WO2008036511A2

WO2008036511A2 - Components and methods for use in electro-optic displays

Info

Publication number: WO2008036511A2
Application number: PCT/US2007/077814
Authority: WO
Inventors: Guy M. Danner; Valerie C. Northrop; Sandra Rifai; Shamus Ford Patry
Original assignee: E Ink Corporation
Priority date: 2006-09-20
Filing date: 2007-09-07
Publication date: 2008-03-27
Also published as: CN101553751B; CN101553751A; WO2008036511A3; HK1132553A1; JP2013130889A; EP2064581A4; JP5337699B2; EP2064581A2; JP2010504557A

Abstract

A sub-assembly for use in forming an electro-optic display comprises (in this order) a light-transmissive substrate (120); discrete areas (204) of electro-optic material separated by gutter areas (205) essentially free from the electro-optic material; and an adhesive layer (122) and/or a release layer (124) peelable from the sub-assembly. A second sub-assembly comprises (in this order) a peelable release sheet (102); discrete areas of electro-optic material (204) separated by gutter areas (205) essentially free from the electro-optic material, and an adhesive layer (206) and/or a peelable release layer (208). Processes for producing these sub-assemblies and for using them to form electro-optic displays are also described.

Description

COMPONENTS AND METHODS FOR USE IN ELECTRO-OPTIC

DISPLAYS

[Para 1 ] This application is related to:

(a) U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0291034;

(b) U.S. Patent No. 7,236,292;

(c) U.S. Patent No. 6,982,178;

(d) U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0155857;

(e) U.S. Patent No. 7,110,164;

(f) U.S. Patent Publication No. 2007/0109219;

(g) U.S. Patent Publication No. 2007/0152956;

(h) International Application No. PCT/US2007/063551 ; and (g) International Application No. PCT/US2006/061141.

[Para 2] For convenience, the foregoing patents, publications and applications may hereinafter be referred to as the "electro-optic display manufacturing" or "EODM" patents. [Para 3] This invention relates to components and methods for use in electro-optic displays. More specifically, this invention relates to methods for the manufacture of electro-optic displays, and to certain sub-assemblies produced during such methods. This invention primarily relates to such methods and sub-assemblies for forming electro-optic displays containing an electro-optic medium which is a solid (such displays may hereinafter for convenience be referred to as "solid electro-optic displays"), in the sense that the electro-optic medium has solid external surfaces, although the medium may, and often does, have internal liquid- or gas-filled spaces, and to methods for assembling displays using such an electro-optic medium. Thus, the term "solid electro-optic displays" includes encapsulated electrophoretic displays, encapsulated liquid crystal displays, and other types of displays discussed below.

[Para 4] The background nomenclature and state of the art regarding electro-optic displays is discussed at length in the aforementioned EODM patents, to which the reader is referred for further information. Accordingly, this nomenclature and state of the art will be briefly summarized below. [Para 5] The term "electro-optic" as applied to a material or a display, is used herein in its conventional meaning in the imaging art to refer to a material having first and second display states differing in at least one optical property, the material being changed from its first to its second display state by application of an electric field to the material.

[Para 6] The terms "bistable" and "bistability" are used herein in their conventional meaning in the art to refer to displays comprising display elements having first and second display states differing in at least one optical property, and such that after any given element has been driven, by means of an addressing pulse of finite duration, to assume either its first or second display state, after the addressing pulse has terminated, that state will persist for at least several times, for example at least four times, the minimum duration of the addressing pulse required to change the state of the display element. [Para 7] Several types of electro-optic displays are known, for example:

(a) rotating bichromal member displays (see, for example, U.S. Patents Nos. 5,808,783; 5,777,782; 5,760,761; 6,054,071 6,055,091; 6,097,531; 6,128,124; 6,137,467; and 6,147,791);

(b) electrochromic displays (see, for example, O'Regan, B., et al, Nature 1991, 353, 737; Wood, D., Information Display, 18(3), 24 (March 2002); Bach, U., et al., Adv. Mater., 2002, 14(11), 845; and U.S. Patents Nos. 6,301,038; 6,870.657; and 6,950,220);

(c) electro-wetting displays (see Hayes, R. A., et al., "Video-Speed Electronic Paper Based on Electro wetting", Nature, 425, 383-385 (25 September 2003) and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0151709);

(d) particle-based electrophoretic displays, in which a plurality of charged particles move through a fluid under the influence of an electric field (see U.S. Patents Nos. 5,930,026; 5,961,804; 6,017,584; 6,067,185; 6,118,426; 6,120,588; 6,120,839; 6,124,851; 6,130,773; and 6,130,774; U.S. Patent Applications Publication Nos. 2002/0060321; 2002/0090980; 2003/0011560; 2003/0102858; 2003/0151702; 2003/0222315; 2004/0014265; 2004/0075634; 2004/0094422; 2004/0105036; 2005/0062714; and 2005/0270261; and International Applications Publication Nos. WO 00/38000; WO 00/36560; WO 00/67110; and WO 01/07961; and European Patents Nos. 1,099,207 Bl; and 1,145,072 Bl; and the other MIT and E Ink patents and applications discussed in the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 7,012,600). [Para 8] There are several different variants of electrophoretic media. Electrophoretic media can use liquid or gaseous fluids; for gaseous fluids see, for example, Kitamura, T., et al., "Electrical toner movement for electronic paper-like display", IDW Japan, 2001, Paper HCSl-I, and Yamaguchi, Y., et al., "Toner display using insulative particles charged triboelectrically", IDW Japan, 2001, Paper AMD4-4); U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0001810; European Patent Applications 1,462,847; 1,482,354; 1,484,635; 1,500,971; 1,501,194; 1,536,271; 1,542,067; 1,577,702; 1,577,703; and 1,598,694; and International Applications WO 2004/090626; WO 2004/079442; and WO 2004/001498. The media may be encapsulated, comprising numerous small capsules, each of which itself comprises an internal phase containing electrophoretically- mobile particles suspended in a liquid suspending medium, and a capsule wall surrounding the internal phase. Typically, the capsules are themselves held within a polymeric binder to form a coherent layer positioned between two electrodes; see the aforementioned MIT and E Ink patents and applications. Alternatively, the walls surrounding the discrete microcapsules in an encapsulated electrophoretic medium may be replaced by a continuous phase, thus producing a so-called polymer-dispersed electrophoretic display, in which the electrophoretic medium comprises a plurality of discrete droplets of an electrophoretic fluid and a continuous phase of a polymeric material; see for example, U.S. Patent No. 6,866,760. For purposes of the present application, such polymer-dispersed electrophoretic media are regarded as sub-species of encapsulated electrophoretic media. Another variant is a so-called "microcell electrophoretic display" in which the charged particles and the fluid are retained within a plurality of cavities formed within a carrier medium, typically a polymeric film; see, for example, U.S. Patents Nos. 6,672,921 and 6,788,449.

