WO2006050453A1 - Fiber-optic rotational device, optical system and method for imaging a sample - Google Patents

Fiber-optic rotational device, optical system and method for imaging a sample Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006050453A1
WO2006050453A1 PCT/US2005/039740 US2005039740W WO2006050453A1 WO 2006050453 A1 WO2006050453 A1 WO 2006050453A1 US 2005039740 W US2005039740 W US 2005039740W WO 2006050453 A1 WO2006050453 A1 WO 2006050453A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
arrangement
optical fiber
optical
electro
magnetic radiation
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Application number
PCT/US2005/039740
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Brett Eugene Bouma
Guillermo J. Tearney
Milen Shishkov
Original Assignee
The General Hospital Corporation
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by The General Hospital Corporation filed Critical The General Hospital Corporation
Priority to EP05817260.2A priority Critical patent/EP1807722B1/en
Priority to JP2007539336A priority patent/JP5623692B2/en
Publication of WO2006050453A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006050453A1/en

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/18—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves
    • A61B18/20—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser
    • A61B18/22—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser the beam being directed along or through a flexible conduit, e.g. an optical fibre; Couplings or hand-pieces therefor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B1/00—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
    • A61B1/00163—Optical arrangements
    • A61B1/00174—Optical arrangements characterised by the viewing angles
    • A61B1/00183—Optical arrangements characterised by the viewing angles for variable viewing angles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B1/00—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
    • A61B1/313—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor for introducing through surgical openings, e.g. laparoscopes
    • A61B1/3137—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor for introducing through surgical openings, e.g. laparoscopes for examination of the interior of blood vessels
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/0059—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence
    • A61B5/0062—Arrangements for scanning
    • A61B5/0066—Optical coherence imaging
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/0059—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence
    • A61B5/0082—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence adapted for particular medical purposes
    • A61B5/0084—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence adapted for particular medical purposes for introduction into the body, e.g. by catheters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
    • A61B5/6846—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be brought in contact with an internal body part, i.e. invasive
    • A61B5/6847—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be brought in contact with an internal body part, i.e. invasive mounted on an invasive device
    • A61B5/6852—Catheters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/32—Optical coupling means having lens focusing means positioned between opposed fibre ends
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
    • G02B6/3604—Rotary joints allowing relative rotational movement between opposing fibre or fibre bundle ends
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B1/00—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
    • A61B1/04—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor combined with photographic or television appliances
    • A61B1/042—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor combined with photographic or television appliances characterised by a proximal camera, e.g. a CCD camera
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B2017/00477—Coupling

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to optical imaging, and more particularly optical rotary junction devices, optical imaging systems and methods which utilize the rotary junction device for imaging a biological sample.
  • the device preferably includes a rotary junction that provides a catheter with a mechanical actuation and optical connectivity between the catheter and an optical imaging engine.
  • the optical imaging engine can perform optical frequency domain imaging ("OFDI") and optical coherence tomography, as described in U.S. Provisional Patent Appn. No. 60/514,769 filed October 27, 2003 and International Patent Application No. PCT/US03/02349 filed on January 24, 2003, respectively. Therefore, exemplary embodiments of an optical rotary junction device, and optical imaging systems and methods that use the rotary junction device are provided for performing imaging of a biological sample.
  • the rotary junction can be used to transmit light between a stationary optical fiber port and a rotating optical fiber port.
  • the stationary fiber port may be connected to an imaging engine, and the rotating optical fiber can be connected to a fiber-optic catheter optically as well as mechanically to produce a rotating probe beam at the distal end of the catheter.
  • the rotary junction can further include a translation stage to obtain 3-dimensional images of the biological sample.
  • the exemplary imaging system which can use the rotary junction may include intravascular imaging, cardiovascular imaging, neurovascular imaging and gastrointestinal tract imaging.
  • a first optical fiber and a second optical fiber may be provided, such that the first and/or second fibers is/are rotatable.
  • At least one first optical arrangement may also be included which communicates with at least one end of the first optical fiber and/or the second optical fiber.
  • at least one second arrangement may be included which is configured to control a position of the optical arrangement to align longitudinal axes of the first and the second optical fibers at.least at the ends thereof.
  • At least one third arrangement can be provided which is adapted to rotate the first and/or second optical fibers at a rate that is greater than 10 revolutions per second. It is also possible to include at least one further arrangement which can be adapted for connecting the first optical fiber and/or the second optical fiber to a catheter arrangement, such that the further arrangement may include a protector provided at least at one end thereof, and wherein the protector is automatically removed upon a connection of the first and/or second optical fiber to the catheter arrangement via the fourth arrangement.
  • a translating arrangement can also be include with the exemplary device, system and method.
  • This translating device may be configured to translate the first optical fiber, the second optical fiber and/or the at least one second arrangement approximately along at least one of the longitudinal axes.
  • the rate may be greater than 1 millimeter per second.
  • the third arrangement may situate therein the first optical fiber and/or the second optical fiber.
  • the third arrangement e.g., a DC motor or a stepping motor
  • a motor may be connected to the third arrangement which is adapted to rotate the third arrangement.
  • Such motor may include an encoder which is configured to track the rate.
  • the second arrangement may include first and the second collimating lenses.
