WO2005096418A1

WO2005096418A1 - Battery including carbon foam current collectors

Info

Publication number: WO2005096418A1
Application number: PCT/US2004/042286
Authority: WO
Inventors: Kurtis Chad Kelley; John J. Votoupal
Original assignee: Firefly Energy Inc.
Priority date: 2004-03-12
Filing date: 2004-12-16
Publication date: 2005-10-13
Also published as: US20050191555A1; US20040191632A1; WO2005096418B1; US6979513B2

Abstract

A battery having a current collector constructed of carbon foam. The carbon foam includes a network of pores into which a chemically active material is disposed to create either a positive or negative plate for the battery. The carbon foam resists corrosion and exhibits a large amount of surface area. The invention includes a method for making the disclosed carbon foam current collector used in the battery.

Description

Description BATTERY INCLUDING CARBON FOAM CURRENT COLLECTORS

[01] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Application No. 10/183,471 filed on June 28, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Technical Field

[02] This invention relates generally to cunent collectors for a battery and, more particularly, to carbon foam current collectors for a battery.

Background

[03] Electrochemical batteries, including, for example, lead acid and nickel-based batteries, among others, are known to include at least one positive cunent collector, at least one negative cunent collector, and an electrolytic solution. -In lead acid batteries, for example, both the positive and negative cunent collectors are constructed from lead. The role of these lead cunent collectors is to transfer electric cunent to and from the battery terminals during the discharge and charging processes. Storage and release of electrical energy in lead acid batteries is enabled by chemical reactions that occur in a paste disposed on the cunent collectors. The positive and negative cunent collectors, once coated with this paste, are refened to as positive and negative plates, respectively. A notable limitation on the durability of lead-acid batteries is conosion of the lead current collector of the positive plate.

[04] The rate of corrosion of the lead current collector is a major factor in determining the life of the lead acid battery. Once the electrolyte (e.g., sulfuric acid) is added to the battery and the battery is charged, the cunent collector of each positive plate is continually subjected to conosion due to its exposure to sulfuric acid and to the anodic potentials of the positive plate. One of the most damaging effects of this conosion of the positive plate cunent collector is volume expansion. Particularly, as the lead current collector conodes, lead dioxide is formed from the lead source metal of the cunent collector. Moreover, this lead dioxide conosion product has a greater volume than the lead source material consumed to create the lead dioxide. Conosion of the lead source material and the ensuing increase in volume of the lead dioxide conosion product is known as volume expansion.

[05] Volume expansion induces mechanical stresses on the cunent collector that deform and stretch the current collector. At a total volume increase of the cunent collector of approximately 4% to 7%, the cunent collector may fracture. As a result, battery capacity may drop, and eventually, the battery will reach the end of its service life. Additionally, at advanced stages of conosion, internal shorting within the cunent collector and rupture of the cell case may occur. Both of these conosion effects may lead to failure of one or more of the cells within the battery.

[06] One method of extending the service life of a lead acid battery is to increase the conosion resistance of the current collector of the positive plate. Several methods have been proposed for inhibiting the conosion process in lead acid batteries. Because carbon does not oxidize at the temperatures at which lead-acid batteries generally operate, some of these methods have involved using carbon in various forms to slow or prevent the detrimental corrosion process in lead acid batteries. For example, U.S. Patent No. 5,512,390 (hereinafter the '390 patent) discloses a lead acid battery that includes cunent collectors made from graphite plates instead of lead. The graphite plates have sufficient conductivity to function as cunent collectors, and they are more conosion resistant than lead. Substituting graphite plates for the lead current collectors may, therefore, lengthen the life of a lead-acid battery.