[Para 9] Electrophoretic media can operate in a "shutter mode" in which one display state is substantially opaque and one is light-transmissive. See, for example, U.S. Patents Nos. 6,130,774 and 6,172,798, and U.S. Patents Nos. 5,872,552; 6,144,361; 6,271,823; 6,225,971; and 6,184,856. Dielectrophoretic displays can operate in a similar mode; see U.S. Patent No. 4,418,346. Other types of electro-optic displays may also be capable of operating in shutter mode.

[Para 1 0] Other types of electro-optic media, for example encapsulated liquid crystal media, may also be used in the methods of the present invention.

[Para 1 1 ] An electrophoretic display normally comprises a layer of electrophoretic material and at least two other layers disposed on opposed sides of the electrophoretic material, one of these two layers being an electrode layer. In most such displays both the layers are electrode layers, and one or both of the electrode layers are patterned to define the pixels of the display. For example, one electrode layer may be patterned into elongate row electrodes and the other into elongate column electrodes running at right angles to the row electrodes, the pixels being defined by the intersections of the row and column electrodes. Alternatively, and more commonly, one electrode layer has the form of a single continuous electrode and the other electrode layer is patterned into a matrix of pixel electrodes, each of which defines one pixel of the display. In another type of electrophoretic display, which is intended for use with a stylus, print head or similar movable electrode separate from the display, only one of the layers adjacent the electrophoretic layer comprises an electrode, the layer on the opposed side of the electrophoretic layer typically being a protective layer intended to prevent the movable electrode damaging the electrophoretic layer.

[Para 1 2] Most prior art methods for lamination of the various layers needed to form electro- optic displays are essentially batch methods in which the electro-optic medium, the lamination adhesive and the backplane are only brought together immediately prior to final assembly, and it is desirable to provide methods better adapted for mass production.

[Para 1 3] The aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 6,982,178 describes a method of assembling a solid electro-optic display (including a particle-based electrophoretic display) which is well adapted for mass production. Essentially, this patent describes a so-called "front plane laminate" ("FPL") which comprises, in order, a light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer; a layer of a solid electro-optic medium in electrical contact with the electrically-conductive layer; an adhesive layer; and a release sheet. Typically, the light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer will be carried on a light-transmissive substrate, which is preferably flexible, in the sense that the substrate can be manually wrapped around a drum (say) 10 inches (254 mm) in diameter without permanent deformation. The term "light-transmissive" is used in this patent and herein to mean that the layer thus designated transmits sufficient light to enable an observer, looking through that layer, to observe the change in display states of the electro-optic medium, which will be normally be viewed through the electrically-conductive layer and adjacent substrate (if present). The substrate will be typically be a polymeric film, and will normally have a thickness in the range of about 1 to about 25 mil (25 to 634 μm), preferably about 2 to about 10 mil (51 to 254 μm). The electrically-conductive layer is conveniently a thin metal layer of, for example, aluminum or ITO, or may be a conductive polymer. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films coated with aluminum or ITO are available commercially, for example as "aluminized Mylar" ("Mylar" is a Registered Trade Mark) from E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Wilmington DE, and such commercial materials may be used with good results in the front plane laminate. [Para 1 4] Assembly of an electro-optic display using such a front plane laminate may be effected by removing the release sheet from the front plane laminate and contacting the adhesive layer with the backplane under conditions effective to cause the adhesive layer to adhere to the backplane, thereby securing the adhesive layer, layer of electro-optic medium and electrically- conductive layer to the backplane. This process is well-adapted to mass production since the front plane laminate may be mass produced, typically using roll-to-roll coating techniques, and then cut into pieces of any size needed for use with specific backplanes.

[Para 1 5] The aforementioned 2004/0155857 describes a so-called "double release sheet" which is essentially a simplified version of the front plane laminate of the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 6,982,178. One form of the double release sheet comprises a layer of a solid electro-optic medium sandwiched between two adhesive layers, one or both of the adhesive layers being covered by a release sheet. Another form of the double release sheet comprises a layer of a solid electro-optic medium sandwiched between two release sheets. Both forms of the double release film are intended for use in a process generally similar to the process for assembling an electro- optic display from a front plane laminate already described, but involving two separate laminations; typically, in a first lamination the double release sheet is laminated to a front electrode to form a front sub-assembly, and then in a second lamination the front sub-assembly is laminated to a backplane to form the final display, although the order of these two laminations could be reversed if desired.

[Para 1 6] The aforementioned 2007/0109219 describes a so-called "inverted front plane laminate", which is a variant of the front plane laminate described in the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 6,982,178. This inverted front plane laminate comprises, in order, at least one of a light-transmissive protective layer and a light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer; an adhesive layer; a layer of a solid electro-optic medium; and a release sheet. This inverted front plane laminate is used to form an electro-optic display having a layer of lamination adhesive between the electro-optic layer and the front electrode or front substrate; a second, typically thin layer of adhesive may or may not be present between the electro-optic layer and a backplane. Such electro-optic displays can combine good resolution with good low temperature performance.