  • a numerical product of a focal length of the first and/or the second collimating lenses and a numerical aperture of a respective at least one of the first and second optical fibers can be between approximately 100 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m.
  • An optical transmission efficiency between the first and the second optical fibers may be greater than approximately 80%. The said transmission efficiency can be maintained with better than 1% accuracy during one full rotation of the second fiber.
  • the device may also have a back reflection of less than about -55 dB.
  • At least one fourth arrangement may provide at least one first electro-magnetic radiation to a sample and at least one second electro-magnetic radiation to a reference.
  • a frequency of radiation provided by the at least one fourth arrangement can vary over time.
  • at least one sixth arrangement may be provided for detecting an interference between at least one third radiation associated with the first radiation and at least one fourth radiation associated with the second radiation.
  • the first and third electro-magnetic radiations may be transmitted via the first and/or second optical fibers.
  • the variation over time of the fourth arrangement may have a characteristic repetition rate, and the first and/or second optical fibers may be rotated by the third arrangement at a substantially uniform rotation speed which is substantially equal to the characteristic repetition rate of the fourth arrangement divided by an integer number between 250 and 5000.
  • a fifth arrangement may be provided for receiving at least one first electro-magnetic radiation from a sample and at least one second electro ⁇ magnetic radiation from a reference.
  • At least one spectral separating unit can be included which separates spectrum of the first electro-magnetic radiation and/or the second electro-magnetic radiation into frequency components.
  • at least one eighth detection arrangement may be provided which includes a plurality of detectors, each detector being capable of detecting at least a portion of at least one of the frequency components.
  • the first electro-magnetic radiation may be transmitted via the first optical fiber and/or the second optical fiber.
  • the fifth arrangement may have a characteristic readout repetition rate, and the first and/or second optical fibers may be rotated by the third arrangement at a substantially uniform rotation speed which is substantially equal to the characteristic readout repetition rate of the fifth arrangement divided by an integer number between 250 and 5000.
  • the catheter arrangement may be adapted to be inserted into a coronary artery.
  • Fig. l(a) is an enlarged illustration of conventional fiber-optic collimators using aspherical lens
  • Fig. l(b) is an enlarged illustration of conventional fiber-optic collimators using graded-index lens
  • Fig. l(c) is an enlarged illustration of conventional fiber-optic collimators using a pair of lenses
  • Fig. 2 is a side cut-away view of an exemplary embodiment of an optical rotary junction according to the present invention which uses a pair of fiber collimators;
  • Fig. 3 is an illustration of an exemplary embodiment of a rotary junction according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 4 is a side view of an exemplary embodiment of a fiber-optic catheter for biomedical imaging according to the present invention
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary embodiment of an optical system according to the present invention which is based on an optical frequency domain imaging (“OFDI”) technique;
  • OFDI optical frequency domain imaging
  • Fig. 6 is exemplary images of a coronary artery in vitro obtained using the OFDI technique
  • Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of another exemplary embodiment of an optical system according to the present invention which is based on a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography ("SD-OCT"); and
  • Fig. 8 is exemplary images of a coronary artery in vitro obtained using the SD-OCT technique.
  • a fiber-optic collimator is a conventional component that is used to transform light emitted from a tip of an optical fiber 10, a shown in Figs. l(a)-l(c), to a collimated beam 16 or to launch light from a collimated beam to an optical fiber.
  • an aspherical lens 11 or graded refractive-index (GRIN or SELFOC) lens 12 may be used (as shown in Figs. l(a) and l(b)).
  • a pair of collimators can be used to transmit an optical beam from one fiber 12 to the other fiber 20 with minimal insertion loss and back reflection (as shown in Fig. l(c)).
  • This conventional arrangement has been widely utilized to fiberize an otherwise free-space optical component such as polarizer, filter, and isolator.
  • Fig. 2 depicts a side view of an exemplary embodiment of a rotary junction according to the present invention which uses a pair of collimators 12, 18.
  • One of the collimating lenses 18 is attached to a tubular structure 26.
  • the distal end of the fiber 20 is inserted into a connector ferrule 28 which is positioned inside a sleeve 34.
  • a matching connector with a connector housing case 33 and ferrule 32 is inserted to the sleeve 34.
  • This exemplary arrangement facilitates an optical transmission between two fibers 20 and 30.
  • the tubular structure 26 is connected to a housing 39 via a bearing 36.
  • the tubular structure 26 is also connected to a rotational motor 37 through a belt or gear 38.
  • the motor 37 rotates the tubular structure 26 and thereby the collimator 18.
  • the housing 39 is mounted to a translation stage 40 mounted on a stationary rail 41 for pull back operation.
  • the rotary junction provides optical transmission between a non-rotating fiber 10 and a rotating fiber 30
  • the optical fibers 10, 20, 30 are preferably single mode optical fibers, but may be a multimode fiber, polarization maintaining fiber, or photonic crystal fiber.
  • the fibers 10, 20 can be fused to the lenses 12, 18, thus potentially dramatically reducing back-reflection and increasing throughput.
  • the collimating lenses 12, 18 may alternately be aspheric refractive lenses or axial gradient index lenses.
