WO2010030070A1 - Structure of bottom of shoes - Google Patents

Structure of bottom of shoes Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2010030070A1
WO2010030070A1 PCT/KR2009/002893 KR2009002893W WO2010030070A1 WO 2010030070 A1 WO2010030070 A1 WO 2010030070A1 KR 2009002893 W KR2009002893 W KR 2009002893W WO 2010030070 A1 WO2010030070 A1 WO 2010030070A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
shoes
heel
elastic restoring
bent portion
constantly
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/KR2009/002893
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Jae-Young Im
Original Assignee
Im, Bong-Keun
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Im, Bong-Keun filed Critical Im, Bong-Keun
Publication of WO2010030070A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010030070A1/en

Links

Images

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
    • A43B13/14—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the constructive form
    • A43B13/143—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the constructive form provided with wedged, concave or convex end portions, e.g. for improving roll-off of the foot
    • A43B13/145—Convex portions, e.g. with a bump or projection, e.g. 'Masai' type shoes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
    • A43B13/14—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the constructive form
    • A43B13/18—Resilient soles
    • A43B13/181—Resiliency achieved by the structure of the sole
    • A43B13/183—Leaf springs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
    • A43B13/14—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the constructive form
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
    • A43B13/14—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the constructive form
    • A43B13/143—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the constructive form provided with wedged, concave or convex end portions, e.g. for improving roll-off of the foot
    • A43B13/146—Concave end portions, e.g. with a cavity or cut-out portion
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B17/00—Insoles for insertion, e.g. footbeds or inlays, for attachment to the shoe after the upper has been joined
    • A43B17/14—Insoles for insertion, e.g. footbeds or inlays, for attachment to the shoe after the upper has been joined made of sponge, rubber, or plastic materials
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B7/00—Footwear with health or hygienic arrangements
    • A43B7/14—Footwear with health or hygienic arrangements with foot-supporting parts
    • A43B7/1405—Footwear with health or hygienic arrangements with foot-supporting parts with pads or holes on one or more locations, or having an anatomical or curved form
    • A43B7/141—Footwear with health or hygienic arrangements with foot-supporting parts with pads or holes on one or more locations, or having an anatomical or curved form having an anatomical or curved form