[Para 1 7] However, a number of problems remain in the large scale manufacture of electro- optic displays. The lamination processes involved are relatively slow and hence labor intensive, so that in practice, at least for low cost displays, it is necessary to use "multi-up" methods which laminate a plurality of displays in a single operation, with the individual displays being separated from each other at a later stage in the process. To allow for proper separation, gaps ("gutters") must be left between adjacent displays. If the electro-optic medium is coated as a continuous film over a substrate, the electro-optic medium within the gutters is wasted, since it is not used in any of the final displays. Since the electro-optic medium can be expensive, such waste is a serious problem, especially when the individual displays are small, as for example electro-optic displays used on flash drives. For example, lamination of small displays may result in only about 20 per cent of the electro-optic medium being incorporated into the final displays, the remaining 80 per cent or so being wasted. If electro-optic medium is not to be wasted in the gutters, it is necessary to hold discrete pieces of electro-optic medium (and any other layers attached thereto prior to the lamination) accurately spaced from one another so that these discrete pieces can be laminated to other components of the final display. [Para 1 8] The present invention provides methods for the production of electro-optic displays which reduce or eliminate the aforementioned problems. The present invention also provides certain sub-assemblies useful in such methods.

[Para 1 9] In one aspect, this invention provides a (first) sub-assembly for use in forming an electro-optic display, the sub-assembly comprising: a light-transmissive substrate; a plurality of discrete areas of an adhesive material disposed on the substrate, the discrete areas being separated from each other by gutter areas essentially free from the adhesive material; a plurality of discrete areas of an electro-optic material disposed on the adhesive material, each discrete areas of electro-optic material being disposed over one of the plurality of discrete areas of adhesive material, the discrete areas of electro-optic material being separated from each other by gutter areas essentially free from the electro-optic material; and on the opposed side of the areas of electro-optic material from the substrate, at least one of an adhesive layer and a release layer peelable from the sub-assembly without substantial damage thereto.

[Para 20] This first sub-assembly of the present invention may have a second adhesive layer in contact with the areas of electro-optic material and a release layer on the opposed side of the adhesive layer from the electro-optic material. The adhesive layer and/or release layer may or may not extend across the gutter areas. The substrate may comprise a light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer. The first sub-assembly may further comprise a removable masking film disposed on the opposed side of the substrate from the electro-optic material. [Para 21 ] This invention also provides a (second) sub-assembly for use in forming an electro- optic display, the sub-assembly comprising: a release sheet; a plurality of discrete areas of an electro-optic material disposed on the substrate, the discrete areas being separated from each other by gutter areas essentially free from the electro-optic material, the release sheet being peelable from the electro-optic material without substantial damage thereto; and on the opposed side of the areas of electro-optic material from the release sheet, at least one of an adhesive layer and a release layer, the release layer being peelable from the electro-optic material or adhesive layer with which it is in contact without substantial damage thereto.

[Para 22] This second sub-assembly of the present invention may have an adhesive layer in contact with the areas of electro-optic material and a release layer on the opposed side of the adhesive layer from the electro-optic material. The adhesive and the release layer may or may not extend across the gutter areas, although the latter is generally preferred. [Para 23] Both the first and second sub-assemblies of the present invention may make use of any of the types of solid electro-optic materials discussed above. Thus, for example, either type of sub-assembly may comprise a rotating bichromal member or electrochromic material. Alternatively, either type of sub-assembly may comprise an electrophoretic material comprising a plurality of electrically charged particles disposed in a fluid and capable of moving through the fluid under the influence of an electric field. The electrically charged particles and the fluid are confined within a plurality of capsules or microcells. Alternatively, the electrically charged particles and the fluid may be present as a plurality of discrete droplets surrounded by a continuous phase comprising a polymeric material. The fluid may be liquid or gaseous. [Para 24] In another aspect, this invention provides a (first) process for forming a first sub- assembly of the present invention, this first process comprising: forming a plurality of components, each component comprising a layer of electro- optic material and a release layer peelable from the layer of electro-optic material without substantial damage thereto; disposing the plurality of components on a support surface, the components being spaced from each other, with the layer of electro-optic material facing away from the support surface; and contacting the disposed plurality of components with a light-transmissive substrate under conditions effective to cause the plurality of components to adhere to the substrate.

[Para 25] In this first process of the invention, the support surface may comprise a template having a plurality of recesses within which the components are received. Each of the components may further comprise a substrate adhesive layer disposed on the opposed side of the layer of electro-optic material from the at least one of an adhesive layer and a release layer, and the components are disposed on the support surface with the substrate adhesive layer facing the substrate, so that the substrate adhesive layer acts to adhere the components to the substrate. The first process may further comprise: forming a sub-assembly comprising an adhesive layer on a second substrate; and, after adhering the components to the light-transmissive substrate, removing the release layer from the components, and contacting the components with the adhesive layer on the second substrate under conditions effect to cause the components and the light-transmissive substrate to adhere to the adhesive layer. The substrate used in the first process may comprise a light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer.

[Para 26] In another aspect, this invention provides a (second) process for forming a first sub- assembly of the present invention, this second process comprising: forming a layer of electro-optic material on a release sheet; severing the layer of electro-optic material on the release sheet to define a plurality of discrete areas separated from each other by gutter areas; removing the layer of electro-optic material from the gutter areas while leaving the electro-optic material on the release sheet in the plurality of discrete areas; and after removal of the layer of electro-optic material from the gutter areas, adhering a light-transmissive substrate to the electro-optic material in the plurality of discrete areas. [Para 27] This second process of the present invention may further comprise: forming an adhesive layer overlying the layer of electro-optic material on the release sheet; severing both the layer of electro-optic material and the adhesive layer to define the plurality of discrete areas; removing both the layer of electro-optic material and the adhesive layer from the gutter areas; and after removal of the layer of electro-optic material and the adhesive layer from the gutter areas, contacting the light-transmissive substrate with the adhesive layer in the plurality of discrete areas, thereby causing the light-transmissive substrate to adhere to the adhesive layer. [Para 28] Alternatively or in addition, the second process of the invention may further comprise: providing a release layer overlying the adhesive layer on the release sheet; severing the layer of electro-optic material, the adhesive layer and the release layer to define the plurality of discrete areas; and removing the release layer from both the plurality of discrete areas and the gutter areas prior to contacting the light-transmissive substrate with the adhesive layer. The removal of the release layer may be effected in two stages, with the first stage causing removal of the release layer from the gutter areas, leaving the release layer covering the adhesive layer and the layer of electro-optic material in the plurality of discrete areas, and the second stage causing removal of the release layer from the adhesive layer and the layer of electro-optic material in the plurality of discrete areas.

