017)); Sty ±1 mm; Fr subglobose, 15 mm.

Similar to D. velascana in general appearance.

D. lindevaldae Rauh (Trop. subtrop. Pfl.-welt 65: 12–17, figs. 6 and 7, 1988). Type:Brazil, Goiás (Esteves Pereira s.n. in Rauh 67425 [HEID]). — Distr: Brazil (N Goiás); terrestrial on weathered soil. I: Braun & al. (2008).

[3b] Ros many-leaved, 15–20 cm ∅, to 4 cm high, acaulescent or shortly caulescent, solitary or usually in groups, often dividing dichotomously; L to 10 × 3 cm, sheath to 1.5 × 3.5 cm, greenish-white, castaneous at the base abaxially, glabrous, entire, L lamina narrowly triangular, acuminate, pungent, slightly succulent, strongly reflexed, both faces very densely tomentose (easily wiped away) giving a snow-white overall colour, serrate, Sp retrorse, to 4 mm, yellowish-brown, lanate, ±5 mm apart; Inf to 30 cm, simple; peduncle slender, curved-ascending, to 15 cm, brownish-green, glabrous; peduncular Bra subfoliaceous (lower) or smaller (upper), oblong, triangular, acuminate, shorter than the internodes, glabrous at the broadened base, elsewhere sparsely lepidote, soon drying; fertile Inf part spirally ±12-flowered, rachis slender, flexuous, to 20 cm, reddish-brown, sparsely lepidote; floral Bra spoon-shaped, acute, carinate, ±7 mm, equalling or slightly shorter than the sepals, brownish-green, initially sparsely lepidote, later glabrous, veined, slightly serrate; Fl erect-spreading, 10–12 mm, subsessile; Sep ecarinate, strongly convex, obtuse, 6–7 × 4 mm, nearly glabrous, margins and tip ciliate; Pet broadly round to rhombic, 9–11 mm, erect, ecarinate, obtuse, pale orange-red, yellow towards the base, ciliate at the tip; St slightly exserted; Fil very shortly connate, white; Ov cylindrical, polygonally sulcate, 4 mm; Sty short, yellow, Sti shortly papillate; Fr and Se not described.

Similar to D. marnier-lapostollei var. marnier-lapostollei.

D. linearifolia Baker (Handb. Bromel., 131, 1889). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Saint Hilaire 1010 [P, GH [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo); open scrub, savanna.

[3a] Ros not described; L 40–55 × 1 cm, sheath suborbicular, 5 cm, dark castaneous, L lamina sublinear, strongly appressedly brown- or whitish-lepidote abaxially, laxly serrate towards the base, Sp slender, curved, 1.5 mm; Inf 40 cm and more, simple; peduncle very slender, glabrous; peduncular Bra ovate, acuminate, entire, remote; fertile Inf part subdense, many-flowered, completely glabrous; floral Bra spreading to reflexed, triangular-ovate, exceeding the pedicels but much shorter than the sepals; Fl spreading at anthesis, then erect; Ped to 7 mm, rather slender; Sep broadly ovate, to 8 mm, obtuse; Pet lamina suberect, narrowly elliptic, ±15 mm, obtuse, carinate, colour not described; St included; Fil free above the common tube; Anth linear, mucronulate, nearly straight; Ov not described; Sty ±${1}\left/ {3}\right.$ as long as the ovary; Fr and Se not described. — [F. Krapp]

D. lunaris Leme (Selbyana 30(2): 131–133, fig. 2, 2010). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Leme 6359 [HB, RB]). — Distr: Brazil (Goiás); ecology not recorded.

[3b] Ros dense, ±30-leaved, with elongated basal shoots; L 29–40 × 2.7–3.4 cm, strongly coriaceous, succulent, sheath wider than the lamina, L lamina narrowly triangular, ± flat to slightly canaliculate, strongly recurved, apex long acuminate, subulate and pungent, green, sometimes yellowish-green basally and apically, adaxially glabrous, abaxially veined and inconspicuously white-lepidote, margins laxly spinose, Sp narrowly triangular, ± straight to antrorsely uncinate, 6–9 mm, glabrous, greenish to reddish with yellowish tip, 10–40 mm apart; Inf 55–90 cm, simple, erect; peduncle 25–45 cm, green, subdensely white-lanate to glabrescent; peduncular Bra foliaceous to subfoliaceous, strongly recurved to suberect, upper ones long acuminate-caudate from a subtriangular-ovate base, distinctly exceeding the internodes, yellowish-green with red apex, upper ones stramineous at anthesis, densely veined, glabrous, margins laxly spinose; fertile Inf part 50- to 80-flowered, subdense to dense, 22–45 cm, rachis straight, (sub-) densely white-lanate; floral Bra long acuminate-caudate from an ovate base (lowest) to subtriangular-ovate and acuminate (upper), spreading to suberect-ascending, ecarinate, 30–55 × 10–14 mm (lowest) to 12–30 × 7–10 mm (upper), stramineous at anthesis, glabrous to inconspicuously white-lepidote, distinctly veined, subdensely and minutely spinulose; Fl spreading to suberect at anthesis, becoming erect afterwards, 19–23 mm, campanulate, unscented; Ped 3–7 mm, stout, orange, densely white-lanate; Sep ecarinate, ± acute, adaxial ones asymmetrical-curved, subtriangular-ovate, abaxial one symmetrical, ovate, distinctly convex, 10–11 × 5–6 mm, orange to reddish, subobscurely white-lanate, entire, fimbriate; Pet broadly obovate, 11–13 × 7 mm, apex rounded to cucullate, ecarinate, orange, abaxially subdensely white-lepidote; St included; Fil 4–5 mm connate above the 2 mm high common tube, 6–7 mm, apex pale orange; Anth ovate, ±3 mm, strongly spirally recurved at anthesis, base sagittate, acute; Ov narrowly subpyramidal, ±5.5 mm, yellowish; Sty ±2 mm, Sti conduplicate-spiral, ±1.5 mm, orange, minutely crenulate; Fr broadly ellipsoid-ovoid, shortly beaked, 14–15 × 9–10 mm, dark castaneous, lustrous; Se flat, asymmetrical, subcuneate, base obtuse, 4–5 × ±3 mm.

Similar to D. burle-marxii. The only other species with asymmetrical sepals (and thus somewhat zygomorphic flowers) is D. pontesii.

D. lutziana L. B. Smith (Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo ser. 2, 1: 107, t. 107, 1943). Type: Brazil, sine loco (Foster 1144-B [GH]). — Distr: Brazil (without recorded locality); never recollected. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 576).

[3b] Ros not described; L incompletely known, inner leaves to 10 cm, lamina linear, appressedly pale-lepidote on both faces, laxly serrulate; Inf to 80 cm, simple, very slender; peduncle glabrous; peduncular Bra remote, broadly ovate, acuminate, membranous, small, reddish; fertile Inf part lax, straight, to 9 cm, subglabrous; floral Bra like the peduncular bracts but apiculate, shorter than to barely exceeding the pedicels; Fl suberect to spreading; Ped 4–5 mm, slender; Sep elliptic, 8–9 mm, obtuse; Pet lamina broad, to 12 mm, orange-yellow when dry; St slightly exserted; Fil high-connate above the common tube; Ov not described; Sty slender, 2 mm.

D. macedoi L. B. Smith (Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo ser. 2, 2: 195, 1952). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Macedo 2974 [US]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais); rocky fields.

[3a] Ros spreading, with a stout probably short stem; L ±6–8 × 1.4 cm, suberect-recurved, sheath broad, >3 cm wide, L lamina narrowly triangular, with pungent tip, adaxially soon glabrous, abaxially appressedly cinereous-lepidote and inconspicuously veined, margins laxly serrate, Sp nearly straight, 1.5 mm, dark; Inf 30 cm, simple; peduncle very slender, glabrous; peduncular Bra broadly ovate, acuminate, shorter than the internodes, 7 mm (uppermost), serrulate; fertile Inf part laxly 10-flowered, 4.5–5.5 cm, glabrous; floral Bra like the upper peduncular bracts, ± equalling the pedicels; Fl spreading or reflexed; Ped 5 mm, slender; Sep oblong-elliptic, 5 mm, broadly obtuse, strongly convex; Pet shape not described, 7 mm, reddish drying to golden-yellow; St included; Fil free above the 0.5 mm high common tube; Sty ± none.

D. nana is compared with this species in its protologue.

D. machrisiana L. B. Smith (Contr. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles County 17: 7, fig. 5, 1957). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Dawson 14153-A [R, US [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Goiás); fields and open Cerrado scrub.

[3a] Ros not described; L 25 × 1.5 cm, sheath suborbicular, 3 cm wide, glabrous, L lamina linear-triangular, appressedly white-lepidote on both faces, margins laxly serrulate, Sp acicular, 1 mm; Inf 80 cm, simple; peduncle size not described, sparsely pale-lepidote; peduncular Bra broadly ovate, thin, abruptly contracted into a linear-triangular apex, all but the lowest much shorter than the internodes; fertile Inf part lax, slender, flexuose, sparsely pale-lepidote; floral Bra broadly ovate, acuminate, to 6 mm; Fl spreading or divergent; Ped 2–4 mm, stout; Sep ovate, 7 mm, obtuse, ecarinate, rather fleshy; Pet erect, elliptic, 10 mm, ecarinate, dark blackish, orange externally; St included; Fil free above the short common tube; Ov not described; Sty ± none. — [F. Krapp]

D. macropoda L. B. Smith (Phytologia 14: 485, t. 1, figs. 25–28, 1967). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Pereira 1622 p.p. [RB, US [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais: Diamantina region); rocky fields. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 568).

[3b] Ros not described; L 25 × 1.5 cm, sheath suborbicular, 3 cm, stramineous, L lamina narrowly triangular, attenuate to a fine rigid point, smooth and glabrous adaxially, appressedly whitish-lepidote abaxially (appearing ferrugineous from soil deposits), laxly serrate, Sp retrorsely uncinate, 1.5 mm; Inf ±50 cm, simple; peduncle very short, finely ferrugineous-lepidote; peduncular Bra long-acuminate from an ovate base, much shorter than the internodes (uppermost), subentire; fertile Inf part laxly many-flowered, 25 cm, all parts incl. pedicels and sepals finely ferrugineous-lepidote; floral Bra like the peduncular bracts, exceeding the sepals (lowest), entire; Fl spreading; Ped to 10 mm, slenderly cylindrical; Sep broadly ovate, 7 mm, rounded or apiculate, strongly convex, the posterior ± carinate; Pet broadly rhomboid, 14 mm, carinate, orange; St included, Fil almost wholly connate; Ov not described; Sty very short. — [F. Krapp]

D. maracasensis Ule (Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 197–198, 1909). Type: Brazil, Bahia (Ule 7019 [B, F [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Bahia: Maracás region); rocks. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 542).

[1] Ros dense; L to 20 cm, sheath suborbicular, short, L lamina narrowly triangular, attenuate, with pungent tip, densely lepidote abaxially, margins laxly serrate, Sp curved, 2 mm; Inf 1 m or more, racemose or paniculate, or simple; peduncle subangular, densely ferrugineous-flocculose towards the apex; peduncular Bra erect, lanceolate-ovate with long, narrowly triangular, serrulate lamina, foliaceous and imbricate (lower) to shorter than the internodes (upper); fertile Inf part ferrugineous-flocculose; primary Bra like the upper peduncular bracts, much shorter than the long compressed bases of the branches; floral Bra broadly ovate, apiculate, slightly exceeding the pedicels, finely serrate; Fl suberect or sometimes spreading and secund; Ped 5 mm, stout; Sep broadly ovate, 6 mm, obtuse; Pet broadly elliptic, 9 mm, obtuse, yellow; Fil 2 mm connate (or completely connate according to Fig. 3 of Pinangé & al. (2017)) above the common tube; Ov 4.5 mm; Sty 1.5 mm. — [F. Krapp]

D. maritima Baker (Handb. Bromel., 136, 1889). Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Tweedie s.n. [K, GH [photo]]). — Lit: Waldemar & Irgang (2003: ecology). Distr: Brazil (S Santa Catarina, E Rio Grande do Sul), open rocky or turfy ground, mostly near the coast. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 510); Reitz (1983: t. 47); Klein V. & Klein (2014: 76–77).

≡ Prionophyllum maritimum (Baker) Mez (1896); incl. Dyckia tomentosa Mez (1896).

[1] Ros spreading, many-leaved; L ±60× to 4 cm, thick, rigid, sheath suborbicular, dark castaneous, glabrous, L lamina narrowly triangular, attenuate, with pungent tip, glabrous adaxially, minutely pale-lepidote abaxially, conspicuously veined, margins very laxly serrate, Sp broad, curved, 3–5 mm; Inf to 2 m and more, 3× branched; peduncle straight, glabrous; peduncular Bra imbricate, foliaceous (lower) to narrowly triangular (upper), much reduced; fertile Inf part densely tomentose-lepidote; Br broadly spreading, many-flowered, subdense, to 25 cm; floral Bra spreading to reflexed, subulate-acuminate from a broad base, scarcely 3 mm; Fl perfect and unisexual, suberect to spreading; Ped very short; Sep broadly ovate, 5 mm, acute, greenish, densely brown-furfuraceous; Pet obtuse, 7–8 mm, yellow; St hardly exserted; Fil free above the very short common tube; Ov pryamidal, 3-sulcate; Sty longer than the ovary; Fr ±5 mm, ovoid, brown to almost black, dehiscing to below ½, shortly rostrate; Se oblong with a narrow lateral wing widened at the ends.

Belongs to the “Prionophyllum” complex. A naturally-occurring variegated plant was recently described as cultivar ‘Leopoldo Witeck’ (Lawn 2011). Waldemar & Irgang (2003) found a facultative association of the species with termites, and it grows esp. well on termite mounds.

D. marnier-lapostollei L. B. Smith (Bromeliad Soc. Bull. 16: 102, ills., 1966). Type: Brazil, Goiás? (Anonymus ex cult. Marnier-Lapostolle s.n. [US]). — Lit: Rauh (1985: 51–58); Braun & Esteves Pereira (2005). Distr: Brazil (SE Goiás).

[3a] Ros acaulescent, spreading, ±10-leaved, usually solitary or occasionally in small groups; L ±12 × ±4 cm, sheath suborbicular, 2 cm, glabrous, L lamina triangular, thick, strongly recurved, densely pale-lepidote on both faces and with silvery appearance, margins densely serrate, Sp coarse, retrorsely curved; Inf 50–100 cm, simple, erect; peduncle compressed, very slender, glabrous; peduncular Bra broadly ovate, apiculate, small, entire, remote; fertile Inf part lax, few-flowered, slender, slightly flexuous, 19 cm, nearly glabrous; floral Bra broadly ovate, acuminate, shorter than the sepals, entire; Fl subsessile, spreading, 12 mm; Sep broadly ovate, 7 mm, rounded, cucullate, ecarinate; Pet subrhomboid, 12 mm, limb only slightly distinct from the claw, obtusely carinate, cucullate, orange; St equalling the petals; Fil free above the common tube; Ov not described; Sty ± none.

The description has been amended from data provided by Braun & Esteves Pereira (2005). These authors report hybrids with D. machrisii, with ± intermediate characters.

D. marnier-lapostollei var. estevesii Rauh (Trop. subtrop. Pfl.-welt 53: 55–56, figs. 26–28, 1985). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Esteves Pereira s.n. in Horst 5 [HEID]). — Distr: Brazil (E to SE Goiás); rocks, in Campo Rupestre vegetation – Fig. 7.

Fig. 7

Dyckia marnier-lapostollei var. estevesii. (Copyright: U. Eggli)

[3a] L less densely lepidote, bluish-grey, partly glabrous, Sp to 6 mm; Inf to 80 cm, very slender; Fl scent less pronounced; Anth visible at anthesis.

D. marnier-lapostollei var. marnier-lapostollei — Distr: Brazil (E to SE Goiás); rocks, in Campo Rupestre vegetation, 1000 m and more. I: Rauh (1985: 51–58); Braun & Esteves Pereira (2005); Braun (2018: 72).

Incl. Dyckia rauhii hort. (s.a.) (nom. inval., Art. 29.1).

[3a] L densely white-lepidote, silvery, Sp to 3 mm; Inf to 50 cm; Fl scent strong, fish-like; Anth included at anthesis.

D. martinellii B. R. Silva & Forzza (Novon 14: 168–170, ills., 2004). Type: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro (Martinelli 14413 [RB]). — Distr: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro: Paratimirim); granitic outcrops; narrowly endemic.

[3b] Ros ±60 cm ∅, with stout basal offshoots; L 23–38 × 2.2–2.6 cm, suberect-arcuate, sheath elliptic, 2.5–3 × 5–6 cm, castaneous abaxially, whitish adaxially, ± entire, L lamina lanceolate, apex attenuate, whitish abaxially, light green adaxially, spinose, Sp straight, patent-antrorse, 3–4 mm, light green with a castaneous apex, 10–15 mm apart; Inf 70–100 cm, simple; peduncle erect, 55–70 cm (to 97 cm according to the protologue), green, sparsely white-lepidote; peduncular Bra subfoliaceous (lowest) to lanceolate-attenuate (upper), densely arranged, clasping the peduncle, erect, chartaceous, 11–12.5 × 0.9–1.2 mm (lowest), exceeding to rarely equalling the internodes (upper), stramineous, glabrous to sparsely lepidote, spinulose to inconspicuously serrulate; fertile Inf part 38- to 65-flowered, lax, straight, 30–43 cm, orange, sparsely white-lepidote; floral Bra elliptic to elliptic-attenuate, acuminate, exceeding to equalling the middle of the sepals, 4–12 × 3–6 mm, castaneous, white-lepidote, entire; Fl patent at anthesis, suberect afterwards; Ped 1–2 mm, to 4 mm in fruit, cylindrical, orange, sparsely lepidote; Sep ovate, 7–9 × 4–6 mm, apex rounded, orange, apex castaneous, white-lepidote; Pet obtrullate, 9–12 × 9 mm, apex emarginate, erect, orange, glabrous; St included; Fil ±1.5 mm connate (completely connate according to Fig. 3 of Pinangé & al. (2017)) above the 2.5 mm high common tube; Anth slightly sagittate at the base, attenuate and reflexed at the apex, ±3 mm; Ov ±7 mm; Fr ±15 mm; Se alate, ±3 mm.

Similar to D. pseudococcinea, and compared with D. espiritosantensis in the protologue of the latter.

D. mauriziae Esteves & Hofacker (Bromelie 2011(1): 39–42, ills., 2011). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Carneiro MBR-41 [UFG]). — Distr: Brazil (Goiás); steep slopes in yellow gravelly latosol.