[07] While the battery of the '390 patent may potentially offer a lengthened service life as a result of reduced conosion at the positive plate, the graphite plates of the '390 patent are problematic. For example, the graphite plates of the '390 patent are dense, flat sheets of material each having a relatively small amount of surface area. Unlike lead electrode plates of a conventional lead-acid battery, which are generally patterned into a grid-like structure to increase the available surface area of the plates, the graphite plates of the '390 patent are smooth sheets with no patterning. In lead acid batteries, an increase in surface area of the cunent collector may increase the specific energy and power of the battery and, therefore, may translate into improved battery performance. More surface area on the current collectors may also lead to a reduction in the time required for charging and discharging of the battery. The relatively small surface area of the graphite plates of the '390 patent results in poorly performing batteries that have slow charging speeds.

[08] Additionally, the graphite plates of the '390 patent lack the toughness of lead cunent collectors. The dense, graphite plates of the '390 patent are brittle and may fracture when subjected to physical shock or vibration. Such physical shock and vibration commonly occur in vehicular applications, for example. Any fracturing of the graphite plates would lead to the same problems caused by volume expansion of ordinary lead cunent collectors. Therefore, despite offering an increased resistance to conosion compared to conventional lead cunent collectors, the brittle nature of the graphite plates of the '390 patent could actually result in battery service lives shorter than those possible through use of ordinary lead cunent collectors.

[09] The present invention is directed to overcoming one or more of the problems or disadvantages existing in the prior art.

Summary of the Invention

[10] One embodiment of the present invention includes an electrode plate for a battery. The electrode plate includes a carbon foam current collector that has a network of pores. A chemically active material is disposed on the carbon foam cunent collector such that the chemically active material penetrates into the network of pores. [11] A second embodiment of the present invention includes a method of making an electrode plate for a battery. This method includes forming a cunent collector from carbon foam. The carbon foam cunent collector includes a protruding tab and a network of pores. An electrical connection may be formed at the protruding tab of the cunent collector. The method also includes applying a chemically active material to the cunent collector such that the chemically active material penetrates the network of pores in the carbon foam.

[12] A third embodiment of the present invention includes a method of making an electrode plate for a battery. The method includes supplying a wood substrate and carbonizing the wood substrate to form a carbonized wood cunent collector. Chemically active material may be disposed on the carbonized wood cunent collector.A fourth embodiment of the present invention includes a. This battery includes a housing, and positive and negative terminals. Within the housing is at least one cell that includes at least one positive plate and at least one negative plate connected to the positive terminal and negative terminal, respectively. An electrolytic solution fills a volume between the positive and negative plates. The at least one positive plate includes a carbon foam cunent collector including a network of pores, and a chemically active material disposed on the carbon foam cunent collector such that the chemically active paste penetrates the network of pores.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[13] Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic cut-away representation of a battery in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; [14] Figs. 2A and 2B are photographs of a cunent collector in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; [15] Fig. 3 is a photograph of the porous structure of a carbon foam cunent collector, at about lOx magnification, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; and [16] Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic, close-up representation of the porous structure of a carbon foam cunent collector in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

Detailed Description

[17] Fig. 1 illustrates a battery 10 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Battery 10 includes a housing 11 and terminals 12, which are external to housing 11. At least one cell 13 is disposed within housing 11. While only one cell 13 is necessary, multiple cells may be connected in series or in parallel to provide a desired total potential of battery 10.

[18] Each cell 13 may be composed of alternating positive and negative plates immersed in an electrolytic solution. The electrolytic solution composition may be chosen to conespond with a particular battery chemistry. For example, while lead acid batteries may include an electrolytic solution of sulfuric acid and distilled water, nickel-based batteries may include alkaline electrolyte solutions that include a base, such as potassium hydroxide, mixed with water. It should be noted that other acids and other bases may be used to form the electrolytic solutions of the disclosed batteries.

