WO2006067429A1 - A linear free piston stirling machine - Google Patents

A linear free piston stirling machine Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006067429A1
WO2006067429A1 PCT/GB2005/004957 GB2005004957W WO2006067429A1 WO 2006067429 A1 WO2006067429 A1 WO 2006067429A1 GB 2005004957 W GB2005004957 W GB 2005004957W WO 2006067429 A1 WO2006067429 A1 WO 2006067429A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
displacer
stopper
casing
rod
engine
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2005/004957
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2006067429A8 (en
Inventor
Stephen Charles Welty
Andrew Nicholas Hill
Original Assignee
Microgen Energy Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Microgen Energy Limited filed Critical Microgen Energy Limited
Priority to DE602005010608T priority Critical patent/DE602005010608D1/en
Priority to US11/793,693 priority patent/US7827789B2/en
Priority to JP2007547632A priority patent/JP2008525703A/en
Priority to EP05820480A priority patent/EP1828589B1/en
Publication of WO2006067429A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006067429A1/en
Publication of WO2006067429A8 publication Critical patent/WO2006067429A8/en

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
    • F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
    • F02G1/043—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
    • F02G1/0435—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines the engine being of the free piston type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G2243/00—Stirling type engines having closed regenerative thermodynamic cycles with flow controlled by volume changes
    • F02G2243/02—Stirling type engines having closed regenerative thermodynamic cycles with flow controlled by volume changes having pistons and displacers in the same cylinder
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G2243/00—Stirling type engines having closed regenerative thermodynamic cycles with flow controlled by volume changes
    • F02G2243/02—Stirling type engines having closed regenerative thermodynamic cycles with flow controlled by volume changes having pistons and displacers in the same cylinder
    • F02G2243/20—Stirling type engines having closed regenerative thermodynamic cycles with flow controlled by volume changes having pistons and displacers in the same cylinder each having a single free piston, e.g. "Beale engines"
    • F02G2243/202—Stirling type engines having closed regenerative thermodynamic cycles with flow controlled by volume changes having pistons and displacers in the same cylinder each having a single free piston, e.g. "Beale engines" resonant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G2270/00—Constructional features
    • F02G2270/42—Displacer drives
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G2275/00—Controls
    • F02G2275/20—Controls for preventing piston over stroke