[3b] Ros solitary or in small groups, with secund prostrate leaves, stem to 20 × 5 cm; L ±39 × 3.7 cm, inner ones straight, soon curved, coriaceous, rigid, succulent, margins narrow, sheath ±2.6 × 4.8 cm, white-yellowish, canescent-lepidote, L lamina flat, occasionally slightly concave, apex long-attenuate with a hard, pungent, light-brown, ±9 mm long tip, greenish-grey to pale green, both faces finely veined and with canescent scales, margins greenish-brown, serrate, Sp hard, pungent, antroretrorse-uncinate, to ±4.8 mm, ±22 mm apart; Inf to 1.8 m, usually simple, in cultivation rarely paniculate, stout, erect; peduncle to 110 cm, pale greyish- or brownish-green, sparsely light-brown-lepidote; peduncular Bra linear to lanceolate, suberect or curved, foliaceous, long attenuate, acuminate, pungent, ±130 × 17 mm (lower) to 34 × 13 mm (uppermost), pale green to greenish-brown, canescent-lepidote, finely veined, laxly spinose, teeth 0.3–1.8 mm; fertile Inf part ±90 cm, reddish-rose, densely ±20-flowered, conspicuously furrowed, with creamy papillae-like trichomes; floral Bra like the peduncular bracts but shorter, narrowly triangular, 19 × 8 mm (lowest) to 4.8 × 3.8 mm, pale orange, soon stramineous, with dense colourless papillae-like trichomes, finely veined, with ciliate margins; Fl pointing slightly sidewards, after pollination directed upwards, 21 mm, smaller towards the inflorescence tip, fragrant with slight sour scent; Ped ±3.7 mm, red; Sep lanceolate to ovate, ±9.5 × 6.5 mm, succulent, carinate, bright orange-reddish, with papillae-like trichomes; Pet oblong, ±11.6 × 7.2 mm, obtuse, rigid, carinate apically, orange to orange-red, brilliant; St just visible in the throat; Fil 4–6 mm connate above the common tube, 9–11 mm, cream-coloured; Anth yellow, ±4.6 × 1.3 mm, recurved at anthesis; Ov narrowly subpyramidal, ±7 × 3 mm, whitish-yellow; Sty ±2.3 mm, yellow; Sti fringe-like, yellow, ±1.6 mm; Fr ellipsoid to ovoid, acuminate, 12–15 × 9–11 mm, dark brownish, lustrous.

Similar to D. estevesii due to the fan-like and seemingly distichous leaf arrangement, and also compared with D. mirandana in the protologue.

D. mello-barretoi L. B. Smith (Phytologia 7: 109, t. 1, figs. 16–19, 1960). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Mello Barreto 2122 [BHMG, US [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais); sand and rocky fields. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 549).

[2/3a?] Ros not described; L >30 × 1.5 cm, sheath not described, L lamina narrowly triangular, attenuate to an abruptly acute pungent tip, pale-lepidote between the veins, margins very laxly serrate, Sp slender, spreading, retrorsely curved, 4 mm; Inf probably >1 m, subsimple to compound; peduncle inconspicuously pale-lepidote at the nodes; peduncular Bra ovate, acuminate, the upper remote; fertile Inf part with a short 2-flowered Br at the base, lax, flexuous, appressedly stellately ferrugineous-lepidote, rachis soon ± glabrous; floral Bra reflexed, ovate and acuminate (lower) or suborbicular and apiculate (upper), 11 mm, nearly equalling (lower) to ½ as long (upper) as the sepals; Fl spreading; Ped 3 mm, stout; Sep broadly ovate, 8 mm, obtuse, erose; Pet lamina broadly obovate, to 13 mm, emarginate, ecarinate, colour not described; St included; Fil free above the common tube; Anth narrowly triangular, nearly straight, 3 mm; Ov not described; Sty simple, 2 mm.

Similar to D. sordida, and compared with D. espiritosantensis in the protologue of the latter. — [F. Krapp]

D. mezii Krapp (Ann. Bot. Fenn. 50(1): 73, 2013). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Glaziou 17280-A [B, F [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais); ecology not recorded, not recently recollected.

≡ Dyckia argentea Mez (1894) (nom. illeg., Art. 53.1).

[3a] Ros not described; L to 30 × 2 cm, sheath suborbicular, large, L lamina narrowly triangular, abruptly acute, with pungent tip, coarsely lustrous-silvery-lepidote, laxly serrate, Sp coarse, uncinate, 3.5 mm; Inf 50–70 cm, simple; peduncle ± furfuraceous towards the base, glabrous elsewhere; peduncular Bra ovate with acuminate tip, shorter than the internodes, serrulate; fertile Inf part sublax, many-flowered, glabrous; floral Bra lanceolate-triangular (lower) or ovate and acute (upper), exceeded by the sepals; Fl spreading at anthesis, later erect, 11 mm; Ped to 5 mm; Sep elliptic, 6 mm, obscurely apiculate; Pet erect, cuneiform-obovate, broadly rounded, scarcely or not at all carinate, orange; St included; Fil free above the common tube; Anth linear, acuminate, strongly recurved; Sty slightly shorter than the ovary.

See Braun & al. (2008) for a discussion of the name (as D. argentea) and the possible origin of the material on which it based.

D. microcalyx Baker (Handb. Bromel., 133, 1889). Type: Paraguay (Balansa 696 [P, GH [photo]]). — Distr: S Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina; dry rocky slopes and river banks, seasonally inundated.

[1/2] Ros not described; L 20–150 × 1.5–3 cm, sheath scarcely wider than the lamina, L lamina narrowly triangular, pale-lepidote esp. abaxially, often glabrescent, typically subdensely serrate but varying to entire, Sp 6 mm; Inf 40–200 cm, few-branched or rarely simple; peduncle erect, slender, glabrescent; peduncular Bra ovate with long acuminate pungent lamina, shorter than the internodes (at least the uppermost); fertile Inf part many-flowered, to 80 cm, soon glabrous, Br spreading, densely flowered, 6–26 cm; primary Bra like the peduncular bracts, small, usually shorter than the sterile branch bases; floral Bra broadly ovate or suborbicular, apiculate, 2 mm, much exceeded by the sepals; Fl 6–13 mm, subsessile; Sep suborbicular, 3–6 mm; Pet obovate, suberect, ecarinate, orange; St exserted or ± equalling the petals; Fil free above the short common tube; Sty ± equalling the ovary. — [F. Krapp]

D. microcalyx var. microcalyx — Distr: S Brazil (Mato Grosso, Paraná), Paraguay; dry rocky slopes. I: Rauh & Gross (1991: 9).

Incl. Dyckia microcalyx var. inermis Hassler (1919); incl. Dyckia microcalyx var. micrantha Hassler (1919); incl. Dyckia minutiflora Mez (1919).

[1/2] L to 150 cm, lamina relatively long and narrow; Inf mostly compound; Sep 3–4 mm. — [F. Krapp]

D. microcalyx var. ostenii L. B. Smith (Contr. Gray Herb. 104: 73, t. 3, fig. 16, 1934). Type: Argentina, Misiones (Osten & Rojas 8097 [MVM, GH [photo]]). — Distr: N Argentina (Misiones); rocky banks; only known from the type locality. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 549).

[2] L scarcely over 20 cm, lamina 3 cm wide, strongly spinose-serrate; Inf simple; Sep 6 mm. — [F. Krapp]

D. milagrensis Leme (Harvard Pap. Bot. 4(1): 164–166, fig. 21, 1999). Type: Brazil, Bahia (Nahoum s.n. in Leme 3391 [HB]). — Distr: Brazil (Bahia); Campo Rupestre vegetation, on rocks – Fig. 8.

Fig. 8

Dyckia milagrensis. (Copyright: F. Krapp)

[2/3a] Ros propagating by basal shoots, dense, many-leaved; L 12–15 × ±1–1.5 cm, thickly succulent, sheath not described, L lamina very narrowly triangular, subulate-attenuate, spinescent-acuminate with pungent tip, suberect to spreading, purplish-green, obscurely white-lepidote on both faces, partially glabrescent adaxially, veined, laxly spinose, Sp opposite, narrowly triangular, ± straight, flat, 4–6 mm, densely white-lepidote; Inf ±120 cm, simple or with 1 or 2 branches; peduncle erect, ±70 cm, ferrugineous, inconspicuously white-furfuraceous to glabrescent; peduncular Bra foliaceous (lowest) to narrowly triangular and acuminate, erect, 12–20 × 4–6 mm (upper), white-lepidote, veined, laxly spinulose; fertile Inf part ±45 cm, ±46-flowered, subdense, suberect, subdensely white-furfuraceous; Br 10–15 cm, 4- to 7-flowered, ± red; primary Bra like the upper peduncular bracts; floral Bra triangular, acuminate, 4–10 × 3–4 mm, white-furfuraceous, veined, entire; Fl subspreading at anthesis, erect afterwards, the upper slightly secund, 15–16 mm, unscented; Ped 4–5 mm; Sep broadly ovate, ±6 × 6 mm, acute, ecarinate, reddish-orange, subdensely white-furfuraceous, entire with long-fimbriate apex; Pet broadly obovate-spatulate, ±11 × 4 mm, rounded, ecarinate, suberect, orange, glabrous; St just included; Fil free above the 2 mm high common tube (completely connate according to Fig. 3 in Pinangé & al. (2017)), complanate, 6 mm; Anth ±2 mm, ± straight, base shortly sagittate, apex obtuse; Ov narrowly subpyramidal, ±6 mm; Sty ±8 mm, ± equalling the anthers, Sti orange.

Similar to D. mezii and D. pectinata. — [F. Krapp]

D. minarum Mez (in Martius, Fl. Bras. 3(3): 483, t. 91, 1894). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Regnell II-283 [S, US]). — Distr: Brazil (Goiás, Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina, São Paulo); on rocks or open rocky ground, 900–1300 m. I: Reitz (1983, t. 49).

[3b] Ros acaulescent, dense, with bulbous base; L numerous, irregularly spreading, sheath suborbicular, large, pale brown, glabrous but apically lepidote, L lamina 20–35 × 1 cm, linear-triangular, abruptly acute with thickened pungent tip, green to brownish-green, canaliculate, rigid, thick, densely pale-lepidote esp. abaxially, laxly serrate, Sp curved, 2 mm; Inf 25–75 cm, simple, erect; peduncle rather stout, tomentulose, glabrescent; peduncular Bra broadly ovate with long acuminate tip, equalling or exceeding the internodes, serrulate towards the apex; fertile Inf part usually lax at anthesis, ±30- to 40-flowered, 7–35 cm, white-furfuraceous; floral Bra spreading or reflexed, like the peduncular bracts, equalling or exceeding the flowers (lowest), usually serrulate; Fl ± spreading; Ped to 4 mm; Sep broadly elliptic, 7–9 mm, acute, densely lanate-lepidote; Pet suborbicular, 11–14 mm, carinate, suberect, orange-yellow; St included; Fil 2 mm connate above the common tube; Anth narrowly triangular, acuminate, recurved; Ov massively pyramidal-trigonous; Sty very short; Fr trigonous-ellipsoid, 14 mm, almost black, glossy; Se 4 mm, basally pointed, alate towards the tip.

D. mirandana Leme & Z. J. G. Miranda (J. Bromeliad Soc. 59(2): 75–78, ills., 2009). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Miranda s.n. in Leme 6380 [HB]). — Distr: Brazil (Goiás); sandy soil accumulating among quartzitic outcrops, Campo Rupestre vegetation.

[3a] Ros ± distichously 10- to 15-leaved, solitary or scarcely offsetting; L 28–43 × ±1 cm, coriaceous, sheath suborbicular-ovate, 3.4 × 4–5 cm, dark castaneous, lepidote, L lamina sublinear-attenuate, distinctly canaliculate, suberect-arcuate, apex long acuminate-caudate, pungent, green to reddish towards the apex, abaxially inconspicuously white-lepidote, adaxially glabrescent towards the apex, distinctly veined on both faces, margins glabrous, sparsely spinose, Sp uncinate, antroretrorse, 0.5–1 mm, castaneous, glabrous, ±15 mm apart; Inf 20–25 cm, simple; peduncle erect with curved apex, ±8 cm, dark purplish wine-red to blackish, glabrous; peduncular Bra erect, subcarinate, narrowly triangular, long acuminate-caudate, 12–18 × 6–8 mm, exceeding to equalling the internodes, dark purplish wine-coloured, sparsely to densely white-lepidote towards the apex, veined; fertile Inf part ±9-flowered, deflected but rachis straight, ±6.5 cm, dark purplish wine-red to blackish, glabrous; floral Bra subtriangular, acuminate, subcarinate, membranous, suberect, 7–10 × 5–6 mm, dark purplish wine-red, sparsely white-lepidote, veined, inconspicuously denticulate to entire; Fl suberect, ±12 mm, tubular, strongly sweet-fragrant; Ped ±1.5 mm, stout; Sep acuminate, convex, subcarinate, 6–6.5 × 3.5–4 mm, dark purplish wine-red, glabrous, entire; Pet broadly obovate-spatulate from a narrower base, ±10 × 7.5 mm, apex obtuse and apiculate to subacute, ecarinate, yellow; St exserted; Fil free above the 1.5–3 mm high common tube (according to the protologue, completely connate according to Fig. 3 of Pinangé & al. (2017)), yellow, ±8 mm; Anth narrowly subtriangular, ±2 mm, base distinctly sagittate, acute, apically strongly recurved; Ov ovoid, ±4 × 2 mm, greenish; Sty ±1 mm, yellowish, Sti subentire, yellow; Fr and Se not described. — [F. Krapp]

D. mitis A. Castellanos (Anales Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, ser. 3, 36: 51, t. 2, 1929). Type:Argentina, Misiones (Spegazzini s.n. [BA]). — Distr: N Argentina (Misiones); ecology not recorded. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 570).

[3b] Ros not described; L ±18 × 1 cm, lamina attenuate, with pungent tip, laxly serrate, Sp curved, 3 mm, 4–6 mm apart; peduncle slender, 27 cm, glabrous; Inf 30 cm, simple; peduncular Bra amplexicaul at the base, shorter than the internodes; fertile Inf part 5–10 cm, rachis furfuraceous; floral Bra suborbicular, apiculate, shorter than the sepals, veined, lepidote; Fl sessile; Sep suborbicular, 6 × 8–10 mm, broadly rounded; Pet rhombic, 14 mm, rounded at the apex, erect, 14 mm, colour not described; St slightly exserted; Fil highly connate above the 3 mm high common tube; Anth slightly recurved, 3–3.5 mm; Ov pyramidal, 5 mm; Sty 6 mm.

Insufficiently known. — [F. Krapp]

D. montezumensis Leme (Phytotaxa 67: 23–25, ills., 2012). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Leme & Oliveira 8315 [RB]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais); shrubby Cerrado vegetation.

[2/3b] Ros laxly ±10-leaved; L 40–53 × 2.2–2.5 cm, thickly coriaceous, sheath suborbicular, ±2.5 × 4.5 cm, whitish towards the base, glabrous, L lamina narrowly triangular, distinctly canaliculate, arcuate, apex long acuminate-caudate, dark green to reddish wine-coloured, densely white-lepidote (esp. abaxially), distinctly veined, margins sparsely white-lepidote to glabrous, sparsely spinose, Sp narrowly triangular, antroretrorse, 1.5–2.5 mm, dark castaneous, glabrous, 7–20 mm apart; Inf to 155 cm, simple or branched with 1 branch at the base; peduncle ±72 cm, dark green to dark purplish wine-red, inconspicuously white-lepidote to glabrous, smooth; peduncular Bra broadly ovate to suborbicular at the base, narrowly sublinear-triangular, carinate, acuminate-caudate, erect, 10–40 × 7–10 mm, much shorter than the internodes, stramineous, inconspicuously white-lepidote, strongly veined, remotely spinulose (lowest) to entire (upper); fertile Inf part ±25-flowered, lax to subdense, distichous to subpolystichous, rachis straight to flexuous towards the apex, ±35 cm, dark purplish wine-red, subdensely white-lepidote; Br suberect, ±4-flowered, ± polystichous, ±7.5 cm, rachis flexuous, sterile base ±4 cm; primary Bra like the basal floral bracts; floral Bra broadly ovate, acute to acuminate, ecarinate, 3–7 × 2–4.5 mm, inconspicuously white-lepidote, veined, entire; Fl subspreading, 16–18 mm, campanulate; Ped 4 mm, dark purplish wine-red to nigrescent, subdensely white-lepidote; Sep ovate, ±6 × 5 mm, distinctly convex, apex obtuse to often emarginate, blackish wine-red, white-lepidote with glabrous apex; Pet broadly spatulate, 13 × 9–11 mm, obtuse-emarginate, ecarinate, orange, apex wine-colored; St deeply inserted; Fil completely connate above the 2 mm high common tube, ±9 mm, orange; Anth sublinear, ±4 mm, base bilobed, apiculate; Ov suboblong-ovoid, 7–8 × ±2.5 mm, greenish; Sty ±1 mm, yellowish, Sti papillose, orange; Fr and Se unknown.

Closely related to D. atratiflora.

D. monticola L. B. Smith & Reitz (Sellowia 14: 104, fig. 3, 1962). Type: Brazil, Santa Catarina (Reitz & Klein 4789 [US, HBR]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina); open slopes, savanna, on rocks, 1250–1500 m. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 519).

[1/2?] Ros dense, many-leaved; L 23–27 × 1–1.3 cm, ± curved, sheath 3 cm wide, brown, lustrous and lepidote towards the apex adaxially, dull and glabrous elsewhere, L lamina linear, rigid, canaliculate, acute and mucronulate, appressedly cinereous-lepidote, soon glabrous adaxially, margins laxly serrate, Sp slender, antrorsely curved, 2.5 mm, brown; Inf ±70 cm, with 6 basal branches (according to the protologue, simple according to Fig. 5 in Pinangé & al. (2017)); peduncle subterete, 40 cm, very dark when dry, flocculose, glabrescent; peduncular Bra broadly ovate, foliaceous-laminate or the uppermost acuminate, ± equalling the upper internodes, cinereous-lepidote, serrulate; fertile Inf part 28 cm, many-flowered, completely densely ferrugineous-flocculose including pedicel and sepals; Br few-flowered with long sterile base; primary Bra like the upper peduncular bracts, to 17 mm; floral Bra acuminate from a broadly ovate base, spreading, slightly shorter than the sepals, serrulate; Fl spreading, to 15 mm; Ped 5 mm; Sep ovate-elliptic, to 10 mm, acute, incurved, rugose when dry, serrulate; Pet distinctly unguiculate, obovate, curved-spreading towards the apex, orange; St included; Fil 3 mm connate (completely connate according to Fig. 3 in Pinangé & al. (2017)) above the common tube; Anth narrowly triangular, 3.5 mm, recurved towards the apex; Ov slenderly ovoid; Sty ± none, Sti 3-parted. — [F. Krapp]

D. nana Leme & al. (Rodriguésia 61(1): 36–37, figs. 4G–H and 5H–N, 2010). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Leme & al. 7484 [RB, HB]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais: Diamantina); on white quartzite soil in grassy Campo Rupestre vegetation.