  • the optical surfaces of the lenses 12, 18 may be antireflection coated at an operating wavelength range of light.
  • the wavelength range can be 800 +/- 100 nm, 1000-1300 nm, 1600-1800 nm, as well as other ranges.
  • the focal length of the lenses 12, 18 may be selected to provide a beam diameter of 100 to 1000 ⁇ m.
  • the overall throughput from the fiber 10 to 30 may be greater than 70%, and the back reflection is less than - 55 dB.
  • the precision coaxial alignment of the two collimators can provide uniformity of the throughput and the back reflection that is better than approximately 1% over a full rotation.
  • the tubular structure 26 may be a hollow motor shaft and the motor 37 is positioned coaxially to the tubular structure 26; in this case the belt or gear 38 is not needed.
  • the polishing angle of the connectors 28, 32 is typically between 4 to 10 degrees with respect to the surface normal to minimize back reflection.
  • the connector housing 33 preferably provides snap-on connection like the SC type and is equipped with a built-in end-protection gate.
  • Fig. 3 depicts a more detailed illustration of an exemplary embodiment of the rotary junction according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 4 shows an illustration of an exemplary embodiment of a fiber ⁇ optic catheter for biomedical imaging in vivo as well as in vitro according to the present invention
  • the optical fiber is inserted to a shaft 45, and to the distal end beam focusing optics such as a spacer 50, lens 52, and prism 60 are attached to generate a focusing beam 62.
  • the optical fiber is preferably a single mode fiber consisting of a core 42, cladding 43 and jacket 44.
  • the beam focusing optics 50, 52, 60 and the shaft 45 are bonded together securely to facilitate the rotation of the probe beam 62 at uniform rotational speed.
  • a protection sheath 48 is connected to the housing 39 of the rotary junction so that it stays relatively stationary within a sample 70, protecting the sample from being damaged by the rotating shaft and vice versa.
  • the spacing 46 between the shaft 45 and the sheath 48 may be filled with an index matching liquid.
  • a balloon is utilized to precisely locate the catheter at the center of the tubular organ and/or to temporarily block the blood flow.
  • Fig. 5 shows an exemplary embodiment of an optical frequency domain imaging (“OFDI”) system which can use the exemplary rotary junction and catheter according to the present invention.
  • the light source may be a wavelength swept laser 80.
  • the rotary junction 39 can be connected to the sample arm of an interferometer comprising a 10/90 coupler 82, attenuator 84, polarization controller 86, circulators 88, 89, length matching fiber 90, collimating lens 92, reference mirror 94.
  • the detection circuit can include a 50/50 coupler 96, polarization controller 98, polarization beam splitters 100, 101, dual balanced receivers 103, 104, electrical filters 106, 107, and data acquisition board 110.
  • the data acquisition may be connected to a computer 112, and is in communication with a trigger circuit 114, a motor controller 94, and the translation stage 41, 42.
  • the operating principle of OCT is well known in the art.
  • the polarization controller 98 allows the birefringence of the two fiber paths from the coupler to be matched.
  • Another polarization controller 86 in the reference arm may be adjusted to split the reference light with an equal ratio at each polarization beam splitter 101, 102.
  • Corresponding polarization states following the splitters, labeled x or j/ may be directed to dual- balanced receivers 103, 104.
  • the exemplary embodiment of the system shown in Fig. 5 may be used to perform intravascular OFDI in human coronary arteries in vitro.
  • the receiver signals after low-pass filtering may be digitized with a sampling frequency of 10 MHz using a PC data acquisition board (e.g., National Instruments, 6115).
  • the detection sensitivity of the system was >105 dB for arbitrary polarization states and the axial resolution can be 12 ⁇ m (e.g., in air).
  • the rotary junction 39 may use a high-speed DC motor with a working range of > 100 revolutions per second.
  • the catheter 30 may utilize a gradient index lens and 90-degree prism at its distal end and provided a transverse resolution of 25 ⁇ m.
  • the rotary junction can be mounted on a motorized linear translation stage 41, 42 to perform longitudinal, 3D pull-back imaging.
  • the relatively slow digitization rate of the acquisition board which may be used in such experiments may possible be insufficient to realize the full potential of the swept source for OFDI.
  • the laser can be operated .at a reduced rate of 18 kHz and 512 samples were acquired per spectral sweep of the laser corresponding to an axial scanning depth of 2.2 mm (e.g., in air).
  • Images of a fixed human coronary artery 70 may be acquired at 36 frames per second over the duration of 3 seconds as the catheter is rotated at 36 revolutions per second and pulled back longitudinally at a speed of 7.2 mm/s.
  • Section A of Fig. 6 shows a typical image comprising 500 A-lines with 256 radial pixels which is acquired using the OFDI system of Fig. 5.
  • An exemplary 3 -dimensional image acquired for 3 seconds is shown in Fig. 6B.
  • Fig. 7 shows an exemplary embodiment of a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT") system which can use the exemplary rotary junction and catheter according to the present invention.
  • the light source 120 includes a low coherence broadband source, pulsed broadband source, or a wavelength varying source with repetition synchronized to the readout rate of a camera 122.
  • the camera 122 employs a detector array 124 based on charge coupled devices or CMOS imager.