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a linear free piston Stirling machine .
  • Such machines comprise a displacer and a power piston which are reciprocally mounted within a casing, a rod attached at one end to the displacer and extending through an opening in the power piston, and a spring mounted with respect to the casing and being attached to the rod towards its opposite end to reciprocally support the rod and displacer .
  • a displacer and a power piston which are reciprocally mounted within a casing, a rod attached at one end to the displacer and extending through an opening in the power piston, and a spring mounted with respect to the casing and being attached to the rod towards its opposite end to reciprocally support the rod and displacer .
  • any such over stroking of the displacer causes a number of problems . It can cause collisions between the displacer and the power piston, over-extension of the spring causing the premature failure of the spring, or collisions between the rod and the engine casing thereby causing undesirable noise .
  • a machine of the kind described is characterised by a resilient stopper on the opposite end of the rod arranged, in use , to contact the engine casing if the displacement of the displacer exceeds a predetermined limit .
  • the presence of the resilient stopper provides a number of benefits .
  • the stopper is resilient , it can be designed to come into contact with the engine casing should the displacer piston begin to overstroke . This provides a " soft " interface between the stopper and the casing which limits the degree to which the displacer can overstroke , and reduces noise .
  • the resilient stopper also has a further advantage with regard to engine tuning . During assembly of the engine , tuning to achieve the desired maximum amplitude of reciprocation of the displacer is performed by removing material evenly from the periphery of the stopper . This is easy to achieve with a resilient stopper .
  • the resilient stopper is typically required to have a mass of some 20% of the displacer mass which may make its overall dimensions too large to be accommodated in the space available .
  • the stopper may therefore comprise a first resilient portion facing the casing, and a denser second non-resilient portion on the side of the resilient portion furthest from the casing .
  • This non-resilient portion can be made , for example , of a metal such as steel , which allows the overall size of the stopper to be reduced for a given mass .
  • the stopper may be of any suitable resilient material such as foam or plastic , but is preferably rubber . It could also be a spring .
  • An example of a Stirling machine constructed in accordance with the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawing which is a schematic cross-section of a Stirling machine . The particular example relates to an engine , but it will be appreciated that the design is equally applicable to other Stirling machines such as motors or coolers .
  • a linear free piston Stirling machine in this case an engine , is shown schematically in Fig . 1.
  • the basic design of the engine is well known in the art (for example see page
  • the engine has a head 1 having fins 2 which are heated by a burner (not shown) .
  • a displacer 3 Within the engine housing, are a displacer 3 and a power piston 4 which reciprocate linearly relatively to one another .
  • the power piston 4 is attached to a drum 5 to which magnets 6 are attached .
  • the magnets reciprocate with respect to a stator 7 to provide an electromechanical interface .
  • An intermediate region of the engine is cooled by fluid in a coolant circuit 8.
  • the displacer 3 has a flexible rod 9 which extends through the centre of the power piston 4 , and which is mounted on a pair of planar springs 11. These are bolted by bolts 12 to the engine housing .
  • the top part of the rod 9 is surrounded by an annular sleeve 10 attached to the displacer 3 and which slides within the power piston 4. As the displacer 3 reciprocates the planar springs 11 flex thereby creating a restoring force on the displacer to return it to its equilibrium position .
  • a rubber stopper 20 is attached to the end of the rod 9 by a restraining nut 21 screwed onto the rod in a counterbore 22 in the stopper 20.
  • An annular steel mass 23 is sandwiched between the stopper 20 and a washer 24 supporting an adj acent spring 11.
  • the stopper 20 In use , if the displacer 3 begins to overstroke , the stopper 20 will collide with an adj acent portion 25 of the casing thereby limiting the travel of the displacer 3. The impact of the collision will also dampen the displacer motion helping to return the amplitude of reciprocation to within its normal limits .
  • the use of the rubber stopper ensures that no damage will occur to the stopper itself , or to the casing with which it collides .
  • the use of the stopper allows the springs 10 to operate at their optimal deflection during normal operation. As the optimal spring deflection equates to the maximum spring endurance stress (giving maximum spring life) , the stopper maintains the longevity of the springs by preventing damage that could be caused by over extending the springs .
  • displacer assembly consisting of the displacer 3 , flexible rod 9 , springs 11 and stopper 20
  • This is done for each individual engine as part of the manufacturing process .
  • the displacer assembly is placed in a dedicated tuning rig and is reciprocated at its natural frequency.
  • the tuning is then performed by removing material from the stopper 20 until the desired amplitude of reciprocation is achieved . This can be done remotely and incrementally.
  • the displacer assembly is then dismantled so that it can be reassembled together with the remainder of the engine components . This tuning process allows the small differences between engines , which are unavoidable due to accumulated effects of manufacturing tolerances , to be tuned out of the design during assembly.
  • stopper is replaced by a spring, this would be tuned by being progressively shortened . If the spring is metal , it may be more resistant to deforming over time , and avoids the potential for small rubber particles to become loose in the casing .

Abstract

A linear-free piston Stirling machine comprising a displacer (3) and a power piston (4). A rod (9) is attached at one end to the displacer, extends through the power piston and is mounted to the casing at its opposite end via a spring (11). A resilient stopper (20) at the opposite end is arranged to contact the engine casing (25) if the displacement of the displacer exceeds a predetermined limit.