[3b] Ros dense, 8- to 10-leaved; L 6–8 × 1.2–1.4 cm, coriaceous, sheath 2.5–3 × 2.5–3.5 cm, castaneous abaxially, pale adaxially, glabrous towards the base, densely white-lepidote apically, L lamina narrowly triangular, distinctly canaliculate, suberect to ± erect and slightly secund, acuminate with pungent tip, green, obscurely white-lepidote, distinctly veined, laxly spinulose, Sp subtriangular-acicular, spreading to slightly antrorse, 0.5–1 mm, 4–10 mm apart; Inf 19–29 cm, simple, erect; peduncle 15–20 cm, green, glabrous, smooth; peduncular Bra erect, subcarinate, long lanceolate-acuminate-caudate from a broadly subtriangular base, 5–11 × 3–3.5 mm, stramineous, sparsely white-lepidote, veined, microscopically denticulate to ± entire; fertile Inf part 4- to 6-flowered, subdense to lax, 2.5–5 cm, rachis ± straight, smooth, greenish to orange-yellow, glabrous; floral Bra broadly ovate-subtriangular, acuminate-caudate, subcarinate, subspreading to suberect, 4–4.5 × 3.5–4 mm, stramineous towards the apex, finely veined, fimbriate, remotely and irregularly denticulate to entire; Fl spreading and secund, 12–13 mm, subtubular to slightly campanulate, unscented; Ped 3.5–5 mm, slender, terete, glabrous, yellow-orange, curved; Sep broadly ovate, 4–5.5 × 3.5–4 mm, convex, apex obtuse and remotely and irregularly apiculate, ecarinate, orange, glabrous, retrorsely-curved fimbriate; Pet ± broadly obcordate from a distinctly narrowed base, ±7.5 × 6.5–7 mm, apex broadly emarginate, ecarinate, orange; St included; Fil 1.5 mm connate above the 1.5 mm high common tube, complanate, yellow; Anth oblong-ovoid, ±2.5 mm, base sagittate, acute, yellow, ± straight; Ov suboblong-ovate, ±2.5 × 1.5 mm, yellow; Sty ±1 mm, yellow, Sti shortly crenulate, lacerate, yellow.

Similar to D. consimilis and D. macedoi.

D. nervata Rauh (Trop. subtrop. Pfl.-welt 60: 21–24, figs. 13 and 14, 1987). Type: Brazil, Bahia (Rauh 56443 [HEID]). — Distr: Brazil (Bahia); quartzitic rocks, 1000 m.

[3a] Ros ±7-leaved, solitary or in groups, stem short, surrounded by old sheaths, slightly thickened at the base; L to 18× to 1 cm, sheath broadly ovate, 2 × 1.8 cm, white, densely lepidote abaxially, glabrous adaxially, strongly veined, L lamina erect (younger) to recurved (older), sturdy, strongly canaliculate, acute, with pungent tip, reddish-green, adaxially sparsely lepidote, abaxially densely white-lepidote, veined, Sp retrorse, 2 mm, brownish; Inf to 12 cm, simple; peduncle erect, 6 cm, olive-green, white-lanate-lepidote; peduncular Bra amplexicaul at the base, shorter than the internodes, appressed to the peduncle, soon drying; fertile Inf part lax, 5- to 7-flowered, erect, 5 cm, white-lanate; floral Bra with a broad sheath, lamina narrowly lanceolate, recurved, shorter than the sepals, olive-green, lanate, entire; Fl suberect; Ped short, stout; Sep free, broadly ovate, 5 × 5 mm, obtuse, ecarinate, brilliant orange, abaxially sparsely lanate; Pet erect, spatulate, 10 × 5 mm, obtuse, ecarinate, brilliant orange; St included; Fil free above the 5 mm high common tube, yellowish; Ov 5 mm, white; Sty ±2 mm, orange; Sti erect, shorter than the anthers.

Compared with D. oligantha (here treated as synonym of D. saxatilis) in the protologue. — [F. Krapp]

D. niederleinii Mez (in Martius, Fl. Bras. 3(3): 474, 1894). Type: Argentina, Misiones (Niederlein 229 p.p. [B, F [photo]]). — Distr: N Argentina (Misiones); open fields, terrestrial or on rocks. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 555).

Incl. Dyckia missionum Mez (1894); incl. Dyckia missionum var. breviflora Hassler (1919).

[1] Ros not described; L 25–50 × 1–3.5 cm, sheath not described, L lamina narrowly triangular, sparsely pale-appressed-lepidote abaxially, laxly serrate, Sp slender, curved, 4 mm; Inf 100–120 cm, few-branched, glabrous; peduncle slender; peduncular Bra broadly ovate with long-attenuate entire tips, shorter than the internodes; fertile Inf part with erect branches, elongate, very laxly flowered; primary Bra only a little larger than the floral bracts; floral Bra broadly ovate or suborbicular, apiculate, 5–8 mm, those of the branches much shorter than the sepals, those of the main inflorescence axis longer than the sepals, lustrous; Fl suberect, 13 mm; Ped 2–4 mm, very stout; Sep suborbicular, 5–7 mm, obtuse to shortly mucronate, carinate; Pet lamina spreading, elliptic, 13–15 mm, obtuse or emarginate, undulate, colour not described; St exserted; Fil highly connate for 6 mm above the common tube; Anth sublinear, 2 mm, acute, recurved; Sty ± equalling the ovary.

D. nigrospinulata Strehl (Bromeliaceae 42(5): 9–13, figs. 5–9, 2009). Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Strehl 1602 [HAS]). — Distr: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); on rocks in a river. I: Klein V. & Klein (2014: 80).

[1] Ros open, ±60- to 200-leaved, ±1.5 m ∅; L 70–80 × 5–6 cm, sheath suborbicular, dark castaneous, glabrous, L lamina triangular, attenuate, stiff, with a strong pungent black tip, dark green, centre lighter, adaxially glabrous, abaxially lepidote, striate, Sp predominantly antrorsely curved, 5–7 mm, dark, 30–70 mm apart; Inf 2–2.5 m, compound, 3–4× branched; peduncle strong, green, glabrous; peduncular Bra broadly ovate with long-attenuate tip, 80–100 × 12–20 mm (lower) to 10–40 × 7–10 mm (upper), entire or lower ones with 3 mm long teeth towards the apex; fertile Inf part with easily removable white-woolly tomentum, 25–30 cm; Br laxly many-spiked, at acute angles, somewhat pendent with ascending tip, 50–60 cm, ±2–5 cm apart; floral Bra triangular, acute, 1–2 mm, becoming shorter upwards, with brown tips, later stramineous, ± entire; Fl pointing upwards in bud but spreading at anthesis, later sometimes turned backwards, sessile, narrowly tubular; Sep free, rounded, 5–6 × 1–2 mm, green-yellow with a small spot at the apex; Pet free, erect, rounded, 7–10 × 1–2 mm, yellow; St exserted; Fil free, linear; Ov incl. style as long as the stamens; Fr 6–8 × 3–4 mm, black, glossy; Se elongate, ±3 × 1 mm, light castaneous.

Part of the “Prionophyllum complex”, and similar to D. maritima. The large size is exceptional for the genus Dyckia.

D. nobilis Büneker & al. (Phytotaxa 244(1): 60–63, ills., 2016). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Büneker & al. 296 [HDCF, RB]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais: Serro); on sedimentary rocks; only known form the type locality.

[2/3b] Ros solitary, with short stem, 28–55 cm ∅; L 10–30, inner straight, outer suberect to recurved, sometimes secund, sheath ±5 × 4.5 cm, suborbicular, white with brown-greenish base, L lamina 25–80 × 2.1–6.2 cm, narrowly triangular, stiff and succulent, upper face flat or canaliculate, reddish-green, densely white-cinereously lepidote on both faces, tip extended into a 6 mm long spine, margins unarmed or serrate with laxly arranged Sp to 4 mm; Inf 60–170 cm tall, simple or paniculate, erect; peduncle 30–90 cm, reddish, basally white-tomentose, above brownish-ferruginous-tomentose; peduncular Bra ±50 mm, shorter than the internodes, basal ones leaf-like, upper ones erect, triangular, 10–25 × 13–26 mm; fertile Inf part 25–95 cm, with up to 8 (sub-) erect to upcurved branches at the base, laxly 27- to 110-flowered; primary Bra ovate-triangular; floral Bra ovate-triangular, 8–15 × 10–21 mm, brownish-ferruginous tomentose-lepidote, entire, basal ones sometimes longer than the flowers, upper ones shorter; Fl ±15 mm, porrect or slightly reflexed, tubular; Ped 2–3 mm, tomentose; Sep ovate-elliptic, convex, 5–7 × 7–9.5 mm, orange with reddish base, thick and succulent, basally connate for 3 mm, sparsely ferruginous-tomentose; Pet suborbicular-rhomboidal, 10–13 × 18–20 (?) mm, orange, sparsely lepidote near the base; St included; Fil narrowly triangular, yellow-orange, to 9 mm, connate for ±1 mm above the 2 mm long common tube; Ov ±5 × 2.5 mm, subcylindrical, yellowish; Sty ±2 mm, orange; Sti conduplicate-spiral; Fr globose-ovoid, glossy brown or black; Se discoid, with hyaline wing.

Close to D. sordida and D. inflexifolia. The basally connate sepals are unusual in the genus. The measurements given in the protologue for the floral bracts and the petals, both described as potentially broader than long, are not supported by the drawings in fig. 2 of the protologue. — [U. Eggli]

D. odorata L. B. Smith (Phytologia 10: 485, t. 2, figs. 8 and 9, 1964). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Dawson 14578 [US, UC]). — Distr: Brazil (Goiás: Chapada de Veadeiros); ecology not recorded; known only from the type collection. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 515).

[3b] Ros not described; L 15 × 0.5 cm, sheath triangular-ovate, stramineous, smooth, sublustrous, sparsely lepidote towards the apex, L lamina narrowly triangular, appressedly white-lepidote, soon glabrous adaxially, laxly serrate, Sp slender, spreading, pale, 2 mm; Inf 10 cm, sessile without peduncle, simple, axis subdensely white-flocculose, with some flowers at the base, then with some aborted flowers in the middle, and well-developed flowers distally; floral Bra broadly ovate with long narrowly triangular serrate lamina (lower) to merely apiculate (upper), lower ones exceeding the flowers; Fl described as dimerous, spreading, strongly sweet-fragrant; Ped 3 mm, slender; Sep suborbicular, 5–6 mm, very broadly acute and minutely apiculate, pale-margined when dry; Pet lamina spreading, broadly rounded, 10 mm, orange; St much shorter than the petals; Fil almost completely connate; Anth sagittate, curved, 1.5 mm; Ov slenderly conical; Sty short but obvious and separate.

The sessile inflorescence without distinct peduncle and the dimerous flowers are notable and induce speculations that the taxon might be based on an aberrant and/or depauperate specimen.

D. orobanchoides Mez (in Martius, Fl. Bras. 3(3): 475, 1894). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Tamberlik s.n. [W †, B [lecto]]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais: without exact locality); ecology not recorded; only known from the type collection.

[1?] Only known from the fragmentary lectotype; L unknown; peduncle glabrous; peduncular Bra ovate, acuminate, much shorter than the internodes, entire; Inf few-branched, sparsely short-tomentulose, Br ascending, subdensely flowered; floral Bra broadly ovate, acute, shorter than the pedicels, fimbriate at the apex; Fl spreading; Ped 3 mm; Sep broadly ovate-elliptic, 7 mm, apiculate, fimbriate, appressed-tomentulose; Pet suborbicular, ±11 mm, obtuse, carinate, erect, colour not described; St equalling or slightly exceeding the petals; Fil free above the common tube; Anth sublinear, acuminate, strongly recurved; Sty ± none.

Very insufficiently known and apparently never recollected.

D. paraensis L. B. Smith (Phytologia 13: 150, t. 7, figs. 10–12, 1966). Type: Brazil, Pará (Fróes 30030 [IAN, US [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Pará: Araguáia region); sandstone ledges, 600 m; only known from the type collection. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 576).

[3b] Ros subbulbous, many-leaved; L 50 × 2.5–3 cm, sheath broad, ±4 cm, L lamina recurved-spreading, very narrowly triangular, rigid, soon glabrous adaxially, closely appressedly cinereous-lepidote abaxially, very laxly serrate, Sp subspreading, 1.5 mm, black; Inf 70 cm, simple; peduncle erect, very slender, soon glabrous; peduncular Bra remote, acuminate from a broadly ovate base, very small, entire; fertile Inf part very lax, >20 cm, glabrous; floral Bra like the upper peduncular bracts but apiculate, to 5 mm; Fl spreading; Ped 3 mm, rather stout; Sep elliptic-oblong, 6 mm, broadly rounded, ecarinate, rather thin; Pet very broadly rounded, 10 mm, carinate, colour not described but presumably orange; St ± equalling the petals; Fil shortly (to completely?, Pinangé & al. (2017: fig. 3)) connate above the common tube; Sty ± none.

Compared with D. duckei in the protologue.

D. pauciflora L. B. Smith & Read (Phytologia 38: 138, t. 6, 1977). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Hatschbach 39429 [US, MBM]). — Distr: Brazil (Goiás); peak of a rock dome, 800 m.

[3b] Ros dense; L ±8 × 1.7 cm, sheath broad, ±1.5 cm, L lamina recurved-spreading, narrowly triangular, both faces appressedly cinereous-lepidote, glabrescent adaxially, laxly serrate, Sp recurved, 3 mm, black; Inf 50 cm, stout, simple; peduncle green, glabrous; peduncular Bra acuminate or apiculate, very small, slightly longer (lower) to much shorter (upper) than the internodes, many, remote; fertile Inf part lax, ±6-flowered, rachis geniculate, ±5 cm, glabrous; floral Bra suborbicular, apiculate, 3 mm, ± equalling the pedicels; Fl subspreading; Ped slender; Sep broadly elliptic, 6 mm, obtuse; Pet very broadly rounded, 9 mm, ecarinate, orange; St included; Fil connate above the common tube; Sty ± none.

Similar to D. paraensis. — [F. Krapp]

D. paucispina Leme & Esteves (Vidalia 1(1): 28–30, ills., 2003). Type: Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul (Esteves Pereira 378 [HB, UFG]). — Lit: Braun & Esteves Pereira (2006a). Distr: Brazil (C Mato Grosso do Sul); on rocks in Cerrado vegetation.

[2/3a] Ros 10- to 16-leaved, forming small and dense clumps, stem subglobose, 4 × 3 cm; L 10–18 × 1.8–2 cm, very rigid, succulent, sheath wider than the lamina, broadly subreniform, greenish, inconspicuously lepidote at the apex, L lamina narrowly triangular, strongly recurved, ± slightly canaliculate, subulate towards the very pungent tip, long-acuminate, dark green to reddish, adaxially subdensely white-lepidote, abaxially subobscurely white-lepidote abaxially, veined, margins glabrous to slightly white-floccose, entire or basally irregularly and very remotely spinose, Sp slightly uncinate, predominantly retrorse, 2–3 mm; Inf 70–105 cm, pseudosimple to laxly 2× (rarely 3×) branched, erect; peduncle 45–58 cm, dark green, glabrescent towards the base, subdensely white-lanate towards the apex; peduncular Bra narrowly long-triangular to ovate-triangular from a suborbicular base, acuminate to acuminate-caudate, erect, distinctly shorter than the internodes, stramineous, white-floccose to glabrescent, veined, entire; fertile Inf part very slightly angled, ±15 cm (simple) and ±23-flowered or to 30 cm (compound), straight, reddish, densely white-lanate at anthesis; primary Br 2–7, laxly arranged and late-developing, 7–10 cm, 11- to 15-flowered, subdense to dense mainly towards the apex, suberect, rachis flexuose to geniculate, pale orange, secondary Br incompletely known; primary Bra like the upper peduncular bracts; floral Bra suberect, ecarinate, lowest ovate-acuminate and 6–7 × 4–5 mm, upper suborbicular-apiculate, to 3–5 × 4 mm, stramineous towards the apex, white-lanate to glabrescent, veined, entire; Fl suberect and somewhat upwardly secund, 16–18 mm, tubular with slightly narrowed throat, unscented; Ped 2–3 mm, stout; Sep broadly ovate to ovate-elliptic, 6–9 × 5–6 mm, apex obtuse and inconspicuously apiculate, ecarinate, pale orange, densely white-lepidote, fimbriate, entire or minutely crenulate; Pet broadly obovate-spatulate, 11–13 × 9–10 mm, obtuse-emarginate, base very narrow, ecarinate, erect at anthesis, bright orange, abaxially white-floccose towards the base to glabrous; St slightly exceeding the petals; Fil free above the 2–3 mm high common tube, 10–12 mm, pale orange; Anth sublinear to subtriangular, 4–4.5 mm, strongly recurved, distinctly visible at anthesis, base sagittate, apiculate; Ov suboblong-ovoid to narrowly pyramidal, 5.5–6 mm, yellowish; Sty ±1 mm, orange, Sti ±0.5 mm, orange, irregularly recurved.

Similar to D. burchellii and D. pulquinensis. — [F. Krapp]

D. pectinata L. B. Smith & Reitz (Phytologia 14: 486, t. 1, figs. 29–32, 1967). Type:Brazil, Minas Gerais (Pabst 4129 [HB, US [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais: Conceição do Rio Verde to Cambuquira); dry sandstone outcrops. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 570).

[3b] Ros not described; L 14 × 0.8 cm, sheath broadly ovate, stramineous basally, L lamina very narrowly triangular, subulate-attenuate, appressedly cinereous-lepidote on both faces, ± glabrescent adaxially, subdensely pectinate-serrate, Sp flat, spreading, 6 mm; Inf 75 cm, simple; peduncle glabrous; peduncular Bra subfoliaceous (lower) to narrowly triangular (upper), thin, irregularly shorter than the internodes, serrulate; fertile Inf part laxly many-flowered, 21 cm, glabrous; floral Bra like the upper peduncular bracts, lowest ones exceeding the sepals, serrulate; Fl spreading to reflexed; Ped 3 mm, broadly obconical, constricted at the base; Sep broadly ovate, 7 mm, rounded, entire or apiculate, rugose when dry as if formerly fleshy, little if at all carinate; Pet obovate, 9 mm, carinate, red-orange; St included; Fil shortly (to completely?, Pinangé & al. (2017: fig. 3)) connate above the short common tube; Sty none.

Similar to D. dawsonii. — [F. Krapp]

D. pernambucana L. B. Smith (Phytologia 20: 179, t. 2, figs. 12–14, 1970). Type: Brazil, Pernambuco (Lima 65-4275 [IPA, US [photo]]). — Lit: Siqueiro Filho & Leme (2007: 316–318, with ill.). Distr: Brazil (Pernambuco); gneiss outcrops.

