WO2002061956A2 - Join process method for admitting a node to a wireless mesh network - Google Patents
Join process method for admitting a node to a wireless mesh network Download PDFInfo
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- WO2002061956A2 WO2002061956A2 PCT/US2001/051349 US0151349W WO02061956A2 WO 2002061956 A2 WO2002061956 A2 WO 2002061956A2 US 0151349 W US0151349 W US 0151349W WO 02061956 A2 WO02061956 A2 WO 02061956A2
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W48/00—Access restriction; Network selection; Access point selection
- H04W48/16—Discovering, processing access restriction or access information
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/14—Relay systems
- H04B7/15—Active relay systems
- H04B7/185—Space-based or airborne stations; Stations for satellite systems
- H04B7/18523—Satellite systems for providing broadcast service to terrestrial stations, i.e. broadcast satellite service
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W16/00—Network planning, e.g. coverage or traffic planning tools; Network deployment, e.g. resource partitioning or cells structures
- H04W16/24—Cell structures
- H04W16/28—Cell structures using beam steering
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W72/00—Local resource management
- H04W72/04—Wireless resource allocation
- H04W72/044—Wireless resource allocation based on the type of the allocated resource
- H04W72/046—Wireless resource allocation based on the type of the allocated resource the resource being in the space domain, e.g. beams
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W72/00—Local resource management
- H04W72/20—Control channels or signalling for resource management
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W84/00—Network topologies
- H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
- H04W84/10—Small scale networks; Flat hierarchical networks
- H04W84/12—WLAN [Wireless Local Area Networks]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of networking in general and in particular to the field of wireless mesh networks where a spatially dispersed wireless node is admitted to the mesh network using an automatic join process method that incorporates time, frequency and space scheduling and synchronization of the inviting mesh network nodes
- Wireless networks are commonly designed by incorporating multiple Point to Point (PP) radio links connecting to each other, thus using fixed radio link connections to network the desired locations.
- Another commonly used network architecture employs a cell network topology such as Point to Multi Point (PMP) topology or a cellular based topology.
- PMP Point to Multi Point
- Each node in such a network includes a radio and associated antenna.
- the network is controlled from a centralized location, such as a base station.
- a new network node In a network including multiple independent point to point links, the addition of a new network node to the network is done manually by adding a new point to point wireless link. This is referred to as an admittance or admission process, in which the new network node is added to the network and initiates reliable radio communication with other components in the network.
- the radio link antennas In a conventional admittance process, the radio link antennas are manually or mechanically aligned towards each other, until high quality reception is achieved.
- a base station In the case of a PMP network, a base station is generally located near the center of the network and a new subscriber radio joins the network by communicating with the base station or multiple known base stations.
- the subscriber has an omni-directional antenna.
- An example is a handset in a mobile communication system.
- the subscriber receives an invitation on a specific control channel and is invited by a base station covering his cell location.
- the subscriber radio incorporates a directional antenna. Examples include satellite TV broadcast networks or PMP wireless access networks.
- a mechanical alignment process is done at the subscriber side alone whereby the subscriber antenna is aligned towards the base station to achieve optimum radio frequency (RF) signal reception.
- RF radio frequency
- FIG. 1 illustrates a portion of a prior art point to multi point wireless network 10.
- the network 10 includes a base station 11 and transceiver nodes 12, 19.
- the base station 11 has one or more antennas and associated transceivers for communicating in four 90 degrees sectors 13, 14, 15, 16 respectively, defined by axes 17 a and 17b.
- the sectors 13, 14, 15, 16 are fixed in relation to the base station 11.
- the transceivers are assigned fixed frequencies for communicating in their associated sectors.
- Transceiver node 12 includes an antenna having a single lobe or beam 18.
- the beam 18 is aligned mechanically by steering the antenna at the transceiver node 12 horizontally and vertically towards the location of the base station 11 until the beam 18 of the transceiver node 12 receives maximum signal strength from the transceiver associated with sector 13.
- the base station transceiver associated with sector 13 transmits data and invitation signals at its fixed frequency.
- Transceiver node 12 receives that frequency via its lobe or beam 18 and a signal strength indicator identifies the direction maximum received signal strength. This enables a human installer or motorized antenna driver to adjust the angular position of the antenna for maximum reception.
- the present embodiments provide a join process for a wireless mesh topology network where network nodes have multiple spatial coverage sub-sectors together covering a larger sector angle and where a node can establish connection with other nodes located in directions covered by its sub- sectors.