[19] The positive and negative plates of each cell 13 may include a current collector packed or coated with a chemically active material. The composition of the chemically active material may depend on the chemistry of battery 10. For example, lead acid batteries may include a chemically active material including, for example, an oxide or salt of lead. Further, the anode plates (i.e., positive plates) of nickel cadmium (NiCd) batteries may include cadmium hydroxide (Cd(OH)₂) material; nickel metal hydride batteries may include lanthanum nickel (LaNi₅) material; nickel zinc (NiZn) batteries may include zinc hydroxide (Zn(OH)₂) material; and nickel iron (NiFe) batteries may include iron hydroxide (Fe(OH)₂) material. In all of the nickel-based batteries, the chemically active material on the cathode (i.e., negative) plate may be nickel hydroxide. [20] Fig. 2A illustrates a cunent collector 20 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Cunent collector 20 includes a thin, rectangular body and a tab 21 used to form an electrical connection with cunent collector 20.

[21] The cunent collector shown in Fig. 2 A may be used to form either a positive or a negative plate. As previously stated, chemical reactions in the active material disposed on the cunent collectors of the battery enable storage and release of energy. The composition of this active material, and not the cunent collector material, determines whether a given cunent collector functions as either a positive or a negative plate.

[22] While the type of plate, whether positive or negative, does not depend on the material selected for cunent collector 20, the cunent collector material and configuration affects the characteristics and performance of battery 10. For example, during the charging and discharging processes, each cunent collector 20 transfers the resulting electric cunent to and from battery terminals 12. ?fn order to efficiently transfer cunent to and from terminals 12, cunent collector 20 must be formed from a conductive material. Further, the susceptibility of the cunent collector material to conosion will affect not only the performance of battery 10, but it will also impact the service life of battery 10. In addition to the material selected for the cunent collector 20, the configuration of cunent collector 20 is also important to battery performance. For instance, the amount of surface area available on cunent collector 20 may influence the specific energy, specific power, and the charge/discharge rates of battery 10.

[23] In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, cunent collector 20, as shown in Fig. 2A, is formed from of a carbon foam material, which may include carbon or carbon-based materials that exhibit some degree of porosity. Because the foam is carbon, it can resist conosion even when exposed to electrolytes and to the electrical potentials of the positive or negative plates. The carbon foam includes a network of pores, which provides a large amount of surface area for each cunent collector 20. Cunent collectors composed of carbon foam may exhibit more than 2000 times the amount of surface area provided by conventional cunent collectors.

[24] The disclosed foam material may include any carbon-based material having a reticulated pattern including a three-dimensional network of struts and pores. The foam may comprise either or both of naturally occuning and artificially derived materials.

[25] Fig. 2B illustrates a closer view of tab 21, which optionally may be formed on cunent collector 20. Tab 21 may be coated with a conductive material and used to form an electrical connection with the cunent collector 20. In addition to tab 21, other suitable configurations for establishing electrical connections with current collector 20 may be used. The conductive material used to coat tab 21 may include a metal that is more conductive than the carbon foam current collector. Coating tab 21 with a conductive material may provide structural support for tab 21 and create a suitable electrical connection capable of handling the high cunents present in a lead acid and nickel-based batteries.

[26] Fig. 3 provides a view, at approximately lOx magnification, of an exemplary cunent collector 20, including the network of pores. Fig. 4 provides an even more detailed representation (approximately lOOx magnification) of the network of pores. In one embodiment, the carbon foam may include from about 4 to about 50 pores per centimeter and an average pore size of at least about 200 :m. In other embodiments, however, the average pore size may be smaller. For example, in certain embodiments, the average pore size may be at least about 20 μm. ?In still other embodiments, the average pore size may be at least about 40 μm. While reducing the average pore size of the carbon foam material may have the effect of increasing the effective surface area of the material, average pore sizes below 20 μm may impede or prevent penetration of the chemically active material into pores of the carbon foam material. [27] Regardless of the average pore size, a total porosity value for the carbon foam may be at least 60%. In other words, at least 60% of the volume of the carbon foam structure may be included within pores 41. Carbon foam materials may also have total porosity values less than 60%. For example, in certain embodiments, the carbon foam may have a total porosity value of at least 30%.

