CA2346442C - Fault tolerant architecture for a personal vehicle - Google Patents
Fault tolerant architecture for a personal vehicle Download PDFInfo
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- CA2346442C CA2346442C CA002346442A CA2346442A CA2346442C CA 2346442 C CA2346442 C CA 2346442C CA 002346442 A CA002346442 A CA 002346442A CA 2346442 A CA2346442 A CA 2346442A CA 2346442 C CA2346442 C CA 2346442C
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- vehicle
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- processor
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61G—TRANSPORT, PERSONAL CONVEYANCES, OR ACCOMMODATION SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PATIENTS OR DISABLED PERSONS; OPERATING TABLES OR CHAIRS; CHAIRS FOR DENTISTRY; FUNERAL DEVICES
- A61G5/00—Chairs or personal conveyances specially adapted for patients or disabled persons, e.g. wheelchairs
- A61G5/06—Chairs or personal conveyances specially adapted for patients or disabled persons, e.g. wheelchairs with obstacle mounting facilities, e.g. for climbing stairs, kerbs or steps
- A61G5/061—Chairs or personal conveyances specially adapted for patients or disabled persons, e.g. wheelchairs with obstacle mounting facilities, e.g. for climbing stairs, kerbs or steps for climbing stairs
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
- B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
- B60L50/51—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells characterised by AC-motors
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
- B62D57/00—Vehicles characterised by having other propulsion or other ground- engaging means than wheels or endless track, alone or in addition to wheels or endless track
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
- B62D61/00—Motor vehicles or trailers, characterised by the arrangement or number of wheels, not otherwise provided for, e.g. four wheels in diamond pattern
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62K—CYCLES; CYCLE FRAMES; CYCLE STEERING DEVICES; RIDER-OPERATED TERMINAL CONTROLS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CYCLES; CYCLE AXLE SUSPENSIONS; CYCLE SIDE-CARS, FORECARS, OR THE LIKE
- B62K11/00—Motorcycles, engine-assisted cycles or motor scooters with one or two wheels
- B62K11/007—Automatic balancing machines with single main ground engaging wheel or coaxial wheels supporting a rider
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/72—Electric energy management in electromobility
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S180/00—Motor vehicles
- Y10S180/907—Motorized wheelchairs
Abstract
A motorized vehicle capable of fault detection and of operation after a faul t has been detected. The vehicle has a plurality of control components coupled to a motorized drive and a comparator for comparing the output of each of the control components with outputs of other control components so that failures may be identified. The vehicle may have multiple processors coupled to a plurality of control channels by means of a bus and a decision arrangement that suppresses the output of any processor for which a failure has been identified.
Description
, ~ -Fault Tolerant Architecture for a Personal Vehicle Technical Field The present invention pertains to system architecture for a powered vehicle.
and more particularly to redundant features of system architecture.
Backeround of the Invention Personal vehicles, such as those used by handicapped persons, for oine example, may be self-propelled and user-guidable, and, further, may entail stabilization in one or more of the fore-aft or left-right planes, such as when no more than two wheels are in ground contact at a time. More particularly, such a vehicle is depicted in FI( ;. I where it is designated generally by numeral 10. Vehicle 10 for transporting subject 12 or other payload, may include one or more wheels 16 or clusters 14 of wheels 16, wi.th each wheels and/or clusters being motor-driven, in coordination or independently.
Such vehicles are among those described in U.S. patent no. 5,701,965 and in U.S.
patent No. 5,971,091.
Vehicles of this sort may be more efficiently and safely operated when they employ system architectural features supplementary to those described in the prior art.
Summary of the Invention In accordance with a prefetred embodiment of the present invention. there is provided a vehicle for locomotion over land capable of failure detection. The vehicle has a support structure for supporting a load, a ground-contacting module for providing locomotion capability to the support structure, and a motorized drive arrange.ment form permitting controllable motion of the ground contacting element. Additionally, the vehicle has a plurality of control components, each control component having an output, and a comparator for comparing the output of a first control component with the output of another of the control components for identifying a failure of either the first or the other control components. The control components may include a sensor for sensing at least one of a position and an orientation of the vehicle, a plurality of redunciant control channels, each control channel capable of independently controlling the motorized drive arrangement, or a plurality of processors coupled to each of the redundant control 1=
channels by means of a system bus. Each processor has an output and each processor is capable of receiving input commands from a user, a signal from the sensor, and the output of each of the other processors.
In accordance =ith alternate embodiments of the invention, the control components may be chosen from among a pluralitv of sensors for sensing position or orientation of the vehicle and a plurality of control channels, each control channel capable of independently controlling the motorized drive. The control components may also include a plurality of processors coupled to the control channels by means of a system bus, and the system bus may couple the plurality of processors and at least one of the set of the user input, a battery capacity indicator, a temperature indicator, a seat height controller, and a crash protection controller. The output of any of the control components may be provided at a rate exceeding a mechanical response rate of the motorized drive. Each processor may be capable of receiving input commands from a user, a signal from the sensor, and the output of each of the other processors, and the comparator may compare the outputs of the processors for identifying a failure of any of the processors, it may also include a disconnect circuit for removing a defective processor from the system bus, and it may suppress the output of any processor for which a failure has been identified in such a manner as to allow continued operation of the vehicle using all other processors..