  • the interference signal is directed to the detector array 124 using a collimator 126, diffraction element such as grating 128, and a focusing lens 130.
  • the operating principle of OCT is well known in the art.
  • imaging of a human coronary artery 70 may be conducted using a fiber-optic catheter.
  • Fig. 8 shows the images which can be obtained using, e.g., the cw amplified spontaneous emission source (A and B) and a swept source (C and D) at the same A-line acquisition rate of 18.94 kHz.
  • the difference between images A and B and between C and D may be the rotational speed of the catheter, that can be 9.5 rps for A and C, corresponding to 2000 A-lines per image, and 37.9 rps for B and D, corresponding to 500 A-lines per image.

Abstract

A device, system and method for transmitting electro-magnetic radiation between at least two separate fibers (as well as for imaging a sample) are provided. For example, a first optical fiber and a second optical fiber may be provided, such that the first and/or second fibers is/are rotatable. At least one first optical arrangement may also be included which communicates with at least one end of the first optical fiber and/or the second optical fiber. Further, at least one second arrangement may be included which is configured to control a position of the optical arrangement to align longitudinal axes of the first and the second optical fibers at least at the ends thereof. In addition, at least one third arrangement can be provided which is adapted to rotate the first and/or second optical fibers at a rate that is greater than 40 revolutions per second. It is also possible to include at least one fourth arrangement which can be adapted for connecting the first optical fiber and/or the second optical fiber to a catheter arrangement, such that the fourth arrangement includes a protector provided at least at one end thereof, and wherein the protector is automatically removed upon a connection of the first and/or second optical fiber to the catheter arrangement via the fourth arrangement.

Description

FIBER-OPTIC ROTATIONAL DEVICE, OPTICAL SYSTEM AND METHOD
FOR IMAGING A SAMPLE
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONCS) The present invention claims priority from U.S. Patent Application
Serial No. 60/624,282 filed on November 2, 2004, the entire disclosure of which incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to optical imaging, and more particularly optical rotary junction devices, optical imaging systems and methods which utilize the rotary junction device for imaging a biological sample.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In vivo optical imaging of internal organs of a patient is commonly performed through a fiber-optic catheter. Many clinical areas such as cardiology, neurocardiology, interventional radiology and gastroenterology require a rotating optical catheter to generate r-φ cross-sectional images. In addition, the rotating catheter may be pulled back along a longitudinal direction to obtain 3D images of the tissue volume of interest.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the present invention, the device preferably includes a rotary junction that provides a catheter with a mechanical actuation and optical connectivity between the catheter and an optical imaging engine. The optical imaging engine can perform optical frequency domain imaging ("OFDI") and optical coherence tomography, as described in U.S. Provisional Patent Appn. No. 60/514,769 filed October 27, 2003 and International Patent Application No. PCT/US03/02349 filed on January 24, 2003, respectively. Therefore, exemplary embodiments of an optical rotary junction device, and optical imaging systems and methods that use the rotary junction device are provided for performing imaging of a biological sample. The rotary junction can be used to transmit light between a stationary optical fiber port and a rotating optical fiber port. The stationary fiber port may be connected to an imaging engine, and the rotating optical fiber can be connected to a fiber-optic catheter optically as well as mechanically to produce a rotating probe beam at the distal end of the catheter. The rotary junction can further include a translation stage to obtain 3-dimensional images of the biological sample. The exemplary imaging system which can use the rotary junction may include intravascular imaging, cardiovascular imaging, neurovascular imaging and gastrointestinal tract imaging.
Thus, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention, device, system and method for transmitting electro-magnetic radiation between at least two separate fibers (as well as for imaging a sample) are provided. For example, a first optical fiber and a second optical fiber may be provided, such that the first and/or second fibers is/are rotatable. At least one first optical arrangement may also be included which communicates with at least one end of the first optical fiber and/or the second optical fiber. Further, at least one second arrangement may be included which is configured to control a position of the optical arrangement to align longitudinal axes of the first and the second optical fibers at.least at the ends thereof. In addition, at least one third arrangement can be provided which is adapted to rotate the first and/or second optical fibers at a rate that is greater than 10 revolutions per second. It is also possible to include at least one further arrangement which can be adapted for connecting the first optical fiber and/or the second optical fiber to a catheter arrangement, such that the further arrangement may include a protector provided at least at one end thereof, and wherein the protector is automatically removed upon a connection of the first and/or second optical fiber to the catheter arrangement via the fourth arrangement.
A translating arrangement can also be include with the exemplary device, system and method. This translating device may be configured to translate the first optical fiber, the second optical fiber and/or the at least one second arrangement approximately along at least one of the longitudinal axes. The rate may be greater than 1 millimeter per second. The third arrangement may situate therein the first optical fiber and/or the second optical fiber. The third arrangement (e.g., a DC motor or a stepping motor) can include an encoder which is configured to track the rate. In addition, a motor may be connected to the third arrangement which is adapted to rotate the third arrangement. Such motor may include an encoder which is configured to track the rate.