[28] Moreover, the carbon foam may have an open porosity value of at least 90%. Therefore, at least 90% of pores 41 are open to adjacent pores such that the network of pores 41 forms a substantially open network. This open network of pores 41 may allow the active material deposited on each cunent collector 20 to penetrate within the carbon foam structure. In addition to the network of pores 41, the carbon foam includes a web of structural elements 42 that provide support for the carbon foam. In total, the network of pores 41 and the structural elements 42 of the carbon foam may result in a density of less than about 0.6 gm/cm3 for the carbon foam material.

[29] Due to the high conductivity of the carbon foam of the present invention, cunent collectors 20 can efficiently transfer cunent to and from the battery terminals 12, or any other conductive elements providing access to the electrical potential of battery 10. In certain forms, the carbon foam may offer sheet resistivity values of less than about 1 ohm-cm. In still other forms, the carbon foam may have sheet resistivity values of less than about 0.75 ohm-cm.

[30] In addition to carbon foam, graphite foam may also be used to form cunent collector 20. One such graphite foam, under the trade name PocoFoam™, is available from Poco Graphite, Inc. The density and pore structure of graphite foam may be similar to carbon foam. A primary difference between graphite foam and carbon foam is the orientation of the carbon atoms that make up the structural elements 42. For example, in carbon foam, the carbon may be at least partially amorphous. In graphite foam, however, much of the carbon is ordered into a graphite, layered structure. Because of the ordered nature of the graphite structure, grap-hite foam may offer higher conductivity than carbon foam. Graphite foam may exhibit electrical resistivity values of between about 100 :micro o-hm-cm and about 2500 -micro ohm-cm.

[31] The carbon and graphite foams of the present invention may also be obtained by subjecting various organic materials to a carbonizing and/or graphitizing process. In one exemplary embodiment, various wood species may be carbonized and/or grap-hitized to yield the carbon foam material for cunent collector 20. Wood includes a natural occurring network of pores. These pores may be elongated and linearly oriented. Moreover, as a result of their water- canying properties, the pores in wood form a substantially open structure. Certain wood species may offer an open porosity value of at least about 90%. The average pore size of wood may vary among different wood species, but in an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the wood used to form the carbon foam material has an average pore size of at least about 20 microns.

[32] Many species of wood may be used to form the carbon foam of the invention. As a general class, most hardwoods have pore structures suitable for use in the carbon foam cunent collectors of the invention. Exemplary wood species that may be used to create the carbon foam include oak, mahogony, teak, hickory, elm, sassafras, bubinga, palms, and many other types of wood. Optionally, the wood selected for use in creating the carbon foam may originate from tropical growing areas. For example, unlike wood grown in climates with significant seasonal variation, wood from tropical regions may have a less defined growth ring structure. As a result, the porous network of wood from tropical areas may lack certain non-uniformities that can result from the presence of growth rings.

[33] To provide the carbon foam, wood may be subjected to a carbonization process to create carbonized wood (e.g., a carbon foam material). For example, heating of the wood to a temperature of between about 800 °C and about 1400 °C may have the effect of expelling volatile components from the wood. The wood may be maintained in this temperature range for a time sufficient to convert at least a portion of the wood to a carbon matrix. This carbonized wood will include the original porous structure of the wood. As a result of its carbon matrix, however, the carbonized wood can be electrically conductive and resistant to conosion. During the carbonization process, the wood may be heated and cooled at any desired rate. In one embodiment, however, the wood may be heated and cooled sufficiently slowly to minimize or prevent cracking of the wood/carbonized wood. Also, heating of the wood may occur in an inert environment.

[34] The carbonized wood may be used to form cunent collectors 20 without additional processing. Optionally, however, the carbonized wood may be subjected to a graphitization process to create graphitized wood (e.g., a graphite foam material). Graphitized wood is carbonized wood in which at least a portion of the carbon matrix has been converted to a graphite matrix. As previously noted, the graphite structure may exhibit increased electrical conductivity as compared to non-graphite carbon structures. Graphitizing the carbonized wood may be accomplished by heating the carbonized wood to a temperature of between about 2400 °C and about 3000 °C for a time sufficient to convert at least a portion of the carbon matrix of the carbonized wood to a graphite matrix. Heating and cooling of the carbonized wood may proceed at any desired rate. In one embodiment, however, the carbonized wood may be heated and cooled sufficiently slowly to minimize or prevent cracking. Also, heating of the carbonized wood may occur in an inert environment.