In accordance with yet further embodiments of the invention, there is provided a vehicle having a support structure for supportine a load and a ground-contacting element for providing locomotion capability to the support structure, the ground contacting element movable about an axle with respect to a local axis, and a motorized drive for permitting controllable motion of the ground contacting element about the axle and for permitting motion of the axle such that the local axis is moved with respect to the support structure. A sensor is provided for sensing at least one of a position and an orientation of the vehicle, as are a plurality of control channels, each control channel capable of independently controlling the motorized drive. The vehicle has a plurality of processors coupled to the control channels by means of a system bus, each processor having an output, each processor capable of receiving input commands from a user, a signal from the sensor, and the output of each of the other processors, and a comparator for intercomparing the output of the processors for identifying a failure of any of the processors. The vehicle mav have a motorized drive having a plurality of redundant windings.
In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, there is provided a fail-safe joystick. The joystick has a centering mechanism that restores the joystick to a center position when released by a user and a sensor for detecting the joystick in the center position.
Brief Description of the Drawings The invention will be more readily understood by reference to the following description, taken with the accompanying drawinas. in which:
FIG.1 is a side view of a prior art personal;
FIG.2 is a block diagram of the control architecture for controlling a personal vehicle in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG.3 is a perspective view of a fail-safe joystick, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and FIG.4 is a side view of an example of a vehicle system having the control architecture of FIG.2.
Detailed Description of Specific Embodiments Referring to FIG. 4, the fundamental parts of vehicle 10 may be considered, without limitation. to include a support 18 for supporting subject 12, a ground-contacting module 20 for transporting support 18. one or more actuator mechanisms (not shown) for driving wheels 16 and/or clusters 14, and one or more controllers for governing the actuator mechanisms in accordance with desired parameters input by a user and the physical position, and configuration of vehicle 10 as well as the measured time rates of change of the position and configuration of the vehicle. The physical position and/or configuration of the vehicle are monitored, on a continuous or periodic basis, by a set of sensors (not shown), the outputs of which are used by the one or more controllers. As an example, sensors providing displacement and tilt information allow the controller to calculate the torque to be applied to the wheels or clusters of a vehicle, in accordance with specified control laws and as described in U.S. patent no. 5,701,965 and U.S. patent No. 5,971,091.
and more particularly to redundant features of system architecture.
Backeround of the Invention Personal vehicles, such as those used by handicapped persons, for oine example, may be self-propelled and user-guidable, and, further, may entail stabilization in one or more of the fore-aft or left-right planes, such as when no more than two wheels are in ground contact at a time. More particularly, such a vehicle is depicted in FI( ;. I where it is designated generally by numeral 10. Vehicle 10 for transporting subject 12 or other payload, may include one or more wheels 16 or clusters 14 of wheels 16, wi.th each wheels and/or clusters being motor-driven, in coordination or independently.
Such vehicles are among those described in U.S. patent no. 5,701,965 and in U.S.
patent No. 5,971,091.
Vehicles of this sort may be more efficiently and safely operated when they employ system architectural features supplementary to those described in the prior art.
Summary of the Invention In accordance with a prefetred embodiment of the present invention. there is provided a vehicle for locomotion over land capable of failure detection. The vehicle has a support structure for supporting a load, a ground-contacting module for providing locomotion capability to the support structure, and a motorized drive arrange.ment form permitting controllable motion of the ground contacting element. Additionally, the vehicle has a plurality of control components, each control component having an output, and a comparator for comparing the output of a first control component with the output of another of the control components for identifying a failure of either the first or the other control components. The control components may include a sensor for sensing at least one of a position and an orientation of the vehicle, a plurality of redunciant control channels, each control channel capable of independently controlling the motorized drive arrangement, or a plurality of processors coupled to each of the redundant control 1=
channels by means of a system bus. Each processor has an output and each processor is capable of receiving input commands from a user, a signal from the sensor, and the output of each of the other processors.
In accordance =ith alternate embodiments of the invention, the control components may be chosen from among a pluralitv of sensors for sensing position or orientation of the vehicle and a plurality of control channels, each control channel capable of independently controlling the motorized drive. The control components may also include a plurality of processors coupled to the control channels by means of a system bus, and the system bus may couple the plurality of processors and at least one of the set of the user input, a battery capacity indicator, a temperature indicator, a seat height controller, and a crash protection controller. The output of any of the control components may be provided at a rate exceeding a mechanical response rate of the motorized drive. Each processor may be capable of receiving input commands from a user, a signal from the sensor, and the output of each of the other processors, and the comparator may compare the outputs of the processors for identifying a failure of any of the processors, it may also include a disconnect circuit for removing a defective processor from the system bus, and it may suppress the output of any processor for which a failure has been identified in such a manner as to allow continued operation of the vehicle using all other processors..