Incl. Dyckia rupestris W. Till & Morawetz (1990).

[2/3b] Ros ±30-leaved, dense, with a subglobose base to ±8 × 8 cm; L to 33 × 2.1 cm, very rigid and succulent, sheath broadly subreniform, ±2 × 4 cm, dark brown towards the base, subentire, L lamina narrowly triangular, nearly flat, arcuate, canaliculate towards the subulate pungent tip, dark greenish wine-red, distinctly veined, adaxially inconspicuously white-lepidote to glabrescent, abaxially densely cinereous-lepidote, margins irregularly densely to laxly serrate, Sp antrorse, uncinate, 0.5–1.5 mm, 2–25 mm apart; Inf to 80 cm, compound or simple; peduncle ± straight, 39–60 cm, sparsely to subdensely pale lanate; peduncular Bra erect, subfoliaceous (lower) or narrowly triangular (upper), shorter than the internodes, (sub-) densely pale-lepidote, serrulate; fertile Inf part lax, 25–45 cm, main axis 18- to 37-flowered, suberect, appressedly white-lepidote; primary Bra like the upper peduncular bracts, much shorter than the long sterile branch bases; primary Br suberect, 14–21 cm, laxly 8- to 14-flowered, with a 2.5–7 cm long sterile base; floral Bra triangular-ovate, acuminate, (sub-) densely lanate, basal ones narrowly triangular, 10–12 × 5–6 mm, minutely denticulate, upper ± triangular, 5–8 × 4–6 mm, entire or microscopically denticulate; Fl 16–20 mm, suberect to slightly secund, campanulate, weakly fragrant; Ped 3–5 mm, stout; Sep broadly ovate, 6.5–9 × 6–7 mm, acute to narrowly obtuse and apiculate, ecarinate, orange, subdensely lanate; Pet broadly obovate-spatulate, 10–12 × 8–10 mm, obtuse, ecarinate, reddish-orange; St included; Fil 2–2.5 mm (to completely?, Pinangé & al. (2017: fig. 3)) connate above the common tube; Anth triangular, 2 mm, straight to slightly recurved; Ov suboblong, 5 mm, yellow; Sty 2 mm; Sti conduplicate-spiral, 1 mm, orange; Fr subglobose, 12–14 × 12 mm, dark brown, glossy, shortly rostrate; Se flat, asymmetrically subcuneate, ±4 × 2.5 mm.

Compared with D. encholirioides in the protologue, but the similarity is superficial (Siqueiro Filho & Leme 2007: 318). Rather, it is related to D. limae and similar to D. secunda. D. rupestris is synonymized on the base of Siqueiro Filho & Leme (2007: 316–318), and the description has been amended according to this source.

D. piauiensis Esteves & Gouda (Phytotaxa 164(4): 296–300, figs. 1 and 2A–F, 2014). Type: Brazil, Piauí (Esteves Pereira 375 [UFG]). — Distr: Brazil (Piauí: Canto do Burití); dry Cerrado vegetation, rocky soil or on rocks, in full sun or partial shade, 335 m; only known from the type locality.

[3b] Ros acaulescent, densely 19- to 25-leaved, 45–54 cm ∅, with bulbous base, with few basal offsets; L coriaceous, succulent, sheath broadly ovate, 2.5 × 3.8–4.6 cm, fairly succulent, both faces white and brilliant, distally somewhat brownish, margins minutely dark-spined, L lamina first erect, later curved and spreading, triangular-lanceolate, 21–26 × 2.8–3.4 cm, green, both faces finely veined, basal part densely appressedly furfuraceous-lepidote between the veins, adaxially glabrous distally, margins laxly serrate, Sp mostly retrorsely uncinate, 0.5–4.3 mm, pale yellow and brown-tipped, 3–12 mm apart (distally to 27 mm); Inf 35–120 cm, simple, erect to ± flexuous; peduncle 30–100 cm, sparsely lepidote; lower peduncular Bra leaf-like and to 7 cm, upper 0.8–4.2 cm, narrowly triangular to sublinear, with pungent tip, carinate, (pale) green, soon stramineous, sparsely serrulate; fertile Inf part 5.5–14 cm, rose-red, 7- to 16-flowered, sparsely white-lepidote; floral Bra broadly ovate, ±8 × 2 mm, acuminate, rose-red, carinate; Fl ±15 × 8 mm, spreading and slightly secund, broadly tubular; Ped stout, 3 mm (to 8 mm in fruit); Sep broadly ovate, 7–9 × 7 mm, rounded or emarginate, strongly convex, incurved, ecarinate, red, smooth, sparsely white-lepidote to glabrous, margins minutely spinose; Pet shortly spatulate, 10–13 × 9 mm, rounded or emarginate, slightly cucullate, orange; St included; Fil highly connate for 7–9 mm above the common tube; Anth ±3 mm, yellow; Ov narrowly ovoid, 6–7 × ±3 mm, pale yellow; Sty ±1 mm; Sti ±2 mm, crisped, orange with yellow margins; Fr ovoid, 14–17 × 11–13 mm, dark brown, glossy.

Compared with the similar D. pernambucana, differing by larger retrorse leaf marginal spines, shorter inflorescences and characters of the flowers. — [F. Krapp]

D. piracanjubensis Esteves & Gouda (J. Bromeliad Soc. 66(3): 172–179, ills., 2017). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Esteves Pereira 355 [UFG 50537]). — Distr: Brazil (S Goiás: along the Rio Piracanjuba); isolated flat limestone rock outcrops, in full sun, 650 m.

[3b] Ros ±67 cm ∅, solitary or forming dense clumps; stem to 17 × 6.5 cm, hidden by the leaf sheaths; L ±40, spreading, the inner suberect to upward-secund, sheath 2.5–3.2 × 3.7 cm, succulent, both faces glossy, base white, dark honey-coloured above, margins spinose, L lamina sublinear-triangular, 35–53 × 3 cm, strongly canaliculate, pale green to brownish-green, finely veined, densely canescent-lepidote esp. abaxially, becoming glabrescent towards the tip, tip flat, dark brown, glossy, margins spinose, Sp uncinate, antrorse except for the distal ones, to 3.5 mm, becoming smaller upwards, brown from green base, 3–14 mm apart; Inf 1.8–2 m tall, simple; peduncle to 100 cm, straight to slightly sinuous, sparsely cinereous-tomentose; lower peduncular Bra leaf-like, to 9.5 cm, upwards becoming smaller, linear-lanceolate, carinate, pungent, serrate; flowering part ±72 cm, cinereously whitish-lepidote; lower floral Bra triangular-lanceolate, ±15 × 7 mm, upper only 3 mm, all carinate, veined, serrulate, sparsely cinereous-tomentose, pungent; Fl 16 × 7 mm ∅, subsessile to shortly pedicellate, ± horizontally porrect, cup-shaped with slightly flaring limb; Sep triangular-lanceolate, ±7 × 6 mm, orange-yellowish, free, fleshy, densely white-tomentose, margins ciliate; Pet ±13 × 9 mm, orange-red, basally connate for 1–3 mm, entire, rounded or slightly emarginate, glabrous; St included; Fil whitish to pale yellow, to 7.6 mm, 2–3.5 mm connate above the common tube; Anth ±3 × 1 mm, dorsifixed near the base, strongly recurved at anthesis; Ov ${4}\left/ {5}\right.$ superior, narrowly subprismatic, ±6 × 2.5 mm, gradully merging into the style; Sty yellow basally, orange distally, including stigma 3 mm; Sti lobes ±1.7 mm, orange; Fr broadly ovoid, 13–16 × 9–13 mm ∅, glossy dark brown, somewhat beaked; Se not described.

Compared with D. goiana, but also similar to D. formosensis (with fewer leaves, longer fertile inflorescence part, obtuse sepals and longer filaments) and D. cangaphila (smaller rosettes and shorter leaves, shorter and occasionally compound inflorescences, and pedicellate smaller flowers). — [U. Eggli]

D. platyphylla L. B. Smith (Phytologia 19: 283, t. 1, figs. 9–11, 1970). Type: Brazil, Bahia? (Foster 2489 [US]). — Distr: Brazil (Bahia?); not known from the wild with certainty. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 575).

[3b] Ros not described; L to 23 × 5 cm, sheath suborbicular, 5 cm, yellowish, glabrous, L lamina narrowly triangular, thick, succulent, glabrous adaxially, appressedly whitish-lepidote abaxially, margins serrate, Sp slender, antroretrorsely curved, 3 mm, brown; Inf 80 cm, simple; peduncle slender, much compressed at the base, somewhat flexuous, glabrous; peduncular Bra broadly ovate and acuminate, small, much shorter than the internodes, sparsely pale-lepidote, entire or subentire; fertile Inf part lax, many-flowered, 28 cm, glabrous; floral Bra broadly ovate, acuminate, ± equalling the sepals (lower); Fl mostly suberect; Ped 1–2 mm, stout; Sep broadly ovate, 8 mm, rounded and cucullate, ecarinate; Pet elliptic, 11 mm, yellow; St included; Fil connate above the common tube; Sty none.

Similar to D. aurea. — [F. Krapp]

D. polyclada L. B. Smith (J. Bromeliad Soc. 39(5): 206–207, figs. 7 and 8, 1989). Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul? (Foster 3096 [US, B, GH, NY]). — Distr: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul?); ecology not recorded; only known from the type.

[1] Ros clustering, acaulescent; L >40 × 2 cm, erect to spreading, sheath pale, L lamina finely white-lepidote between the veins on both faces, margins laxly serrate, Sp curved, 5 mm, 20–25 mm apart; Inf to 2 m, seemingly terminal, laxly 2–3× branched; peduncle erect, stout; peduncular Bra subfoliaceous, exceeding the internodes but exposing most of the axis; fertile Inf part densely white-flocculose; Br usually with 1 or 2 branches near the base, spreading to recurved, 50 cm, densely many-flowered; primary Bra very narrowly triangular, much shorter than the sterile branch bases; floral Bra ovate, acute, 4 mm; Fl spreading-ascending, narrowly elongately barrel-shaped; Ped very short; Sep suborbicular, 4 mm; Pet spatulate, not further described, yellow; St and Sti slightly exserted.

Described on the base of cultivated material without clear provenance. Apparently related to D. selloa of the “Prionophyllum complex”.

D. pontesii Büneker & al. (Rodriguésia 66(2): 500–503, ills., 2015). Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Büneker & Witeck 212 [HDCF, RB, SMDB]). — Distr: S Brazil (S Rio Grande do Sul: Pinheiro Machado); conglomerate rock outcrops.

[1/3a?] Ros 18–60 cm ∅, offsetting and rhizomatous; L ±50, suberect to spreading, sheath suborbicular, ±3 × 4.5 cm, white, glossy, L lamina narrowly triangular, 15–35 × 1.2–3.5 cm, stiff and succulent, straight to curved, adaxially slightly canaliculate, green, sparsely lepidote only near the base, otherwise (sub-) glabrous, abaxially veined-striate, white-lepidote between the veins, tip a pungent spine to 6 mm, margins serrate-spinose, Sp slender and often inconspicuous, curved, 1–4 mm, laxly arranged, brown or yellowish; Inf 0.6–1.7 m tall, simple or branched; peduncle robust, 35–75 cm, green, subglabrous to densely white-flocculose-tomentose; basal peduncular Bra leaf-like, to 12 cm, as long as or longer than the internodes, erect, serrate, upper ones ovate to broadly elliptic, 2–6.5 × 1.3 – 2.6 cm, entire or inconspicuously serrate; fertile Inf part 25–75 cm, laxly to subdensely 25- to 150-flowered, axis green or brownish-green, subglabrous to densely white-flocculose-tomentose; Br when present 1–7, erect or suberect-arcuate, near the base of the main axis; primary Bra like the upper peduncular bracts; floral Bra ovate-triangular, 10–21 × 11–35 mm, the lower as long or longer than the flowers, the upper ±½ as long, bulging, basally green, above castaneous, subglabrous to white-tomentose; Fl sessile, ±20 mm, suberect; Ped absent; Sep ovate-triangular, 6–9 × 11–15 mm, brownish-yellow with greenish base, glabrous or sparsely tomentose-lepidote towards the tip, the adaxial ones carinate, the abaxial one ecarinate or slightly carinate; Pet obtrullate, 18–20 × 10–13 mm, erect with slightly flaring tips, yellow, glabrous, tip rounded-cucullate; St included; Fil free above the common tube; Anth not described; Ov ±7 × 4 mm, whitish-yellow; Sty ±11 mm; Sti not described; Fr ovoid, size not described, castaneous to black, very glossy.

The flowers are slightly asymmetrical (termed “zygmomorphic” in the protologue) when observed from the bottom bcause the adaxial sepals are carinate and closer together than the ecarinate or slightly carinate abaxial sepal. The species is overall similar to D. dusenii and D. elisabethae. The only other species reported to have asymmetrical sepals (and thus zygomorphic flowers) is D. lunaris. — [U. Eggli]

D. pottiorum Leme (Phytotaxa 67: 26–28, ills., 2012). Type: Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul (Leme & al. 8579 [RB, HB]). — Distr: Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul); shallow soil on flat or slightly inclined rock outcrops. I: Braun (2018: 71).

[3a] Ros distichously 12- to 18-leaved; L nearly prostrate, 23–41 × 1.5–2.5 cm, coriaceous, sheath reniform, ±2.5 × 4 cm, with castaneous base, greenish at the apex, base glabrous, towards the apex densely white-lepidote, L lamina sublinear-attenuate, strongly U-canaliculate, apical portion recurved, apex long acuminate-caudate, pungent-spinescent, green or bronze to reddish, green specimens densely white-lepidote with glabrous apex, bronze and reddish specimens densely and coarsely white-lepidote abaxially and less dense adaxially, veined, margins glabrous, sparsely (apically) to densely spinose, Sp narrowly triangular to acicular, straight to prevailingly retrorse-uncinate, 1–3 mm, castaneous, 1–7 mm apart; Inf 23–52 cm, simple, erect; peduncle 10–34 cm, green to dark purplish wine-red, glabrous; peduncular Bra erect, subcarinate, long acuminate-caudate from a suborbicular base, 8–21 × 3–5 mm, densely white-lepidote to glabrous, veined, minutely spinulose; fertile Inf part densely 11- to 18-flowered, 6–11 cm, slightly flexuous, orange towards the apex, glabrous; floral Bra subtriangular-ovate, acuminate, ecarinate, suberect to subspreading, 4–8 × 3–4 mm, stramineous, thin-textured, glabrous, veined, inconspicuously denticulate to entire; Fl subspreading at anthesis and suberect-secund afterwards, 14–15 mm, subtubular, unscented; Ped 2–3 mm, stout; Sep ovate, ±6 × 5 mm, rounded and inconspicuously apiculate, ecarinate, orange to yellowish-orange, glabrous, entire; Pet broadly spatulate from a narrower base, ±11 × 9 mm, apex truncate and inconspicuously emarginate, ecarinate, orange to yellowish-orange; St ± equalling the petals; Fil free above the 1.5 mm high common tube, yellowish; Anth sublinear, ±4 mm, base distinctly bilobed, apiculate, slightly recurved near the apex; Ov ovoid, ±4.5 × 2 mm, yellowish; Sty ±1.5 mm, yellowish; Sti orange; Fr broadly fusiform, 12–15 × 8–10 mm, dark greenish-castaneous; Se suborbicular, flat, ±3.5 × 3 mm, castaneous.

Compared with D. burchellii and D. coximensis in the protologue. — [F. Krapp]

D. princeps Lemaire (Jard. Fleur. 3: tt. 224–225 + text, 1853). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Anonymus s.n. [[icono] l.c. tt. 224–225]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais); ecology not recorded. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 515).

Incl. Dyckia gigantea K. Koch (1874) (nom. illeg., Art. 52.1).

[2?] Ros dense, many-leaved, with a very short and stout rhizome covered with old sheaths; L 35–60 × 3 cm, arching-recurved, sheath suborbicular, large, L lamina narrowly triangular, flat, with pungent tip, glabrous adaxially, densely appressedly pale-lepidote abaxially, margins laxly serrate, Sp 3 mm; Inf 1 m or taller, amply compound; peduncle stout, short, ferrugineous-tomentulose; peduncular Bra subfoliaceous, much exceeding the internodes, serrulate; fertile Inf part ferrugineous-tomentulose; Br elongate, laxly flowered; primary Bra like the upper peduncular bracts, shorter than the sterile branch bases; floral Bra spreading, lanceolate-triangular, attenuate, exceeding the sepals; Fl spreading; Ped to 15 mm, stout; Sep broadly ovate, 9–10 mm, acute or apiculate, convex, ecarinate; Pet spreading, suborbicular, 25 mm, apiculate, red-orange; St included; Fil shortly connate above the common tube; Anth triangular, acuminate, strongly recurved; Sty very short. — [F. Krapp]

D. pseudococcinea L. B. Smith (Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo ser. 2, 1: 108, t. 109, fig. 1, 1943). Type: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro (Foster 1144 [GH]). — Lit: Mendes & al. (2012: conservation). Distr: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná); swampy meadows, on the ground or on rocks. I: Smith & Downs (1974, 542).

[3b] Ros dense, many-leaved; L 30 × 1–1.2 cm, sheath broadly elliptic, 3 cm, pale, glabrous, L lamina linear, attenuate, adaxially glabrous, appressedly whitish-lepidote abaxially, margins laxly serrate, Sp slender, spreading or retrorsely curved, 2 mm; Inf 60–100 cm, simple; peduncle slender, ± glabrous at anthesis; peduncular Bra narrowly triangular from an ovate base, the uppermost slightly shorter than the internodes, minutely serrulate; fertile Inf part lax, 17–25 cm, ± glabrous; floral Bra ovate, acuminate, ± equalling the sepals (lowest), minutely serrulate; Fl spreading at anthesis, then suberect; Ped 3–4 mm; Sep ovate, 7–9 mm, acute, cucullate; Pet broadly elliptic, 12 mm, obtuse, ecarinate, suberect, orange; St much shorter than the petals; Fil 2 mm connate above the common tube; Sty very short.

Available information on the geographical range of this species is conflicting. Material identified as this species has been extensively reported from the Brazilian states as detailed above, but according to Mendes & al. (2012), as well as the Brazilian Red List for plants, D. pseudococcinea is endemic to the restingas of Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, and is classified as critically endangered.

D. pulquinensis Wittmack (Meded. Rijks-Herb. [Leiden] 29: 88, 1916). Type: Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Herzog 1849 [L, B, F [photo]]). — Distr: Bolivia (Santa Cruz); dry rocky slopes, 1900 m. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 552).