[35] In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, cunent collector 20 may be made from either carbon foam or from graphite foam. In certain battery chemistries, however, either the current collector of the positive plate or the cunent collector of the negative plate may be formed of a material other than carbon or graphite foam. For example, in lead acid batteries, the cunent collector of the negative plate may be made of lead or another suitable conductive material, hi other battery chemistries (e.g., nickel-based batteries), the cunent collector of the positive plate may be formed of a conductive material other than carbon or graphite foam.

[36] The process for making an electrode plate for a battery according to one embodiment of the present invention can begin by forming cunent collector 20. In one embodiment of the invention, the carbon foam material used to form cunent collector 20 may be fabricated or acquired in the desired dimensions of current collector 20. Alternatively, however, the carbon foam material may be fabricated or acquired in bulk form and subsequently machined to form the cunent collectors.

[37] While any form of machining, such as, for example, band sawing and waterjet cutting, may be used to form the cunent collectors from the bulk carbon foam, wire EDM (electrical discharge machining) provides a method that may better preserve the open-cell structure of the carbon foam. In wire EDM, conductive materials are cut with a thin wire sunounded by de-ionized water. There is no physical contact between the wire and the part being machined. Rather, the wire is rapidly charged to a predetermined voltage, which causes a spark to. bridge a gap between the wire and the work piece. As a result, a small portion of the work piece melts. The de-ionized water then cools and flushes away the small particles of the melted work piece. Because no cutting forces are generated by wire EDM, the carbon foam may be machined without causing the network of pores 41 to collapse. By preserving pores 41 on the surface of the cunent collector, chemically active materials may penetrate more easily into cunent collector 20.

[38] As shown in Fig. 2A, current collector 20 may include tab 21 used to form an electrical connection to cunent collector 20. In certain applications, the electrical connection of current collector 20 may be required to cany cunents of up to about 100 amps or even greater. In order to form an appropriate electrical connection capable of canying such cunents, the carbon foam that forms tab 21 may be pre-treated by a method that causes a conductive material, such as a metal, to wet the carbon foam. Such methods may include, for example, electroplating and thermal spray techniques. While both of these techniques may be suitable, thermal spray may offer the added benefit of enabling the conductive metal to penetrate deeper into the porous network of the carbon foam. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, silver may be applied to tab 21 by thermal spray to form a carbon-metal interface. In addition to silver, other conductive materials may be used to form the carbon- metal interface depending on a particular application.

[39] Once a carbon-metal interface has been established at tab 21, a second conductive material may be added to the tab 21 to complete the electrical connection. For example, a metal such as lead may be applied to tab 21. In an exemplary embodiment, lead wets the silver-treated carbon foam in a manner that allows enough lead to be deposited on tab 21 to form a suitable electrical connection.

[40] A chemically active material, in the form of a paste or a slurry, for example, may be applied to cunent collector 20 such that the active material penetrates the network of pores in the carbon foam. It should be noted that the chemically active material may penetrate one, some, or all of the pores in the carbon foam. One exemplary method for applying a chemically active material to current collector 20 includes spreading a paste onto a transfer sheet, folding the transfer sheet including the paste over the current collector 20, and applying pressure to the transfer sheet to force the chemically active paste into pores 41. Pressure for forcing the paste into pores 41 may be applied by a roller, mechanical press, or other suitable device. Still another method for applying a chemically active material to cunent collector 20 may include dipping, painting, or otherwise coating current collector 20 with a sluny of active material. This slurry may flow into pores 41 to coat internal and external surfaces of cunent collector 20. [41] As noted above, the composition of the chemically active material used on cunent collectors 20 depends on the chemistry of battery 10. For example, in lead acid batteries, the chemically active material that is applied to the cunent collectors 20 of both the positive and negative plates may be substantially the same in terms of chemical composition. Specifically, this material may include lead oxide (PbO). Other oxides and salts of lead, however, may also be suitable. The chemically active material may also include various additives including, for example, varying percentages of free lead, structural fibers, conductive materials, carbon, and extenders to accommodate volume changes over the life of the battery. In certain embodiments, the constituents of the chemically active material for lead acid batteries may be mixed with sulfuric acid and water to form a paste, sluny, or any other type of coating material that may be disposed within pores 41 of cunent collector 20.