In accordance with yet further embodiments of the invention, there is provided a vehicle having a support structure for supportine a load and a ground-contacting element for providing locomotion capability to the support structure, the ground contacting element movable about an axle with respect to a local axis, and a motorized drive for permitting controllable motion of the ground contacting element about the axle and for permitting motion of the axle such that the local axis is moved with respect to the support structure. A sensor is provided for sensing at least one of a position and an orientation of the vehicle, as are a plurality of control channels, each control channel capable of independently controlling the motorized drive. The vehicle has a plurality of processors coupled to the control channels by means of a system bus, each processor having an output, each processor capable of receiving input commands from a user, a signal from the sensor, and the output of each of the other processors, and a comparator for intercomparing the output of the processors for identifying a failure of any of the processors. The vehicle mav have a motorized drive having a plurality of redundant windings.
In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, there is provided a fail-safe joystick. The joystick has a centering mechanism that restores the joystick to a center position when released by a user and a sensor for detecting the joystick in the center position.
Brief Description of the Drawings The invention will be more readily understood by reference to the following description, taken with the accompanying drawinas. in which:
FIG.1 is a side view of a prior art personal;
FIG.2 is a block diagram of the control architecture for controlling a personal vehicle in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG.3 is a perspective view of a fail-safe joystick, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and FIG.4 is a side view of an example of a vehicle system having the control architecture of FIG.2.
Detailed Description of Specific Embodiments Referring to FIG. 4, the fundamental parts of vehicle 10 may be considered, without limitation. to include a support 18 for supporting subject 12, a ground-contacting module 20 for transporting support 18. one or more actuator mechanisms (not shown) for driving wheels 16 and/or clusters 14, and one or more controllers for governing the actuator mechanisms in accordance with desired parameters input by a user and the physical position, and configuration of vehicle 10 as well as the measured time rates of change of the position and configuration of the vehicle. The physical position and/or configuration of the vehicle are monitored, on a continuous or periodic basis, by a set of sensors (not shown), the outputs of which are used by the one or more controllers. As an example, sensors providing displacement and tilt information allow the controller to calculate the torque to be applied to the wheels or clusters of a vehicle, in accordance with specified control laws and as described in U.S. patent no. 5,701,965 and U.S. patent No. 5,971,091.
By way of clarification, the term ''ground." as used in the expression "ground-contacting module 20" or in other references to the surface over which vehicle locomotes, may be any surface, interior or exterior to enclosed buildings, which may be traversed by vehicle 10. The term "personal transporter" is used herein interchangeably with the term "vehicle." Additionally, the term "wheels" may equivalently encompass arcuate elements or other ground-contacting members capable of propellinl!
vehicle 10 across the ground. The "position" of the vehicle is referred to some fiducial point fixed with respect to the ground, whereas "configuration" refers to the dispositian of components of the vehicle with respect to one another and includes, without limitation, such attributes as seat height. frame lean, etc., as well as settings made in software, such as specified speed, acceleration, joystick sensitivity, etc. In particular. in accordance with a preferred embodiment.of the invention, each wheel 16 rotates about an associated axis 22 which may themselves be rotated about a cluster axle 24 which constitutes the axis of cluster rotation. Support 18 may, in turn, be raised or lowered with respect to cluster 14. Other internal degrees of freedom which may be present in vehicle 10 are similarly encompassed within the scope of the term "configuration" as used herein and in any appended claims. Similarly, the angular orientation, or tilt, of vehicle 10 with respect to gravity is also encompassed within the scope of the term "configuration."
User input may be provided by the subject transported by the vehicle, as by means of joystick or other inteiface, or by the user leaning, or by applying hand forces on external objects. Additionally, user input may be provided by an assistant not carried by the vehicle, who may command the motion and/or configuration of the vehicle by applying forces, as to an assist handle, for inducing the vehicle to lean.
Alternatively, user input may be provided bv an assistant by means of a control module that may be detached from the vehicle, where the control module contains aaoystick, switch, or keypad inputs, or in any other way. "Sensor" refers to any device for monitoring any characteristic of the physical position or configuration of the vehicle and may include, for example, an inclinometer for measuring tilt, gyroscopes, encoders for measuring the angular orientation or its rate of change for any of the wheels or clusters, etc.
Safe operation of a vehicle after certain types of failures may require fault tolerance of one or more of the fundamental vehicle parts listed above. As used in this description and in any appended claims, "redundancy" refers to the replication of certain components for contributing to fault tolerance of the vehicle. "Redundancy"
also refers to oversampling of data. Thus, for example, data may be provided by sensors at a rate substantially higher than the mechanical response rate of the system. In this case, if a datum is corrupted on the system bus or elsewhere. it will not effect the system response since a new datum will be provided before the response must be provided. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, certain fundamental vehicle parts are electronically interconnected in a system architecture such as the one shown, as an example, in the block diagram of FIG. 2. as now described.
The combination of sensor electronics 34 and control processors 24, 26, and 28, along with their respective power sources 30, may be referred to collectively as a power base 32. Power base 32 contains a multiplicity of power base processors 36, each inc]uding sensor electronics 34. a central processing unit (CPU) 24. 26. and 28 and a power source 30. Each CPU 28 has an associated power source 30 and sensor electronics board 34.
Power base 32 is electronically coupled to an interface 38 for receiving user input, as well as to other controllers for controlling peiip-heral or extraordinary functions of the vehicle. Other controllers and peripheral devices coupled to power base 32 may include, without limitation, a seat height controller 40, as well as a crash protection controller 42 and a crash protection-monitor 44, and battery chargers and monitors (not shown). Crash protection controller 42 may provide such functions as the deployment of one or more air baas.
or, alternatively. the separation of support 18 (shown in FIG.4 ) from ground-contacting module 20 .