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a structure of a bottom of shoes, and more particularly, to the bottom of shoes.
  • a concavely bent portion containing an elastic restoring portion is equipped between the front heel and the rear heel of the bottom of shoes so that the rear heel of the bottom of shoes may be lifted up toward the heel to adhere thereto constantly, thereby coming off of shoes can be prevented, convenience in walking can be increased, an explosive muscular strength can be increased through increased adherence and shoes can be worn easily regardless of its size.
  • a foot-ware (shoes, running shoes, high hill, etc) is worn.
  • the general foot-ware has a bottom including an insole, a midsole and outsole and a vamp to wrap the top of the foot.
  • each length of the insole, the midsole and the outsole is almost same and they are adhered by bonding or connected by sewing their edges,
  • the vamp is configured that it is inserted between inside of the edge of the outsole and the insole while it wraps the edge of the insole and is adhered between the insole and the outsole by adhesive.
  • a contacting portion having concavely or convexly shaped top portion between the front heel and the rear heel of the bottom of shoes so that fatigue of foot might be reduced and shock from the ground might be absorbed.
  • the rear heel of shoes comes off more often when a slightly longer sized shoes than the exact size to foot is worn, and by this, the heel might be peeled off or a water blister might be caused.
  • An object of the present invention provides a structure of the bottom of shoes capable to lift up the rear heel of the bottom of shoes toward the heel so that the rear heel of the bottom of shoes may adhere to the heel, thereby coming off of shoes can be prevented, convenience in walking can be increased, explosive muscular strength can be increased through increased adherence and shoes can be worn easily regardless of its size.
  • a bent portion having concavely shaped top portion and an elastic restoring portion between the rear heel and the front heel so that the rear heel of the bottom of shoes may be lifted up toward the heel constantly, thereby coming off of the bottom of the shoes can be effectively prevented as described before.
  • Fig. 1 is a perspective view illustrating an embodiment of the structure of the bottom of shoes according to the present invention
  • Fig. 2 is a vertical sectional view illustrating an embodiment of the structure of the bottom of shoes according to the present invention
  • Fig. 3 is a perspective view illustrating another embodiment of the structure of the bottom of shoes according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 4 is a vertical sectional view illustrating another embodiment of the structure of the bottom of shoes according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 5 is a perspective view illustrating still another embodiment of the structure of the bottom of shoes according to the present invention.
  • the bottom of shoes in a structure of a bottom of shoes having an outsole, a midsole and an insole which are configured to connect each other by sewing or bonding, the bottom of shoes includes a bent portion 30 whose top portion is shaped concavely between the rear heel 10 and the front 20 and an elastic restoring portion 40 equipped in the bent portion 30, so that the bottom of shoes may adhere to the heel constantly.
  • the elastic restoring portion 40 is made by a shape memory alloy.
  • the elastic restoring portion 40 is provided on the top or under the bottom of the midsole.
  • the elastic restoring portion 40 is connected to a settling portion 41 which is provided by cutting off a part of the bending portion 40.
  • the elastic restoring portion 40 includes a number of steel plates 42 and 42 which are faced each other and connected by a hinge pin 44 where a spring 43 is inserted.
  • the bottom of shoes in a structure of a bottom of shoes having an outsole, a midsole and an insole which are shaped by injection molding, the bottom of shoes includes a bent portion 30 whose top portion is shaped concavely between the rear heel 10 and the front heel 20 and an elastic restoring portion 40 equipped in the bent portion 30, so that the bottom of shoes may adhere to the heel constantly.
  • the elastic restoring portion 40 is made by a shape memory alloy.
  • a bent portion 30 is shaped in the bottom of shoes having an outsole, a midsole and an insole which are configured to connect each other by sewing or bonding and an elastic restoring portion 40 is provided on the bent portion 40 so that an elastic force to lift up the rear portion of the bottom of shoes may be applied constantly.
  • the bent portion 30 is provided between a rear heel 10 and a front heel 20 and its top portion is shaped concavely.
  • the elastic restoring potion 40 is equipped in the bent portion 30 so that the bottom of shoes may adhere to the rear heel constantly.
  • the elastic restoring portion 40 has the same shape with the top portion of the bent portion 30 so that it can be flattened when load or shock is applied thereto or restored to the original shape instantly when load or shock is removed.
  • the elastic restoring portion 40 is provided on the top or under the bottom of the midsole 32 selectively. It is more preferable that the elastic restoring portion 40 is provided on the top and under the bottom together so as to increase an elastic restoring force. Further, it is preferable that the elastic restoring portion 30 which mainly restores the bent portion 30 on the bottom of shoes is connected to a settling portion 41 which is made by cutting off a part of the bent portion 30.
  • the elastic restoring portion 40 can be constructed mechanically by connecting two steel plates 42 and 42 which are faced at the center of them and connected by a hinge pin 44 with a spring 43 inserted thereto, as shown in FIG 3 through Fig. 4.
  • the elastic restoring portion is equipped to the bent portion in the bottom of shoes having an outsole, midsole and an insole which connected together by sewing of bonding.
  • the present invention can be applied in the case that the outsole, the midsole and the insole are shaped in unit by injection molding.
  • the bent portion 30 having concavely shaped top portion is provided between the rear heel 10 and the front heel 20 and a elastic restoring portion 41 is inserted in the midsole which constitute the inner portion of the bent portion 30 so that the rear heel 10 of the bottom of shoes may be adhered to the heel.
  • This elastic restoring portion 40 can be made by a shape memory alloy.
  • a bent portion having concavely shaped top portion and an elastic restoring portion between the rear heel and the front heel so that the rear heel of the bottom of shoes may be lifted up toward the heel constantly, thereby coming off of the bottom of the shoes can be effectively prevented.

Abstract

A structure of the bottom of shoes is provided. The bottom of shoes includes a bent portion 30 whose top portion is shaped concavely between the rear heel 10 and the rear heel 20; and an elastic restoring portion 40 equipped in the bent portion 30, so that the bottom of shoes may adhere to the heel constantly. The rear heel of the bottom of shoes is lifted up toward the heel constantly, thereby coming off of the bottom of the shoes can be effectively prevented. Further, convenience in walking can be increased because coming of the bottom of the shoe can be prevented. Still further, an explosive muscular strength can be increased through increased adherence because the real heel of the bottom of shoes is adhered to the heel constantly. Still further, various foot- ware can be worn easily regardless of the size.

