WO2003053239A1 - Determining the hydration status of a patient - Google Patents
Determining the hydration status of a patient Download PDFInfo
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- WO2003053239A1 WO2003053239A1 PCT/EP2001/014594 EP0114594W WO03053239A1 WO 2003053239 A1 WO2003053239 A1 WO 2003053239A1 EP 0114594 W EP0114594 W EP 0114594W WO 03053239 A1 WO03053239 A1 WO 03053239A1
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- patient
- ecv
- icv
- compartment
- weight
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/05—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves
- A61B5/053—Measuring electrical impedance or conductance of a portion of the body
- A61B5/0537—Measuring body composition by impedance, e.g. tissue hydration or fat content
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of monitoring the hydration and/or nutrition status of a patient.
- the kidneys carry out several functions for maintaining the health of a human body. First, they control the fluid balance by separating any excess fluid from the patient's blood volume. Second, they serve to purify the blood from any waste substances like urea or creatinine. Last not least they also control the levels of certain substances in the blood like electrolytes in order to ensure a healthy and necessary concentration level.
- the dry weight (for the sake of simplicity the words "weight” and “mass” shall be used synonymously throughout this patent application document - which is usual practise in the medical field anyway) defines the weight of a patient that would be achieved if the kidneys were working normally. In other words this represents the optimal target weight (or fluid status) which should be achieved in order to minimise cardiovascular risk. Dry weight has always been an elusive problem in routine clinical practise due to lack of quantitative methods for its assessment. Currently the dry weight problem is approached using indirect indicators like e.g. blood pressure, echocardiographic investigations and subjective information such as X- rays. Furthermore it has been particularly difficult to define a set of conditions which are universally accepted as the dry weight standard.
- a promising method to derive the fluid status of a patient involves the use of bioimpedance measurements.
- a small alternating current is applied to two or more electrodes which are attached to a patient and the corresponding electric potential difference is measured.
- the various fluid compartments of a human body contribute differently to the measured signals.
- the use of multiple frequencies allows the intracellular water (ICV) and extracellular water (ECV) volumes to be determined.
- ICV intracellular water
- ECV extracellular water
- the US patent 5,449,000 describes a bioimpedance system also using multiple frequencies to determine ECV and ICV. Furthermore certain population dependent data are taken for using and choosing so-called population prediction formulas. The body composition is then analysed by using these formulas and with the help of segmental bioimpedance signals.
- This document also lacks a disclosure of a method how the dry weight may be derived.
- a non-invasive, accurate and easy to use method for dry weight assessment which nevertheless takes into account individual variations without grossly limiting the analysis to certain populations. This method would be of major benefit to the management of dialysis patients and could significantly reduce hospitalisation costs in the long term.
- this problem is solved by a method for determining a body compartment ECV h y d r(t) of a patient at a time t comprising the steps of determining at least one anthropometric measure X(t) of the patient at the time t, determining the extracellular water volume ECV(t) of the patient at the time t, determining the intracellular water volume ICV(t) of the patient at the time t, deriving the extracellular water volume ECV baS ic(t) of a first compartment with weight W b asic(t) of the patient at the time t by using X(t), deriving the extracellular water volume ECVsec(t) of a second compartment of the patient at the time t by using ICV(t), and deriving the volume ECV y d r( ) as the extracellular water volume of a third compartment of the patient with weight Why d r(t) by using the equation
- ECV hydr (t) ECV(t) - ECV basic (t) - ECV sec (t) (1 ).
- the invention provides for an easy and straight forward method to directly address the dry weight management of a patient. As will be outlined below this is possible because the invention is based on the observation that some body compartments only vary in a very predictable manner from one individual to another whereas other compartments show a much larger variability which may be addressed only by appropriate measurements. By transferring this observation to an analysis of the body compartments with respect to their ECV and ICV contributions the method according to the invention is found.
- the hydration status may be analysed entirely by the status of a single body compartment which was appropriately separated from the other compartments which correspond to the status of individuals which are not mal-hydrated. For these individuals the single body compartment which is representing the hydration status would have a negligible volume. For over- hydrated individuals like patients with renal failure this body compartment has a positive volume. For de-hydrated individuals like patients suffering from gross fluid loss or too low fluid intake it is negative.
- the variability of the first compartment of the patient is mainly dependent on the anthropometric measure X(t).