According to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the second arrangement may include first and the second collimating lenses. Further, a numerical product of a focal length of the first and/or the second collimating lenses and a numerical aperture of a respective at least one of the first and second optical fibers can be between approximately 100 μm to 1000 μm. An optical transmission efficiency between the first and the second optical fibers may be greater than approximately 80%. The said transmission efficiency can be maintained with better than 1% accuracy during one full rotation of the second fiber. The device may also have a back reflection of less than about -55 dB.
In still another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, at least one fourth arrangement (e.g., a wavelength-swept laser) may provide at least one first electro-magnetic radiation to a sample and at least one second electro-magnetic radiation to a reference. A frequency of radiation provided by the at least one fourth arrangement can vary over time. In addition, at least one sixth arrangement may be provided for detecting an interference between at least one third radiation associated with the first radiation and at least one fourth radiation associated with the second radiation. The first and third electro-magnetic radiations may be transmitted via the first and/or second optical fibers. The variation over time of the fourth arrangement may have a characteristic repetition rate, and the first and/or second optical fibers may be rotated by the third arrangement at a substantially uniform rotation speed which is substantially equal to the characteristic repetition rate of the fourth arrangement divided by an integer number between 250 and 5000. In addition, a fifth arrangement may be provided for receiving at least one first electro-magnetic radiation from a sample and at least one second electro¬ magnetic radiation from a reference. At least one spectral separating unit can be included which separates spectrum of the first electro-magnetic radiation and/or the second electro-magnetic radiation into frequency components. Further, at least one eighth detection arrangement may be provided which includes a plurality of detectors, each detector being capable of detecting at least a portion of at least one of the frequency components. The first electro-magnetic radiation may be transmitted via the first optical fiber and/or the second optical fiber. The fifth arrangement may have a characteristic readout repetition rate, and the first and/or second optical fibers may be rotated by the third arrangement at a substantially uniform rotation speed which is substantially equal to the characteristic readout repetition rate of the fifth arrangement divided by an integer number between 250 and 5000. The catheter arrangement may be adapted to be inserted into a coronary artery.
These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description of embodiments of the invention, when taken in conjunction with the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Further objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures showing illustrative embodiments of the invention, in which: Fig. l(a) is an enlarged illustration of conventional fiber-optic collimators using aspherical lens;
Fig. l(b) is an enlarged illustration of conventional fiber-optic collimators using graded-index lens;
Fig. l(c) is an enlarged illustration of conventional fiber-optic collimators using a pair of lenses;
Fig. 2 is a side cut-away view of an exemplary embodiment of an optical rotary junction according to the present invention which uses a pair of fiber collimators;
Fig. 3 is an illustration of an exemplary embodiment of a rotary junction according to the present invention;
Fig. 4 is a side view of an exemplary embodiment of a fiber-optic catheter for biomedical imaging according to the present invention;
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary embodiment of an optical system according to the present invention which is based on an optical frequency domain imaging ("OFDI") technique;
Fig. 6 is exemplary images of a coronary artery in vitro obtained using the OFDI technique; Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of another exemplary embodiment of an optical system according to the present invention which is based on a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography ("SD-OCT"); and
Fig. 8 is exemplary images of a coronary artery in vitro obtained using the SD-OCT technique.
Throughout the figures, the same reference numerals and characters, unless otherwise stated, are used to denote like features, elements, components or portions of the illustrated embodiments. Moreover, while the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the figures, it is done so in connection with the illustrative embodiments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
A fiber-optic collimator is a conventional component that is used to transform light emitted from a tip of an optical fiber 10, a shown in Figs. l(a)-l(c), to a collimated beam 16 or to launch light from a collimated beam to an optical fiber. Typically, an aspherical lens 11 or graded refractive-index (GRIN or SELFOC) lens 12 may be used (as shown in Figs. l(a) and l(b)). A pair of collimators can be used to transmit an optical beam from one fiber 12 to the other fiber 20 with minimal insertion loss and back reflection (as shown in Fig. l(c)). This conventional arrangement has been widely utilized to fiberize an otherwise free-space optical component such as polarizer, filter, and isolator.
Fig. 2 depicts a side view of an exemplary embodiment of a rotary junction according to the present invention which uses a pair of collimators 12, 18. One of the collimating lenses 18 is attached to a tubular structure 26. The distal end of the fiber 20 is inserted into a connector ferrule 28 which is positioned inside a sleeve 34. A matching connector with a connector housing case 33 and ferrule 32 is inserted to the sleeve 34. This exemplary arrangement facilitates an optical transmission between two fibers 20 and 30. The tubular structure 26 is connected to a housing 39 via a bearing 36. The tubular structure 26 is also connected to a rotational motor 37 through a belt or gear 38. The motor 37 rotates the tubular structure 26 and thereby the collimator 18. The housing 39 is mounted to a translation stage 40 mounted on a stationary rail 41 for pull back operation. The rotary junction provides optical transmission between a non-rotating fiber 10 and a rotating fiber 30 while permitting interchange of alternate fibers 30 at the connector housing 33.
