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Reconciling Archaeology and Legacy at Gishimangeda Cave, Tanzania

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Abstract

Gishimangeda Cave, near Lake Eyasi in northern Tanzania, exemplifies many challenges inherent in studying poorly documented “legacy collections” in African archaeology. The archaeological assemblage of at least twelve human individuals and associated artifacts was excavated in 1967 for primarily physical anthropological purposes. However, it has been difficult to link the materials to archaeological contexts or chronology. Recently, ancient DNA analysis of eleven individuals, eight of whom yielded direct dates of the later third millennium and early second millennium BP, has reinvigorated interest in what the site can reveal about social processes during the Pastoral Neolithic era (~5000–1200 years before present) and the transition to food production in eastern Africa. Here, we present an in-depth investigation of the history of research and excavation, and we provide descriptions of the human skeletal remains and material culture at Gishimangeda Cave and their archaeological contexts reconstructed using archival documents and photographs. Osteological analyses reveal individuals’ lived experiences and health. Three individuals have bilateral lesions on their petrous pyramids consistent with chronic otitis media, a condition that has yet to be archaeologically documented in eastern Africa. Through the analysis of the artifacts, we establish connections between Gishimangeda Cave and broadly contemporaneous herder and forager communities in the Lake Eyasi Basin. This case study illustrates the challenges and potential benefits of working with legacy collections in African archaeology. The article contributes to wider discussions in archaeology and museum studies about museum collections and the evolving ethical and scholarly obligations to them.

Résumé

La grotte de Gishimangeda, près du lac Eyasi, dans le nord de la Tanzanie, illustre des défis inhérents à l’étude des « collections héritées » mal documentées dans l’archéologie africaine. L’assemblage archéologique d’au moins douze individus humains et des artefacts associés a été fouillé en 1967 principalement à des fins anthropologiques physiques. Cependant, il a été difficile de relier les matériaux aux contextes archéologiques ou à la chronologie. Récemment, l’analyse de l’ADN ancien de onze individus, dont huit ont donné des dates directes à la fin du troisième millénaire et au début du deuxième millénaire BP, a ravivé l’intérêt pour ce que le site peut révéler sur les processus sociaux au cours de l’ère néolithique pastorale (5000-1200 ans avant le présent) et la transition vers la production alimentaire dans Afrique de l’Est. Nous présentons ici une enquête approfondie sur l’histoire de la recherche et des fouilles, et nous fournissons des descriptions des restes de squelettes humains et de la culture matérielle de la grotte de Gishimangeda et de leurs contextes archéologiques reconstruits à l’aide de documents d’archives et de photographies. Les analyses ostéologiques révèlent le vécu et la santé des individus. Trois individus ont des lésions bilatérales sur leurs pyramides pétreuses compatibles avec une otite moyenne chronique, une condition qui n’a pas encore été documentée archéologiquement en Afrique de l’Est. En analysant les artefacts, nous établissons des liens entre la grotte de Gishimangeda et les communautés d’éleveurs et de cueilleurs largement contemporaines dans le bassin du lac Eyasi. Cette étude illustre les défis et les avantages potentiels de travailler avec des « collections héritées » dans l’archéologie africaine. L’article contribue à des discussions plus larges en archéologie et en muséologie concernant sur les collections des musées et l’évolution des obligations éthiques et scientifiques à leur égard.

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the National Museums of Tanzania (NMT) for permission to study the Gishimangeda collections, and we especially thank Dr. Amandus Kwekason, Dr. Agness Gidna, Prof. Audax Mabulla, and Prof. Pastory Bushozi for supporting our work. Research permits were granted by the Tanzanian Commission for Science and Technology (2013-223-NA-2014-101 to E.A.S.; 2016-379-ER-2014-101 to E.A.S.; 2017-220-NA-2012-50 to M.E.P.; 2017-221-NA-2012-50 to E.A.S.). E.A.S. studied the Gishimangeda collections, supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (767-2012-1903 and 756-2017-0453) and the University of Toronto. This work was also conducted in part within the project “Archaeological and Genetic Approaches to Ancient African Population Structure,” co-directed by M.E.P. and David Reich (D.R.) and supported by funding to D.R. from the National Institutes of Health (grant GM100233), Allen Discovery Center, and John Templeton Foundation. We thank D.R. for supporting our archival and bioarchaeological research to provide greater context for ancient DNA analyses. We gratefully acknowledge Susumu Aihara of the Center for African Area Studies and Prof. Masato Nakatsukasa of the Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, both at Kyoto University, for their generosity in sharing photos from the 1967 excavations. These have been used with the permission of the Laboratory of Physical Anthropology. We thank Naoko Makino for help in translating some artifact tags and Chris and Dylan Schmelling for revisiting and photographing Gishimangeda Cave on our behalf. We gratefully acknowledge Amy Beresheim, Courtneay Hopper, and Madeleine Mant for consulting on matters of paleopathology. Finally, we thank two anonymous reviewers and the editor for feedback that improved this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA

    Elizabeth A. Sawchuk

  2. Department of Anthropology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44116, USA

    Elizabeth A. Sawchuk

  3. Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6H 2H4, Canada

    Elizabeth A. Sawchuk

  4. Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA

    Elizabeth A. Sawchuk

  5. Department of Anthropology, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA

    Mary E. Prendergast

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Sawchuk, E.A., Prendergast, M.E. Reconciling Archaeology and Legacy at Gishimangeda Cave, Tanzania. Afr Archaeol Rev 41, 3–26 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10437-023-09537-6

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