Description

STRUCTURE OF BOTTOM OF SHOES
The present invention relates to a structure of a bottom of shoes, and more particularly, to the bottom of shoes. where a concavely bent portion containing an elastic restoring portion is equipped between the front heel and the rear heel of the bottom of shoes so that the rear heel of the bottom of shoes may be lifted up toward the heel to adhere thereto constantly, thereby coming off of shoes can be prevented, convenience in walking can be increased, an explosive muscular strength can be increased through increased adherence and shoes can be worn easily regardless of its size.
Generally, so as to protect foot, decorate and avoid slipping, a foot-ware (shoes, running shoes, high hill, etc) is worn. The general foot-ware has a bottom including an insole, a midsole and outsole and a vamp to wrap the top of the foot. In the bottom of shoes, each length of the insole, the midsole and the outsole is almost same and they are adhered by bonding or connected by sewing their edges, The vamp is configured that it is inserted between inside of the edge of the outsole and the insole while it wraps the edge of the insole and is adhered between the insole and the outsole by adhesive.
Further, there is a contacting portion having concavely or convexly shaped top portion between the front heel and the rear heel of the bottom of shoes so that fatigue of foot might be reduced and shock from the ground might be absorbed.
However, this bottom of shoes has a problem that the rear heel of shoes is separated from the bottom of foot in working with shoes worn. Further, there is another problem that this causes inconvenience walking.
Further, the rear heel of shoes comes off more often when a slightly longer sized shoes than the exact size to foot is worn, and by this, the heel might be peeled off or a water blister might be caused.
Still further, those problems hinder convenience walking.
An object of the present invention provides a structure of the bottom of shoes capable to lift up the rear heel of the bottom of shoes toward the heel so that the rear heel of the bottom of shoes may adhere to the heel, thereby coming off of shoes can be prevented, convenience in walking can be increased, explosive muscular strength can be increased through increased adherence and shoes can be worn easily regardless of its size.
According to the present invention, a bent portion having concavely shaped top portion and an elastic restoring portion between the rear heel and the front heel so that the rear heel of the bottom of shoes may be lifted up toward the heel constantly, thereby coming off of the bottom of the shoes can be effectively prevented as described before.
Further, convenience in walking can be increased because coming of the bottom of the shoe can be prevented. Still further, an explosive muscular strength can be increased through increased adherence because the real heel of the bottom of shoes is adhered to the heel constantly.
Still further, various foot-ware can be worn easily regardless of the size.
The bottom of shoes according to the present invention will be described in detail accompanying drawings;
Fig. 1 is a perspective view illustrating an embodiment of the structure of the bottom of shoes according to the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a vertical sectional view illustrating an embodiment of the structure of the bottom of shoes according to the present invention;
Fig. 3 is a perspective view illustrating another embodiment of the structure of the bottom of shoes according to the present invention;
Fig. 4 is a vertical sectional view illustrating another embodiment of the structure of the bottom of shoes according to the present invention; and
Fig. 5 is a perspective view illustrating still another embodiment of the structure of the bottom of shoes according to the present invention.
Brief description of the reference numbers in the drawings
10...rear heel 20..front heel
30..bent portion 40...elastic restoring portion
According to an embodiment of the present invention, in a structure of a bottom of shoes having an outsole, a midsole and an insole which are configured to connect each other by sewing or bonding, the bottom of shoes includes a bent portion 30 whose top portion is shaped concavely between the rear heel 10 and the front 20 and an elastic restoring portion 40 equipped in the bent portion 30, so that the bottom of shoes may adhere to the heel constantly.
It is preferable that the elastic restoring portion 40 is made by a shape memory alloy.
It is further preferable that the elastic restoring portion 40 is provided on the top or under the bottom of the midsole.
It is still further preferable that the elastic restoring portion 40 is connected to a settling portion 41 which is provided by cutting off a part of the bending portion 40.
It is still further preferable that the elastic restoring portion 40 includes a number of steel plates 42 and 42 which are faced each other and connected by a hinge pin 44 where a spring 43 is inserted.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, in a structure of a bottom of shoes having an outsole, a midsole and an insole which are shaped by injection molding, the bottom of shoes includes a bent portion 30 whose top portion is shaped concavely between the rear heel 10 and the front heel 20 and an elastic restoring portion 40 equipped in the bent portion 30, so that the bottom of shoes may adhere to the heel constantly.
It is preferable that the elastic restoring portion 40 is made by a shape memory alloy.
According to the present invention, a bent portion 30 is shaped in the bottom of shoes having an outsole, a midsole and an insole which are configured to connect each other by sewing or bonding and an elastic restoring portion 40 is provided on the bent portion 40 so that an elastic force to lift up the rear portion of the bottom of shoes may be applied constantly.
The bent portion 30 is provided between a rear heel 10 and a front heel 20 and its top portion is shaped concavely. The elastic restoring potion 40 is equipped in the bent portion 30 so that the bottom of shoes may adhere to the rear heel constantly.
The elastic restoring portion 40 has the same shape with the top portion of the bent portion 30 so that it can be flattened when load or shock is applied thereto or restored to the original shape instantly when load or shock is removed.
It is preferable that the elastic restoring portion 40 is provided on the top or under the bottom of the midsole 32 selectively. It is more preferable that the elastic restoring portion 40 is provided on the top and under the bottom together so as to increase an elastic restoring force. Further, it is preferable that the elastic restoring portion 30 which mainly restores the bent portion 30 on the bottom of shoes is connected to a settling portion 41 which is made by cutting off a part of the bent portion 30.
Moreover, except the shape memory alloy, the elastic restoring portion 40 can be constructed mechanically by connecting two steel plates 42 and 42 which are faced at the center of them and connected by a hinge pin 44 with a spring 43 inserted thereto, as shown in FIG 3 through Fig. 4.
In this case, it is desirable that one end of the spring 43 is hanged on the steel plate 42 and the other end of the spring 4 is hanged on the steel plate 42 so that two steel plates 42 and 42 may be flattened constantly by the operation of the elastic force of the spring 43.
In aforementioned embodiments according to the present invention, the elastic restoring portion is equipped to the bent portion in the bottom of shoes having an outsole, midsole and an insole which connected together by sewing of bonding.
Moreover, except those structures, the present invention can be applied in the case that the outsole, the midsole and the insole are shaped in unit by injection molding. In this case, the bent portion 30 having concavely shaped top portion is provided between the rear heel 10 and the front heel 20 and a elastic restoring portion 41 is inserted in the midsole which constitute the inner portion of the bent portion 30 so that the rear heel 10 of the bottom of shoes may be adhered to the heel. This elastic restoring portion 40 can be made by a shape memory alloy.
According to the present invention, a bent portion having concavely shaped top portion and an elastic restoring portion between the rear heel and the front heel so that the rear heel of the bottom of shoes may be lifted up toward the heel constantly, thereby coming off of the bottom of the shoes can be effectively prevented.