[42] The chemically active material used on cunent collectors of nickel-based batteries may include various compositions depending on the type of battery and whether the material is to be used on a positive or negative plate. For example, the positive plates may include a cadmium hydroxide (Cd(OH)₂) active material in NiCd batteries, a lanthanum nickel (LaNi₅) active material in nickel metal hydride batteries, a zinc hydroxide (Zn(OH)₂) active material in nickel zinc (NiZn) batteries, and an iron hydroxide (Fe(OH)₂) active material in nickel iron (NiFe) batteries. In all nickel-based batteries, the chemically active material disposed on the negative plate may be nickel hydroxide. For both the positive and negative plates in nickel-based batteries, the chemically active material may be applied to the cunent collectors as, for example, a sluny, a paste, or any other appropriate coating material.

[43] Independent of battery chemistry, depositing the chemically active material on the current collectors 20 forms the positive and negative plates of the battery. While not necessary in all applications, in certain embodiments, the chemically active material deposited on cunent collectors 20 may be subjected to curing and/or drying processes. For example, a curing process may include exposing the chemically active materials to elevated temperature and/or humidity to encourage a change in the chemical and/or physical properties of the chemically active material. [44] After assembling together the positive and negative plates to form the cells of battery 10 (shown in Fig. 1), battery 10 may be subjected to a charging (i.e., formation) process. During this charging process, the composition of the chemically active materials may change to a state that provides an electrochemical potential between the positive and negative plates of the cells. For example, in a lead acid battery, the PbO active material of the positive plate may be electrically driven to lead dioxide (PbO2), and the active material of the negative plate may be converted to sponge lead. Conversely, during subsequent discharge of a lead acid battery, the chemically active materials of both the positive and negative plates convert toward lead sulfate. Analogous chemical dynamics are associated with the charging and discharging of other battery chemistries, including nickel-based batteries, for example.

Industrial Applicability

[45] By incorporating carbon into the electrode plates of the battery 10, conosion of the cunent collectors may be suppressed. As a result, batteries consistent with the present invention may offer significantly longer service lives.

[46] Additionally, the large amount of surface area associated with the carbon foam or graphite foam materials forming current collectors 20 may translate into batteries having both large specific power and specific energy values. Specifically, because of the open cell, porous network and relatively small pore size of the carbon foam materials, the chemically active material of the positive and negative plates is intimately integrated with the cunent collectors 20. The reaction sites in the chemically active paste are close to one or more conductive, carbon foam structural elements 42. Therefore, electrons produced in the chemically active material at a particular reaction site must travel only a short distance through the paste before encountering one of the many highly conductive structural elements 42 of cunent collector 20. As a result, batteries with carbon foam cunent collectors 20 may offer both improved specific power and specific energy values. In other words, these batteries, when placed under a load, may sustain their voltage above a predetermined threshold value for a longer time than batteries including traditional current collectors made of lead, graphite plates, etc.