- the join process adds a joining node to the network and includes listening at the joining node to its sub-sectors at a specific receiving frequency for a defined time.
- the joining node thereafter changes its sub-sectors and its receiving frequencies according to a defined timing and sequence.
- Active network nodes transmit organized invitation data packets on defined sectors, frequencies and timing, based on relative location and relative angle orientation deduced from sub- sectors already used for existing internal network communication. This reduces frequency interference and reducing time required for the join process.
- the present embodiments further provide a method for admitting a joining node to a wireless mesh network.
- the method includes transmitting an invitation packet from one or more active nodes of the wireless mesh network at synchiOnized, scheduled transmission times and scheduled transmission directions over defined spatial directions. After a delay time, a transmitted response is detected from the joining node at defined spatial directions.
- the present embodiments further provide a method for adding a joining node to a wireless mesh network, the network including at least a first network node and a second network node.
- the method includes in one embodiment receiving location information for the joining node and designating at least one network node for initiating communication with the joining node.
- the method further includes transmitting invitation packets at the at least one network node in a direction towards an anticipated location of the joining node and receiving an answer at a network node in response to an invitation packet.
- the present embodiments further provide a method for adding a joining node to a wireless mesh network including one or more network nodes.
- the method includes designating at least one network node for initiating communication with the joining node and, at the at least one network node, to initiate communication with the joining node, scanning on a first sector with highest probability of locating the joining node. Subsequently, the method includes scanning on sectors of lower probability of locating the joining node and receiving, an answer at a network node in response to an invitation packet.
- the present embodiments further provide a method for admitting one or more joining nodes to a wireless mesh network.
- One embodiment of the method includes scheduling transmission of data packets by inviting network nodes on defined frequency channels and at defined directions to create spectral activity for detection of the spectral activity by the one or more joining nodes.
- the method includes scanning the spectrum and different spatial directions to identify radio frequency activity of the inviting network nodes at the defined frequency channels, identifying spatial directions toward the inviting network nodes and tuning to a defined frequency channel in the identified spatial direction to receive an invitation packet transmitted by the inviting network nodes between the data packets.
- FIG. 1 shows a diagram of a prior art point to multi point based wireless network
- FIG. 2 shows a diagram of a wireless mesh network
- FIG. 3 shows the wireless network of FIG. 2 after a new node is joined to the network
- FIG. 4 is an alternative embodiment of a diagram of mash based a wireless network.
- FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating operation of a network node of the wireless network of FIG. 2;
- FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating operation of a joining node of the wireless network of FIG. 2;
- FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating operation of a control node of the wireless network of FIG. 2.
- the present embodiments describe a novel automatic join process method and apparatus designed to admit spatially dispersed wireless nodes to a wireless network using a time, frequency and space synchronized algorithm pf both the inviting network nodes and the joining node.
- the new automatic generic join algorithm process is designed to admit a wireless network node which includes a space diversity antenna.
- the new network node is added to a wireless network including other wireless nodes each of which also include a space diversity antenna.
- the illustrated method is generic for different types of beam steering technologies.
- Examples include those implemented with phase array antennas, electronically beam switching or beam steering, based on single antenna, or electronically beam switching between multiple antennas covering different spatial sectors.
- the current embodiments describes a network where the new joining node spatial beam diversity is accomplished by having a transceiver capable of switching (or steering) its beam-lobe from one angular direction to another in order to direct its receiving and transmitting lobe towards existing neighboring network-nodes. Simultaneously other neighboring network-nodes with which communication is scheduled adjusts their Transmit/Receive beam-lobes respectively towards different directions in order to transmit invitation packets towards the new joining nodes.
- the mutual alignment process between the beam of the inviting node in the network and the beam of the joining node which search for the invitation packets in order to admit itself to the network is designed to synchronize the two steered beams in specific time space and frequency channel.
- FIG. 2 it shows a wireless mesh topology network 20.
- the wireless network 20 of FIG. 2 includes three active nodes, including node 21, node 22 and node 24, and a joining node 23 which seeks to join the network.
- the nodes 21, 22, 23, 24 communicate user data from one or more subscriber radios in radio communication with one or more nodes.
- the wireless mesh topology provides a plurality of connections between a device originating data and the ultimate destination of the data.
- the network 20 further includes a control node which provides control functions for the network 20.
- the control node may be one of the wireless network nodes 21, 22, 23, 24 which communicates user data or may be a separate node dedicated to control functions for the network 20 and in wireless or wireline communication with nodes of the network 20.