Communication among user interface 38, peripheral controllers 40 and 42, and each of power base processors 24, 26, and 28 of power base 32 is via system serial bus 45, which, in a preferred embodiment, is an asynchronous channel having a capacity of 250 kBaud and employing a time division multiple access (TDMA) protocol.
Actuators for rotating wheels 16 and cluster 14 (shown in FIG. 4) are typically motors, such as left-wheel motor 51, and, in a preferred embodiment, the actuators are servo motors. The actuator (morotr 51) for the left wheel may be driven by either of redundant left wheel amplifiers 46 and 48. and, similarly, either right wheel amplifier 50 will drive the actuator for the right wheel, and either cluster amplifier 52 will drive the actuator for the cluster. In a preferred embodiment of the invention. load-sharing power channels are provided whereby both left wheel amplifiers 46 and 48 are required for full performance of left wheel motor 51. however, each left wheel amplifier is capable of providing limited performance for a short period of time, in order to allow the vehicle to come to rest in safety. Power channels may also be referred to herein, and in any appended claims, as "control channels." Additional redundancy may be provided in each motor 51, with half the windings of each motor providing sufficient torque for operation of the vehicle. Each redundant full set of amplifiers 46. 50. and 52, is controlled by one of power amplifier controllers 54 and 56. In particular. it is advantageous to provide all current to the servo motors via wheel amplifiers 46 and 48 so that no high-current series elements are required between the battery and the motor. Communication among redundant power base processors 24, 26, and 28 and power amplifier controller 54 is via power base serial bus 58 while, so as to provide full redundancy, communication among redundant power processors 24, 26, and 28 and power amplifier controller 56 is via a second power base serial bus 60.
As can be appreciated in light of the above system description in reference to FIG. 2, the control architecture associated with the vehicle may be highly redundant, with differing degrees of redundancy attaching to the various components of the system.
Several issues must be addressed in view of the redundancy described above.
One issue is the assignment of control and decision makinQ when redundant components are concurrently present and active.
Control of serial bus In accordance with the preferred TDMA protocol discussed above, each device on serial bus 45 has an allocated time slot to transfer or broadcast a predefined data set.
All devices on serial bus 45 are programmed to respond or listen to specific senders of data based on software configurable control registers. Serial bus 45 is controlled by a processor referred to as the Serial Bus Master, for example, a specified one of power base processors 24, 26, and 28 which may con:espond, additionally, to a designated "Master Power Base Processor," designated herein, for purposes of example, as processor 24. The Serial Bus Master controls a master sync packet and bus error data collection. In the event of a Master Power Base Processor interface fault, a"Secondary Power Base Master," determined as described below. assumes the System Serial Bus Mastership.
The system serial bus 45 couples the processors 24, 26, and 28 and at least one of a set of the user interface 38, a battery capacity indicator 72, a temperature indicator 74, the seat height controller 40, and the crash protection controller 42.
vehicle 10 across the ground. The "position" of the vehicle is referred to some fiducial point fixed with respect to the ground, whereas "configuration" refers to the dispositian of components of the vehicle with respect to one another and includes, without limitation, such attributes as seat height. frame lean, etc., as well as settings made in software, such as specified speed, acceleration, joystick sensitivity, etc. In particular. in accordance with a preferred embodiment.of the invention, each wheel 16 rotates about an associated axis 22 which may themselves be rotated about a cluster axle 24 which constitutes the axis of cluster rotation. Support 18 may, in turn, be raised or lowered with respect to cluster 14. Other internal degrees of freedom which may be present in vehicle 10 are similarly encompassed within the scope of the term "configuration" as used herein and in any appended claims. Similarly, the angular orientation, or tilt, of vehicle 10 with respect to gravity is also encompassed within the scope of the term "configuration."
User input may be provided by the subject transported by the vehicle, as by means of joystick or other inteiface, or by the user leaning, or by applying hand forces on external objects. Additionally, user input may be provided by an assistant not carried by the vehicle, who may command the motion and/or configuration of the vehicle by applying forces, as to an assist handle, for inducing the vehicle to lean.
Alternatively, user input may be provided bv an assistant by means of a control module that may be detached from the vehicle, where the control module contains aaoystick, switch, or keypad inputs, or in any other way. "Sensor" refers to any device for monitoring any characteristic of the physical position or configuration of the vehicle and may include, for example, an inclinometer for measuring tilt, gyroscopes, encoders for measuring the angular orientation or its rate of change for any of the wheels or clusters, etc.
Safe operation of a vehicle after certain types of failures may require fault tolerance of one or more of the fundamental vehicle parts listed above. As used in this description and in any appended claims, "redundancy" refers to the replication of certain components for contributing to fault tolerance of the vehicle. "Redundancy"
also refers to oversampling of data. Thus, for example, data may be provided by sensors at a rate substantially higher than the mechanical response rate of the system. In this case, if a datum is corrupted on the system bus or elsewhere. it will not effect the system response since a new datum will be provided before the response must be provided. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, certain fundamental vehicle parts are electronically interconnected in a system architecture such as the one shown, as an example, in the block diagram of FIG. 2. as now described.