The optical fibers 10, 20, 30 are preferably single mode optical fibers, but may be a multimode fiber, polarization maintaining fiber, or photonic crystal fiber. The fibers 10, 20 can be fused to the lenses 12, 18, thus potentially dramatically reducing back-reflection and increasing throughput. The collimating lenses 12, 18 may alternately be aspheric refractive lenses or axial gradient index lenses. The optical surfaces of the lenses 12, 18 may be antireflection coated at an operating wavelength range of light. The wavelength range can be 800 +/- 100 nm, 1000-1300 nm, 1600-1800 nm, as well as other ranges. The focal length of the lenses 12, 18 may be selected to provide a beam diameter of 100 to 1000 μm. The overall throughput from the fiber 10 to 30 may be greater than 70%, and the back reflection is less than - 55 dB. The precision coaxial alignment of the two collimators can provide uniformity of the throughput and the back reflection that is better than approximately 1% over a full rotation. The tubular structure 26 may be a hollow motor shaft and the motor 37 is positioned coaxially to the tubular structure 26; in this case the belt or gear 38 is not needed. The polishing angle of the connectors 28, 32 is typically between 4 to 10 degrees with respect to the surface normal to minimize back reflection. The connector housing 33 preferably provides snap-on connection like the SC type and is equipped with a built-in end-protection gate. Fig. 3 depicts a more detailed illustration of an exemplary embodiment of the rotary junction according to the present invention.
Fig. 4 shows an illustration of an exemplary embodiment of a fiber¬ optic catheter for biomedical imaging in vivo as well as in vitro according to the present invention, For example, the optical fiber is inserted to a shaft 45, and to the distal end beam focusing optics such as a spacer 50, lens 52, and prism 60 are attached to generate a focusing beam 62. The optical fiber is preferably a single mode fiber consisting of a core 42, cladding 43 and jacket 44. The beam focusing optics 50, 52, 60 and the shaft 45 are bonded together securely to facilitate the rotation of the probe beam 62 at uniform rotational speed. A protection sheath 48 is connected to the housing 39 of the rotary junction so that it stays relatively stationary within a sample 70, protecting the sample from being damaged by the rotating shaft and vice versa. The spacing 46 between the shaft 45 and the sheath 48 may be filled with an index matching liquid. In some applications such as intravascular or gastrointestinal imaging, a balloon is utilized to precisely locate the catheter at the center of the tubular organ and/or to temporarily block the blood flow.
Fig. 5 shows an exemplary embodiment of an optical frequency domain imaging ("OFDI") system which can use the exemplary rotary junction and catheter according to the present invention. For example, the light source may be a wavelength swept laser 80. The rotary junction 39 can be connected to the sample arm of an interferometer comprising a 10/90 coupler 82, attenuator 84, polarization controller 86, circulators 88, 89, length matching fiber 90, collimating lens 92, reference mirror 94. The detection circuit can include a 50/50 coupler 96, polarization controller 98, polarization beam splitters 100, 101, dual balanced receivers 103, 104, electrical filters 106, 107, and data acquisition board 110. The data acquisition may be connected to a computer 112, and is in communication with a trigger circuit 114, a motor controller 94, and the translation stage 41, 42. The operating principle of OCT is well known in the art. In addition, to provide dual-balanced and polarization diverse detection, e.g., simultaneously, the polarization controller 98 allows the birefringence of the two fiber paths from the coupler to be matched. Another polarization controller 86 in the reference arm may be adjusted to split the reference light with an equal ratio at each polarization beam splitter 101, 102. Corresponding polarization states following the splitters, labeled x or j/, may be directed to dual- balanced receivers 103, 104.
The exemplary embodiment of the system shown in Fig. 5 may be used to perform intravascular OFDI in human coronary arteries in vitro. The receiver signals after low-pass filtering may be digitized with a sampling frequency of 10 MHz using a PC data acquisition board (e.g., National Instruments, 6115). At a laser tuning rate of 36 kHz, the detection sensitivity of the system was >105 dB for arbitrary polarization states and the axial resolution can be 12 μm (e.g., in air). The rotary junction 39 may use a high-speed DC motor with a working range of > 100 revolutions per second. The catheter 30 may utilize a gradient index lens and 90-degree prism at its distal end and provided a transverse resolution of 25 μm. The rotary junction can be mounted on a motorized linear translation stage 41, 42 to perform longitudinal, 3D pull-back imaging. The relatively slow digitization rate of the acquisition board which may be used in such experiments may possible be insufficient to realize the full potential of the swept source for OFDI. At the maximum, 10 MHz sampling rate, both imaging speed and axial image size may be compromised. To demonstrate imaging using the OFDI system and catheter, the laser can be operated .at a reduced rate of 18 kHz and 512 samples were acquired per spectral sweep of the laser corresponding to an axial scanning depth of 2.2 mm (e.g., in air). Images of a fixed human coronary artery 70 may be acquired at 36 frames per second over the duration of 3 seconds as the catheter is rotated at 36 revolutions per second and pulled back longitudinally at a speed of 7.2 mm/s. Section A of Fig. 6 shows a typical image comprising 500 A-lines with 256 radial pixels which is acquired using the OFDI system of Fig. 5. An exemplary 3 -dimensional image acquired for 3 seconds is shown in Fig. 6B.
Fig. 7 shows an exemplary embodiment of a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT") system which can use the exemplary rotary junction and catheter according to the present invention. For example, the light source 120 includes a low coherence broadband source, pulsed broadband source, or a wavelength varying source with repetition synchronized to the readout rate of a camera 122. The camera 122 employs a detector array 124 based on charge coupled devices or CMOS imager. The interference signal is directed to the detector array 124 using a collimator 126, diffraction element such as grating 128, and a focusing lens 130. The operating principle of OCT is well known in the art.