Claims (7)

  1. In a structure of a bottom of shoes having an outsole, a midsole and an insole which are configured to connect each other by sewing or bonding, the bottom of shoes compring;
    a bent portion 30 whose top portion is shaped concavely between the rear heel 10 and the rear heel 20; and
    an elastic restoring portion 40 equipped in the bent portion 30, so that the bottom of shoes may adhere to the heel constantly.
  2. The bottom of shoes of claim 1, wherein the elastic restoring portion 40 is made by a shape memory alloy.
  3. The bottom of shoes of claim 1 or 2, wherein the elastic restoring portion 40 is provided on the top or under the bottom of the midsole 32 constituting the bent portion 30.
  4. The bottom of shoes of claim of 1 or 2, wherein the elastic restoring portion 40 is connected to a settling portion 41 which provided by cutting off a part of the bending portion 40.
  5. The bottom of shoes of claim 1, the elastic restoring portion 40 comprises a number of steel plates 42 and 42 which are faced each other and connected by a hinge pin 44 where a spring 43 is inserted.
  6. In a structure of a bottom of shoes having an outsole, a midsole and an insole which are shaped by injection molding, the bottom of shoes compring;
    a bent portion 30 whose top portion is shaped concavely between a rear heel 10 and a front heel 20 of the bottom of shoes; and
    an elastic restoring portion 40 equipped in the bent portion 30, so that the bottom of shoes may adhere to the heel constantly.
  7. The bottom of shoes of claim 7, wherein the elastic restoring portion 40 is made by a shape memory alloy.
PCT/KR2009/002893 2008-09-10 2009-05-29 Structure of bottom of shoes WO2010030070A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR1020080089067A KR101038052B1 (en) 2008-09-10 2008-09-10 Structure of shoes bottom
KR10-2008-0089067 2008-09-10

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2010030070A1 true WO2010030070A1 (en) 2010-03-18

Family

ID=41797986

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/KR2009/002893 WO2010030070A1 (en) 2008-09-10 2009-05-29 Structure of bottom of shoes

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US20100058613A1 (en)
KR (1) KR101038052B1 (en)
WO (1) WO2010030070A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10219581B2 (en) * 2015-12-28 2019-03-05 Trustees Of Boston University Method and apparatus to assist foot motion about the pronation axis
US10743613B2 (en) 2016-11-21 2020-08-18 Nike, Inc. Sole structure with piston and adaptive cushioning system
US10448702B2 (en) * 2016-11-21 2019-10-22 Nike, Inc. Sole structure with progressively adaptive stiffness