- the network nodes 21, 22, 23, 24 may all be substantially identical or may differ in their design. However, each of the nodes 21, 22, 23, 24 is configured for two-way radio communication with one or more remotely located radio devices such as other network nodes.
- Each of the network nodes 21, 22, 23, 24 includes an antenna with electronic beam steering capability.
- the antenna of each of the network nodes 21, 22, 23, 24 covers a large sector of approximate 120 degrees (or any other coverage sectors size).
- network node 21 includes an antenna covering a sector 202;
- network node 22 includes an antenna covering a sector 204;
- network node 23 includes an antenna covering a sector 206;
- network node 24 includes an antenna covering a sector 208.
- Each sector 202, 204, 206, 208 includes sixteen sectors, also referred to as sub-sectors.
- Each sub-sector covers 7.5 degrees.
- Each sub- sector may be identified in any suitable manner. In one example, the sixteen sub- sectors are identified as sub-sector (0) to sub-sector (15) respectively.
- each node in the network communicates data with an adjacent node over a radio link established between the node and the adjacent node.
- network nodes 21 and 22 communicate via an established radio link 26
- node 21 and node 24 communicate via radio link 25
- node 22 and node 24 communicate via radio link 28.
- FIG. 2 illustrates the wireless mesh topology network 20 of FIG. 2 after completion of the join process to add node 23 to the network 20.
- radio link 27 has been established between joining node 23 and active node 24.
- Radio link 29 has been established between joining node 23 and active node 21.
- the joining node 23 is now an active node of the network 20.
- FIG. 3 illustrates some of the individual sub-sectors of the sectors 202, 204,
- joining node 23 selected sector 31, also identified as its sub-sector (14), to communicate with sector 46 of node 22, also described as its sub-sector (6). Further, joining node 23 selected sector 39, corresponding to its sub-sector (6) to communicate with node 24 sector 47, also identified as sector 13 of node 24.
- FIG. 4 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a wireless mesh topology network 40 including in the illustrated embodiment network nodes 48, 49, 50, 51.
- node 48 can communicate with node 51 via a radio link 54.
- node 51 communicate with node 50 via radio link 53 and node 50 communicate with node 49 via radio link 52.
- sectorial coverage for node 48 does not overlap with sectorial coverage for node 49 or with sectorial coverage for node 50.
- node 49 sectorial coverage do not overlap with sectorial coverage for nodes 48 or sectorial coverage for node 51.
- FIG. 4 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a wireless mesh topology network 40 including in the illustrated embodiment network nodes 48, 49, 50, 51.
- node 48 can communicate with node 51 via a radio link 54.
- node 51 communicate with node 50 via radio link 53
- node 50 communicate with node 49 via radio link 52.
- sectorial coverage for node 48 does not overlap with sectorial coverage for node 49 or with sectorial coverage for
- the mutual spatial location and sectorial coverage orientation of the nodes 48, 49,- 50, 51 can be used to arrange or coordinate the invitation process by which invitation packets are transmitted for reception by a joining node.
- node 48 is not invited by node 49 and node 50. That is, node 48 will not receive an invitation packet transmitted by either node 49 or node 50.
- node 49 may be invited to join the network 40 by node 50 but can not be invited by node 48 or node 51. Due to the non-overlapping sectors of nodes 48 and 49, nodes 50 and 51 can invite them at the same time and frequency.
- the physical location of the active and joining nodes as well as the directionality of sectorial coverage of the active and joining nodes, is considered prior to initiating the join process.
- the join process may be optimized by reducing the amount of time and the number of invitation transmissions required to complete the join process and add one or more new j oining nodes to the network 40.
- FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating operation of a network node of the network 20 of FIG. 2.
- the method acts illustrated in FIG. 5 may be performed as part of a join process for adding a joining node to a network of established, active nodes.
- the method begins at block 500.
- the network node receives information about positions of active nodes in the network and about the position of the joining node.
- the information about a new node's topographical location may become available to the network and its nodes through the use of a GPS device associated with the joining node or installation personnel, through a computerized map or through other manual or automatic means of computer input.
- the information is transmitted to the node for processing.
- Block 502 and other blocks of the drawing figures is shown in dashed lines to indicate that it may be optionally included. It is to be understood that the acts indicated in the drawing figures are exemplary and may be deleted, supplemented or rearranged in any suitable manner.