- Anthropometric measures shall comprise all geometric dimensions/sizes and/or weight data of the patient which relate to the weight W bas ic(t) of the first compartment.
- An example for X(t) is the height H(t) of the patient.
- the volume ECV sec (t) of the second compartment is characterized by a variability in cell mass that can appropriately be described by an ICV measurement (or a measurement correlated with it).
- One such compartment is the compartment of muscle tissue with weight W mU scie(t) and extracellular water volume ECV muS cie(t).
- the weight W sec (t) of the second compartment and the weight W fa t(t) of a fourth compartment of the patient at the time t, the latter representing the fat mass, are also derived.
- the invention provides for an easy and convenient method to also assess the nutrition and training status of the patient.
- ECV(t) and ICV(t) are derived by a bioimpedance measurement.
- the bioimpedance measurement may be a whole body or a segmental measurement.
- the bioimpedance measurement may be performed at a single frequency, at a small number of frequencies (typically 2-4), or in multi-frequency mode, the latter being the preferred embodiment since this mode should allow the most precise determination of ECV(t) and ICV(t). It is also an object of the invention to provide a device for a non-invasive, accurate and easy to use dry weight and/or body compartment assessment.
- the invention therefore also concerns a device for carrying out the method according to the invention comprising a microprocessor unit which in turn comprises a microprocessor program storage unit, an input unit to enable entering values of ECV(t), ICV(t) and X(t), a computer storage unit for storing the ECV(t), ICV(t) and X(t) values, wherein the microprocessor program storage unit comprises a program for deriving the extracellular water volume ECV h ydr(t) by deriving the extracellular water volume ECV b asic(t) of the first compartment with weight Wbasic( ) of the patient at the time t by using the value(s) of X(t), by deriving the volume ECV se c(t) of the second compartment with weight W se c(t) by using the value of ICV(t) and by deriving the volume ECVhy d r(t) as the extracellular water volume of the third compartment of the patient with weight W hyd r(t) by
- the device further comprises means for determining the ECV(t) and ICV(t) values.
- the means for determining these values may be a bioimpedance device, applied in a whole body or segmental measurement mode.
- the input unit may be a manual user interface such as a keyboard in order to enable the input of the ECV(t), ICV(t) and X(t) values.
- the means for determining the ECV(t) and ICV(t) values and/or the means for determining the X(t) value are directly linked to the input unit which contains a corresponding interface in this case. The manual input of these values is then no longer necessary.
- the invention also comprises a method for deriving a muscle weight Wm US cie(t) and/or a lean body mass LBM(t) of the patient at the time t.
- the muscle weight W muS cie(t) is derived by determining at least one anthropometric measure X(t) of the patient at the time t, determining the intracellular water volume ICV(t) of the patent at the time t, deriving the intracellular water volume ICV b asic(t) of a first compartment with weight W ba sic(t) of the patient at the time t by using X(t), and deriving the muscle weight W muS cie(t) as the weight of a second compartment of the patient by using ICV baS ic(t) and ICV(t).
- muscle compartment is among those which exhibit a larger degree of individual variation. Due to the concept of the invention and unlike for the third compartment with weight W h y d r(t), the weight of the muscle mass may be characterized without any measurement of the extracellular water of the patient. With the help of the determination of the basic weight W b asic(t) it is - similar to the derivation of ECV h y d r(t) - possible to properly identify the weight of the muscle compartment of the patient.
- the invention also encompasses a device for deriving the muscle weight Wm USC ie(t).
- This device is similar to the one described above except that there are no units necessary to enable entering and storing the ECV(t) value and that the microprocessor program storage unit comprises a program for deriving the muscle weight W muSc i e (t) of the second compartment by deriving the intracellular water volume ICV bas i c (t) of the first compartment of the patient at the time t by using the value(s) of X(t) and by deriving the weight W musc ie(t) of the second compartment of the patient at the time t by using ICV baS ic(t) and ICV(t).
- a computer storage medium on which a computer program is stored which is to be used in a device according to the invention for carrying out the methods according to the invention, is also constituting a part of the invention.