[2] Ros not described; L 14–25 × 0.6–1 cm, sheath suborbicular, 3 cm, dark castaneous, L lamina linear-triangular, pungent, appressedly cinereous-lepidote, glabrescent adaxially, margins very laxly serrate, Sp stout, retrorsely curved, 5 mm; Inf 80 cm, few-branched; peduncle very slender, very sparsely white-lepidote; peduncular Bra triangular-ovate, acute, much shorter than the internodes, upper ones 8 mm; Inf branches flexuous, very slender, laxly and secundly flowered; primary Bra like the upper peduncular bracts, much shorter than the sterile bracteate branch bases; floral Bra broadly ovate, apiculate, 3 mm; Fl 15 mm, glabrous, subsessile; Sep broadly ovate-elliptic, 8 mm, apiculate, fuscous when dry; Pet broadly obovate, 14 × 6 mm, rounded, golden-yellow; St slightly exserted; Fil free above the 1.5 mm high common tube; Anth narrowly triangular, 4.5 mm, distinctly recurved towards the apex; Ov slenderly ellipsoid, 9 mm; Sty none.

D. crassifolia is sometimes treated as synonym of this species. — [F. Krapp]

D. pumila L. B. Smith (Phytologia 13: 151, t. 7, fig. 13, 1966). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Irwin & Soderstrom 7365 [US, NY]). — Distr: Brazil (Goiás); steep rocky scree. I: Smith & Downs (1974, 565).

[3a] Ros nearly acaulescent, densely many-leaved; L 13 × 0.7 cm, sheath suborbicular, 2.5 cm wide, brown, glabrous, laxly and minutely serrate apically, L lamina linear-triangular, pungent, thick, white-lepidote, glabrous adaxially with age, margins laxly serrate, Sp slender, spreading, 2 mm, brown; Inf 18 cm, simple; peduncle erect, slender, very finely white-lepidote, soon glabrous; peduncular Bra ovate, attenuate, small, much shorter than the internodes, obscurely serrulate; fertile Inf part lax, few-flowered, 2–5 cm, very sparsely white-stellate-lepidote; floral Bra like the peduncular bracts but entire, to 6 mm; Ped 2 mm, broadly obconical; Sep broadly elliptic, 6 mm, rounded and apiculate, the posterior ones carinate; Pet very broadly subacute, 10 mm, orange; St barely exserted; Fil free above the short common tube; Sty ± none; Fr subglobose, apiculate, 13 mm, dark castaneous.

Similar to D. duckei. — [F. Krapp]

D. racemosa Baker (Handb. Bromel., 132, 1889). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Gardner 4015 [K, K [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Goiás); dry hills.

[3b] Ros not described; L >40 × >2 cm, sheath not described, L lamina narrowly triangular, covered with a membrane of fused scales abaxially, margins laxly serrate, Sp 1.5 mm; Inf >85 cm, simple; peduncle very slender, glabrous; peduncular Bra remote, broadly ovate, acuminate, entire; fertile Inf part lax, >15 cm, minutely furfuraceous; floral Bra broadly elliptic, obtuse or sometimes minutely mucronate, to 3 mm; Fl ascending, 10 mm, glabrous; Ped to 6 mm; Sep elliptic-ovate, 6 mm, obtuse; Pet erect or suberect, subrhombic, obtuse, slightly carinate, red; St included; Fil high-connate above the common tube; Anth narrowly triangular, acuminate, slightly recurved; Sty ½ as long as the ovary.

D. racinae L. B. Smith (J. Bromeliad Soc. 38(6): 248–249, figs. 5 and 6, 1988). Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul? (Foster 3095 [US, B, GH, NY]). — Lit: Dorneles & al. (2014: with ills.). Distr: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul: near São Pedro do Sul); open Pampa vegetation on shallow stony soil.

[1] Ros spreading, acaulescent; L >55 × 4 cm, sheath pale, L lamina obscurely lepidote abaxially between the veins, glabrous adaxially, margins laxly serrate, Sp curved, 5 mm; Inf to >2 m, seemingly terminal, laxly amply 2× branched; peduncle erect; peduncular Bra subfoliaceous, exceeding the internodes but exposing most of the peduncle; Inf branches glabrous, lax, somewhat secundly flowered, 50 cm; primary Bra very narrowly triangular, much shorter than the sterile branch bases; floral Bra attenuate from a broadly ovate base, ± equalling the sepals, enlarging in fruit to 25 mm; Ped very short at anthesis, to 6 mm in fruit, stout; Sep broadly ovate-lanceolate, 6–7 × 3–4 mm, rounded and apiculate, glabrous to sparsely pilose; Pet obovate to spatulate, 12–13 × 5–6 mm, obtuse, glabrous, golden-yellow with paler margins; St just included; Fil free above the common tube; Anth triangular with curved apex and cordate base; Fr ovoid, beaked, black; Se with asymmetric lateral wings.

Part of the “Prionophyllum complex”, and similar to D. selloa. Dorneles & al. (2014) provide an amplified description based on recently collected material. They argue that the species is close to D. cabrerae, which differs by larger flowers on longer pedicels.

D. ragonesei A. Castellanos (Lilloa 10: 454, fig. 2, 1944). Type: Argentina, Santa Fé (Castellanos s.n. [BA 19465, US [photo]]). — Distr: N Argentina (Entre Ríos, Santa Fé, Santiago del Estero), Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Paraguay (Boquerón, Amambay, Canindeyú); rocky slopes. I: Smith & Downs (1974, 555).

[2/3b?] Ros not described; L 40 × 1.2 cm, sheath broadly triangular, curved, semi-amplexicaul, 3 × 6 cm, L lamina linear-triangular, serrate, Sp curved, 4 mm, brown; Inf 60–80 cm, paniculate or simple; peduncle elongate, furfuraceous; peduncular Bra deltoid, shorter than the internodes; fertile Inf part yellow-furfuraceous; Br subdensely flowered; floral Bra broadly triangular, to 7 mm, tomentose-lepidote; Fl ±16 mm, sessile; Sep ovate, 8 mm, obtuse, margins hyaline; Pet 14–15 mm, broadly and irregularly rounded, undulate, golden-yellow; St distinctly exserted; Fil 3–5 mm connate above the 2 mm high common tube; Anth oblong, apiculate, straight, 5 mm; Sty 1 mm; Fr pyramidal, 17 × 12 mm; Se with a falcate wing, 4–5 × 5 mm.

Usually cited as endemic for Argentina, but also reported from Bolivia and Paraguay as shown above (E. Gouda, pers. comm., Dec. 2016).

D. rariflora Schultes fil. (in Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7(2): 1195, 1830). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Martius s.n. [M, F [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais); rocky fields, savanna, terrestrial or on rocks; ±1000 m. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 552).

[3b] Ros not described; L to 14 × ±1 cm, sheath broadly ovate, large, L lamina narrowly triangular, attenuate, with pungent tip, sparsely pale-appressed-lepidote abaxially, margins laxly serrate, Sp stout, curved, 3 mm; Inf to 50 cm, simple or branched; peduncle somewhat lepidote; peduncular Bra broadly ovate, acuminate, shorter than the internodes, entire or serrulate; fertile Inf part with a few short branches at the base, lax or subdense towards the apex, few-flowered, soon glabrous; floral Bra reflexed, broadly ovate, apiculate, 7–10 mm, equalling or shorter than the sepals; Fl spreading; Ped very short but distinct; Sep broadly ovate, 6 mm, broadly subacute; Pet suberect, broad, 9 mm, obtuse, carinate, orange; St included; Fil high-connate above the common tube; Anth elliptic, apiculate, straight or slightly recurved; Sty ${1}\left/ {5}\right.$ as ong as the ovary.

Some early illustrations purporting to represent this species in fact show D. remotiflora (Smith & Downs 1974: 526).

D. reitzii L. B. Smith (Anais Bot. Herb. “Barbosa Rodrigues” 2: 14, tt. 1–3, 1950). Type: Brazil, Santa Catarina (Reitz 2690 [US, HBR]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul); sandstone ledges and rocky soil, 1500–2500 m. I: Reitz (1983: t. 50); Klein V. & Klein (2014: 77, 79).

[3b] Ros dense, ±100-leaved; L to 38 × 1–2 cm, sheath suborbicular, 3.5 cm wide, brown, soon glabrous, laxly serrulate, L lamina triangular-linear, attenuate, with pungent tip, smooth and glabrous adaxially, cinereous and strongly veined abaxially, margins laxly serrate, Sp curved, 1.5–3 mm, antrorse, 10 mm apart; Inf 50 cm, simple; peduncle slender, ferrugineous-flocculose; peduncular Bra densely imbricate, lanceolate, acuminate, cinereous-flocculose, serrulate; fertile Inf part densely ±30-flowered, 9–12 cm, ferrugineous-flocculose to subglabrous; floral Bra like the peduncular bracts, exceeding the flowers; Fl subspreading, some with additional petals; Ped 5 mm, stout; Sep ovate, 8–9 mm, acute and cucullate, densely ferrugineous-tomentose; Pet rhomboid, 16 mm, somewhat spreading, yellow or reddish-yellow; St included; Fil high-connate above the common tube; Ov pyramidal; Sty short; Sti slightly contorted.

D. remotiflora Otto & A. Dietrich (Allg. Gartenzeitung 1: 129, 1833). Type: Brazil (Sellow s.n. [B, K]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná, São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay, N Argentina (Entre Ríos).

≡ Dyckia rariflora var. remotiflora (Otto & A. Dietrich) Baker (1889).

[3a] Ros offsetting, rhizome short and stout; L 10–25 × 0.8–1.2 cm, arching, flat, sheath broadly ovate or suborbicular, large, L lamina narrowly triangular, with pungent tip, evenly dark green, appressedly pale-lepidote esp. abaxially, laxly serrate, Sp slender, curved, 1–3 mm; Inf to 1 m, simple; peduncle stout, sparsely tomentulose at the nodes; peduncular Bra suborbicular, the lowest laminate, all but the lowest much shorter than the internodes; fertile Inf part lax, 12–20 cm, sparsely tomentulose when young; floral Bra broadly ovate, shorter than the sepals; Fl divergent to spreading; Ped very short, stout; Sep ovate, apiculate, ± carinate; Pet lamina spreading, trapeziform, obtuse, carinate, dark orange; St included; Fil free above the common tube; Anth narrowly triangular, recurved; Sty as long as or longer than the ovary.

Some early illustrations labelled D. rariflora in fact show D. remotiflora (Smith & Downs 1974: 526).

D. remotiflora var. angustior L. B. Smith (Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo ser. 2, 1: 108, 1943). Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Bornmueller 351 [GH]). — Distr: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); ecology not recorded.

[3a] Upper peduncular Bra and floral Bra acuminate. — [F. Krapp]

D. remotiflora var. montevidensis (K. Koch) L. B. Smith (Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo ser. 2, 1: 108, 1943). Type: Uruguay, Montevideo (Sellow s.n. [B]). — Distr: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay, N Argentina (Entre Ríos); dry open rocky ground, to 50 m.

≡ Dyckia montevidensis K. Koch (1874) ≡ Dyckia rariflora var. montevidensis (K. Koch) Baker (1889).

[3a] Upper peduncular Bra and floral Bra with broad apiculate tip; Sep nearly or quite straight, 6–8 mm; Pet 11–17 mm.

Formerly also cited to occur in Santa Catarina, but the references relate to D. leptostachya (Reitz 1983: 516–517). — [F. Krapp]

D. remotiflora var. remotiflora — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná, São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay; rocky fields, savanna, on rocks or terrestrial. – Fig. 9.

Fig. 9

Dyckia remotiflora var. remotiflora (Birolini s.n.: Uruguay; Maldonado, Punta Ballena). (Copyright: U. Eggli)

Incl. Dyckia rariflora var. cunninghamii Baker (1889); incl. Dyckia vaginosa Mez (1894).

[3a] Upper peduncular Bra and floral Bra with broad apiculate tip; Sep cucullate, 8–10 mm; Pet 17–23 mm. — [F. Krapp]

D. remotiflora var. tandilensis (Spegazzini) Cabrera (Fl. Prov. Buenos Aires 4(1): 449, 1968). Type: Argentina, Buenos Aires (Spegazzini 219 [LP]). — Distr: Argentina (Buenos Aires); ecology not recorded; only known from the type collection and apparently extinct.

≡ Dyckia montevidensis var. tandilensis Spegazzini (1901).

[3a] Upper peduncular Bra and floral Bra with broad acuminate tip; Sep cucullate; Pet <10 mm. — [F. Krapp]

D. retardata S. Winkler (Doc. Nat. 3: 42–43, fig. 4, 1982). Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Winkler 7424 [ICN]). — Distr: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); dry granitic rocks.

[1] Ros to 60 cm ∅, acaulescent or with very short stem, many-leaved; L to 35 × 3 cm, sheath not described, L lamina glabrous, marginal Sp to 4 mm; Inf to 1.5 m, 2× branched; peduncle glabrous; peduncular Bra foliaceous, acuminate, exceeding the internodes (lower) or shorter (upper), glabrous, entire; Inf branches of 2. order often originating pairwise, younger parts of the axes white-furfuraceous; floral Bra triangular, small, to 2 mm; Fl sessile; Sep acuminate, to 8 mm, yellowish, white-lanate; Pet with rounded tip, to 10 mm, yellow, abaxially white-lepidote; St included and just equalling the petals; Fil free above the common tube; Sty terminally capitate, exserted for 2 mm.

The protologue has only a short and incomplete description. The species is said to be notable because older inflorescences can simultaneously have flowers and ripe fruits.

D. retroflexa S. Winkler (Doc. Nat. 3: 44, fig. 5, 1982). Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Winkler 7410 [HPA]). — Distr: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); shady rocks.

[1] Ros to 40 cm ∅, acaulescent or with very short stem; L to 25 × 3 cm, sheath not described, L lamina dark green, both faces glabrous, margins with Sp to 5 mm; Inf to 1.2 m, 2× branched; peduncular Bra long-acuminate, exceeding the internodes, tip brown, white-lepidote, finely spinose; floral Bra triangular, very small, to 1 mm; Fl directed backwards at anthesis, sessile; Sep oblong-ovate, to 5 mm, appressedly white-lepidote; Pet to 9 mm, with broadly rounded tip, yellow, abaxially villous; St slightly exserted, visible at anthesis; Fil free above the common tube; Sty appearing capitate but 3-fid, distinctly exceeding the petals.

Part of the “Prionophyllum complex”, and morphologically similar to D. rigida.

D. richardii P. J. Braun & Esteves (Cact. Succ. J. (US) 80(6): 321, ills. (pp. 319–320), 2008). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Esteves Pereira 366 [UFG]). — Lit: Braun & Esteves Pereira (2009b). Distr: Brazil (Goiás); outcrops of reddish strongly fragmented sedimentary rocks, in full sun. I: Braun (2018: 68).

[3a] Ros 19–29 cm ∅, solitary or sometimes forming groups with age, with bulbous base and 17–30 (–57) living leaves, with a stem 1.4–4.3 × 2.4–3.2 cm; L 10–18 × 2.3–2.7 cm, fleshy, green to light green, sheath concave, ±2.7 × 4.5 cm, brilliant white, sometimes brownish abaxially, L lamina succulent, erect (younger) or recurved (older), narrowly triangular, canaliculate and V-shaped in cross-section, with pungent orange-green to reddish tip, adaxially bright green, sparsely white-lepidote abaxially, strongly veined, margins laxly and irregularly serrate, Sp flattened, retrorse, sometimes straight, 3.5–5 mm, brown to dark or reddish-brown, hard, pungent; Inf to 30 cm, simple; peduncle slightly thickened at the nodes; peduncular Bra leaf-like and slightly secund (lowest) to somewhat leaf-like and lanceolate and acute (upper), lowest to 23 mm, entire, glabrous, lower ones serrate, upper ones soon withering; fertile Inf part 7- to 13-flowered, dense apically, 7.5–23 cm, rachis light green at the base, reddish-green in the flowering region, glabrous; floral Bra obtuse, mucronate, ±4 × 3.5 mm, reddish-orange, glabrous; Fl ±17 mm, sessile; Sep to 8 × 5 mm, ecarinate, succulent, reddish to orange-yellow; Pet to 12 mm, obtuse, erect, yellow to orange-yellow; St exserted; Fil free above the short common tube, white, ±11 mm; Anth light yellow, arching outwards; Ov subpyramidal at the base, greenish-white; Sty ±1.5 mm; Fr ellipsoid-ovoid, to 14 × 12 mm, shiny dark brown. — [F. Krapp]

D. rigida Strehl (Vidalia 2(2): 32–34, figs. 9–12, 2004). Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Strehl 1502 [HAS]). — Distr: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); hillsides, slopes and cliffs, 500 m.

[1] Ros 50- to 60-leaved, 100 cm ∅, caulescent with a stem to 40 × 10 cm; L sheath ovate, 10–12 × 8–10 cm, glossy, brown, L lamina 55–60 × 6–10 cm, lanceolate-triangular, acuminate, acute with pungent tip, adaxially dark green, abaxially white-veined, margins spinose, Sp antrorse, uncinate, 5 mm, black; Inf to 1.8 m, 2–3× branched; peduncle stout, ±50 cm, brownish-green; lowest peduncular Bra long-triangular, acute, 10–20 × 4 mm, sparsely serrate, shorter than the internodes, laxly arranged, slightly serrate; fertile Inf part lax, 50–80 cm, axis brownish-green, finely white-lepidote; Br 27–35 cm; floral Bra triangular, acute, 1–2 × 1 mm, abaxially puberulous, subentire; Fl irregularly arranged, sometimes ± verticillate, narrowly tubular with slightly flaring throat; Ped 1–2 mm; Sep ovate, 3–4 × 2 mm, apiculate to rounded and sometimes apiculate, pale green or pale brown, white-lepidote abaxially; Pet spatulate with narrowed base, ±6 × 3–4 mm, rounded, yellow, glabrous; St ± as long as the petals; Fil yellow, free; Anth just exserted, ±3 mm, yellow to pale brown; Ov 3–4 × 2 mm, green; Sty ±8 mm, white; Fr and Se not described.

Part of the “Prionophyllum complex”, and morphologically similar to D. retroflexa. Commonly confused with D. maritima.

D. rondonopolitana Leme (Phytotaxa 67: 28–30, ills., 2012). Type: Brazil, Mato Grosso (Kranz 123 [RB]). — Distr: Brazil (Mato Grosso); reddish sandstone outcrops, Cerrado vegetation.