The combination of sensor electronics 34 and control processors 24, 26, and 28, along with their respective power sources 30, may be referred to collectively as a power base 32. Power base 32 contains a multiplicity of power base processors 36, each inc]uding sensor electronics 34. a central processing unit (CPU) 24. 26. and 28 and a power source 30. Each CPU 28 has an associated power source 30 and sensor electronics board 34.
Power base 32 is electronically coupled to an interface 38 for receiving user input, as well as to other controllers for controlling peiip-heral or extraordinary functions of the vehicle. Other controllers and peripheral devices coupled to power base 32 may include, without limitation, a seat height controller 40, as well as a crash protection controller 42 and a crash protection-monitor 44, and battery chargers and monitors (not shown). Crash protection controller 42 may provide such functions as the deployment of one or more air baas.
or, alternatively. the separation of support 18 (shown in FIG.4 ) from ground-contacting module 20 .
Communication among user interface 38, peripheral controllers 40 and 42, and each of power base processors 24, 26, and 28 of power base 32 is via system serial bus 45, which, in a preferred embodiment, is an asynchronous channel having a capacity of 250 kBaud and employing a time division multiple access (TDMA) protocol.
Actuators for rotating wheels 16 and cluster 14 (shown in FIG. 4) are typically motors, such as left-wheel motor 51, and, in a preferred embodiment, the actuators are servo motors. The actuator (morotr 51) for the left wheel may be driven by either of redundant left wheel amplifiers 46 and 48. and, similarly, either right wheel amplifier 50 will drive the actuator for the right wheel, and either cluster amplifier 52 will drive the actuator for the cluster. In a preferred embodiment of the invention. load-sharing power channels are provided whereby both left wheel amplifiers 46 and 48 are required for full performance of left wheel motor 51. however, each left wheel amplifier is capable of providing limited performance for a short period of time, in order to allow the vehicle to come to rest in safety. Power channels may also be referred to herein, and in any appended claims, as "control channels." Additional redundancy may be provided in each motor 51, with half the windings of each motor providing sufficient torque for operation of the vehicle. Each redundant full set of amplifiers 46. 50. and 52, is controlled by one of power amplifier controllers 54 and 56. In particular. it is advantageous to provide all current to the servo motors via wheel amplifiers 46 and 48 so that no high-current series elements are required between the battery and the motor. Communication among redundant power base processors 24, 26, and 28 and power amplifier controller 54 is via power base serial bus 58 while, so as to provide full redundancy, communication among redundant power processors 24, 26, and 28 and power amplifier controller 56 is via a second power base serial bus 60.
As can be appreciated in light of the above system description in reference to FIG. 2, the control architecture associated with the vehicle may be highly redundant, with differing degrees of redundancy attaching to the various components of the system.
Several issues must be addressed in view of the redundancy described above.
One issue is the assignment of control and decision makinQ when redundant components are concurrently present and active.
Control of serial bus In accordance with the preferred TDMA protocol discussed above, each device on serial bus 45 has an allocated time slot to transfer or broadcast a predefined data set.
All devices on serial bus 45 are programmed to respond or listen to specific senders of data based on software configurable control registers. Serial bus 45 is controlled by a processor referred to as the Serial Bus Master, for example, a specified one of power base processors 24, 26, and 28 which may con:espond, additionally, to a designated "Master Power Base Processor," designated herein, for purposes of example, as processor 24. The Serial Bus Master controls a master sync packet and bus error data collection. In the event of a Master Power Base Processor interface fault, a"Secondary Power Base Master," determined as described below. assumes the System Serial Bus Mastership.
The system serial bus 45 couples the processors 24, 26, and 28 and at least one of a set of the user interface 38, a battery capacity indicator 72, a temperature indicator 74, the seat height controller 40, and the crash protection controller 42.
Fail-Operate Critical Components In cases where the operation of a component is essential in order to bring the vehicle into a safe mode without endangering the occupant of the vehicle, fault-tolerant triple redundancy is employed, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, in order to create a fail-operative functionality. One example of a fail-operative critical component is the power base processor, of which three are provided and designated as power base processors 24. 26. and 28 in FIG. 2. Each of power base processors 24. 26, and 28 is also associated with a specified set of critical sensors from which reiiabie output is required iri order to assure critical functionality of the vehicle, includina, without limitation. balance of the vehicle, battery condition, etc.
It follows that a single-point failure of any processor or sensor should be detectable.
Additionally, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the detection of a fault in the operation of any processor or detector may be reported to the currently controllinc, power base processor and from there to user interface 38 and thereby conveyed to the user by means of a visual or non-visual indicator. A non-visual indicator may include an audible waming or one sensible by tactile means, to cite two examples, without limitation.
Another means of non-visual indication for warning the user of a potential hazard is the superposition of an intermittent drive sienal, either periodic or aperiodic, on the wheel-driving amplifiers, thereby creating uneven motion of the vehicle that may be sensed by the passenger.