[Para 29] Another form of the second process of the present invention further comprises: forming a sub-assembly comprising an adhesive layer on a second release sheet; and after adhering the light-transmissive substrate to the electro-optic material in the plurality of discrete areas, removing the release sheet from the layer of electro-optic material, and contacting the electro-optic material with the adhesive layer of the sub-assembly, thereby adhering the sub- assembly to the layer of electro-optic material.

[Para 30] In the second process of the present invention, the removal of the layer of electro- optic material from the gutter areas may be effected by placing a sheet of material over both the plurality of discrete areas and the gutter areas, and thereafter removing the sheet of material with the portions of the electro-optic material from the gutter areas attached thereto, while leaving the electro-optic material in the plurality of discrete areas. Alternatively after severing the layer of electro-optic material, the adhesive layer and the release layer to define the plurality of discrete areas, the portion of the release layer in the gutter areas may first be removed, and thereafter a sheet of material may be placed over both the plurality of discrete areas and the gutter areas, and the sheet of material thereafter removed with the portions of the adhesive layer and the electro- optic material from the gutter areas attached thereto, while leaving the adhesive layer and the electro-optic material in the plurality of discrete areas. The removal of the sheet of material may also remove the release layer from the plurality of discrete areas. The substrate may comprise a light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer.

[Para 31 ] Figures IA to IE of the accompanying drawings are schematic side elevations illustrating various states of one form of the first process of the present invention which produces a first sub-assembly of the invention.

[Para 32] Figures 2A to 2F are schematic side elevations illustrating various states of one form of the second process of the present invention, this second process producing both first and second sub-assemblies of the invention.

[Para 33] Figures 3A to 3D are schematic side elevations illustrating various states of a modified form of the second process of the invention shown in Figures 2A to 2F, this modified process again producing both first and second sub-assemblies of the invention. [Para 34] Reference will be made hereinafter to "loose" and "tight" release sheets. These terms are used in their conventional meaning in the art to indicate the magnitude of the force necessary to peel the relevant release sheet from the layer with which it is in contact, a tight release sheet requiring more force than a loose release sheet. In particular, if a stack of layers has a tight release sheet on one side and a loose release sheet on the other, it is possible to peel the loose release sheet away from the stack without separating the tight release sheet from the stack. [Para 35] As already indicated, some of the sub-assemblies of the present invention contain two separate adhesive layers. When necessary or desirable, the two adhesive layers will be denoted as "front" and "rear" adhesive layers, these terms denoting the position of the relevant adhesive layer in the final display produced by laminating the sub-assembly to a backplane; the front adhesive layer is the adhesive layer lying between the electro-optic medium and the viewing surface of the display (i.e., the surface through which an observer views the display, normally the surface remote from the backplane and regarded as the "front" of the display), while the rear adhesive layer lies on the opposed side of the electro-optic layer from the front adhesive layer, and adjacent the backplane. In the common situation where a display has a single front electrode between the electro-optic layer and the viewing surface and a plurality of pixel electrodes on the backplane and thus on the opposed side of the electro-optic layer, the front adhesive layer lies between the electro-optic layer and the front electrode, while the rear adhesive layer lies between the electro-optic layer and the pixel electrodes.

[Para 36] The accompanying drawings are not strictly to scale. In particular, for ease of illustration, the thicknesses of the various layers are greatly exaggerated relative to their lateral dimensions. The present invention is well adapted for the production of thin, flexible electro- optic displays; typically, the sub-assemblies or front plane laminates which are the products of the processes described below will have thicknesses (measured without the remaining release sheet, which is discarded before the final lamination to a backplane) of about 100 μm, and can be laminated to flexible backplanes of similar thickness.

[Para 37] As already indicated, the accompanying drawings illustrate various stages of three different processes of the present invention, all of which ultimately produce first sub-assemblies of the present invention; the second process shown in Figures 2A-2F also produces a second sub- assembly of the present invention. Accordingly, it is considered most convenient to first describe the various sub-assemblies of the invention produced by these processes and thereafter to describe the may in which these sub-assemblies are produced by the multi-step processes of the present invention.

[Para 38] The first sub-assemblies of the present invention produced by the illustrated processes are shown in Figures ID, IE, 2E and 2F of the accompanying drawings; as explained below, the third process shown in Figures 3A-3D ultimately produces first sub-assemblies identical to those shown in Figures 2E and 2F. The first sub-assemblies shown in Figures IE and 2F are specialized forms of the inverted front plane laminates described in the aforementioned 2007/0109219; other first sub-assemblies of the present invention (not illustrated) may be specialized forms of the "classic" (i.e., non-inverted) front plane laminates described in the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 6,982,178.

[Para 39] The first sub-assemblies of the present invention comprise a light-transmissive substrate 120 in each of Figures ID, IE, 2E and 2F. The substrate 120 is typically a multi-layer structure and usually includes a light-transmissive electrode layer, for example an indium-tin- oxide (ITO) layer, which forms the front electrode of the final display; this electrode layer is not shown separately in the drawings. However, substrates 120 lacking electrode layers can be used, for example in electro-optic displays which are intended to be written using a stylus or similar external electrode.

[Para 40] The first sub-assemblies of the present invention further comprise a plurality of discrete areas of an electro-optic material (104 in Figures ID and IE, 204 in Figures 2E and 2F) disposed on the substrate 120. The sub-assemblies illustrated have a substrate (or front) adhesive layer (106 in Figures ID and IE, 206 in Figures 2E and 2F) interposed between the electro-optic material 104 or 204 and the substrate 120 although in some cases this front adhesive layer can be omitted, for example by using an electro-optic material comprising a binder which functions as its own adhesive, as described in the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 7,110,164. The discrete areas of electro-optic material 104 or 204 are separated from each other by gutter areas (105 in Figures ID and IE, 205 in Figures 2E and 2F) free from the electro-optic material and the adhesive layer 106 or 206. Although the drawings each illustrate only two discrete areas of electro-optic material separated by a single gutter area, in practice each sub-assembly would normally have a larger number of discrete areas of electro-optic material; for example, a sub- assembly intended for producing six individual displays might have a 3 x 2 arrangement of such areas, separated from each other by two parallel gutter areas and a third gutter area extending at right angles to the first two. Indeed, as described in detail below, certain sub-assemblies of the present invention can be in the form of continuous webs of indefinite length, with a large number of areas of electro-optic material arranged in a two dimensional array and separated from each other by two sets of gutter areas extending in perpendicular directions.