Description

A Linear Free Piston Stirling Machine
The present invention relates to a linear free piston Stirling machine .
Such machines comprise a displacer and a power piston which are reciprocally mounted within a casing, a rod attached at one end to the displacer and extending through an opening in the power piston, and a spring mounted with respect to the casing and being attached to the rod towards its opposite end to reciprocally support the rod and displacer . Such a machine will subsequently be referred to as "of the kind described" .
During operation of an engine of the kind described, certain external conditions , such as an increase in power output , will result in the stroke length of the displacer increasing . Also, if the engine is connected to the grid, a variation in mains voltage can cause a change in stroke length.
Any such over stroking of the displacer causes a number of problems . It can cause collisions between the displacer and the power piston, over-extension of the spring causing the premature failure of the spring, or collisions between the rod and the engine casing thereby causing undesirable noise .
According to the present invention, a machine of the kind described is characterised by a resilient stopper on the opposite end of the rod arranged, in use , to contact the engine casing if the displacement of the displacer exceeds a predetermined limit .
The presence of the resilient stopper provides a number of benefits . As the stopper is resilient , it can be designed to come into contact with the engine casing should the displacer piston begin to overstroke . This provides a " soft " interface between the stopper and the casing which limits the degree to which the displacer can overstroke , and reduces noise . The resilient stopper also has a further advantage with regard to engine tuning . During assembly of the engine , tuning to achieve the desired maximum amplitude of reciprocation of the displacer is performed by removing material evenly from the periphery of the stopper . This is easy to achieve with a resilient stopper .
The resilient stopper is typically required to have a mass of some 20% of the displacer mass which may make its overall dimensions too large to be accommodated in the space available . The stopper may therefore comprise a first resilient portion facing the casing, and a denser second non-resilient portion on the side of the resilient portion furthest from the casing . This non-resilient portion can be made , for example , of a metal such as steel , which allows the overall size of the stopper to be reduced for a given mass .
The stopper may be of any suitable resilient material such as foam or plastic , but is preferably rubber . It could also be a spring . An example of a Stirling machine constructed in accordance with the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawing which is a schematic cross-section of a Stirling machine . The particular example relates to an engine , but it will be appreciated that the design is equally applicable to other Stirling machines such as motors or coolers .
A linear free piston Stirling machine , in this case an engine , is shown schematically in Fig . 1. The basic design of the engine is well known in the art (for example see page
9 , Figure 2 , "Free-Piston Stirling Design Features" , Lane ,
N . W . and Beale , ' W . T . ; 1997 [Review of current design features of free-piston Stirling engines of 3.0 and 1.1 kW output . ] , available at www. Sunpower . com/technology .
Presented at the Eight International Stirling Engine
Conference , May 27-3Oth 1997 , University of Ancona, Italy .
In simple terms , the engine has a head 1 having fins 2 which are heated by a burner (not shown) . Within the engine housing, are a displacer 3 and a power piston 4 which reciprocate linearly relatively to one another . The power piston 4 is attached to a drum 5 to which magnets 6 are attached . The magnets reciprocate with respect to a stator 7 to provide an electromechanical interface . An intermediate region of the engine is cooled by fluid in a coolant circuit 8.
The displacer 3 has a flexible rod 9 which extends through the centre of the power piston 4 , and which is mounted on a pair of planar springs 11. These are bolted by bolts 12 to the engine housing . The top part of the rod 9 is surrounded by an annular sleeve 10 attached to the displacer 3 and which slides within the power piston 4. As the displacer 3 reciprocates the planar springs 11 flex thereby creating a restoring force on the displacer to return it to its equilibrium position .
The improvement provided by the present invention will now be described . A rubber stopper 20 is attached to the end of the rod 9 by a restraining nut 21 screwed onto the rod in a counterbore 22 in the stopper 20. An annular steel mass 23 is sandwiched between the stopper 20 and a washer 24 supporting an adj acent spring 11.
In use , if the displacer 3 begins to overstroke , the stopper 20 will collide with an adj acent portion 25 of the casing thereby limiting the travel of the displacer 3. The impact of the collision will also dampen the displacer motion helping to return the amplitude of reciprocation to within its normal limits . The use of the rubber stopper ensures that no damage will occur to the stopper itself , or to the casing with which it collides . Thus, the use of the stopper allows the springs 10 to operate at their optimal deflection during normal operation. As the optimal spring deflection equates to the maximum spring endurance stress (giving maximum spring life) , the stopper maintains the longevity of the springs by preventing damage that could be caused by over extending the springs .
Once a displacer assembly consisting of the displacer 3 , flexible rod 9 , springs 11 and stopper 20 has been assembled, this can then be tuned . This is done for each individual engine as part of the manufacturing process . The displacer assembly is placed in a dedicated tuning rig and is reciprocated at its natural frequency. The tuning is then performed by removing material from the stopper 20 until the desired amplitude of reciprocation is achieved . This can be done remotely and incrementally. The displacer assembly is then dismantled so that it can be reassembled together with the remainder of the engine components . This tuning process allows the small differences between engines , which are unavoidable due to accumulated effects of manufacturing tolerances , to be tuned out of the design during assembly.
If the stopper is replaced by a spring, this would be tuned by being progressively shortened . If the spring is metal , it may be more resistant to deforming over time , and avoids the potential for small rubber particles to become loose in the casing .
If acceptable manufacturing tolerances can be achieved, it may be unnecessary to tune each assembly. Instead, random samples may be tested to ensure adequate quality control .