In the case of triple redundant sensors or processors. failures may be detected by comparison of the data provided by each sensor to the data provided by the remaining pair of redundant sensors. thereby creatine a fail-operative functionality, wherein the vehicle may continue to operate on the basis of the information provided by the remainin- sensors, if one is determined to be defective (by the described comparison, or otherwise), until the vehicle mav brought to a safe mode without endan'erine the occupant of the vehicle. In such a case. the remaininz sensors or processors may be required to agree to within prescribed limits in order for operation to continue at a reduced level of vehicle functionality, and operation may be immediately terminated in case of disagreement between the remaining sensors or processors. A comparator is provided, using electronic switch circuitry or software running on at least one power base processor, as known to persons skilled in the electronic arts, to disable the connection to serial buses 45. 58, and 60 of any errant processor or sensor.
For example, in one mode of operation. the power amplifier controller (PAC) stores the results from power base processor (PBP) A and from PBP B. If the two results are the same, the PAC
uses the result from PBP A, since both are correct. If the two results of PBP
A and PBP
B differ, the PAC will wait a cycle until directed what to do. PBP C will send a signal to the faulted processor to shut itself down in the second cycle, and, in the third cycle, PAC
will hear only from the working PBP and will follow its command.
Fail-Safe Critical Components In the case where failure of a component may be tolerated for the duration of time required to safely terminate vehicle operation, doubly redundant components are employed. In the case of sensors falling into this category, for example, a failure of one of the sensors is detected by comparing the outputs of the respective sensors.
In the case in which a discrepancy is detected, operation of the vehicle may be terminated safely, thereby providing a fail-safe functionality. Fail-safe functionality is typically provided for each motor 51, wheel amplifiers 46, 48, and 50, cluster amplifiers 52, and power amplifier controllers 54 and 56, as well as sensors monitoring a force handle (used for external control of the vehicle), brakes, and seat installation in the ground-contacting module.
Failures are detected, in the case of non-redundant sensors, on the basis of characteristics of sensor outputs which are unique to sensor failure modes or by comparison to expected performance. Non-redundant sensors may include, for example, seat height encoders.
Fail-safe Joystick Referring now to Fig. 3, a fail-safe joystick mechanism is shown and designated generally by numeral 60, having a self-centering joystick 62. Whereas a standard potentiometer joystick may suffer faults causing the device attached to the joystick to see a drift or "hard-over" condition, joystick mechanism 60 provides an independent means of detecting when joystick 62 is in a center position. A sensor 64, which may, for WO 00/23315 PC",f/US99/22319 example, be a Hall-effect sensor, senses when joystick post 66 is in the center position.
in alignment with sensor 64. Potentiometers 68 and 70 sense the position ot'joystick 62 with respect to two orthogonal axes. In case a failure occurs in either of potentiometers 68 and 70, if joystick 60 is released, it will return to the center, since it is a self-centering joystick, and will engage sensor 64, thereby providing a signal to the system, independent of the failed potentiometer system.
Contingent operational limits In addition to the detection of component failures as discussed above, additional controller features may be provided, in accordance with altemate embodimeints of the present invention, to provide for the safety of the occupant of the vehicle.
In the various modes of vehicle control such as those described in U.S. patent no. 5,701,965 and U.S.
patent No. 5,971,091, torque is applied to the appropriate .set of clusters or wheels in order to achieve specified control objectives governed by user input or internal control objectives such as vehicle balance. In a case in which a wlieel of the vehicle temporarily loses contact with the ground, the rotation of the airborne; wheel is not a valid measure of vehicle position with respect to the ground, and the effect of the rotation of the wheel in governing the application of torque to the wheel musL
be limited, effectively limiting acceleration of the wheel under these circumstances.
Additional bases for speed limiting include a reference to the remaining battery capacity or headroom, such that sufficient reserve torque is always available to maintain vehicle stability. Furthermore, the speed of the vehicle may be limited to prevent overcharging of batteries on descent down an incline it' the motors are used far power regeneration. Similarly, the dissipation requirements of a shunt regulator may be reduced by reducing the maximum speed of the vehicle on descent. Additionally, the vehicle speed may be limited on the basis of seat height in accordance with lateral stability constraints. In addition to speed limiting, modes of operation of the vehicle may be limited on the basis of fault data derived as described above.
The described embodiments of the invention are intended to be merely exemplary and numerous variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled iri the art.
All such variations and modifications are intended to be within the scope of tl-ie present invention as defined in the appended claims.
It follows that a single-point failure of any processor or sensor should be detectable.
Additionally, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the detection of a fault in the operation of any processor or detector may be reported to the currently controllinc, power base processor and from there to user interface 38 and thereby conveyed to the user by means of a visual or non-visual indicator. A non-visual indicator may include an audible waming or one sensible by tactile means, to cite two examples, without limitation.
Another means of non-visual indication for warning the user of a potential hazard is the superposition of an intermittent drive sienal, either periodic or aperiodic, on the wheel-driving amplifiers, thereby creating uneven motion of the vehicle that may be sensed by the passenger.