[Para 41 ] The first sub-assemblies of the present invention further comprise at least one of an adhesive layer and a release layer on the opposed side of the layer of electro-optic material from the substrate. The first sub-assemblies shown in Figures ID and 2E possess only a release layer 102 on the opposed side of the layer of electro-optic material from the substrate, whereas the sub-assemblies shown in Figures IE and 2F possess both an adhesive layer 122 in contact with the electro-optic layer 104 or 204 and a release layer 124 on the opposed side of the adhesive layer 122 from the electro-optic layer 104 or 204. Note that in Figure ID the release layer 102 is discontinuous, with separate pieces of release layer 102 just covering the adjacent areas of the electro-optic layer 104 and not extending across the gutter areas 105, whereas in Figure 2E the release layer 102 is continuous and extends across the gutter areas 205. In both Figures IE and 2F, both the adhesive layer 122 and the release layer 124 are continuous and extend across the gutter areas 105 or 205.

[Para 42] A second sub-assembly of the present invention is illustrated in Figure 2D. This sub- assembly comprises a release sheet 102 bearing a plurality of discrete areas of electro-optic material 204, the discrete areas 204 being separated from each other by gutter areas 205 free from the electro-optic material. The second sub-assembly further comprises an adhesive layer 206 on the opposed side of the electro-optic layer from the release sheet 102 and a release layer or sheet 208 on the opposed side of adhesive layer 206 from the release sheet 102. For reasons already explained, in some cases the adhesive layer 206 could be omitted. The release sheet 208 shown in Figure 2D is discontinuous and does not extend across the gutter areas 205, but second sub-assemblies of the present invention having continuous release sheets similar to 208 can be produced if desired.

[Para 43] The methods used to produce the sub-assemblies of the present invention will now be described in detail A first method of the present invention, illustrated in Figure 1 , is especially but not exclusively intended for the production of small electro-optic displays. In the first step of the process, an electro-optic medium is coated or otherwise deposited on to a tight release sheet 102 to form a continuous electro-optic layer 104. Separately, a continuous front adhesive layer 106 is coated on to a loose release sheet 108. The two resulting sub-assemblies are then laminated to each other with the adhesive layer 106 is contact with the electro-optic layer 104 to produce the structure shown in Figure IA. These steps are as described in the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 7,110,164, and resulting assembly is a double release sheet as described in the aforementioned 2004/0155857.

[Para 44] In the next step of the process, the sheet shown in Figure IA is severed into pieces of appropriate size to form individual displays. Although other methods such as die cutting may be used, the cutting of the sheet is conveniently effected by laser cutting, as indicated by lines 110 and 112 in Figure IA so as to leave a tab 108A of the loose release sheet 108 extending outwardly beyond the other layers. At this point, cuts may, and typically are, made completely through the sheet to provide any desired apertures or cut-outs in the front adhesive layer 106 and electro-optic layer 104; for example, apertures may be cut through the front adhesive and electro- optic layers to provide pre-formed connection apertures as described in the aforementioned International Application No. PCT/US2007/063551, which will eventually be used (in combination with corresponding apertures in the rear adhesive layer, as described below) to form conductive vias connecting the front electrode to the backplane in the final display. The loose release sheet 108 is then removed from the assembly, conveniently by pulling on the tab 108A. [Para 45] A plurality of these pieces (designated 114 in Figure IB) with the loose release sheet 108 removed are then placed, adhesive side up, in a template or jig comprising a thin alignment sheet 116 taped to a laminating tray 118. The alignment sheet 116 is disposable and is typically discarded after three or four laminations (as described below), whereas the laminating tray is permanent; this arrangement has the advantage that the alignment sheet 116 can rapidly be changed to enable various parts to be laminated in the same laminator without the need for a plurality of expensive metal templates. Also, at least in some cases, the alignment sheet 116, which is typically formed of a polymeric film, for example poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), can be laser cut using the same digital file used to laser cut the pieces 114. The thickness of the alignment sheet 116 should be chosen so that the upper (adhesive) surfaces of the pieces 114 extend slightly (about 1-2 mil, 25-51 μm) above the alignment sheet 116.

[Para 46] As illustrated in Figure IB, the pieces 114 held in the template 116, 118, are then laminated to an oversized (i.e., larger than the alignment sheet 116) sheet of a front substrate 120. The front substrate 120 is a multi-layer structure including an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) layer which forms the front electrode of the final display. The front substrate further comprises a removable masking film, which is removed before the final display is placed in use, as described below.

[Para 47] This front substrate structure is designed to provide the front light-transmissive electrode for the final display. The front substrate 120 also provides the necessary mechanical support for this thin and relatively fragile front electrode. In addition, the front substrate preferably provides all necessary water vapor and oxygen barriers, and ultra-violet absorption properties, desirable to protect certain electro-optic layers, especially electrophoretic layers. The front substrate may also provide desirable anti-glare properties to the viewing surface of the final display. The front substrate 120 serves all of these functions while still being thin and flexible enough to enable the formation of a final display sufficiently flexible to be wound around a mandrel of (say) 15 mm diameter. As already noted, the front substrate includes a masking film; this masking film is provided primarily to increase the thickness of the front substrate so as to facilitate handling of this substrate during the laminations. In a preferred process, the total thickness of the front substrate as it remains in the final display (i.e., with the masking film removed) is only about 1 mil (25 μm) and the masking film is used to add about 2 mil (51 μm) to this thickness for ease of handling. The masking film also typically serves to prevent scratching or adhesion of dust or debris to an adjacent anti-glare layer during the laminations. [Para 48] Following the lamination shown in Figure IB, the sheet of front substrate 120 with the pieces 114 secured thereto, is removed as a single unit from the template 116, 118. Figure ID shows an enlarged view of two of the pieces 114 on the substrate 120, the pieces 114 and the substrate 120 together forming a first sub-assembly of the present invention, as already described. The substrate 120 bearing the pieces 114 is then placed on a laser cutter with the pieces 114 facing the laser. The laser cutter is then used to cut tooling holes through the front substrate 120 in positions aligned with the positions of the pieces 114; these tooling holes will be used to engage the sheet with alignment pins to locate the sheet during a later lamination, as described below. Alternatively, tooling holes could be pre-cut in the front substrate 120 before this front substrate is laminated to the pieces 114, and if such pre-cut tooling holes are provided, they can be engaged with pins provided on the template 116, 118 to align the front substrate during its lamination to the pieces 114.