[3a] Ros densely 20- to 30-leaved, slowly offsetting, acaulescent; L 20–22 × 1–1.5 cm, 3–5 mm thick, coriaceous, sheaths wider than the lamina, L lamina narrowly triangular, apically slighly canaliculate, arcuate, apex long acuminate-caudate and recurved, pungent, green to reddish, adaxially (sub-) densely white-lepidote with glabrescent apex, abaxially densely white-lepidote and finely veined, margins subdensely spinose, Sp acicular, spreading to retrorse, 3–6 mm, densely white-lepidote, 6–12 mm apart; Inf ±38 cm, simple; peduncle ±20 cm, reddish, glabrous; peduncular Bra subtriangular-ovate, acuminate-caudate, membranous, erect, 6–15 × 5–8 mm, greenish-yellow to reddish and soon stramineous towards the apex, white-lepidote to glabrous, veined, lowest ones remotely spinulose; fertile Inf part densely ±40-flowered, suberect, straight, ±14 cm, yellowish-orange, glabrous; basal floral Bra like the upper peduncular bracts, broadly subtriangular-ovate, acuminate to acute, ecarinate, convex, membranous, 6–10 × 5–9 mm, distinctly shorter than the sepals, greenish-yellow, glabrous, remotely crenulate to entire; Fl subspreading, 17–18 mm, ± barrel-shaped with narrow throat; Ped ±3 mm, stout; Sep ovate, ±8 × 6.5 mm, convex, apex obtuse or erose, membranous, yellow, glabrous; Pet spatulate, ±13 × 10 mm, subacute, ecarinate, yellow; St slightly exserted; Fil free above the 2 mm high common tube, 10–11 mm, whitish; Anth narrowly subtriangular, recurved at anthesis, ±4 mm, base bilobed, acuminate; Ov suboblong-ovoid, ±3.5 × 1.5 mm, yellowish; Sty ±0.5 mm, yellowish; Sti distinctly scalloped-lacerate, yellow, ±1 mm.

Compared with D. dawsonii in the protologue, but with broader leaves and different marginal spines, and with shorter inflorescences with more numerous and densely arranged larger flowers.

D. saxatilis Mez (in A. & C. de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 9: 518, 1896). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Schwacke 8948 [B, F [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais, Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso); rocky fields, savanna, terrestrial or on rocks. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 558, 565, 568); Rauh & Gross (1988: 18, as D. oligantha var. cristallina).

Incl. Dyckia hilaireana Mez (1896); incl. Dyckia oligantha L. B. Smith (1958); incl. Dyckia oligantha var. cristallina Rauh (1988).

[3b] Ros symmetrical, 13–46 cm ∅, with a bulbous base densely covered with old leaf sheaths; L 15 × 1.1 cm, spreading-arcuate, sheath suborbicular, 4 cm wide, L lamina narrowly triangular, flat to slightly canaliculate, pale green abaxially, slightly ribbed, closely appressedly finely-lepidote, margins at least in the apical ${1}\left/ {3}\right.$ laxly serrate, Sp slender, antrorse, 1.5–2.3 mm, 19–30 mm apart; Inf 40 cm, simple; peduncle very slender, ± compressed, soon glabrous; peduncular Bra ovate to elliptic to oblong, acuminate, shorter than the internodes, entire or upper ones minutely fimbriate; Inf simple, lax, to 14 cm, lepidote; floral Bra reflexed, broadly ovate, acuminate, equalling or exceeding the sepals, without prominent midrib, minutely fimbriate; Fl erect to spreading, 11 mm, orange; Ped very short but distinct; Sep broadly ovate-elliptic, ±8 mm, obtuse, minutely fimbriate, subglabrous; Pet erect, lamina very broadly obovate, emarginate; St included; Fil 2 mm connate above the common tube; Anth triangular-elliptic, subacute, slightly recurved; Sty 1–2 mm.

D. saxatilis forms a complex that includes, inter alia, D. consimilis and D. rariflora as well as the recently described D. conceicionensis, D. ferrisincola and D. sulcata.

D. schwackeana Mez (in Martius, Fl. Bras. 3(3): 478, 1894). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Schwacke 5857 [B]). — Distr: Brazil (S-C Minas Gerais); rocky fields.

[3b] Ros acaulescent, 40- to 50-leaved, slowly offsetting, with a bulbous base and a short thick rhizome; L inner erect, outer recurved, sheath depressedly semiorbicular, brown, L lamina 6 × 1.2 cm, narrowly triangular, attenuate with strongly pungent tip, appressedly cinereous-lepidote abaxially, margins very laxly serrulate, Sp acicular, straight or curved, to 3 mm; Inf to 30 cm, erect, simple; peduncle slender, to 20 cm, furfuraceous towards the apex; peduncular Bra ovate with linear lamina, exceeding the internodes, obscurely serrulate; fertile Inf part ±5 cm, few-flowered, furfuraceous; floral Bra broadly ovate with narrowly triangular lamina, equalling the sepals of the lower flowers; Fl lowest erect, upper spreading, 11–12 mm; Ped 0.5–1 mm; Sep narrowly elliptic, to 7 mm, obtuse or apiculate, abaxially furfuraceous, with narrow pellucid margin; Pet to 11 mm, obovate, broadly rounded, erect with slightly flaring limb, obovate, broadly obtuse, obscurely carinate, orange; St deeply included; Fil 2 mm connate above the common tube; Anth short, stout, obtuse, scarcely recurved; Ov ellipsoid-trigonous, deeply three-sulcate; Sty stout, ${1}\left/ {5}\right.$ − ¼ as long as the ovary; Sti minute; Fr and Se not described.

D. secunda L. B. Smith (Phytologia 14: 487, t. 1, figs. 37–41, 1967). Type: Brazil, Bahia (Irwin & al. 14723 [NY]). — Distr: Brazil (Bahia); ecology not described, ±850 m.

[3b] Ros not described; L >25 × to 2.4 cm, sheath not described, L lamina very narrowly triangular, appressedly cinereous-lepidote on both faces but becoming ± glabrous adaxially, margins laxly serrate, Sp retrorsely curved, 2 mm, brown; Inf 90 cm, simple; peduncle very slender, glabrous; peduncular Bra remote, triangular, acuminate, lower ones subfoliaceous, upper ones small, subentire; fertile Inf part very laxly secund-flowered, to 23 cm, sparsely and fugaciously pale-lepidote; floral Bra acute, distinctly exceeding the pedicels (lowest), entire; Fl spreading; Ped 3 mm, cylindrical; Sep ovate, 7 mm, rounded, thin, brownish; Pet apparently rather fleshy, lamina broadly rhomboid, 12 mm, ecarinate, brown; St included; Fil short-connate above the common tube; Sty ±1 mm.

The laxly secund inflorescence and the brown flowers are notable.

D. secundifolia Leme (Phytotaxa 67: 31–33, ills., 2012). Type: Brazil, Mato Grosso (Kranz 129 [RB, HB]). — Distr: Brazil (Mato Grosso); shallow soils in depressions and crevices of sandstone rock outcrops.

[3b] Ros dense, 25- to 30-leaved; L 8–11 × 1–1.4 cm, coriaceous, sheath suborbicular, L lamina narrowly triangular, ± flat, suberect to ± erect and unilaterally curved, acuminate, with pungent tip, light green, adaxially subdensely to laxly white-lepidote, abaxially subdensely white-lepidote, veined, margins glabrous, laxly to subdensely spinose, Sp narrowly triangular, straight or sometimes slightly antrorse, 0.5–1 mm, glabrous, pale castaneous, 4–10 mm apart; Inf 55–62 cm, simple, erect; peduncle ±30 cm, reddish towards the apex, sparsely and inconspicuously white-lepidote to glabrous; peduncular Bra erect, obtusely if at all carinate, broadly triangular from a slightly gibbose base, long laminate to acuminate, 10–21 × 4–7 mm, reddish to stramineous, subdensely white-lepidote to glabrescent, veined, remotely denticulate to entire; fertile Inf part 14- to 22-flowered, lax, straight, 23–25 cm, rachis orange-red, subdensely but inconspicuously white-lepidote to glabrescent; floral Bra ovate, acuminate-caudate (lowest) to narrowly acute and apiculate (upper), suberect to ± spreading at anthesis, ecarinate, 5–9 × 3.5–5 mm, orange-red, apex stramineous, subdensely and inconspicuously white-lepidote, finely veined, subentire to entire; Fl suberect to ± spreading at anthesis, erect afterwards, 16–17 mm, tubular, unscented; Ped 2.5–3 mm, orange, sparsely white-lepidote to glabrous; Sep broadly ovate, 7–8 × 6–7 mm, emarginate, ecarinate, strongly convex, orange-red, subdensely white-lepidote to glabrous, entire, densely fimbriate; Pet subrhomboid-orbicular, 11–13 × 11 mm, obtuse-emarginate, ecarinate, orange to reddish-orange, glabrous, inconspicuously crenulate; St equalling the petals or slightly shorter; Fil 8–10 mm, 1.5–2 mm connate above the 2 mm high common tube, pale orange towards the apex; Anth narrowly subtriangular, 3–3.5 mm, strongly recurved at anthesis, base bilobed, apiculate; Ov narrowly suboblong, ±6 mm, pale yellow; Sty ±1 mm; Sti ±1.5 mm, orange, minutely crenulate-lacerate.

Compared with D. coximensis in the protologue.

D. selloa (K. Koch) Baker (Handb. Bromel., 136, 1889). Type: Uruguay? (Sellow 3339 [B, GH, NY, US]). — Distr: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay?; sandstone cliffs. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 512).

≡ Prionophyllum selloum K. Koch (1874); incl. Dyckia grandifolia Baker (1889); incl. Dyckia macracantha Baker (1889); incl. Dyckia myriostachya Baker (1889).

[1] Ros acaulescent; L rigid, arching, sheath conspicuous, reniform (outer) to ovate (inner), castaneous abaxially, glossy, glabrous except abaxially near the apex, margins minutely spinose, L lamina to 30 × 3.3 cm, thinly to densely cinereous-lepidote esp. abaxially, with pungent tip, margins laxly serrate, Sp stout, deltoid-cuspidate, straight to retrorse, 6 mm; Inf >70 cm, compound and 2–3× branched; peduncle 45–60 cm, stout, glabrous; peduncular Bra leaf-like, much exceeding the internodes, appressedly lepidote, margins strongly spinose; fertile Inf part 30 cm, glabrous, Br numerous, spicate, the lowest to 20 cm, those with perfect flowers lax or sometimes flowers subverticillate, those with pistillate flowers dense in the apical ½; primary Bra narrowly lanceolate, attenuate, much shorter than the branches, usually entire, quickly deciduous; floral Bra broadly ovate, apiculate, 2–3 mm; Fl divergent to spreading, sessile, perfect Fl to 13 mm, pistillate Fl 6 mm; Sep suborbicular or broadly ovate, 5 mm (perfect flowers) or 2 mm (pistillate flowers), apiculate, together forming an urceolate structure that embraces the petals; Pet obovate to lanceolate, somewhat spreading, 11–12 mm (perfect flowers) or 5–5.5 mm (pistillate flowers), acute or obtuse, yellow; St ± equalling the petals or slightly shorter; Fil free above the short common tube; Anth 2.5 mm or <1 mm and sterile in pistillate flowers; Ov narrowly pyramidally trigonous in perfect flowers or almost globose in pistillate flowers; Sty slender, elongate, 2× as long as the ovary, Sti contorted and forming a club-shaped structure; Fr and Se not described.

D. selloa is the type species of Prionophyllum. The above description is largely based on Mez (1891–1892: 500–501). The dimorphic flowers (perfect, female) are notable and are described in detail by Mez, while Baker (1889) does not mention them. The only other species where similarly dimorphic flowers have been recorded is D. maritima Smith & Downs (1974), and it remains unknown whether other species assigned to the “Prionophyllum complex” also show this characteristic.

D. sellowiana Mez (in A. & C. de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 9: 520, 1896). Type:Brazil (Sellow Brom. Paris 52 [P, GH [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais); bushy fields, Campo Rupestre vegetation.

[3b] Ros not described; L ±25 × 1 cm, sheath not described, L lamina narrowly triangular, with pungent tip, appressedly pale-lepidote abaxially, laxly serrate, Sp curved, 2 mm; Inf >70 cm, simple; peduncle slender, glabrous; peduncular Bra remote, triangular, pungent, serrulate; fertile Inf part lax, ±20 cm, sparsely furfuraceous or glabrous; floral Bra spreading to reflexed, ovate with long triangular lamina, 8–10 mm, exceeded by the sepals, minutely puberulent; Fl spreading or reflexed at anthesis, 12 mm; Ped short but distinct, stout; Sep elliptic, 6.5 mm, subobtuse, glabrous; Pet lamina erect, obovate, broadly rounded, scarcely if at all carinate, colour not described; St included; Fil high-connate above the common tube; Anth subtriangular, acute, strongly recurved.

Insufficiently known, and described on the base of material without known provenance.

D. sickii L. B. Smith (Arq. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 15: 330, fig. m–q, 1958). Type: Brazil, Pará (Sick B-613 [RB, US]). — Distr: Brazil (Pará); on rocks. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 565).

[3a] Ros not described; L to 20 × 0.7 cm, sheath suborbicular, ±2 cm wide, brown abaxially, soon glabrous, subdensely serrulate, L lamina very narrowly triangular, with pungent tip, glabrous adaxially, sulcate when dry, finely appressedly whitish-lepidote abaxially or the veins glabrous, margins laxly serrate, Sp slender, curved, 1.5 mm; Inf 45 cm, simple; peduncle erect, very slender, glabrous; peduncular Bra broadly ovate with a very narrow triangular lamina, very small, entire, remote; fertile Inf part very lax, slender, slightly flexuous, 20–22 cm, glabrous; floral Bra short-acuminate from a broadly ovate base, 7 mm, entire; Fl divergent or more often spreading; Ped 4 mm, cylindrical; Sep broadly ovate, 5 mm, sometimes erose at the apex, ecarinate, very obscurely lepidote; Pet broadly obovate, 10 mm, obtusely carinate, orange-yellow; St very slightly exserted; Fil free above the common tube; Anth oblong, strongly curved; Ov slenderly pyramidal; Sty very short. — [F. Krapp]

D. silvae L. B. Smith (Phytologia 13: 151, t. 7, figs. 14 and 15, 1966). Type: Brazil, Pará (Silva 784 [IAN]). — Distr: Brazil (Pará); on rocks in “Campo” vegetation. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 542).

[3a] Ros spreading, many-leaved, acaulescent; L 25 × 2 cm, rigid, thick, sheath suborbicular, 3 cm wide, brown, nearly glabrous, L lamina linear-triangular, filiform-attenuate, appressedly white-lepidote, glabrous adaxially with age, margins laxly serrate, Sp slender, spreading, 3 mm, brown; Inf 66 cm, simple; peduncle erect, slender, very sparsely white-lepidote, soon glabrous; lower peduncular Bra leaf-like, upper broadly ovate-attenuate, small but nearly all exceeding the internodes except the uppermost; fertile Inf part subdensely many-flowered, 18 cm, very sparsely white-lepidote; floral Bra like the uppermost peduncular bracts, lowest ± equalling the sepals, serrulate; Ped 3 mm, subcylindrical, thick, strongly constricted at the base and appearing articulate; Sep 6–7 mm, ovate, obtuse with a wide thin margin; Pet to 17 × 6 mm, broadly rounded, strongly carinate, curved-spreading, yellow; St completely included; Fil free above the short common tube; Sty none. — [F. Krapp]

D. simulans L. B. Smith (Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo ser. 2, 1: 108, t. 110, 1943). Type:Brazil, Minas Gerais (Foster 570 [GH]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais); rocky fields, 1300 m. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 530).

[3a] Ros not described; L 7–8 × 0.8–1 cm, rigid, sheath suborbicular, large, L lamina narrowly triangular, with pungent tip, appressedly cinereous-lepidote, margins laxly serrate, Sp spreading, 2 mm; Inf to 30 cm, simple; peduncle slender, furfuraceous, soon glabrous; peduncular Bra ovate, long-acuminate, exceeding the internodes, serrulate; fertile Inf part insufficiently known, probably becoming lax, 4 cm when young, densely furfuraceous; floral Bra broadly ovate, acute, ± equalling the flowers (lowest), minutely serrulate; Fl spreading; Ped ±3 mm, stout; Sep broadly ovate, 9–10 mm, obtuse, cucullate; Pet suborbicular, slightly exceeding the sepals, reddish, glabrous; St included; Fil free above the 2 mm high common tube; Sty very short. — [F. Krapp]

D. sordida Baker (Handb. Bromel., 132, 1889). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Saint Hilaire 402 [P, GH [photo]]). — Lit: Guarçoni & al. (2012). Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais); rocky slopes, 1300–1400 m.

Incl. Dyckia duarteana L. B. Smith (1967).

[3a] Ros usually caespitose, 32- to 50-leaved; L 50 cm or longer, sheaths suborbicular, 4 cm, dark castaneous, L lamina very narrowly triangular, green with reddish margins, adaxially sparsely lepidote, abaxially densely or sparsely and inconspicuously lepidote, margins almost entire, Sp only few, 1 mm, almost obsolete; Inf to 1 m, simple; peduncle stout, sparsely floccose; peduncular Bra subfoliaceous, shorter than the internodes (upper), entire; fertile Inf part many-flowered, very lax, ±40 cm, densely ferrugineous-tomentose; floral Bra reflexed, broadly ovate, acute, slightly shorter than the sepals; Fl spreading or reflexed, to 18 mm; Ped 3–5 (–15) mm; Sep broadly elliptic, 8–11 mm, obtuse, free or inconspicuously connate at the base, densely brown-ferrugineously lepidote; Pet erect, conspicuous, limb suborbicular and slightly flaring, neither undulate nor carinate, colour not described but presumably orange; St included; Fil free above the common tube; Anth short, subtriangular, apiculate, scarcely recurved; Sty very short; ovules with narrow asymmetric wings.

The description above was completed from data presented by Büneker & al. (2016), but some doubts persist as to the pedicel length, said to be 3–5 (–15) mm long in the key on p. 58, but the illustrations on p. 64 show almost sessile flowers.

D. sordida forms a complex with D. inflexifolia and D. ursina (Guarçoni & al. 2012), as well as with D. nobilis (Büneker & al. 2016). These last authors argue that other species such as D. mello-barretoi and D. elata are also similar. All species are endemic to the Serra do Espinhaço of Minas Gerais. The complex is characterized by peduncles, inflorescence axes and sepals covered with brown-ferrugineous trichomes, orange petals, (sub-)triangular antepetalous filaments, and filaments free above the common tube.

D. spinulosa L. B. Smith & Reitz (Phytologia 14: 486–487, t. 1, figs. 33–36, 1967). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Duarte 7409 [HB, US [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais); savanna, on rocks; only known from the type collection. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 570).