Claims

Claims
1. A linear free piston Stirling machine comprising a displacer and a power piston which are reciprocally mounted within a casing, a rod attached at one end to the displacer and extending through an opening in the power piston, and a spring mounted with respect to the casing and being attached to the rod towards its opposite end to reciprocally support the rod and displacer; characterised by a resilient stopper on the opposite end of the rod arranged, in use , to contact the engine casing if the displacement of the displacer exceeds a predetermined limit .
2. A machine according to claim 1 , wherein the stopper comprises a first resilient portion facing the casing, and a denser second "" non-resilient portion on the side of the resilient portion furthest from the casing .
3. A machine according to claim 1 or claim 2 , wherein the stopper is rubber .
4. A machine according to claim 1 or claim 2 , wherein the stopper is a spring .
PCT/GB2005/004957 2004-12-22 2005-12-21 A linear free piston stirling machine WO2006067429A1 (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE602005010608T DE602005010608D1 (en) 2004-12-22 2005-12-21 STIRLING MACHINE WITH LINEAR FREE PISTON
US11/793,693 US7827789B2 (en) 2004-12-22 2005-12-21 Linear free piston stirling machine
JP2007547632A JP2008525703A (en) 2004-12-22 2005-12-21 Linear free piston Stirling device
EP05820480A EP1828589B1 (en) 2004-12-22 2005-12-21 A linear free piston stirling machine

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB0428057.4A GB0428057D0 (en) 2004-12-22 2004-12-22 A linear free piston stirling machine
GB0428057.4 2004-12-22

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2006067429A1 true WO2006067429A1 (en) 2006-06-29
WO2006067429A8 WO2006067429A8 (en) 2006-08-24

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB2005/004957 WO2006067429A1 (en) 2004-12-22 2005-12-21 A linear free piston stirling machine

Country Status (7)

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US (1) US7827789B2 (en)
EP (1) EP1828589B1 (en)
JP (1) JP2008525703A (en)
AT (1) ATE412114T1 (en)
DE (1) DE602005010608D1 (en)
GB (1) GB0428057D0 (en)
WO (1) WO2006067429A1 (en)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2014000072A1 (en) * 2012-06-25 2014-01-03 IOCKHECK, Zulmira Teresina Heat engine operating in accordance with carnot's thermodynamic cycle and control process
WO2015054767A1 (en) 2013-10-16 2015-04-23 Abx Energie Ltda Differential thermodynamic machine with a cycle of eight thermodynamic transformations, and control method
US10323603B2 (en) 2016-10-21 2019-06-18 Sunpower, Inc. Free piston stirling engine that limits overstroke
US10815928B2 (en) 2019-02-19 2020-10-27 Sunpower, Inc. Preventing overstroke of free-piston stirling engine from loss of load

Families Citing this family (6)

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GB0417610D0 (en) * 2004-08-06 2004-09-08 Microgen Energy Ltd A linear free piston stirling machine
GB0428057D0 (en) 2004-12-22 2005-01-26 Microgen Energy Ltd A linear free piston stirling machine
TWI499718B (en) * 2013-09-11 2015-09-11 Univ Nat Cheng Kung Free-piston stirling engine
US11209192B2 (en) * 2019-07-29 2021-12-28 Cryo Tech Ltd. Cryogenic Stirling refrigerator with a pneumatic expander
JP7319335B2 (en) * 2021-08-30 2023-08-01 株式会社ツインバード Free-piston Stirling engine
CN113819672B (en) * 2021-10-14 2022-11-04 中国电子科技集团公司第十六研究所 Stirling refrigerator

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2014000072A1 (en) * 2012-06-25 2014-01-03 IOCKHECK, Zulmira Teresina Heat engine operating in accordance with carnot's thermodynamic cycle and control process
WO2015054767A1 (en) 2013-10-16 2015-04-23 Abx Energie Ltda Differential thermodynamic machine with a cycle of eight thermodynamic transformations, and control method
US10323603B2 (en) 2016-10-21 2019-06-18 Sunpower, Inc. Free piston stirling engine that limits overstroke
US10323604B2 (en) 2016-10-21 2019-06-18 Sunpower, Inc. Free piston stirling engine that remains stable by limiting stroke
US10815928B2 (en) 2019-02-19 2020-10-27 Sunpower, Inc. Preventing overstroke of free-piston stirling engine from loss of load

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB0428057D0 (en) 2005-01-26
WO2006067429A8 (en) 2006-08-24
EP1828589A1 (en) 2007-09-05
DE602005010608D1 (en) 2008-12-04
ATE412114T1 (en) 2008-11-15
JP2008525703A (en) 2008-07-17
US20080256945A1 (en) 2008-10-23
US7827789B2 (en) 2010-11-09
EP1828589B1 (en) 2008-10-22

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