[Para 49] Separately, a rear adhesive layer 122 (Figure 1C) is coated on to a release sheet 124, and the exposed surface of the rear adhesive layer is covered by an interleaf (in effect, a further release sheet - not shown in the drawings) which serves to prevent contamination of the surface of the adhesive layer during laser cutting. The release layer/adhesive/interleaf "sandwich" is laser cut, with the interleaf facing the laser, to form tooling holes similar to those previously cut through the front substrate, and intended for the same purpose. The laser cutter may also be used to cut other apertures through the adhesive layer required for specific displays; for example, the laser cutter may cut apertures which, in conjunction with corresponding apertures previously cut in the front adhesive and electro-optic layers, will constitute pre-formed connection apertures as described in the aforementioned International Application No. PCT/US2007/063551. [Para 50] In the next step of the process, the interleaf is removed from the rear adhesive layer, 122, which is then placed, together with its adhering release sheet 124, on the bed of a laminator, with its tooling holes engaged with alignment pins (not shown) on the laminator, as illustrated in Figure 1C. The tight release sheet 102 is peeled from the pieces 114 carried on the substrate 120, and the tooling holes previously cut in the release sheet 120 are also engaged with the alignment pins on the laminator, such that the exposed surface of the electro-optic layer 104 is facing the rear adhesive layer 122. The two sheets are them laminated together, thus forming an inverted front plane laminate as described in the aforementioned 2007/0109219. Figure IE is an enlarged view, similar to that of Figure ID and illustrating a portion of substrate 120 bearing two pieces 114 at the same stage as Figure 1C. As already noted, the structure shown in Figure IE constitutes a first sub-assembly of the present invention.

[Para 51 ] At this point, the masking film is typically removed, since it is convenient to remove this film in one piece before the individual displays are separated from each other; however, removal of the masking film can be effected later if desired. Whether or not the masking film is removed, the next major step is separation of the sheet into a plurality of pieces of inverted front plane laminate. This separation is effected by laser cutting of the laminated sheet which is held on alignment pins to ensure accurate location of the cuts. The cuts sever the third release sheet 124, rear adhesive layer 122 and front substrate 120 to produce separate pieces of an inverted front plane laminate which are ready, after removal of the third release sheet 124, for lamination to backplanes to form the final displays. The cutting of the laminated sheet is desirably effected so as to leave a tab of the third release sheet 124 extending beyond the front substrate 120, adhesive layers 106 and 122 and electro-optic layer 104; such a tab facilitates removal of the third release sheet 124 during the production of the final displays.

[Para 52] A second process of the invention, illustrated in Figures 2A-2F of the accompanying drawings, is primarily intended for use in producing larger displays than the first process described above with reference to Figures 1A-1E; the parts produced by the second process are sufficiently large that loss of the electro-optic material present in gutter areas between adjacent displays can be tolerated. As will be apparent from the detailed description of the second process below, the main difference between the first and second processes is that the second process does not make use of a jig to align separate pieces of electro-optic medium on a front substrate; instead, in the second process, a continuous layer of electro-optic material is severed to produce multiple "islands" of electro-optic material separated by gutter areas free from electro-optic material.

[Para 53] The second process of the present invention is identical to the first process up to the point shown in Figure 2A, which is identical to Figure IA. However, as may be seen by comparing Figures IB and 2B, the next cutting step differs. The cutting step of the second process is effected with the loose release sheet 108 facing the laser cutter and with kiss cutting such that the loose release sheet 108, the front adhesive layer 106 and the electro-optic layer 104 are severed but the tight release sheet 102 is not. Also in this step, as in the first process, any through apertures needed for alignment holes, pre-formed connection apertures or other purposes may be cut (although this can also be done later, as described below). Since it may in some cases be possible to carry out the entire second process on a roll-to-roll basis, the through apertures formed in this step may include tractor feed holes formed along the side edges of a web of material and serving as alignment holes for later stages of the process.

[Para 54] The continuous portion of the loose release sheet 108 (i.e., the portion of this release sheet covering what will become the gutter areas at later stages of the process) is then removed, either manually or mechanically, thus leaving the structure shown in Figure 2B, in which "islands" 208 of loose release sheet corresponding to the final displays remain above continuous but severed layers of front adhesive layer 106 and electro-optic layer 104. The next step of the process is removal of the unwanted parts of the front adhesive and electro-optic layers 106 and 104 respectively. This removal can be effected manually, since the front adhesive and electro- optic layers possess sufficient mechanical cohesion that they can be manually rolled up on themselves and removed in large pieces from the underlying tight release sheet 102. However, as illustrated in Figure 2C, in the preferred method for removal of the unwanted parts of the front adhesive and electro-optic layers, a sacrificial sheet 210 (which does not need to be tacky) is cold rolled over the islands 208 and the exposed portions of the front adhesive layer 106. The sacrificial sheet 210 is then removed, thus removing the portions of the front adhesive layer 106 and electro-optic layer 104 not covered by the islands 208, and leaving the structure shown in Figure 2D. As described above, this structure comprises a second sub-assembly of the present invention, in which there extend upwardly from the tight release sheet 102 multiple "mesas" comprising the islands 208 of the loose release sheet and similarly sized underlying areas 206 and 204 of the front adhesive layer and electro-optic layer respectively, with the mesas being separated from each other by gutter areas 205. As in the first process of the present invention described above, in some cases it may be possible to omit the front adhesive layer 206, for example when the electro-optic material can act as its own adhesive. Also, as should readily be apparent, each of these mesas will eventually form a separate display. (In some cases, it may be possible to recycle the portions of the front adhesive layer and electro-optic layer removed on the throwaway sheet 210 in other small displays.)