- Figure 1 shows a schematic illustration of the weight of a patient and four body compartments together with their ECV and ICV contributions
- Figure 2 schematically shows an embodiment of a device for determining the dry weight of a patient according to the invention
- Figure 3a shows a bioimpedance electrode arrangement for whole body bioimpedance measurements
- Figure 3b shows a bioimpedance electrode arrangement for segmental body bioimpedance measurements
- Figure 4 shows an illustration of a bioimpedance measurement for determining the ECV and/or ICV contributions
- Figure 5 shows the dependence of an average weight of a population on the height of an individual
- Figure 6 shows a compilation of numerical values for the coefficients k
- Figure 7 shows a compilation of numerical values for the coefficients ⁇ cv and ⁇ icv relating the basic weight subcompartments to their ECV and ICV contributions and
- Figure 8 shows a graphical overview of the method according to the invention to derive various body compartment masses.
- the second compartment (W sec (t)) has been assigned to the compartment mus c ie(t) of muscle tissue which shall comprise the skeleton muscles, the third compartment W h y d r(t) to the volume of mal-hydration fluid and the fourth compartment W fat (t) to the fat tissue.
- the invention makes use of the observation that the weight Wbasic(t) of the first compartment, i.e. the basic weight, which shall consist of everything else than the named other tissues, i.e. muscles, fat and the mal-hydration fluid, remains largely constant from one individual to another as long as certain anthropometric measures X(t) (detailed below) remain the same.
- the tissues which contribute to this first compartment comprise mainly bones, organs, blood and skin.
- the weights of the second and fourth compartments i.e. the muscle and the fat compartment with a muscle weight W musc i e (t) and a fat weight W fat (t) exhibit by far the greatest degree of variability between different subjects.
- a third compartment must be included in order to take into account the hydration status or mal-hydration weight W h y d r(t).
- the latter should be negligible or at least small, reflecting normal daily variations due to fluid intake and excretions.
- the invention is further based on the observation that the ECV and ICV spaces contribute differently to these four compartments.
- the status of mal-hydration, in particular of overhydration, is particularly leading to a volume change in the ECV space while the ICV space remains mainly constant. Also the proportion of water contained in fat tissue may be assumed to be negligible.
- FIG. 2 Such an embodiment of a device for determining the ECV volume of a body compartment W h y d r(t) of a patient is shown in Figure 2.
- the device 10 comprises a microprocessor unit 1 which in turn comprises a microprocessor program storage unit 1a.
- the microprocessor junit 1 is connected to an input unit 2 and a computer storage unit 3.
- a program for deriving the volume ECV h y d r(t) of a patient at a time t is stored in the microprocessor program storage unit 1a.
- the microprocessor program derives the volume ECV h ydr(t) as follows:
- the lextracellular and intracellular water volumes ECV(t) and ICV(t) of the subject at the time t are determined and entered into the input unit 2 which passes the values to the computer storage unit 3 where they are stored.
- the means 5 is a bioimpedance measurement device.
- the means 5 is a bioimpedance measurement device.
- various electrode arrangements are possible.
- Each of the electrode units 5a and 5b consists of a current injection electrode and a potential pick up electrode (not shown).
- the wholy body impedance may be determined. Under this electrode configuration the body may be regarded as a combination of several homogenous cylinders, representing trunk, legs and arms.
- FIG. 3b Such a configuration is displayed in Figure 3b. Additional electrode units 5a' and 5b' are attached close to the corresponding shoulder and the hip of the patient enabling a segmental approach to the body elements leg, arm and trunk.
- the ECV(t) value is determined by exploiting the fact that the electrical impedance of body tissue changes as alternating currents of different frequencies are applied to the patient via the electrodes. At low frequencies the cell membranes behave as insulators and the applied current passes only through the ECV spaces. At high frequencies the cell membranes become more conductive and thus current passes through both the ICV and ECV spaces. This is illustrated in Figure 4. Measurement of the impedance over at least two frequencies, better over a range of frequencies, allows an impedance locus to be constructed from which the resistance of the ICV and ECV components may be determined. Hence the volumes of the respective compartments can then be calculated from the resistance information, based on compartment resistivity constants available from prior studies for which the volumes were also determined by dilution measurements.
- a bioimpedance device performing such calculations is distributed by Xitron Technologies under the trademark HydraTM. Details about this device are disclosed in the international patent application WO 92/19153.
- means 7 are also provided for determining the height H(t) of the patient as an anthropometric measure X(t), which are connected to the input unit 2 by a link 8.
- the means 7 consist of a metering device which is well known in the art.
- means 7 also comprises scales means for the determination of the weight W(t) of the patient.
- the input unit 2 contains an interface by which the values for ECV(t), ICV(t), H(t) and W(t) are directly transferred via the link 4 to the computer storage unit 3. It may also be possible that the determined values for all or a part of the ECV(t), ICV(t), H(t) and W(t) values are manually entered into the input unit 2 by a user.
- the program stored in the microprocessor storage unit 1a is now - with the help of stored previously established data - determining ECV and ICV contributions to some of the four compartments as is required to obtain the mal-hydration volume ECV hydr (t).
- a sic(t) and ICV baS ic(t) are derived.
- W ba sic( ) all components of the body which are not muscle, fat or mal-hydration have to be identified.
- the main components or subcompartments of W bas ic(t) are bones, organs, blood and skin.
- weight is plotted versus height ("Hgt & Wgt") for a mixed male/female reference population (without kidney disease).
- height clearly is a dominant factor influencing weight, there is a considerable weight variation for a given height, which is explained by fat and muscle mass variations between persons of same height.
- the mass fractions of the subcompartments on this average weight W av (t) are - at least partly - taken from previously established data (H. Skelton: The storage of water by various tissues of the body, Arch. Int. Med. 40, 140 (1972); H.C. Lukaski, Estimation of muscle mass, chap. 6, in Human Body Composition, edited by A.F. Roche, S.B. Heymsfield and T.G. Lohman, Human Kinetics, 1996, p. 109-128; H. Rico, M. Revilla and E.R. Hernadez: Sex differences in the acquisition of total bone mineral mass peak assessed through dual-energy x-ray absorbitometry, Calcified Tissue International 51, 251 (1992); E.
- fractions kj as extracted from the literature are summarized in a table in Figure 6. It is important to mention that fractions Hw (relating average weight to height) and kj (relating basic weight components to average weight) are dependent on the population selected for deriving these parameters, though the W a sic,i are expected to exhibit only a minor dependence due to the concept how the basic weight Wbasic is defined. Due to this concept first reliable results for the hydration status are already obtained with the data of Figures 5 and 6 which were derived from various literature sources for which the reference populations are likely to have differed. Nonetheless the precision of the Wb aS i C ,i should be particularly accurate if ki ⁇ w and kj have been determined for the same population.
- k b ioo d .av and kbiood.muscie are empirical coefficients which are also given in Figure 6.
- the method according to the invention may be applied by assuming a fixed average value for Hct(t) since the deviations due to variations of the haematocrit are small. Should the haematocrit however have been determined, the application of equation (7) is a useful improvement.
- the skin occupies a relatively large mass fraction (ca. 18%) which includes the subcutaneous tissue. Some fat is likely to be contained in this subcutaneous component. However, this "basic fat” together with any other tissue may be regarded collectively as “the skin”, and is not included in the fat component to be calculated below.
- the skin mass is regarded to be independent of sex, but dependent on body surface area (BSA). If a person gains much weight at same height, it is expected that skin is not just stretched, but additional skin accumulates. After weight loss the opposite should happen. Therefore skin mass should not only be scaled according to the average weight. Additionally a factor relating real BSA to BSA at average weight for the given height should be considered:
- ICV basicJ (t) ⁇ ICV>i W basiCti (t) (1 1.2).
- ICV muscle (t) ICV(t) - ICV basic (t) (12).
- the second compartment i.e. the muscle tissue
- the muscle tissue Since the second compartment, i.e. the muscle tissue, has a specific ratio of extra- to intracellular water volumes
- ECV musde (t) (ICV(t) - ICV basic (t))r (14).
- the muscle weight Wmuscie(t) is derived as
- the program stored in the microprocessor storage unit 1a is now able to derive the ECV h ydr(t) component of the third compartment Wh y dr(t) by again taking into account the situation shown in Figure 1 : Assuming first that all mal-hydration is sequestered in the ECV space and second that the fourth compartment, the fat compartment, does not contribute to the measured ECV(t), this ECV h ydr(t) component is derived by equation (1 ).
- LBM lean body mass
- LBM(t) W baslc (t) + W muscle (t) (16).
- the value for LBM(t) may thus easily also be derived.
- the concept of this invention should allow a more precise determination of LBM, since other known concepts to determine LBM usually cannot distinguish between tissue and excess fluid, i.e. there is the danger that a malnourished and overhydrated patient might be erroneously characterized as being well-nourished and normohyd rated.