In the case of triple redundant sensors or processors. failures may be detected by comparison of the data provided by each sensor to the data provided by the remaining pair of redundant sensors. thereby creatine a fail-operative functionality, wherein the vehicle may continue to operate on the basis of the information provided by the remainin- sensors, if one is determined to be defective (by the described comparison, or otherwise), until the vehicle mav brought to a safe mode without endan'erine the occupant of the vehicle. In such a case. the remaininz sensors or processors may be required to agree to within prescribed limits in order for operation to continue at a reduced level of vehicle functionality, and operation may be immediately terminated in case of disagreement between the remaining sensors or processors. A comparator is provided, using electronic switch circuitry or software running on at least one power base processor, as known to persons skilled in the electronic arts, to disable the connection to serial buses 45. 58, and 60 of any errant processor or sensor.
For example, in one mode of operation. the power amplifier controller (PAC) stores the results from power base processor (PBP) A and from PBP B. If the two results are the same, the PAC
uses the result from PBP A, since both are correct. If the two results of PBP
A and PBP
B differ, the PAC will wait a cycle until directed what to do. PBP C will send a signal to the faulted processor to shut itself down in the second cycle, and, in the third cycle, PAC
will hear only from the working PBP and will follow its command.
Fail-Safe Critical Components In the case where failure of a component may be tolerated for the duration of time required to safely terminate vehicle operation, doubly redundant components are employed. In the case of sensors falling into this category, for example, a failure of one of the sensors is detected by comparing the outputs of the respective sensors.
In the case in which a discrepancy is detected, operation of the vehicle may be terminated safely, thereby providing a fail-safe functionality. Fail-safe functionality is typically provided for each motor 51, wheel amplifiers 46, 48, and 50, cluster amplifiers 52, and power amplifier controllers 54 and 56, as well as sensors monitoring a force handle (used for external control of the vehicle), brakes, and seat installation in the ground-contacting module.
Failures are detected, in the case of non-redundant sensors, on the basis of characteristics of sensor outputs which are unique to sensor failure modes or by comparison to expected performance. Non-redundant sensors may include, for example, seat height encoders.
Fail-safe Joystick Referring now to Fig. 3, a fail-safe joystick mechanism is shown and designated generally by numeral 60, having a self-centering joystick 62. Whereas a standard potentiometer joystick may suffer faults causing the device attached to the joystick to see a drift or "hard-over" condition, joystick mechanism 60 provides an independent means of detecting when joystick 62 is in a center position. A sensor 64, which may, for WO 00/23315 PC",f/US99/22319 example, be a Hall-effect sensor, senses when joystick post 66 is in the center position.
in alignment with sensor 64. Potentiometers 68 and 70 sense the position ot'joystick 62 with respect to two orthogonal axes. In case a failure occurs in either of potentiometers 68 and 70, if joystick 60 is released, it will return to the center, since it is a self-centering joystick, and will engage sensor 64, thereby providing a signal to the system, independent of the failed potentiometer system.
Contingent operational limits In addition to the detection of component failures as discussed above, additional controller features may be provided, in accordance with altemate embodimeints of the present invention, to provide for the safety of the occupant of the vehicle.
In the various modes of vehicle control such as those described in U.S. patent no. 5,701,965 and U.S.
patent No. 5,971,091, torque is applied to the appropriate .set of clusters or wheels in order to achieve specified control objectives governed by user input or internal control objectives such as vehicle balance. In a case in which a wlieel of the vehicle temporarily loses contact with the ground, the rotation of the airborne; wheel is not a valid measure of vehicle position with respect to the ground, and the effect of the rotation of the wheel in governing the application of torque to the wheel musL
be limited, effectively limiting acceleration of the wheel under these circumstances.
Additional bases for speed limiting include a reference to the remaining battery capacity or headroom, such that sufficient reserve torque is always available to maintain vehicle stability. Furthermore, the speed of the vehicle may be limited to prevent overcharging of batteries on descent down an incline it' the motors are used far power regeneration. Similarly, the dissipation requirements of a shunt regulator may be reduced by reducing the maximum speed of the vehicle on descent. Additionally, the vehicle speed may be limited on the basis of seat height in accordance with lateral stability constraints. In addition to speed limiting, modes of operation of the vehicle may be limited on the basis of fault data derived as described above.
The described embodiments of the invention are intended to be merely exemplary and numerous variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled iri the art.
All such variations and modifications are intended to be within the scope of tl-ie present invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (9)
1. A vehicle for locomotion over land, the vehicle comprising:
a. a support structure for supporting a load;
b. a ground-contacting module for providing motion capability to the support structure;
c. a motorized drive for permitting controllable motion of the ground contacting module;
d. a plurality of control components coupled to the motorized drive, each control component having an output; and e. a comparator for comparing the output of each of the control components with the output of another of the control components for identifying a failure of any of the control components.
a. a support structure for supporting a load;
b. a ground-contacting module for providing motion capability to the support structure;
c. a motorized drive for permitting controllable motion of the ground contacting module;
d. a plurality of control components coupled to the motorized drive, each control component having an output; and e. a comparator for comparing the output of each of the control components with the output of another of the control components for identifying a failure of any of the control components.
2. A vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of control components are chosen from the group of:
a. a plurality of sensors for sensing at least one of a position and an orientation of the vehicle;
b. a plurality of control channels, each control channel capable of independently controlling the motorized drive.
a. a plurality of sensors for sensing at least one of a position and an orientation of the vehicle;
b. a plurality of control channels, each control channel capable of independently controlling the motorized drive.