[Para 55] In the next step, the remaining portions 208 of the loose release sheet are peeled from the structure shown in Figure 2D and the remaining layers of the structure are laminated to a sheet of the front substrate 120, which can be identical to that used in the first process of the invention as described above, and which can have previously been provided with any apertures needed for engagement with alignment pins etc. during later stages of the process. The first sub- assembly of the invention resulting from this lamination is shown in Figure 2E and has already been described in detail above.

[Para 56] Although produced by a very different route, the sub-assembly shown in Figure 2E is very similar to that produced in the first process of the invention following the lamination shown in Figure IB and the subsequent laser cutting, the only difference being that in the structure of Figure 2E the tight release sheet 102 is continuous. Accordingly, the remaining steps of the second process are essentially identical to those of the first. Again, a rear adhesive layer 122 is coated on to a third release sheet 124, an interleaf is applied over the adhesive layer 122 and any necessary apertures are cut in the resulting structure. The interleaf is then removed, the tight release sheet 102 is removed from the structure of Figure 2E, and the two resulting films are laminated together to produce the final inverted front plane laminate or sub-assembly shown in Figure 2F, which is identical to that produced by the first process of the invention. [Para 57] The third process of the present invention shown in Figures 3A-3D is essentially a variant of the second process described above. As shown in Figures 3A and 3B, which are identical to Figures 2A and 2B respectively, the third process is identical to the second up to the point shown in Figure 3B. However, in the next step of the process, instead of the throwaway sheet 210, a tacky film 310 (Figure 3C) is rolled over, and adheres to, the exposed surfaces of both the loose release sheet 108 and the front adhesive layer 106. Accordingly, when the tacky film 310 is removed, the remaining loose release sheet 108, and the unwanted portions of the front adhesive layer 106 and electro-optic 104 are removed therewith, thus producing the structure shown in Figure 3D; in effect, the use of the tacky film 310 enables the step from Figure 2B to Figure 2C and the subsequent removal of the loose release sheet prior to lamination to the front substrate 120, to be combined into a single operation. Once the structure shown in Figure 3D has been produced, the remaining steps of the third process are identical to those of the second.

[Para 58] It should be noted that, in this third process of the invention, all removal of unwanted material is effected in sheet form, or in continuous web form if the process is carried out using continuous webs of material. Accordingly, the third process of the invention is very suitable for use on a continuous, roll-to-roll basis.

[Para 59] If, however, the process shown in Figures 3A-3D and the subsequent laminations to form the final electro-optic displays are to be carried out on continuous webs, care must be taken to maintain correct alignment throughout the various steps of the process. At the point shown in Figure 3D, the "mesas" 204, 206 are produced at known locations on the release sheet 102. If the structure shown in Figure 3D is to be subjected to a lamination similar to that shown in Figure IB so as to attach the mesas to a front substrate, and thereafter to laminate the mesas on the front substrate first to backplanes (with or without intervening lamination of an adhesive layer to the electro-optic layer 204) carried on a web, it is obviously necessary ensure that the mesas end up aligned with the backplanes. Since the initial alignment is between the mesas and the release sheet 102, removal of this release sheet can destroy the alignment. To ensure that the mesas end up aligned with the backplanes, it is necessary to first transfer the mesas to known positions relative to some fixed marker on the front substrate, and then to bring the front substrate bearing the mesas into contact with the backplanes so that the fixed marker on the front substrate is in a known alignment with the backplanes. The necessary alignments are most readily achieved by providing all the webs with tractor feed holes and ensuring that the webs are driven by common tractor feed devices so that they automatically remain in the desired alignment with each other. [Para 60] It will be apparent from the preceding discussion that the methods of the present invention can be carried out with any electro-optic layer which has solid external surfaces to which adhesive layers and release sheets can adhere and sufficient mechanical cohesion to permit the necessary manipulation of films containing the electro-optic layer. Accordingly, the present methods can be carried out using any of the types of electro-optic media described above. For example, the present methods can make use of rotating bichromal member, electrochromic or electrophoretic media, and in the last case the electrophoretic media may be of the encapsulated, polymer-dispersed or microcell types.

Claims

1. A sub-assembly for use in forming an electro-optic display, the sub- assembly being characterized by, in this order: a light-transmissive substrate (120); a plurality of discrete areas (106; 206) of an adhesive material disposed on the substrate (120), the discrete areas (106; 206) being separated from each other by gutter areas (105; 205) essentially free from the adhesive material; a plurality of discrete areas (104; 204) of an electro-optic material disposed on the adhesive material, each discrete area of electro-optic material (104; 204) being disposed over one of the plurality of discrete areas (106; 206) of adhesive material, the discrete areas of electro- optic material (104; 204) being separated from each other by gutter areas (105; 205) essentially free from the electro-optic material; and on the opposed side of the areas of electro-optic material from the substrate, at least one of a second adhesive layer (122) and a release layer (102; 124) peelable from the sub- assembly without substantial damage thereto.

2. A sub-assembly according to claim 1 having a second adhesive layer (122) in contact with the areas (204) of electro-optic material and a release layer (124) on the opposed side of the second adhesive layer (122) from the electro-optic material.

3. A sub-assembly according to claim 1 wherein the substrate (120) comprises a light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer.

4. A sub-assembly according to claim 1 further comprising a removable masking film disposed on the opposed side of the substrate (120) from the electro-optic material.

5. A sub-assembly for use in forming an electro-optic display, the sub- assembly being characterized by: a release sheet (102); a plurality of discrete areas (204) of an electro-optic material disposed on the release sheet (204), the discrete areas being separated from each other by gutter areas (205) essentially free from the electro-optic material, the release sheet (102) being peelable from the electro-optic material without substantial damage thereto; and on the opposed side of the areas (204) of electro-optic material from the release sheet (102), at least one of an adhesive layer (206) and a release layer (208), the release layer (208) being peelable from the electro-optic material (204) or adhesive layer (206) with which it is in contact without substantial damage thereto.