[47] The increased specific power values offered by batteries consistent with the present invention also may translate into reduced charging times. Therefore, the disclosed batteries may be suitable for applications in which charging energy is available for only a limited amount of time. For instance, in vehicles, a great deal of energy is lost during ordinary braking. This braking energy may be recaptured and used to charge a battery of, for example, a hybrid vehicle. The braking energy, however, is available only for a short period of time (i.e., while braking is occuning). Thus, any transfer of braking energy to a battery must occur during braking. In view of their reduced charging times, the batteries of the present invention may provide an efficient means for storing such braking energy.

[48] Additionally, the disclosed carbon foam cunent collectors may be pliable, and therefore, they may be less susceptible to damage from vibration or shock as compared to current collectors made from graphite plates or other brittle materials. Batteries including carbon foam cunent collectors may perform well in vehicular applications, or other applications, where vibration and shock are common.

[49] Further, by including carbon foam current collectors having a density of less than about 0.6 g/cm3, the battery of the present invention may weigh substantially less that batteries including either lead cunent collectors or graphite plate cunent collectors. Other aspects and features of the present invention can be obtained from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims.

Claims

What is claimed is: 1. An electrode plate for a battery, comprising: a carbon foam cunent collector including a network of pores, and a chemically active paste disposed on the carbon foam cunent collector such that the chemically active paste penetrates into the network of pores.

2. The electrode plate of claim 1, wherein the chemically active paste includes at least one of an oxide of lead, nickel hydroxide, cadmium hydroxide, lanthanum nickel, zinc hydroxide, and iron hydroxide.

3. The electrode plate of claim 1, wherein the carbon foam cunent collector has a total porosity value of at least 60%.

4. The electrode plate of claim 1, wherein the carbon foam cunent collector has an open porosity value of at least 90%.

5. The electrode plate of claim 1, wherein the carbon foam cunent collector has an electrical resistivity value of less than about 1 ohm-cm.

6. The electrode plate of claim 1, wherein the carbon foam cunent collector comprises graphite foam.

7. The electrode plate of claim 6, wherein the graphite foam cunent collector has an electrical resistivity value of between about 100 :micro ohm-cm and about 2500 :micro o-hm-cm.

8. The electrode plate of claim 1, wherein the carbon foam cunent collector has a density of less than about 0.6 g/cm .

9. The electrode plate of claim 1 , wherein the carbon foam cunent collector has an average pore size of at least about 200 μm.

10. The electrode plate of claim 1, wherein the carbon foam cunent collector has an average pore size of at least about 40 μm.

11. The electrode plate of claim 1 , wherein the carbon foam cunent collector has an average pore size of at least about 20 :m.

12. The electrode plate of claim 1, wherein the carbon foam cunent collector comprises carbonized wood.

13. The electrode plate of claim 1, wherein the carbon foam cunent collector comprises graphitized wood.

14. A method of ma-king an electrode plate for a battery comprising: supplying a wood substrate; carbonizing the wood substrate to form a carbonized wood current collector; and disposing a chemically active material on the carbonized wood cunent collector.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the carbonized wood cunent collector comprises a network of pores, and the chemically active material penetrates at least a portion of the network of pores.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein the carbonizing comprises heating the wood substrate, in a substantially inert environment, to a temperature of between about 800 °C and about 1400 °C for a time sufficient to convert at least a portion of the wood substrate to a carbon matrix.

17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: graphitizing the wood substrate by heating the wood substrate to a temperature of between about 2400 °C and about 3000 °C for a time sufficient to convert at least a portion of the carbon matrix to a graphite matrix.

18. A method of making an electrode plate for a battery comprising: forming a current collector from carbon foam, wherein the cunent collector includes a tab, and the carbon foam includes a network of pores; forming an electrical connection at the tab of the cunent collector; applying a chemically active material to the current collector such that the chemically active material penetrates the network of pores in the carbon foam.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the step of forming the electrical connection further includes: applying a first conductive material to the tab, and applying a second conductive material to the first conductive material.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the first conductive material includes silver and is applied to the tab in the form of a thermal spray.

21. The method of claim 19, wherein the second conductive material includes lead.

22. The method of claim 18, wherein the step of forming the cunent collector further includes machining the carbon foam using wire EDM.