[3b] Ros not described; L 35 × 1.6 cm, sheath suborbicular, 3 cm, pale brown, L lamina linear-triangular, appressedly cinereous-lepidote on both faces, becoming ± glabrous adaxially, margins laxly serrate, Sp mostly retrorsely uncinate, 1 mm; Inf 85 cm, simple; peduncle sparsely and finely pale-lepidote; peduncular Bra ovate, the lower ones dense and with long linear lamina, the upper acuminate, shorter than the internodes, serrulate; fertile Inf part laxly many-flowered, to 27 cm, finely white-lepidote at first; floral Bra like the upper peduncular bracts, equalling the middle of the sepals (lowest), serrulate; Fl curved-ascending; Ped 5 mm, slender, angled, not constricted; Sep ovate, 7 mm, rounded and apiculate, strongly convex; Pet rhomboid, 10 mm, colour not described but presumably orange; St included; Fil short-connate above the common tube; Sty ± none. — [F. Krapp]

D. stenophylla L. B. Smith (Phytologia 14: 487, t. 1, figs. 42–45, 1967). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Irwin & al. 9728 [US, NY]). — Distr: Brazil (Goiás); soil-filled rock crevices, 1175 m. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 575).

[3b] Ros dense, globose, many-leaved; L to 16 × 0.5 cm, sheath suborbicular, 2 cm, brown, L lamina linear, finely subulate-attenuate, appressedly whitish-lepidote on both faces, soon glabrous, margins laxly serrate, Sp slender, recurved, 2 mm; Inf to 30 cm, simple; peduncle glabrous; peduncular Bra broadly ovate, linear-laminate (lowest) or acuminate, remote, small, microscopically serrulate; fertile Inf part laxly few-flowered, to 10 cm, fugaciously white-lepidote; floral Bra like the upper peduncular bracts, equalling the sepals (lowest) or shorter, microscopically serrulate; Ped ±1 mm, stout but distinct; Sep broadly ovate, 6 mm, rounded; Pet lamina broadly elliptic, 8–10 mm, orange; St included; Fil connate above the common tube; Sty none. — [F. Krapp]

D. stolonifera P. J. Braun & Esteves (Cact. Succ. J. (US) 81(6): 301, ills. (p. 303), 2009). Type: Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul (Esteves Pereira 627 [UFG]). — Distr: Brazil (Mato Grosso); borders of rock outcrops, ±150 m.

[3a] Ros with ±19 living leaves, stem ±8 × 2.9 cm, semi-underground, with 1 - 6 stolons emerging above the ground and to 16 cm long, becoming submerged, forming new rosettes 5–16 cm apart from the mother plant; L ±38 × ±2.6 cm, rigid, coriaceous, first slightly erect, later recurved-spreading, sheath ±1.8 × 4.7 cm, cream-coloured to brownish adaxially, brilliant dark brownish and apically lepidote abaxially, L lamina triangular-lanceolate, olive-green to dark purple-greenish, concave, with blunt yellowish tip, densely veined, adaxially slightly glossy and sparsely lepidote, abaxially greyish-lepidote, Sp predominantly retrorse, ±2.7 mm, ± cream at the base, dark brown at the tip, 4.3–16 mm apart; Inf to 95 cm, simple, erect; peduncle ±55 cm, pale greyish-green with a brownish hue; peduncular Bra hard, carinate, amplexicaul (upper ones semi-amplexicaul), lower ones to 21 × 8 mm, adaxially scattered-lepidote, veined, margins cream, membranous; fertile Inf part slightly contorted, ±24 cm, rachis rose to reddish, ± glabrous; floral Bra ±4 × 2.3 mm, rose, brilliant; Fl spreading to erect, ±20 mm, subsessile; Sep elongate-oval, 8–12 × 7.2 mm, succulent, carinate, reddish-orange, margins pale; Pet ±17 × 11 mm, abaxially orange, basally more reddish, margins delicately yellow; St exserted; Fil free above the 5 mm high common tube, erect, to 15 mm, white-yellowish; Anth yellow, slightly triangular, 4–5 × 1.4 mm, acute, recurved; Ov slightly triangular-elongate, ±7 × 2 mm, white with a very pale yellowish hue; Sty ±1 mm, Sti complex, ±2.9 mm, apex fringed, yellow; Fr glossy dark brownish.

D. strehliana H. Büneker & R. Pontes (Revista Brasil. Bioci. 11(3): 284–289, figs. 1 – 2, 2013). Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Büneker & al. 101 [HDCF, SMDB, SP]). — Distr: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); basaltic river banks, periodically flooded.

[2/3a] Ros 16- to 54-leaved, 8–19 cm ∅, rhizomatous; L 6–15 × 1.1–2.6 cm, rigid, succulent, sheath elliptic to orbicular, 2–3.5 × 2.5–4.4 cm, white, both faces glossy, L lamina triangular, straight or inflexed, with reddish pungent tip, veined abaxially, usually entire, rarely spinose with 1–10 spines per margin; Inf 35–120 cm, simple or rarely with 1–4 suberect branches; peduncle erect, slender, 19–60 cm, tomentose; peduncular Bra leaf-like, ovate to elliptic, longer (lower) to shorter than the internodes (upper); fertile Inf part 13- to 34-flowered (40–60 when branched), 18–40 cm, rachis white-tomentose; floral Bra ovate-triangular, slightly carinate, apex attenuate, 11–16 × 6–11 mm, stramineous; Fl suberect at anthesis, ±20 mm; Ped absent or short; Sep ovate to elliptic, 8–10 × 4–8 mm, ecarinate to slightly carinate, yellow or green, tomentose; Pet erect, obovate to obtrullate, 14–18 × 6–11 mm, yellow; St included or equalling the petals; Fil shortly connate above the common tube; Ov ±5 × 3 mm, whitish-yellow; Fr 15–20 mm.

Similar to D. brevifolia and D. distachya. Plants are periodically flooded in their native habitat.

D. subinermis Mez (in Martius, Fl. Bras. 3(3): 487, 1894). Type: Argentina, Misiones (Niederlein 1205 [B, F [photo]]). — Distr: N Argentina (Misiones); ecology not described.

[3a] Ros acaulescent, densely leaved; L to 20 × 7 cm (inner ones) or wider, sheath broad, dark brown, glabrous, L lamina linear, attenuate, subdensely closely appressedly pale-lepidote abaxially, entire or very laxly serrate, Sp few, 0.5 mm; Inf 50 cm, simple; peduncle rather stout, puberulous towards the apex; peduncular Bra long-acuminate from a broadly ovate base, to 2 cm, shorter than the internodes, entire; fertile Inf part lax, puberulous-lepidote; floral Bra reflexed, ovate, acuminate, 7 mm, much shorter than the sepals, entire; Fl erect, 18 mm, glabrous; Ped 4 mm, stout, angled, articulate; Sep ovate, 9.5 mm, rounded and mucronate; Pet suberect, suborbicular, 17 mm, rounded at the apex, undulate, carinate, yellow when dry; St included; Fil free above the common tube; Anth narrowly triangular, strongly recurved; Sty none and Sti sessile, strongly spirally contorted; Fr subellipsoid-trigonous, ±15 × 6 mm, glossy brown, acute; Se 2 × 3 mm, basally somewhat acute, apically broadly rounded, with hyaline wing.

D. sulcata Guarçoni (Phytotaxa 188(3): 170–172, ills., 2014). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Guarçoni & Paixão 1663 [VIC]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais: Serro); in sand on quartzitic rock outcrops, 1000 m; only known from the type locality.

[3a] Ros 20–43 cm ∅; L 10–27, asymmetrically spreading-arcuate to erect, sheath suborbicular, 1.5–4.3 × 2.3–6.7 cm, white to cream, upper ${1}\left/ {3}\right.$ of the abaxial face white-lepidote and inconspicuously aculeate, L lamina very narrowly triangular, 9.9–17.8 × 0.9–1.4 cm, flat to shallowly canaliculate, very succulent and rigid, green, or basally rarely wine-red on the upper face, upper face sparsely white-lepidote in the lower ½, lower face strongly ribbed and densely white-lepidote at the base esp. between the ribs, apex acute and pungent, margins spinose except the apical ${1}\left/ {3}\right.$, Sp patent to slightly retrorse, dark brown, 0.7–1.4 mm, 10–20 (–26) mm apart; Inf (24–) 38–62 (–71) cm, simple, erect; peduncle 16–48 cm, green to brown, white-lepidote; peduncular Bra shorter than the internodes, lower 8–60 × 1–9 mm, upper 6–14 × 4–8.6 mm, ovate, long-acuminate, spine-tipped, carinate, abaxially white-tomentose; fertile Inf part laxly 5- to 18-flowered, rachis orange, white- to cinereously tomentose becoming glabrous; floral Bra reaching to the middle of the sepals, ovate-triangular and long-acuminate, spine-tipped, 3.8–7.8 × 2.8–5.9 mm, orange to stramineous with green base, white-tomentose, fimbriate; Fl 14–19 mm, slightly reflexed or rarely patent, ± tubular with flaring mouth; Ped 2.4–6.4 mm, stout, orange, white-tomentose; Sep triangular to ovate, 5.9–8.9 × 4.4–6.9 mm, orange, fleshy, obtuse to acute, white-lepidote, fimbriate; Pet obovate to somewhat obtrullate, 9.7–13.1 × 6.7–10.6 mm, orange, obtuse to slightly emarginate, crenulate; St included; Fil yellow, to 9.5 mm, free above the 1.6–3.3 mm long common tube; Anth elliptic; Ov oblong, orange, 5.3–10.3 mm; Sty orange, 0.9–2.1 mm; Sti conduplicate-spiral, 0.6–0.7 mm, yellow; Fr ovoid, dark brown, 11.4–13.7 × 9.2–10.3 mm; Se not described.

Part of the D. saxatilis complex, and compared with D. saxatilis and D. brachyphylla (both with symmetrical rosettes and leaves without spines in the apical ${1}\left/ {3}\right.$). — [U. Eggli]

D. tenebrosa Leme & H. Luther (Selbyana 19(2): 183–184, fig. 1, 1998). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Leme & al. 2895 [HB, SEL]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais); rocky fields, terrestrial, 1000–1300 m.

[3a] Ros not described; L ±14 × ±1.5 cm, rigid, thick, sheath not described, L lamina spreading-recurved, very narrowly triangular, attenuate towards the involute-subulate apex, acuminate-caudate, green to reddish, adaxially glabrous, abaxially densely white-lepidote and veined, margins laxly spinose, Sp retrorse, uncinate, 1.5–2 mm; Inf 30–40 cm, simple, erect; peduncle 20–30 cm, yellowish-green, subdensely white-floccose; peduncular Bra linear-triangular from a broadly ovate base, long-acuminate, erect, distinctly carinate, 10–20 × 7 mm, green at the base, reddish at the apex, veined, white-floccose to glabrescent, remotely denticulate-crenulate, apical ones like the floral bracts; fertile Inf part 4- to 9-flowered, lax, ±9 cm, slender, flexuous, completely white-sublanate at anthesis except the petals; floral Bra broadly ovate-triangular, subcarinate, acuminate-caudate (lowest) to shortly acuminate (upper), 6–10 × 5–8 mm, veined, entire but upper ones remotely denticulate near the apex; Fl suberect to spreading at anthesis, ±16 mm; Ped 2–3 mm, stout; Sep ovate, 7–8 × 5 mm, apex narrowly obtuse, ecarinate, fimbriate, reddish-green, entire; Pet broadly spatulate, ±12 × 9 mm, narrowly obtuse, base very narrow, ecarinate, subspreading at anthesis, reddish-brown to wine-red with orange base, glabrous; St included; Fil free above the 2 mm high common tube, ±6 mm, pale orange; Anth very narrowly triangular, ±2.5 mm, strongly recurved, base sagittate, acuminate; Ov narrowly subpyramidal, ±5 mm, green; Sty 2–4 mm, yellow, Sti elliptic, ±1 mm, wine-red; Fr and Se not described.

Similar to D. machrisiana and compared with D. oligantha as well as D. hilaireana (here both treated as synonyms of D. saxatilis).

D. tenuis Mez (in Martius, Fl. Bras. 3(3): 484, 1894). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Gardner 3479 [BM, K]). — Distr: Brazil (Goiás, Mato Grosso); ecology not recorded.

Incl. Dyckia morreniana Mez (1894); incl. Dyckia kuntzeana Mez (1896).

[2/3a] Ros not described; L 20–40 × 1.5–1.7 cm, sheath small, L lamina narrowly triangular, attenuate, with pungent tip, appressedly pale-lepidote abaxially, margins laxly serrate, Sp slender, spreading to spreading-reflexed, 1.5–2 mm; Inf 40–50 cm, simple or racemose; peduncle slender, minutely furfuraceous or soon glabrous; lower peduncular Bra subfoliaceous, upper ones ± as long as the internodes and entire or sparsely serrulate; fertile Inf part few-flowered, lax, minutely furfuraceous; floral Bra divergent to spreading, (broadly) ovate with narrowly triangular tips, usually ± equalling the flowers (lower), entire; Fl erect or suberect, 10–12 mm; Ped to 3 mm, stout; Sep ovate-elliptic, 6–7 mm, acute or obtuse, glabrous or subglabrous; Pet lamina suberect, broadly acute or obtuse, reddish; St exserted; Fil free above the common tube; Anth recurved; Sty very short or none.

Described on the base of incomplete material, and insufficiently known.

D. tobatiensis Hassler (Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 20: 309, 1919). Type: Paraguay, Cordillera (Hassler 2099 [G, F [photo]]). — Distr: C Paraguay (Cordillera); denuded hill slopes.

[1] Ros not described; L 40–50 × 3 cm, thickly fleshy-coriaceous, sheath not described, L lamina narrowly triangular, both faces shortly brownish-furfuraceous-lepidote, margins strongly serrate, Sp antrorsely curved, strong, 6–8 mm, wholly lepidote; Inf to 95 cm, paniculately branched; peduncle 50–80 cm, glabrous; peduncular Bra much shorter than the internodes; fertile Inf part glabrous, Br 4–5, laxly flowered, divergent, 15 cm; primary Bra ovate, mucronulate, 10 mm; floral Bra subreflexed, triangular-ovate, apiculate, to 5 mm, ± equalling or shorter than the pedicels; Fl ±17 mm; Ped 4–5 mm; Sep ovate, 6.5 mm, evenly rounded at the apex; Pet subrhomboid-ovate, 17 × 8 mm, obscurely carinate, golden-yellow; St equalling or slightly exceeding the petals; Fil free above the common tube; Anth narrowly elliptic, 3.5 × 1.5 mm, acute, barely recurved; Ov pyramidal, 10 mm; Sty exserted; Sti globose, contorted.

D. tomentella Mez (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 16: 69, 1919). Type: Paraguay (Fiebrig 4046 [B, GH]). — Distr: N Paraguay (Presidente Hayes?, Amambay?); ecology not recorded.

[3a] Ros and L not described; Inf >80 cm, simple; peduncle erect, very slender, 60 cm; peduncular Bra acuminate from a very broadly ovate base, much shorter than the internodes, prominently striate, entire; fertile Inf part rather few-flowered, sublax, straight, 20 cm, appressedly cinereous-lepidote; floral Bra subspreading, very broadly ovate, 7 mm, apiculate, not much shorter than the sepals, entire; Fl suberect to erect, subsessile; Sep very broadly elliptic, 6 mm, rounded and emarginate at the apex; Pet erect, claws very short, lamina very broadly trapeziform-orbicular, to 10 mm, very broadly rounded and slightly emarginate, ecarinate, golden-yellow, with minutely undulate margins; St 2 mm longer than the petals; Fil broad, free above the common tube; Sty very short.

The original description is based on very incomplete material. Tropicos (accessed Dec. 2016) lists two recent collections from Paraguay, whose collection notes report caespitose rosettes and yellow flowers.

D. trichostachya Baker (Handb. Bromel., 133, 1889). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Sellow Brom. Paris 59 [P, GH [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais); rocky fields, terrestrial or on rocks. I: Smith & Downs (1974, 523).

Incl. Dyckia micracantha Baker (1889).

[2] Ros not described; L 50 × >2 cm, sheath not described, L lamina narrowly triangular, densely lepidote esp. abaxially, margins laxly serrate, Sp 1.5 mm; Inf to 1.3 m, few-branched at the base or pseudo-simple with branch buds in the axils of the lower bracts; peduncle stout, 100 cm, soon glabrous; peduncular Bra broadly ovate with narrowly triangular acuminate lamina, exceeding the internodes, serrulate; fertile Inf part 30 cm, sparsely ferrugineous-tomentose; primary Bra much shorter than the branches; floral Bra broadly ovate, acute, lower ones equalling or exceeding the flowers and serrulate; Fl suberect to spreading, 12–13 mm; Ped short, stout; Sep broadly elliptic, 7–12 mm, obtuse, ± glabrous; Pet erect, suborbicular, ecarinate, colour not described; St included; Fil free above the common tube; Anth linear, slightly recurved; Sty very short. — [F. Krapp]

D. tuberosa (Vellozo) Beer (Fam. Bromel., 157, 1857). Type: Brazil (Vellozo s.n. [[icono]: Vellozo, Fl. Flumin. Icon. 3: t. 136, 1835]). — Lit: Vosgueritchian & Buzato (2006: ecology, with ills.). Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná, São Paulo, Santa Catarina); dry fields and open scrub, Cerrado vegetation, 800–1300 m. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 565); Reitz (1983: t. 52).

≡ Tillandsia tuberosa Vellozo (1829); incl. Dyckia coccinea Mez (1894).

[3a] Ros many-leaved, with bulbous base, acaulescent, slowly caespitose; L 15–50 × ±1 cm, erect to spreading, sheath broadly ovate or suborbicular, large, persistent and forming a bulb, L lamina straight to ± curved, narrowly triangular, abruptly acute and pungent, usually involute, glabrous adaxially, appressedly pale-lepidote abaxially, laxly and evenly serrate, Sp curved, dark; Inf 35–100 cm, simple; peduncle slender, lepidote or glabrescent; peduncular Bra erect, broadly ovate with narrowly triangular thick lamina, much shorter than the internodes (upper), serrulate; fertile Inf part lax, few- to many-flowered, ± glabrous; floral Bra spreading or reflexed, lancolate-triangular, acuminate, usually shorter than the sepals, serrulate; Fl spreading to slightly downwards-pointing at anthesis, broadly tubular, erect in fruit; Ped 2–3 mm; Sep ovate, 5–7 mm, acute or obtuse, strongly convex; Pet claw broad, lamina suberect, broadly obovate, 9–14 mm, carinate-complicate, reddish or orange; St included; Fil free above the common tube; Anth narrow, recurved; Ov ±5 mm, narrowly pyramidal; Sty ±1 mm; Sti contorted.

Vosgueritchian & Buzato (2006) found 3 species of hummingbirds as pollinators of the flowers. The inflorescences are also visited by several species of ants. Only ±55% of the plants of the study population in São Paulo State flowered, and asexual reproduction appears to be important.

D. tubifilamentosa Wanderley & G. Sousa (Hoehnea 41(2): 315–319, figs. 1–2, 2014). Type: Brazil, Piauí (Wanderley & al. 2630 [SP, TEPB]). — Distr: Brazil (Piauí); rocky soil or rock outcrops in Caatinga and transitions to Cerrado vegetation.