6. A sub-assembly according to claim 5 having an adhesive layer (206) in contact with the areas (204) of electro-optic material and a release layer (208) on the opposed side of the adhesive layer (206) from the electro-optic material.

7. A sub-assembly according to claim 6 wherein the adhesive layer (206) and the release layer (208) do not extend across the gutter areas (205).

8. A sub-assembly according to claim 1 or 5 wherein the electro-optic material comprises a rotating bichromal member or electrochromic material.

9. A sub-assembly according to claim 1 or 5 wherein the electro-optic material comprises an electrophoretic material comprising a plurality of electrically charged particles disposed in a fluid and capable of moving through the fluid under the influence of an electric field.

10. A sub-assembly according to claim 9 wherein the electrically charged particles and the fluid are confined within a plurality of capsules or microcells.

11. A sub-assembly according to claim 9 wherein the electrically charged particles and the fluid are present as a plurality of discrete droplets surrounded by a continuous phase comprising a polymeric material.

12. A sub-assembly according to claim 9 wherein the fluid is gaseous.

13. A process for forming a sub-assembly according to claim 1, the process being characterized by: forming a plurality of components (114), each component (114) comprising a layer of electro-optic material (104) and a release layer (102) peelable from the layer of electro- optic material (104) without substantial damage thereto; disposing the plurality of components (114) on a support surface (118), the components (114) being spaced from each other, with the layer of electro-optic material (104) facing away from the support surface (118); and contacting the disposed plurality of components (114) with a light-transmissive substrate (120) under conditions effective to cause the plurality of components (114) to adhere to the substrate (120).

14. A process according to claim 13 wherein the support surface (118) is provided with a template (116) having a plurality of recesses within which the components (114) are received.

15. A process according to claim 13 wherein each of the components (114) further comprises a substrate adhesive layer (106), and the components (114) are disposed on the support surface (118) with the substrate adhesive layer (106) facing the substrate (120), so that the substrate adhesive layer (106) acts to adhere the components (114) to the substrate (120).

16. A process according to claim 13 further comprising: forming a sub-assembly comprising an adhesive layer (122) on a second substrate (124); and after adhering the components (114) to the light-transmissive substrate (120), removing the release layer (102) from the components (114), and contacting the components (114) with the adhesive layer (122) on the second substrate (124) under conditions effect to cause the components (114) and the light-transmissive substrate (120) to adhere to the adhesive layer (122).

17. A process according to claim 13 wherein the substrate (120) comprises a light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer.

18. A process for forming a sub-assembly according to claim 1, the process being characterized by: forming a layer of electro-optic material (104) on a release sheet (102); severing the layer of electro-optic material (104) on the release sheet (102) to define a plurality of discrete areas (204) separated from each other by gutter areas (205); removing the layer of electro-optic material (104) from the gutter areas (205) while leaving the electro-optic material (204) on the release sheet (102) in the plurality of discrete areas; and after removal of the layer of electro-optic material (104) from the gutter areas (205), adhering a light-transmissive substrate (120) to the electro-optic material (204) in the plurality of discrete areas.

19. A process according to claim 18 further comprising: forming an adhesive layer (106) overlying the layer of electro-optic material (104) on the release sheet (102); severing both the layer of electro-optic material (104) and the adhesive layer (106) to define the plurality of discrete areas; removing both the layer of electro-optic material (104) and the adhesive layer (106) from the gutter areas; and after removal of the layer of electro-optic material (104) and the adhesive layer (106) from the gutter areas (205), contacting the light-transmissive substrate (120) with the adhesive layer (206) in the plurality of discrete areas, thereby causing the light-transmissive substrate (120) to adhere to the adhesive layer (206).

20. A process according to claim 19 further comprising: providing a release layer (108) overlying the adhesive layer (106) on the release sheet (102); severing the layer (104) of electro-optic material, the adhesive layer (106) and the release layer (108) to define the plurality of discrete areas; and removing the release layer (108) from both the plurality of discrete areas and the gutter areas (205) prior to contacting the light-transmissive substrate (120) with the adhesive layer (206).

21. A process according to claim 20 wherein the removal of the release layer (108) is effected in two stages, with the first stage causing removal of the release layer (108) from the gutter areas (205), leaving the release layer (208) covering the adhesive layer (206) and the layer (204) of electro-optic material in the plurality of discrete areas, and the second stage causing removal of the release layer (208) from the adhesive layer (206) and the layer of electro- optic material (204) in the plurality of discrete areas.

22. A process according to claim 18 further comprising: forming a sub-assembly comprising an adhesive layer (122) on a second release sheet (124); and after adhering the light-transmissive substrate (120) to the electro-optic material

(204) in the plurality of discrete areas, removing the release sheet (102) from the layer (204) of electro-optic material, and contacting the electro-optic material (204) with the adhesive layer (122) of the sub-assembly, thereby adhering the sub-assembly (122, 124) to the layer of electro- optic material (204).

23. A process according to claim 18 wherein the removal of the layer (104) of electro-optic material from the gutter areas (205) is effected by placing a sheet (210) of material over both the plurality of discrete areas and the gutter areas (205), and thereafter removing the sheet (210) of material with the portions of the electro-optic material (104) from the gutter areas

(205) attached thereto, while leaving the electro-optic material (204) in the plurality of discrete areas.

24. A process according to claim 21 wherein, after severing the layer of electro-optic material (104), the adhesive layer (106) and the release layer (108) to define the plurality of discrete areas, the portion of the release layer (108) in the gutter areas (205) is first removed, and thereafter a sheet (310) of material is placed over both the plurality of discrete areas and the gutter areas (205), and the sheet (310) of material is thereafter removed with the portions of the adhesive layer (106) and the electro-optic material (104) from the gutter areas (205) attached thereto, while leaving the adhesive layer (206) and the electro-optic material (204) in the plurality of discrete areas.

25. A process according to claim 24 wherein the removal of the sheet (310) of material also removes the release layer (108) from the plurality of discrete areas.

26. A process according to claim 18 wherein the substrate (120) comprises a light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer.