WO2003022752A9 - Biofilm reduction in crossflow filtration systems - Google Patents
Biofilm reduction in crossflow filtration systemsInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003022752A9 WO2003022752A9 PCT/US2002/027612 US0227612W WO03022752A9 WO 2003022752 A9 WO2003022752 A9 WO 2003022752A9 US 0227612 W US0227612 W US 0227612W WO 03022752 A9 WO03022752 A9 WO 03022752A9
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- mixture
- ethoxylated
- weight
- concentration
- surfactants
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D65/00—Accessories or auxiliary operations, in general, for separation processes or apparatus using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D65/02—Membrane cleaning or sterilisation ; Membrane regeneration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/025—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/04—Feed pretreatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/14—Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
- B01D61/16—Feed pretreatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/441—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by reverse osmosis
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/34—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the microorganisms used
- C02F3/342—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the microorganisms used characterised by the enzymes used
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2311/00—Details relating to membrane separation process operations and control
- B01D2311/04—Specific process operations in the feed stream; Feed pretreatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2321/00—Details relating to membrane cleaning, regeneration, sterilization or to the prevention of fouling
- B01D2321/16—Use of chemical agents
- B01D2321/166—Use of enzymatic agents
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2321/00—Details relating to membrane cleaning, regeneration, sterilization or to the prevention of fouling
- B01D2321/16—Use of chemical agents
- B01D2321/168—Use of other chemical agents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/36—Biological material, e.g. enzymes or ATP
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2305/00—Use of specific compounds during water treatment
- C02F2305/04—Surfactants, used as part of a formulation or alone
Definitions
- the present invention relates to systems and methods for reduction and control of bacterial biofilm. More particularly, the present invention relates to systems and methods for reduction of biofilms in crossflow filtration systems.
- Biofilms are formed when colonies of bacteria aggregate on surfaces in many different locations. When bacteria in biofilm aggregate, they produce a sugary, polysaccharide-containing mucous coating, or slime. Bacteria grow and multiply faster when attached (sessile) than when free-floating (planktonic). Within the slime, the bacteria form complex communities with intricate architecture including columns, water channels, and mushroomlike towers. These structural details are believed to improve biofilm nutrient uptake and waste elimination, as blood vessels do in an animal's body.
- Biofilms occur in a wide range of locations. Many are found on or in the human body, including on the teeth, gums, ears, prostate, lungs, and heart, where they are believed to be implicated in chronic infections such as gum disease, ear infections, infections of the prostate gland and heart, and lung infections in people with cystic fibrosis.
- Biofilms also occur in nature, such as the slime that covers river rocks, marshes, and the like. Biofilms also occur in medical equipment, such as catheters, and are a major source of hospital infections. Biofilms can also occur in areas such as contact lenses, other medical equipment, and in other industries. A primary difficulty with biofilms is that they are more difficult to reduce or eliminate than are individual bacteria. This is due to the formation of the protective layer of slime, as well as adaptations that the individual bacteria undergo when they form biofilms.
- Microfiltration membranes are typically polymer or metal membrane disc or pleated cartridge filters rated in the 0.1 to 2 micron range that operate in the 1 to 25 psig pressure range.
- Ultrafiltration is a crossflow process that rejects contaminants (including organics, bacteria, and pyrogens) in the 10 angstrom to 0.1 micron range using operating pressure in the 10 to 100 psig range.
- Nanofiltration equipment removes organic compounds in the 200 to 1,000 molecular weight range, rejecting selected salts.
- Reverse osmosis removes virtually all organic compounds and 90 to 99% of all ions under pressure in the 200 to 1000 psig range.
- the filtration system Even with continuous dosing methods, at some point the filtration system must be shut down so that the membrane can be cleaned or replaced. This results in downtime and consequent additional operating expense. Moreover, the cleaning and biocidal agents and caustics that are conventionally used to clean and sanitize the filtration systems have the effect of degrading the filter membranes, which are typically comprised of polymers such as cellulose acetate or polyamide polymers. A number of pre-treatment processes are also available to reduce the fouling potential of the feed water being introduced to the membrane. These include various types of filtration, disinfection, and chemical treatment. Even with these methods, however, most RO treatment systems must be cleaned regularly.
- the present systems and methods are directed to the use of compositions including enzymes and surfactants to obtain biofilm reduction.
- the enzyme/surfactant compound comprises a blend of enzymes and surfactants over a broad range of compositions and concentrations dependent upon the biofilm treatment application. Additional optional components may include micronutrients that are generated during the enzyme production process or added as additional ingredients. Further optional ingredients in the enzyme/surfactant compound include enzyme stabilizers and anti-microbials to prevent product degradation.
- the addition of the enzyme/surfactant compound has been found to enhance the effectiveness of crossflow filtration systems, particularly reverse osmosis systems, by increasing throughput, maintaining or improving efficiency, reducing biofilm, decreasing periodic maintenance requirements, and decreasing the need for costly system shutdowns.
- Figure 1 is a flow diagram illustrating a conventional reverse osmosis filtration system.
- Figure 2 is a graphical illustration of a membrane showing its function of filtering an aqueous stream containing contaminants.
- Figure 3 is a graph showing flux vs. time for an aqueous crossflow filtration system.
- the materials, systems, and methods of the present invention involve the use of an enzyme/surfactant blend compound to reduce biofilms where they occur.
- the description below will focus on crossflow filtration systems, particularly reverse osmosis systems. It should be understood, however, that the materials, systems, and methods described herein have a broad range of applications, and are not limited solely to filtration systems, crossflow filtration systems, or reverse osmosis filtration systems.
- FIG 1 is a flow diagram illustrating a conventional reverse osmosis filtration system.
- Feed water (F) enters a first end of the vessel 10, and concentrate (C) exits from the opposite end of the vessel.
- a membrane system 12 will typically comprise a plurality of spiral- wound membranes tightly wound within the vessel.
- a permeate tube 14 is provided at the center of the vessel, surrounded by the membrane system 12. As the feed water (F) enters the vessel 10, it encounters the membrane system 12. The permeate (P) passes through the membranes into the permeate tube 14, where it eventually exits the vessel as indicated in Figure 1.
- Figure 2 is a graphical illustration of a membrane showing its function of filtering an aqueous stream.
- the membrane includes a solid barrier 16, usually formed of cellulose acetate, metal, or a polymer such as a polyamide.
- Sub-microscopic pores 18 are sized to pass water 20 while rejecting oil, dirt, and other contaminants 22. The pores also reject bacteria 24.
- a properly designed membrane and system allows only desired molecules to pass through the membrane barrier regardless of the feed stream contaminant level.
- the system performance will deteriorate.
- the filtration system may require an increased pressure differential to produce the same flux as the system in its "clean" state. Stated otherwise, for the same level of pressure differential, the flux rate of the system will decrease.
- pressure differential or “Delta Pressure” refers to the difference in pressure between the feed stream (F) and the permeate stream (P)
- flux refers to the flow rate of the permeate stream (P). This deterioration of performance is illustrated graphically in Figure 3. For each cycle between periodic cleanings, the flux will gradually deteriorate over time as biofilm and other contaminants build up on the membrane system.
- the enzyme/surfactant compound is a blend of enzymes and surfactants of a range of compositions and concentrations.
- the basic enzyme/surfactant composition may be supplemented with micronutrients generated during the enzyme production process or added separately. It is also possible to supplement the enzyme/surfactant compound with stabilizers, compounds that give significant stability to the activity of the enzymes.
- the composition may also optionally be supplemented with anti-microbial agents that inhibit the growth of microbes in its concentrated form.
- Enzymes degrade pollutants of biological origin, such as fats, oils, proteins and polysaccharides. Other enzymes are known to degrade hydrocarbons. Enzymes pre-digest pollutants so they may be more easily taken up and degraded by bacteria.
- the enzyme/surfactant compound may contain one purified enzyme or a broad spectrum of enzymes and enzymatic activities. Typical enzymes included in the compound include lipases and esterases, phosphatases, proteases, glycosidases, cellulases, cellobiases, and polysaccharide hydrolases.
- Enzymes in the compound may also include enzymes with other specificities such as oxidative enzymes, and the composition of an enzyme cocktail used in the compound may be specifically formulated to meet the needs of specific aqueous filtration applications.
- a nonlimiting list of enzymes and enzyme activities believed to be useful in the enzyme/surfactant compound includes the following: alkaline phosphatase, esterase (C-4), esterase-lipase (C-8), lipase (C-14), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, alpha galactosidase, beta galactosidase, beta glucuronidase, alpha glucosidase, N-acetyl-beta- glucosaminidase, alpha mannosidase, and alpha fucosidase
- the extraction of enzymes from source materials may be enhanced by enzymatic activity. It is a well established practice to effect the release of enzymes from yeast cells by autolysis, that is the use of endogenous (yeast produced) enzymes to break yeast cell membranes.
- the release of enzymes may also be enhanced by the use of exogenous enzymes. For example, the addition of cellulases to malt increases the yield of other hydrolytic enzymes derived from this source material. Beyond this, methods of obtaining or manufacturing enzymes or enzyme cocktails from these source materials are well-known in the art and are beyond the scope of this discussion, and will therefore not be repeated here. All of the enzymes, endogenous, exogenous, and those released from source materials may be incorporated into the composition so that it has as broad a range of enzymatic activities as possible.
- the enzyme/surfactant compound includes enzyme activities from Esterases, such as esterase (C-4) and esterase-lipase (C-8); Proteases, such as cystine arylamidase and chymotrypsin; Glycosidases, such as beta galactosidase, beta glucoronidase, beta glucosidase, and alpha mannosidase; and Phosphatases, such as acid phosphatase and naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase. It is believed that other and further enzymes may further enhance the effectiveness of the enzyme/surfactant compound. Accordingly, this list should be considered illustrative and not limiting.
- Enzymes may be prepared by a number of methods known to those skilled in the art, including various fermentation processes. Enzymes for use in the enzyme/surfactant compound may be prepared as an enzyme cocktail derived from the fermentation product of molasses and diastatic malt by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Additional yeast strains that may be used instead of or in addition to Saccharomyces cerevisiae include Kluyveromyces marxianus, Kluyveromyces lactis, Candida utilis (Torula yeast), Zygosaccharomyces, Pichia, Hansanula, and others known to those of skill in the art.
- Micronutrients may be added to the process, including diammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate and calcium chloride. Additional micronutrients, such as vitamins and amino acids, are produced during the fermentation.
- Surfactants that are useful in the enzyme/surfactant compound may be either nonionic, anionic, amphoteric or cationic, or a combination of any of the above, depending on the aqueous filtration application.
- Suitable nonionic surfactants include alkanolamides, amine oxides, block polymers, ethoxylated primary and secondary alcohols, ethoxylated alkylphenols, ethoxylated fatty esters, sorbitan derivatives, glycerol esters, propoxylated and ethoxylated fatty acids, alcohols, and alkyl phenols, glycol esters, polymeric polysaccharides, sulfates and sulfonates of ethoxylated alkylphenols, and polymeric surfactants.
- Suitable anionic surfactants include ethoxylated amines and/or amides, sulfosuccinates and derivatives, sulfates of ethoxylated alcohols, sulfates of alcohols, sulfonates and sulfonic acid derivatives, phosphate esters, and polymeric surfactants.
- Suitable amphoteric surfactants include betaine derivatives.
- Suitable cationic surfactants include amine surfactants. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other and further surfactants are potentially useful in the enzyme/surfactant compound depending on the particular aqueous filtration application.
- Preferred anionic surfactants used in the enzyme/surfactant compound include CalFoam ES 603, a sodium alcohol ether sulfate surfactant manufactured by Pilot Chemicals Co., and Steol CS 460, a sodium salt of an alkyl ether sulfate manufactured by Stepan Company.
- Preferred nonionic surfactants used in the enzyme/surfactant compound include Neodol7 25-7 or Neodol7 25-9, which are C 12 -C 15 linear primary alcohol ethoxylates manufactured by Shell Chemical Co., and Genapol7 26 L-60, which is a C 12 -C 16 natural linear alcohol ethoxylated to 60E C cloud point (approx. 7.3 mol), manufactured by Hoechst Celanese Corp. It should be understood that these surfactants and the surfactant classes described above are identified only as preferred materials and that this list is neither exclusive nor limiting of the enzyme/surfactant compound.
- One or more additional components may optionally be added to the enzyme/surfactant compound in order to stabilize the compound and increase shelf life.
- additional components may include enzyme stabilizers, anti-microbial agents, and antioxidants.
- Enzyme stabilizers are effective to extend the enzymatic activity of enzymes.
- Enzyme stabilizers can include sugars, polyhydrilic alcohols, other organic solvents, ionic or nonionic species, and polymers.
- An example of a commonly used stabilizer is propylene glycol.
- anti-microbial agents examples include propylene glycol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, and sodium benzoate.
- antioxidants examples include butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ascorbic acid, and others.
- the pH of the enzyme/surfactant compound is preferable to adjust the pH of the enzyme/surfactant compound to from about 3.75 to about 5.0, and most preferably to from about 4.2 to about 4.5, with phosphoric acid to help stabilize the product.
- an enzyme/surfactant compound such as one having the composition listed in Table 2 above, is preferably added to a feed stream at a concentration of about 0.1 parts per million (ppm) to about 25 ppm, depending on the particular application and the contaminants of interest. Higher or lower concentrations may also be possible.
- a preferred concentration for tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater is from about 0.5 ppm to about 5 ppm, particularly about 3 ppm.
- a cleaning cycle may be employed wherein the concentration is increased for a period of time.
- a preferred cleaning cycle includes a concentration of the enzyme/surfactant compound of about 6 to about 25 ppm for a period of from about 3 to about 12 hours.
- a particularly preferred cycle comprises a concentration of about 9 ppm for a period of about 6 hours.
- Sludge mass is made up of clumps of bacteria, held together by the sticky polysaccharide biofilm material. During the filtration process, this creates a barrier film that does not allow the water to freely drain from the sludge mass.
- Sludge was obtained from the Orange County (California, United States) Sanitation District for the study. Testing was conducted to determine TSS (Total Suspended Solids), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), and Filtration Characteristics, or water retention. Baseline data, as well as treated and control were recorded, with the following results:
- the filtrate is the "product" obtained from the permeate in the process.
- the methods described herein may also be used in applications where the concentrate is the "product.”
- concentration processes are used to eliminate water from a feed stream.
- the enzyme/surfactant compound may be used as part of a cleaning cycle to effectively clean filter membranes without damaging them as would be the case with strong acid or caustic cleaning materials.
- the enzyme/surfactant compound is circulated / recirculated at a concentration of as low as 5-10 ppm to as high as 1% to 5%.
- the process of concentrating milk causes a significant buildup of not only biofilm on the filter membranes but also significant quantities of butter fat, oil, protein, and other milk constituents.
- a circulation of a cleaning solution of about 1% to 2% of the enzyme/surfactant compound is utilized at a temperature of 100° F or higher for as little as 10 minutes. Treatments using the enzyme/surfactant compound result in reduced wear and tear on the filter membranes.
- Yet another application of the enzyme/surfactant compound is in connection with filtration membranes used to eliminate the use of secondary clarifiers in wastewater treatment systems.
- the enzyme/surfactant compound is introduced in, or prior to, the aeration basin.
- the filtration membranes are also placed in the aeration basin, but are placed in a quiescent zone within the basin.
- the benefits of using the enzyme/surfactant compound in these systems are: 1) to increase metabolic activity during the aerobic process, 2) to increase oxygen uptake, thus reducing aeration power requirements and costs, 3) to reduce biomass production, and 4) to reduce or eliminate biofouling of the filtration membranes. Accordingly, the systems and methods described herein achieve improved reduction of biofilms and other benefits. While the above description has focused primarily on crossflow filtration systems, and particularly reverse osmosis systems, it is believed that the enzyme/surfactant compound is useful in reducing biofilms wherever they may occur.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP02757479A EP1423337A4 (en) | 2001-09-07 | 2002-08-30 | Biofilm reduction in crossflow filtration systems |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/948,457 US6699391B2 (en) | 2001-09-07 | 2001-09-07 | Biofilm reduction in crossflow filtration systems |
US09/948,457 | 2001-09-07 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2003022752A1 WO2003022752A1 (en) | 2003-03-20 |
WO2003022752A9 true WO2003022752A9 (en) | 2004-03-18 |
Family
ID=25487874
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2002/027612 WO2003022752A1 (en) | 2001-09-07 | 2002-08-30 | Biofilm reduction in crossflow filtration systems |
Country Status (3)
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US (2) | US6699391B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1423337A4 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2003022752A1 (en) |
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US5882530A (en) * | 1997-04-30 | 1999-03-16 | The University Of Akron | Crossflow filter cyclone apparatus |
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ES2162593B1 (en) * | 2000-01-20 | 2002-07-01 | Univ Madrid Complutense | ENZYMATIC PROCEDURE TO FLUIDIFY OR UNLOCK BIOFILMS OF DIFFERENT INTERFACES. |
US20030022280A1 (en) * | 2000-03-10 | 2003-01-30 | Novozymes A/S | Compositions and methods for producing high yields of heterologous polypeptides in a pichia cell |
WO2001094513A1 (en) * | 2000-06-05 | 2001-12-13 | S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Biocidal cleaner composition |
US6699391B2 (en) * | 2001-09-07 | 2004-03-02 | Advanced Biocatalytics Corporation | Biofilm reduction in crossflow filtration systems |
-
2001
- 2001-09-07 US US09/948,457 patent/US6699391B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2002
- 2002-08-30 EP EP02757479A patent/EP1423337A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-08-30 WO PCT/US2002/027612 patent/WO2003022752A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2004
- 2004-01-13 US US10/757,268 patent/US7165561B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US7165561B2 (en) | 2007-01-23 |
WO2003022752A1 (en) | 2003-03-20 |
EP1423337A4 (en) | 2005-08-24 |
US6699391B2 (en) | 2004-03-02 |
EP1423337A2 (en) | 2004-06-02 |
US20030047510A1 (en) | 2003-03-13 |
US20040217052A1 (en) | 2004-11-04 |
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