- ECVhydr(t) or Whydr(t) is finally passed on to an output unit 9 which is a display device and which displays the result to a user.
- an output unit 9 which is a display device and which displays the result to a user.
- the compartmental results may be stored in the device to enable a trend analysis including previously derived results. It has also proved useful to smooth the data by deriving weighted average values from the latest and the previous data. For this purpose various algorithms are available in the art to reduce statistical scatter in the data. A useful improvement in the averaging procedure for the current result to be displayed was obtained by giving the latest measurement the highest weight and by decreasing the weight of other, previous measurements with increasing time that has passed since the measurements were taken. The disclosed device and method according to the invention is hence able to provide for a powerful technique for the management of dry weight.
- the invention is yielding useful further results which allow conclusions about the nutritional status of the patient. This is of course not dependent on whether the patient is really mal-hydrated or not.
- the invention is particularly applicable for patients which undergo end stage renal failure treatments like hemodialysis, hemofiltration, hemodiafiltration or any forms of peritoneal dialysis (all these treatment modalities are summarized throughout this patent application by the terminology chorusa dialysis treatment").
- end stage renal failure treatments like hemodialysis, hemofiltration, hemodiafiltration or any forms of peritoneal dialysis (all these treatment modalities are summarized throughout this patent application by the terminology warmtha dialysis treatment").
- a characterization of hydration status might also be highly desirable within the intensive care setting, since highly abnormal electrolyte- and fluid conditions are frequent for such patients.
- measurement in virtually any setting where nutrition or fitness parameters are required including home, pharmacies, medical practices, dialysis units, wards, fitness centers, etc., would be practical.
Abstract
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Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2003554003A JP4068567B2 (en) | 2001-12-12 | 2001-12-12 | Determining patient hydration |
AU2002235772A AU2002235772A1 (en) | 2001-12-12 | 2001-12-12 | Determining the hydration status of a patient |
EP01985873A EP1455646B1 (en) | 2001-12-12 | 2001-12-12 | Determining the hydration status of a patient |
US10/497,172 US7133716B2 (en) | 2001-12-12 | 2001-12-12 | Determining the hydration status of a patient |
PCT/EP2001/014594 WO2003053239A1 (en) | 2001-12-12 | 2001-12-12 | Determining the hydration status of a patient |
DE60128838T DE60128838T2 (en) | 2001-12-12 | 2001-12-12 | DETERMINATION OF THE HYDRATION OF A PATIENT |
AT01985873T ATE363859T1 (en) | 2001-12-12 | 2001-12-12 | DETERMINING A PATIENT'S HYDRATION STATE |
ES01985873T ES2287174T3 (en) | 2001-12-12 | 2001-12-12 | DETERMINATION OF THE STATE OF HYDRATION OF A PATIENT. |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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PCT/EP2001/014594 WO2003053239A1 (en) | 2001-12-12 | 2001-12-12 | Determining the hydration status of a patient |
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WO2003053239A1 true WO2003053239A1 (en) | 2003-07-03 |
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PCT/EP2001/014594 WO2003053239A1 (en) | 2001-12-12 | 2001-12-12 | Determining the hydration status of a patient |
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US (1) | US7133716B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1455646B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4068567B2 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE363859T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2002235772A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE60128838T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2287174T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2003053239A1 (en) |
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JP2008504082A (en) * | 2004-06-29 | 2008-02-14 | フレゼニウス メディカル ケア ドイッチェランド ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング | Method and apparatus for determining the moisture and / or nutritional status of a patient |
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- 2001-12-12 EP EP01985873A patent/EP1455646B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-12-12 DE DE60128838T patent/DE60128838T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-12-12 AT AT01985873T patent/ATE363859T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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Also Published As
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DE60128838T2 (en) | 2008-12-04 |
US7133716B2 (en) | 2006-11-07 |
ATE363859T1 (en) | 2007-06-15 |
AU2002235772A1 (en) | 2003-07-09 |
JP4068567B2 (en) | 2008-03-26 |
JP2005512665A (en) | 2005-05-12 |
ES2287174T3 (en) | 2007-12-16 |
DE60128838D1 (en) | 2007-07-19 |
US20050039763A1 (en) | 2005-02-24 |
EP1455646B1 (en) | 2007-06-06 |
EP1455646A1 (en) | 2004-09-15 |
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