[3b] Ros in small clumps or solitary; L distichous or secund, 13–17 cm, sheath broad, oval, 2–2.5 × 3–4 cm, fleshy, whitish to greenish, entire, L lamina straight to curved, narrowly triangular with mucronate tip, green or brownish to vinaceous, cinereous-lepidote, strongly spinose, Sp 1–2 mm, brown and brittle, erect to retrorse; Inf 22–58 cm, simple; peduncle 10–50 cm, green to vinaceous, glabrous; lowest peduncular Bra subfoliaceous, creamy-green, entire, the remaining peduncular Bra 20 × 8–20 mm, shorter than the internodes, ovate to filiform, apex attenuate, reddish-brown, entire; fertile Inf part lax, 2- to 10-flowered, secund or rarely distichous, slender, slightly geniculate; floral Bra ovate, apex caudate, 3–5 mm, green to reddish-brown, entire; Fl sessile to subsessile, 28–32 mm; Sep ovate, 8–11 mm, apiculate, green with translucent dots and dark reddish wrinkles at the base, entire; Pet oblong-lanceolate, 17–20 mm, acute, slightly cucullate, green or with dark reddish wrinkles at the apex, entire; St exserted, 20–28 mm; Fil entirely connate above the common tube, white becoming vinaceous to purplish; Anth sagittiform, connivent, divergent after anthesis, 5–6 mm, creamy-yellow; Ov ±10 mm; Sty ±11 mm; Sti spirally-conduplicate; Fr 14 × 9 mm, brown; Se (round-) ovoid to falciform, 4.2 × 2.5 mm, light to dark brown, with corky wings.

Unique in the genus by having small green petals, and a long-exserted white staminal tube that becomes wine-red to purplish after anthesis. The spirally-conduplicate stigma lobes, as well as petal colour, are reminiscent of species of Encholirium.

D. tweediei Mez (in Martius, Fl. Bras. 3(3): 485, 1894). Type: Argentina, Santiago del Estero (Tweedie s.n. [K]). — Distr: N Argentina (Santiago del Estero, Salta); terrestrial or on rocks.

[3a] Ros acaulescent; L 50 × ±1.5 cm or longer, sheath broad, thick, dark brown, L lamina narrowly triangular, rigid, canaliculate, densely pale-lepidote abaxially, margins subdensely serrate, Sp slender, 2 mm; Inf 1 m or more, simple; peduncle slender, subglabrous; peduncular Bra very broadly ovate, abruptly acute, much shorter than the internodes, entire; fertile Inf part rather lax, subsecund, tomentellous-lepidote; floral Bra subspreading, broadly ovate, to 6 mm, abruptly acute or subrounded, shorter than the sepals; Fl ascending or the uppermost erect, 19 mm, subsessile; Sep elliptic-ovate, to 8 mm, incised-emarginate, lepidote-tomentellous; Pet erect, broadly obovate, 15–16 mm, rounded, ecarinate, ± undulate, yellow; St exserted; Fil free above the common tube; Anth triangular, acute, slightly recurved; Ov narrowly bottle-shaped, with six longitudinal furrows; Sty thick, ½ as long as the ovary; Sti with 3 free spreading lobes; Fr not described.

D. uleana Mez (in A. & C. de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 9: 517, 1896). Type: Brazil, Goiás (Ule 3134 [Herb. Taubert †?, B]). — Distr: Brazil (Goiás); ecology not recorded.

[3b] Ros not described; L ±50 × 3.5 cm, lamina narrowly triangular, with pungent tip, densely pale-lepidote abaxially, margins densely finely serrate, Sp to 2 mm; Inf ±1 m, simple; peduncle stout, furfuraceous-lepidote; peduncular Bra broadly ovate, acuminate, with pungent tip, much shorter than the internodes, entire; fertile Inf part subdense but interrupted at the base, densely ferrugineous-lepidote; floral Bra spreading or reflexed, ovate, acuminate to acute, to 10 mm, equalling or shorter than the sepals; Fl somewhat erect to divergent, to 13 mm, subsessile; Sep broadly ovate-elliptic, 7 mm, obtuse, abaxially densely tomentose; Pet suberect, rhomboid, subobtuse, carinate, colour not described; St included; Fil high-connate above the common tube; Anth linear, subacute, recurved; Sty very short; Fr not described.

Compared with D. edwardii in the protologue of the latter, and description completed from the tabular comparison.

D. ursina L. B. Smith (Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo 2(1): 109, t. 111, 1943). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Foster 636 [GH]). — Lit: Büneker & al. (2016: with ills.). Distr: Brazil (Minas Gerais: Serra do Cipó); dry open rocky ground, 1100–1400 m; only known from a single population. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 517).

[2/3a] Ros usually solitary; L usually arching and secund, to 60 × 3–3.5 cm, sheath suborbicular, glabrous towards the base, laxly serrulate, L lamina very narrowly triangular, margins very laxly serrate, Sp slender, curved, 3 mm, lepidote basally, glabrous elsewhere; Inf >1 m, simple or few-branched; peduncle stout, brown-lanate; peduncular Bra erect, subfoliaceous (lower) to narrowly triangular (upper), longer or shorter than the internodes; fertile Inf part sublaxly flowered, very densely dark brown-lanate throughout; floral Bra broadly ovate, 8–20 mm, short-acuminate, the lower ± equalling the sepals, entire; Fl spreading, (sub-) sessile; Sep elliptic, to 15 mm, acute, margins wholly obscured by the brown-lanate indumentum; Pet narrowly elliptic and without a distinct claw, only slightly exceeding the sepals, orange, lanate abaxially; St included; Fil free above the short common tube; Sty simple, very short.

The inflorscences are conspicuously densely brown-lanate and typical for the D. sordida complex (Büneker & al. 2016).

D. velascana Mez (in Martius, Fl. Bras. 3(3): 476, 1894). Type:Argentina, La Rioja (Hieronymus & Niederlein 66 [B, CORD]). — Distr: N to N-C Argentina (Catamarca, Córdoba, La Rioja, San Luis, San Juan, Tucumán, Jujuy, Salta); rocky slopes, 750–3000 m. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 544); Subils (2009: 348).

[1] Ros offsetting, forming dense colonies; L 23–50 × 4 cm, spreading, sheath suborbicular, 5 cm, pale, L lamina narrowly triangular, appressedly pale-lepidote abaxially, margins spinose, Sp antrorsely uncinate, 4 mm; Inf to 1 m, paniculate, lax; peduncle 60–70 cm, erect, lepidote; peduncular Bra erect, broadly ovate, lowest narrowly triangular and serrulate, apical ones apiculate, much shorter than the internodes; Inf branches very densely flowered, short; primary Bra cinereous-lepidote-pubescent, shorter than the sterile branch base; floral Bra reflexed, acuminate from a broadly ovate base, to 5 mm, puberulous; Fl subsessile, spreading, to 14 mm; Sep ovate, to 8 mm, rounded and mucronulate, glabrous and lustrous with a ferrugineous-puberulous base; Pet erect, subreniform, 10–12 mm, broadly rounded and minutely emarginate, not undulate, ecarinate, sulphur-yellow; St exserted; Fil free above the common tube; Anth sublinear, acute; Ov ±6 mm, oblong and narrowly pyramidal; Sty 0.5 mm; Se ±2.5 mm, with a circular wing.

No other species of the genus reaches similarly high altitudes.

D. velloziifolia Mez (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 16: 70, 1919). Type: Paraguay, Caaguazú (Hassler 9576 [B]). — Distr: SE Paraguay (Caaguazú); campos.

[3a] Only known from fragmentary material; Ros dense; L to 12 × 0.4 cm, lamina first erect, then irregularly curved-spreading, subulate to acicular, glabrous, entire or older ones with a few minute Sp basally; Inf to 50 cm, simple (?); peduncle stout, length not described but much exceeding the leaves, glabrous; peduncular Bra very broadly ovate, acuminate, all short-laminate, much shorter than the internodes; fertile Inf part very lax at least at the base, stout, glabrous; floral Bra like the peduncular bracts but with shorter lamina, suberect to erect, to 12 mm, exceeding the flowers, violet-tinged when dry; Fl erect, to 11 mm; Ped short; Sep very broadly elliptic, 6 mm, rounded and with a few teeth at the apex, submembranous; Pet erect, broadly rounded and slightly emarginate, ecarinate, lemon-yellow; St much shorter than the petals; Fil free above the very short common tube, very broad and almost foliaceous; Sty very stout.

D. vestita Hassler (Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 20: 315, 1919). Type: Paraguay, Concepción (Fiebrig 5311 [G, F [photo]]). — Distr: Paraguay (Concepción); campos.

[1/2?] Only known from fragments; Ros and L unknown; Inf with 7 branches, >60 cm, Br erect or suberect, sublaxly flowered, to 30 cm, fulvous-tomentose; primary Bra ovate, acuminate, fulvous-tomentose; floral Bra ovate, acuminate, to 11 mm, equalling the sepals, fulvous-tomentose; Fl erect to spreading, to 20 mm, subsessile; Sep oblong-ovate, 11 mm, rounded at the apex, tomentose; Pet ovate, 18 mm, subacute, erect, ± carinate, pale yellow; St equalling the petals; Fil 3.5 mm (to completely?, Pinangé & al. (2017: fig. 3)) connate above the common tube; Anth linear, acute, sagittate at the base, strongly recurved; Ov pyramidal, 13 mm; Sty none. — [F. Krapp]

D. vicentensis Strehl (Bromeliaceae 42(5): 13–15, figs. 10–13, 2009). Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Strehl 1375 [HAS]). — Distr: Brazil (C-W Rio Grande do Sul: São Vicente do Sul); on rocks.

[2/3] Ros acaulescent, 30- to 40-leaved, 20–25 cm ∅; L 8–12 × 1–1.3 cm, recurved to spreading, tough, sheath broad, 1 × 4 cm, white, bright, glabrous, L lamina green, sometimes reddish basally, with pungent tip, glabrous and shiny adaxially, cinereous-lepidote abaxially, sometimes densely white-lepidote basally, marginal Sp slightly hooked, predominantly retrorse, 2 mm, with brown tip and green base, ±5 mm apart; Inf 70–100 cm, simple or rarely branched; peduncle erect, green to reddish, white-lepidote and lanate; peduncular Bra long-triangular, asymmetrical, few, concentrated at the base of the stem; primary Bra narrowly linear to subtriangular from an ovate base, lower ones longer than the internodes, veined, slightly serrate, upper ones shorter and ± inflated and scale-like; floral Bra spreading, ovate, acute, never pungent, curved, carinate, longer than the sepals, 10–15 mm, slightly reddish, chaffy-lepidote, entire; Fl spreading at anthesis, later erect, 18–20 mm, tubular; Ped 3–5 mm; Sep oval, 8–10 mm, narrowly marginate, base inflated, ecarinate, appressed to the petals, acute, obtuse to apiculate, orange-reddish; Pet free, lamina broad, 18–20 mm, ecarinate, apex roundish, yellow to reddish; St included; Fil erect, 13 mm, orange-yellow, “joined at the base” according to the protologue but degree of connation with the common tube not described; Anth 4 mm, linear, yellow; Ov ±5 mm; Sty ±5 mm; Sti 7 mm.

D. virgata Mez (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 16: 68, 1919). Type: Paraguay, Presidente Hayes (Rojas 46 [B]). — Distr: C Paraguay (Presidente Hayes); ecology not recorded. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 542).

[3b] Only known from fragments; Ros unknown; L 120 × 2.5 cm, coriaceous, lamina attenuate to a slenderly subulate apex, subglabrous, margins densely serrate basally, laxly serrate elsewhere, Sp acicular, 1.5 mm; Inf >30 cm, simple (?), slenderly virgate, very laxly many-flowered, slender, all parts including bracts, pedicels and sepals brownish-tomentellous, glabrescent; floral Bra reflexed, ovate, broadly acute, strongly convex, 4 mm, much shorter than the sepals, entire; Fl suberect to subspreading, slender, orange when dry, subsessile; Sep broadly elliptic, ±5 mm, rounded and emarginate; Pet erect, 13 mm, broadly subacute, ecarinate; St exserted; Fil high-connate above the common tube; Sty short. — [F. Krapp]

D. waechteri Strehl (Bromeliaceae 42(5): 15–17, figs. 14–19, 2009). Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Strehl 1086 [HAS]). — Distr: Brazil (C-W Rio Grande do Sul: São Francisco de Assis); on rocks.

[1?] Ros with ±40 living leaves, to 40 cm ∅, acaulescent; L 33–38 × 2–2.3 cm, flexuous, long and acute, sheath 3–3.2 × 2.5–2.7 cm, white, white-lepidote, serrate, L lamina arching, with slightly pungent tip, light green, glabrous adaxially, white-lepidote abaxially, Sp antrorse, 3–4 mm, light green with castaneous tip, 10–15 mm apart; Inf 1.6–1.7 m, compound or rarely simple; peduncle elliptical in cross section, furfuraceous to glabrous, brittle, 1.5–1.6 m, green, covered with white powder; peduncular Bra amplexicaul, narrowing abruptly, long-acuminate from a wide base, membranous, green at the base, serrate, drying from the tip; fertile Inf part lax, reddish-white; Br 3–6, at acute angles, 30–70 cm; floral Bra triangular, acute, mucronate, 8–10 × 5–8 mm, base green, apical ½ becoming brown, drying quickly, slightly lepidote; Fl erect to subspreading, 20 mm, sessile; Sep obovate and roundish, 8–11 × 8–11 mm, mucronate, sometimes crenate at the apex, carinate, free in the upper ½, green, turning yellow basally and orange or rose towards the apex, thick-textured; Pet obovate-rounded, 16–18 × 5–8 mm, erect and quite recurved, thick-textured, orange-rose; St becoming visible in the throat; Fil free above the common tube, yellowish; Anth orange; Ov 6–7 mm; Sty 6 mm, orange; Fr 18–20 × 12–15 mm, dark brown, shiny; Se discoid, 3 × 5 mm, 1 mm thick, with a lateral wing. — [F. Krapp]

D. walteriana Leme (Phytotaxa 67: 33–35, ills., 2012). Type: Brazil, Paraná (Kranz 13 [RB, HB]). — Distr: Brazil (Paraná); on almost horizontal granitic rock outcrops; known from a single population only.

[1] Ros dense, ±50-leaved, propagating by basal shoots; L 75–90 × 3–3.4 cm, ±5 mm thick, stiffly succulent, sheath inconspicuous, L lamina narrowly triangular, attenuate and slightly canaliculate towards the pungent apex, suberect-arcuate, acuminate, green, abaxially finely veined, densely white-lepidote, margins laxly spinose, Sp narrowly triangular, predominantly antrorse-uncinate, 3–10 mm, densely white-lepidote, with castaneous tip, 15–25 mm apart; Inf ±2.1 m, broadly 2× branched; peduncle erect, ±80 cm, greenish-purple, subdensely to sparsely pale castaneous-lanate and densely coverd with white wax; peduncular Bra narrowly triangular, acuminate and spinescent, stramineous, canaliculate towards the apex, 60–110 × 20–25 mm, subdensely white-lepidote, veined, densely spinulose; fertile Inf part dense, ±120 cm, rachis straight to slightly flexuous, greenish-purple, subdensely pale castaneous-lanate to glabrous and densely covered with white wax; Br ±12, laxly arranged, densely 100- to 140-flowered, 40–60 cm, with a 4–8 cm long sterile base, straight, greenish to greenish-purple, densely castaneous-lanate, soon glabrous and densely covered with white wax, terminal part of the main axis not distinct from the branches; primary Bra like the upper peduncular bracts, subspreading, 30–50 × 10–20 mm; floral Bra triangular-ovate to broadly triangular, acute, shorter than the sepals, 3–5 × 3–4 mm, stramineous, densely castaneous-lanate, veined; Fl subverticillate, ± spreading, 16–17 mm, broadly campanulate, unscented; Ped ±1 mm, green, densely castaneous-lanate; Sep orbicular, 3.5–5 × 4–5 mm, obtuse-emarginate, ecarinate, strongly convex, greenish, obscurely castaneous-lanate, entire; Pet elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 12 × 6–7 mm, obtuse-emarginate, ecarinate, yellow, glabrous; St exserted at anthesis; Fil free above the 1–2 mm high common tube, 11–12 mm, yellow; Anth suboblong, ±3 mm, slightly recurved at anthesis, base bilobed, acute; Ov narrowly ovoid, ±6–7 × 3 mm, yellow; Sty 5–7 mm, yellow, Sti ±1 mm, yellow, margins crenulate; Fr subglobose, acute, 14 × 10 mm, dark castaneous, glossy; Se subtriangular, strongly complanate, ±3 × 2 mm.

Compared with D. agudensis and D. selloa in the protologue.

D. warmingii Mez (in Martius, Fl. Bras. 3(3): 481, 1894). Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais (Warming s.n. [C, F [photo]]). — Distr: Brazil (C Minas Gerais: Lagoa Santa); savanna, terrestrial.

[3b] Only known from fragments; Ros and L unknown; Inf probably >50 cm, simple; peduncular Bra remote, broadly ovate, acuminate, entire; fertile Inf part lax, finely and fugaciously whitish-furfuraceous; floral Bra spreading or reflexed, like the peduncular bracts, nearly equalling the sepals (lower); Fl spreading or reflexed at anthesis, to 15 mm; Ped 2–3 mm, stout, articulate; Sep broadly ovate, 6–8 mm, acute, ± straight; Pet suberect, broadly obovate, obtuse, undulate, ± orange; St included; Fil high-connate above the common tube; Anth triangular, acute, recurved towards the apex; Sty short. — [F. Krapp]

D. weddelliana Baker (Handb. Bromel., 132, 1889). Type: Brazil, sine loco (Weddell 2584 [P, GH [photo]]). — Distr: C Brazil (Minas Gerais?, Goias?); savanna, terrestrial. I: Smith & Downs (1974: 542).

[2] Ros not described; L 30–40 × 2–3 cm, sheath suborbicular, 4 cm, brown, glabrous, L lamina narrowly triangular, attenuate, minutely lepidote abaxially, margins laxly serrate, Sp straight, slender, 2 mm; Inf 1.2–1.5 m, simple or few-branched; peduncle stout, soon glabrous; peduncular Bra erect, the upper remote, broadly ovate, acute, entire; fertile Inf part elongate, subdensely many-flowered, ferrugineous-furfuraceous; floral Bra ovate with triangular apices, reflexed, ±9 mm; Fl suberect to spreading, 11 mm; Ped 3 mm, stout; Sep elliptic, 6 mm, obtuse; Pet erect or suberect, obovate, broadly rounded, ± carinate, colour not described; St included; Fil high-connate above the common tube; Anth linear, acute, strongly recurved; Sty ½ as long as the ovary.

Described on the base of material without origin other than “Central Brazil”, and insufficiently known. — [F. Krapp]