23. The method of claim 18, wherein the carbon foam cunent collector has a total porosity value of at least 60 % and an open porosity value of at least 90 %.

24. The method of claim 18, wherein the carbon foam cunent collector has an electrical resistivity value of less than about 1 ohm-cm.

25. The method of claim 18, wherein the carbon foam cunent collector is graphite foam.

26. The method of claim 18, wherein the graphite foam cunent collector has an electrical resistivity value of between about 100 :micro ohm-cm and about 2500 :micro o-hm-cm.

27. A battery comprising: a housing; a positive terminal and a negative terminal; at least one cell disposed within the housing and including at least one positive plate and at least one negative plate connected to the positive terminal and negative terminal, respectively; and an electrolytic solution filling a volume between the positive and negative plates; wherein the at least one positive plate further includes a carbon foam cunent collector including a network of pores, and a chemically active material disposed on the carbon foam cunent collector such that the chemically active material penetrates the network of pores.

28. The battery of claim 27, wherein the carbon foam cunent collector has a total porosity value of at least 60% and an open porosity value of at least 90%.

29. The battery of claim 27, wherein the carbon foam cunent collector has an electrical resistivity value of less than about 1 ohm-cm.

30. The battery of claim 27, wherein the carbon foam cunent collector includes graphite foam and has an electrical resistivity value of between about 100 micro ohm-cm and about 2500 :micro o-hm-cm.

31. The battery of claim 27, wherein the carbon foam cunent collector has a density of less than about 0.6 g/cm³.

32. The battery of claim 27, wherein the at least one negative plate further includes a carbon foam cunent collector including a network of pores, and a chemically active material disposed on the carbon foam cunent collector of the negative plate such that the chemically active material penetrates the network of pores.

33. The battery of claim 27, wherein the chemically active material includes a paste comprising an oxide of lead.

34. The battery of claim 27, wherein the chemically active material includes at least one of nickel hydroxide, cadmium hydroxide, lanthanum nickel, zinc hydroxide, and iron hydroxide.

35. A battery comprising: a housing; a positive terminal and a negative terminal external to the housing; a plurality of cells disposed between the positive terminal and the negative terminal; a plurality of positive plates disposed in alternating series with a plurality of negative plates within each of the plurality of cells; and an electrolytic solution disposed within the housing and filling a volume between adjacent pairs of positive and negative plates; wherein both the plurality of positive plates and the plurality of negative plates further include carbon foam current collectors each including a network of pores, and a chemically active material disposed on the carbon foam current collectors such that the chemically active material penetrates the network of pores, and wherein the carbon foam cunent collectors of both the positive and negative plates each include a tab of carbon foam coated with a conductive metal material configured to make electrical connections to the cunent collectors of both the positive and negative plates.

36. A battery comprising: a housing; a positive terminal and a negative terminal; at least one cell disposed within the housing and including at least one positive plate and at least one negative plate connected to the positive terminal and negative terminal, respectively; and an electrolytic solution filling a volume between the positive and negative plates; wherein the at least one negative plate further includes: a carbon foam cunent collector including a network of pores, and a chemically active material disposed on the carbon foam cunent collector such that the chemically active material penetrates the network ofpores.

37. The battery of claim 36, wherein the at least one positive plate includes a lead cunent collector.

38. The battery of claim 36, wherein the carbon foam cunent collector has a total porosity value of at least 60% and an open porosity value of at least 90%.

39. The battery of claim 36, wherein the carbon foam cunent collector has an electrical resistivity value of less than about 1 ohm-cm.

40. The battery of claim 36, wherein the carbon foam cunent collector has a density of less than about 0.6 g/cm³.

41. The battery of claim 36, wherein the chemically active material includes a paste comprising an oxide of lead.

42. The battery of claim 36, wherein the chemically active material includes at least one of nickel hydroxide, cadmium hydroxide, lanthanum nickel, zinc hydroxide, and iron hydroxide.