As an example, imaging of a human coronary artery 70 may be conducted using a fiber-optic catheter. Fig. 8 shows the images which can be obtained using, e.g., the cw amplified spontaneous emission source (A and B) and a swept source (C and D) at the same A-line acquisition rate of 18.94 kHz. The difference between images A and B and between C and D may be the rotational speed of the catheter, that can be 9.5 rps for A and C, corresponding to 2000 A-lines per image, and 37.9 rps for B and D, corresponding to 500 A-lines per image.
The foregoing merely illustrates the principles of the invention. Various modifications and alterations to the described embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the teachings herein. For example, the invention described herein is usable with the exemplary methods, systems and apparatus described in U.S. Provisional Patent Appn. No. 60/514,769 filed October 27, 2003, and International Patent Application No. PCT/US03/02349 filed on January 24, 2003, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. Indeed, the arrangements, systems and methods according to the exemplary embodiments of the present invention can be used with any OCT system, OFDI system or other imaging systems. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise numerous systems, arrangements and methods which, although not explicitly shown or described herein, embody the principles of the invention and are thus within the spirit and scope of the present invention. In addition, all publications, patents and patent applications referenced above are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

Claims

1. A device for transmitting electro-magnetic radiation between at least two separate libers, comprising: a first optical fiber and a second optical fiber, wherein at least one of the first optical fiber and the second optical fibers is rotatable; at least one first optical arrangement communicating with at least one end of at least one of the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber; at least one second arrangement configured to control a position of the at least one optical arrangement to align longitudinal axes of the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber at least at the ends thereof; and at least one third arrangement adapted to rotate at least one of the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber at a rate that is greater than 10 revolutions per second.
2. The device according to claim 1, further comprising at least one translating arrangement which is configured to translate at least one of the first optical fiber, the second optical fiber and the at least one second arrangement approximately along at least one of the longitudinal axes.
3. The device according to claim 2, wherein the rate of translation is greater than approximately 1 millimeter per second.
4. The device according to claim 1, wherein the rate is greater than 30 revolutions per second.
5. The device according to claim 1, wherein the third arrangement situates therein at least one of the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber.
6. The device according to claim 1, wherein the third arrangement includes an encoder which is configured to track the rate.
7. The device according to claim 5, wherein the third arrangement includes at least one of a DC motor or a stepping motor.
8. The device according to claim 1, further comprising a fourth arrangement adapted for connecting at least one of the first and second optical fiber to a catheter arrangement, wherein the fourth arrangement includes a protector provided at least at one end thereof, and wherein the protector is automatically removed upon a connection of the at least one of the first and second optical fiber to the catheter arrangement.
9. The device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one second arrangement includes first and the second collimating lenses, and wherein a numerical product of a focal length of at least one of the first and the second collimating lenses and a numerical aperture of a respective at least one of the first and second optical fibers is between approximately 50 μm to 2000 μm.
10. The device according to claim 1, wherein an optical transmission efficiency between the first and the second optical fibers is greater than approximately 80%.
11. The device according to claim 1, wherein the device has a back reflection of less than about -55 dB.
12. The device according to claim 1, further comprising: at least one fourth arrangement providing at least one first electro-magnetic radiation to a sample and at least one second electro-magnetic radiation to a reference, wherein a frequency of radiation provided by the at least one fourth arrangement varies over time; and at least one fifth arrangement detecting an interference between at least one third radiation associated with the at least one first radiation and at least one fourth radiation associated with the at least one second radiation, wherein the first and third electro-magnetic radiations are transmitted via at least one of the first and second optical fibers.
13. The device according to claim 12, wherein the variation over time of the fourth arrangement has a characteristic repetition rate, and wherein at least one of the first and second optical fibers is rotated by the at least one third arrangement at a substantially uniform rotation speed which is substantially equal to the characteristic repetition rate of the fourth arrangement divided by an integer number greater than 250.
14. The device according to claim 1, further comprising: a fourth arrangement receiving at least one first electro-magnetic radiation from a sample and at least one second electro-magnetic radiation from a reference; at least one spectral separating unit which separates spectrum of at least one of the first electro-magnetic radiation, the second electro-magnetic radiation and a combination of the first and second electro-magnetic radiation into frequency components; and at least one fifth detection arrangement including a plurality of detectors, each detector capable of detecting at least a portion of at least one of the frequency components, wherein the at least one first electro-magnetic radiation is transmitted via at least one of the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber.
15. The device according to claim 14, wherein the fifth arrangement has a characteristic readout repetition rate, and wherein at least one of the first and second optical fibers is rotated by the at least one third arrangement at a substantially uniform rotation speed which is substantially equal to the characteristic readout repetition rate of the fifth arrangement divided by an integer number greater than 250.
16. The device according to claim 8, wherein the catheter arrangement is adapted to be inserted into a coronary artery.
17. The device according to claim 1, wherein the second optical fiber includes a portion which is adapted to expand a mode-field area of the electro-magnetic radiation.