3. A vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of control components includes:
a. a plurality of control channels, each control channel capable of independently controlling the motorized drive; and b. a plurality of processors coupled to each of the control channels by means of a system bus.
a. a plurality of control channels, each control channel capable of independently controlling the motorized drive; and b. a plurality of processors coupled to each of the control channels by means of a system bus.
4. A vehicle according to claim 3, wherein the system bus couples the plurality of processors and at least one of a set of a user input, a battery capacity indicator, a temperature indicator, a seat height controller, and a crash protection controller.
5. A vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the output of at least one control component is provided at a rate exceeding a mechanical response rate of the motorized drive.
6. A vehicle for locomotion over land, the vehicle capable of failure detection, the vehicle comprising:
a. a support structure for supporting a load;
b. a ground-contacting module for providing locomotion capability to the support structure;
c. a motorized drive for permitting controllable motion of the ground contacting module;
d. a sensor for sensing at least one of a position and an orientation of the vehicle;
e. a plurality of control channels, each control channel capable of independently controlling the motorized drive;
f. a plurality of processors coupled to the control channels by means of a system bus, each processor having an output, each processor capable of receiving input commands from a user, a signal from the sensor, and the output of each of the other processors; and g. a comparator for comparing the outputs of the processors for identifying a failure of any of the processors.
a. a support structure for supporting a load;
b. a ground-contacting module for providing locomotion capability to the support structure;
c. a motorized drive for permitting controllable motion of the ground contacting module;
d. a sensor for sensing at least one of a position and an orientation of the vehicle;
e. a plurality of control channels, each control channel capable of independently controlling the motorized drive;
f. a plurality of processors coupled to the control channels by means of a system bus, each processor having an output, each processor capable of receiving input commands from a user, a signal from the sensor, and the output of each of the other processors; and g. a comparator for comparing the outputs of the processors for identifying a failure of any of the processors.
7. A vehicle according to claim 6, wherein the comparator suppresses the output of any processor for which a failure has been identified in such a manner as to allow continued operation of the vehicle using all other processors.
8. A vehicle comprising:
a. a support structure for supporting a load;
b. a ground-contacting element for providing locomotion capability to the support structure, the ground contacting element movable about an axle with respect to a local axis;
c. a motorized drive for permitting controllable motion of the ground contacting element about the axle and for permitting motion of the axle such that the local axis is moved with respect to the support structure;
d. a sensor for sensing at least one of a position and an orientation of the vehicle;
e. a plurality of control channels, each control channel capable of independently controlling the motorized drive;
f. a plurality of processors coupled to the control channels by means of a system bus, each processor having an output, each processor capable of receiving input commands from a user, a signal from the sensor, and the output of each of the other processors; and g. a comparator for intercomparing the output of the processors for identifying a failure of any of the processors.
a. a support structure for supporting a load;
b. a ground-contacting element for providing locomotion capability to the support structure, the ground contacting element movable about an axle with respect to a local axis;
c. a motorized drive for permitting controllable motion of the ground contacting element about the axle and for permitting motion of the axle such that the local axis is moved with respect to the support structure;
d. a sensor for sensing at least one of a position and an orientation of the vehicle;
e. a plurality of control channels, each control channel capable of independently controlling the motorized drive;
f. a plurality of processors coupled to the control channels by means of a system bus, each processor having an output, each processor capable of receiving input commands from a user, a signal from the sensor, and the output of each of the other processors; and g. a comparator for intercomparing the output of the processors for identifying a failure of any of the processors.
9. A method for controlling the locomotion of a vehicle, the method comprising:
a. providing a plurality of control channels, each control channel capable of independently controlling a motorized drive that propels the vehicle;
b. providing a plurality of processors, each processor supplying an output to each of the control channels by means of a system bus;
c. comparing the outputs of the processors;
d. identifying any defective processor; and e. controlling the vehicle on the basis of the outputs of the processors other than an identified defective processor.
a. providing a plurality of control channels, each control channel capable of independently controlling a motorized drive that propels the vehicle;
b. providing a plurality of processors, each processor supplying an output to each of the control channels by means of a system bus;
c. comparing the outputs of the processors;
d. identifying any defective processor; and e. controlling the vehicle on the basis of the outputs of the processors other than an identified defective processor.
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US60/105,069 | 1998-10-21 | ||
PCT/US1999/022319 WO2000023315A2 (en) | 1998-10-21 | 1999-09-27 | Fault tolerant architecture for a personal vehicle |
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CA2346442C true CA2346442C (en) | 2008-03-18 |
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CA002346442A Expired - Lifetime CA2346442C (en) | 1998-10-21 | 1999-09-27 | Fault tolerant architecture for a personal vehicle |
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US (1) | US6223104B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1123235B1 (en) |
JP (2) | JP4684418B2 (en) |
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CA (1) | CA2346442C (en) |
DE (1) | DE69922239T2 (en) |
HK (1) | HK1039922B (en) |
NO (1) | NO322294B1 (en) |
TW (1) | TW572840B (en) |
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- 1999-09-27 WO PCT/US1999/022319 patent/WO2000023315A2/en active IP Right Grant
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- 1999-09-27 US US09/406,086 patent/US6223104B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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WO2000023315A2 (en) | 2000-04-27 |
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