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4290212A (en) * 1979-03-06 1981-09-22 Stiftelsen Blekinge Produkter Wooden shoe including hinge
US5347730A (en) * 1993-02-02 1994-09-20 Commonwealth Of Puerto Rico Low heel shoe convertible to high heel shoe and vice versa with an adjustable shank
US5410820A (en) * 1991-05-17 1995-05-02 Goodman; Michael C. Hinged shoe sole assembly for fixed and variable heel height shoes
JPH09173103A (en) * 1995-12-25 1997-07-08 Takada Seisakusho:Kk Footwear

Family Cites Families (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1391584A (en) * 1921-09-20 Arch-support
US1810581A (en) * 1928-11-12 1931-06-16 Stark David Shoe
US2442007A (en) * 1946-08-31 1948-05-25 Harry H Johnson Shoe with shank spring and stiffener
US2746178A (en) * 1954-12-15 1956-05-22 William B Miller Heel lift for shoes
US3142910A (en) * 1959-11-18 1964-08-04 Levine Beth Footwear with heel-follower
US5309651A (en) * 1991-05-28 1994-05-10 Fabulous Feet Inc. Transformable shoe
DE69527672T2 (en) * 1994-04-28 2003-04-24 Nec Tokin Corp Brace for foot correction and footwear with this brace
US20040211086A1 (en) * 2003-04-23 2004-10-28 Hbn Shoe, Llc Device for high-heeled shoes
US7377056B2 (en) * 2005-07-18 2008-05-27 The Rockport Company, Llc Shoe construction
US20070163150A1 (en) * 2006-01-13 2007-07-19 Union Footwear Technologies Co. Ltd. Insole board for high-heel shoe
US7614164B2 (en) * 2006-04-07 2009-11-10 Seychelles Imports, Llc Shoe with padded sole
US7690132B2 (en) * 2006-10-17 2010-04-06 Pointe Noir Pty Ltd. Dance shoe

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4290212A (en) * 1979-03-06 1981-09-22 Stiftelsen Blekinge Produkter Wooden shoe including hinge
US5410820A (en) * 1991-05-17 1995-05-02 Goodman; Michael C. Hinged shoe sole assembly for fixed and variable heel height shoes
US5347730A (en) * 1993-02-02 1994-09-20 Commonwealth Of Puerto Rico Low heel shoe convertible to high heel shoe and vice versa with an adjustable shank
JPH09173103A (en) * 1995-12-25 1997-07-08 Takada Seisakusho:Kk Footwear

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20100058613A1 (en) 2010-03-11
KR101038052B1 (en) 2011-05-31
KR20100030224A (en) 2010-03-18

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
WO2010030070A1 (en) Structure of bottom of shoes
WO2009154350A1 (en) Heel grip tool for shoe
US8006410B2 (en) Shoe, particularly sport or leisure shoe
WO2006125182A3 (en) Footwear with a shank system
WO2013187543A1 (en) Removable wedge heel and method for setting same
US20070130801A1 (en) Combination outsole and friction sheet
US20070062065A1 (en) Shoe sole with energy return plate
WO2009142411A1 (en) Wheeled shoes
WO2012141375A1 (en) Cushion member and a shoe insole comprising the same
EP4108120A1 (en) Sole and footwear
WO2010016657A1 (en) Structure of sole of sandal
WO2014061862A1 (en) Shock absorption footwear comprising triangular shock absorption portion
WO2011005033A2 (en) Height-adjustable shoe heel
WO2014157873A1 (en) Crampon
CN219438326U (en) Sole with strong gripping force
WO2012060557A2 (en) Elastic heel and footwear including the same
WO2022108033A1 (en) Attachable/detachable toe cap for work shoes
WO2012153882A1 (en) Insole for women's shoes and women's shoes using same
CN212814663U (en) Safety shoes
WO2022203247A1 (en) Spikeless golf shoes
CN216723321U (en) Integrated safety shoe with toe cap at front part of sole
KR200374380Y1 (en) Mid-sole with shank
CN213506719U (en) Wear-resistant reinforcing adhesive tape
CN219270283U (en) Wear-resistant sole and shoes thereof
WO2014193078A1 (en) Shoe having improved ground traction function

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 09813192

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 09813192

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1