18. A device for transmitting electro-magnetic radiation between at least two separate fibers, comprising: a first optical fiber and a second optical fiber, wherein at least one of the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber is rotatable; at least one first optical arrangement communicating with at least one end of at least one of the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber; at least one second arrangement configured to control a position of the at least one optical arrangement to align longitudinal axes of the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber at least at the ends thereof; and at least one third arrangement adapted for connecting at least one of the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber to a catheter arrangement, wherein the at least one third arrangement includes a protector provided at least at one end thereof, and wherein the protector is automatically removed upon a connection of the at least one of the first and second optical fiber to the catheter arrangement via the at least one third arrangement.
19. The device according to claim 18, further comprising at least one translating arrangement which is configured to translate at least one of the first optical fiber, the second optical fiber and the at least one second arrangement approximately along at least one of the longitudinal axes.
20. The device according to claim 18, further comprising at least one fourth arrangement adapted to rotate at least one of the first and second optical fiber at a rate that is greater than 10 revolutions per second.
21. The device according to claim 20, wherein the rate is greater than 30 revolutions per second.
22. The device according to claim 18, wherein the fourth arrangement situates therein at least one of the first and second optical fibers.
23. The device according to claim 20, wherein the fourth arrangement includes an encoder which is configured to track the rate.
24. The device according to claim 20, wherein the fourth arrangement includes at least one of a DC motor or a stepping motor.
25. The device according to claim 18, wherein the at least one second arrangement includes first and the second collimating lenses, and wherein a numerical product of a focal length of at least one of the first and the second collimating lenses and a numerical aperture of a respective at least one of the first and second optical fibers is between approximately 50 μm to 2000 μm.
26. The device according to claim 18, wherein an optical transmission efficiency between the first and the second optical fibers is greater than approximately 80%.
27. The device according to claim 18, wherein the device has a back reflection of less than about -55 dB.
28. The device according to claim 18, further comprising: at least one fourth arrangement providing at least one first electro-magnetic radiation to a sample and at least one second electro-magnetic radiation to a reference, wherein a frequency of radiation provided by the at least one fourth arrangement varies over time; and at least one fifth arrangement detecting an interference between at least one third radiation associated with the at least one first radiation and at least one fourth radiation associated with the at least one second radiation, wherein the first and third electro-magnetic radiations are transmitted via at least one of the first and second optical fibers.
29. The device according to claim 28, wherein the variation over time of the fourth arrangement has a characteristic repetition rate, and wherein at least one of the first and second optical fibers is rotated by the at least one third arrangement at a substantially uniform rotation speed which is substantially equal to the characteristic repetition rate of the fifth arrangement divided by an integer number that is approximately greater than 250.
30. The device according to claim 18, further comprising: a fourth arrangement receiving at least one first electro-magnetic radiation from a sample and at least one second electro-magnetic radiation from a reference; at least one spectral separating unit which separates spectrum of at least one of the first electro-magnetic radiation, the second electro-magnetic radiation and a combination of the first and second electro-magnetic radiation into frequency components; and at least one fifth detection arrangement including a plurality of detectors, each detector capable of detecting at least a portion of at least one of the frequency components, wherein the at least one first electro-magnetic radiation is transmitted via at least one of the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber.
31. The device according to claim 30, wherein the fifth arrangement has a characteristic readout repetition rate, and wherein at least one of the first and second optical fibers is rotated by the at least one third arrangement at a substantially uniform rotation speed which is substantially equal to the characteristic readout repetition rate of the fifth arrangement divided by an integer number greater than about 250.
32. The device according to claim 31, wherein the catheter arrangement is adapted to be inserted into a coronary artery.
33. The device according to claim 18, wherein the second optical fiber includes a portion which is adapted to expand a mode-field area of the electro-magnetic radiation.
34. A system for imaging a sample, comprising: a source generating electro-magnetic radiation; a first optical fiber and a second optical fiber receiving at least one signal associated with the electro-magnetic radiation, wherein at least one of the first and second fibers is rotatable; at least one first optical arrangement communicating with at least one end of at least one of the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber; at least one second arrangement configured to control a position of the at least one optical arrangement to align longitudinal axes of the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber at least at the ends thereof; and at least one third arrangement adapted to rotate at least one of the first optical finer and the second optical fiber at a rate that is greater than 40 revolutions per second.
35. A system for imaging a sample, comprising: a source generating electro-magnetic radiation; a first optical fiber and a second optical fiber receiving at least one signal associated with the electro-magnetic radiation, wherein at least one of the first and second fibers is rotatable; at least one first optical arrangement communicating with at least one end of at least one of the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber; at least one second arrangement configured to control a position of the at least one optical arrangement to align longitudinal axes of the first and the second optical fibers at least at the ends thereof; and at least one third arrangement adapted for connecting at least one of the first and second optical fiber to a catheter arrangement, wherein the at least third arrangement includes a protector provided at least at one end thereof, and wherein the protector is automatically removed upon a connection of the at least one of the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber to the catheter arrangement via the at least one third arrangement.
PCT/US2005/039740 2004-11-02 2005-11-02 Fiber-optic rotational device, optical system and method for imaging a sample WO2006050453A1 (en)

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