- the network node determines if the current time matches a transmission time for transmitting an invitation to a joining node. Transmission of the invitations is scheduled so that only one network node or set of nodes transmits at a time towards a specific direction and specific frequency channel. All other nodes have a time frame, which encompasses the length of the invitation plus the maximum propagation delay, in which they are silent and listen.
- nodes 48 and 49 may transmit an invitation at the same time and same frequency. This is because it is not possible for a joining node to be within the coverage area of both nodes 48 and 49 at the same time.
- the network node selects a sub-sector for transmitting the invitation.
- This act may be particularly applicable in an embodiment like FIG. 3 in which each node includes a highly directional antenna capable of transmitting and receiving on narrowly defined sub-sectors within a larger sector.
- the coverage angle or sector is subdivided into smaller sectors or sub-sectors, then the invitation is sent every time on a different sub-sector in such a way that over a defined amount of time all sectors are used. For example, if the antenna coverage angle for a sector is 120 degrees, but this angle is sub- divided into 16 sub-sectors of 7.5 degrees each, invitation packets are sent over one sector at a scheduled time so that after 16 transmissions the whole antenna coverage angle was used.
- a frequency may be selected or assigned for transmission of the invitation.
- the invitation is transmitted from the node for reception by a joining node.
- the invitation preferably has a predetermined format which is expected by and recognized by the joining node.
- the transmission may have any format and content suitable for performing the joining process described herein.
- the node of the network listen for a response or answer transmitted by a joining node in response to receipt of the invitation. Listening is accomplished in the illustrated embodiment by activating a receiver circuit of the node and scanning one or more predefined sectors or frequencies using the directional antenna of the network node. In the simple Time Division Duplex case for example the receiver is tuned to the same frequency and same beam direction of the transmitted invitation.
- the node determines if it has received an answer. If not, at block 514, a next frequency and antenna beam or sector is chosen for transmission of another invitation. Control then returns to block 504. If an answer was received at block 512, at block 516 the join process is continued.
- the established network node exchanges information with the joining node including information defining the locations of other adjacent nodes available for radio communication with the j oining node.
- FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating operation of a joining node joining the wireless mesh topology network 20 of FIG. 2.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a method for implementing the join process by which the joining node is admitted to the network.
- each active node that is already in the network sends a packet at pre-scheduled times. This packet is called an invitation packet.
- an invitation packet When a joining node receives an invitation from a network-node to which it was not previously connected, and they both belong on the same network and have authorization to create a link between them ("join"), the joining node answers after a predefined delay. This predefined delay is transmitted as a part of the invitation packet.
- the inviting network node knows that it needs to listen to an answer at that time plus the uncertainty of the propagation delay. An authorized answer or join request will start a sequence that will end with a full join.
- the joining node receives scan information "for use while performing the join process.
- the scan information may tell the joining node what times to scan, what frequencies to scan and what directions to scan.
- the joining node may receive the scan information in any convenient manner, such as by wireless transmission, by wireline communication or by manual communication by an installer.
- the joining node selects a scanning order.
- the scanning order may define particular frequencies or directions to scan and the relative order for scanning.
- the scanning order selection may be made in response to the scan information received at block 602.
- the joining node selects a sector of its direction antenna to use for scanning for an invitation.
- the sector selection may be made in response to the scan information received at block 602.
- the joining node selects a frequency for scanning.
- the frequency selection may be made in response to the scan information received at block 602.
- the joining node listens for a transmitted invitation.
- the invitation has a predetermined format which is expected by the joining node. Listening is accomplished by activating a receiver circuit of the joining node and detecting, demodulating and decoding received transmissions.
- control proceeds to block 616 where it is determined if a scan time has elapsed for the joining node. If not, control returns to block 612 to continue listening for an invitation. If the scan time has elapsed, control returns to block 604 where a new scanning order is determined.
- the new scanning order may use different directions, different frequencies or other variations to locate an invitation transmission.
- the invitation is received.
- an answer is transmitted by the joining node.
- the answer may have any suitable format or content.
- the answer has a predetermined timing and format which are received and recognized by one or more network nodes.
- each joining node will listen on only one sector at one specific frequency at a time.
- the joining node will continue to listen on that sector for as many scheduled invitation transmissions as necessary in order to guarantee that the inviting node has sent an invitation on all possible allowed frequency bands and on all possible sectors.
- the node will wait at the given sector and tune to receive a signal at a defined frequency band for 3.3 seconds plus the duration of the invitation packet. That is the worst case time that it will take to receive an invitation under the above described given conditions.
- the process scans all allowed sectors and frequencies combinations covered in a defined amount of time.
- FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating operation of a control node of wireless mesh topology network 20 of FIG. 2.
- a control node or network computer server may be included in the network to provide control or oversight functions.
- the control node or computer server may be connected by wireless or wireline links to one or more active nodes of the network.
- the aforementioned fully automatic join process can be shortened by having a control node or central computer server or one of the nodes authorize only certain network-nodes, sector and frequency combinations to issue the invitation. For example, in FIG. 2, if node 23 is newly installed, it is possible to remove node 22 from participation in the join process if it is known that there is no possible connectivity between nodes 23 and 22.
- the non-connectivity could result from a missing line of sight or due to node 22 coverage angle non- overlapping with those of node 23.
- reducing the set of possible nodes may reduce the time it takes to automatically link the new joining node to the network-nodes 21 and 24.
- the method is able to prioritize the join process to shorten time duration of the join process. For example, based on the sectors already used to communicate between the existing network nodes in the network 20 of FIG. 3, and assuming a prior knowledge of the topographically approximate location of node 22, the network calculates that a link 29 may be established with node 23 by node 24 via sector 47.
- the join process will prioritize the system to have the next invitation starts at a chosen node and at a chosen sector at predefined chosen frequency.
- the joining node will scan its sector by tuning its receiver to the possible allowed frequencies. This can minimize the time required to admit the new joining node into the network.
- the method begins at block 700.
- location information is received at the control node or computerized server.
- the information about a new node topographical location may become available to the network through the use of a GPS device associated with the joining node or installer, through a computerized map or through other manual or automatic means of computer input.
- the network server may choose a set of likely links based on a geographic database and the network topology, restrict the automatic new link establishment to the likely links only, and prioritize the invitations, saving time.
- This information serves to generate an even more accurate position estimation that identifies the most likely other links to the joining node can be established, such as link 27 between node 23 sectors 31 and node 21 sector 46 of FIG. 3. This further prioritizes the j oin process and minimizes the j oining time process.
- the control node chooses one or more active nodes as inviting nodes. As noted, the choice may be made to minimize the joining time or to optimize any other parameter.
- the control node assigns directions and frequencies for antenna beams of the chosen inviting nodes. Again, the choice may be made based on the received location information and on any other preferred criteria.
- the control node initiates transmission. This includes in one embodiment, for example, , transmitting the beam direction and frequency information to the chosen nodes along with a timing indication defining the time when transmission should start.
- the control node chooses the next set of inviting nodes. Once all relevant combinations are covered, another set of nodes becomes the inviting nodes.
- the next set can be chosen randomly, pre-programmed from a central computerized server, or chosen using any other technique such as a method based on finding the nearest network node with high potential coverage of the joining node location.
- the members of the inviting set of nodes are preferably predefined to reduce or minimize the possibility that the new joining node can be within the coverage angle of more than one network node at the same time.
- the control node determines if the join process is complete. It may accomplish this, for example, by monitoring communications among nodes of the network confirming the join process or by receiving a confirmatory communication from the joining node or another active node. If the join process is not complete, control returns to block 704 to select nodes as the inviting nodes. If the join process is complete, the method ends at block 714.
- nodes 21, 22 and 24 are network-nodes linked by wireless connections designated by dashed lines 25, 26 and 28.
- Node 23 is a newly installed node of the network 20 that is able to join the network via wireless link 27 with node 21 and link 29 with node 24.
- Each node 21, 22, 24 has a sector, including sectors 202, 204, 208, respectively, designated for radio communication and served by a scanning directional antenna with a beam that can be switched to each one of the sub sector's directions.
- the sub-sectors associated with each node are designated by numbering them in a clockwise direction, starting with sector (0) and ending with sector (15).
- the new node 23 Before the new node 23 is introduced to the network, it is preprogrammed with a possible list of network operational frequencies ⁇ fl, £2, f3, f4 ⁇ . This programming may be accomplished by wireless or wireline programming by an installer or by other personnel. The list of frequencies and other programmed information is stored at the joining node 23.
- nodes 21 and 24 are instructed to look for the new node 23 and establish a radio link with the joining node 23.
- These instructions and the associated control information may originate at a control node associated with the network 20, a computerized server, or may originate with one of the communication nodes 21, 22, 24 of the network 20. Alternately, the information may be provided by installation personnel involved in installing the joining node 23. Other sources of control and positioning information may be used as well.
- a full sectorial scan will be conducted to locate the node 23.
- information about the approximate location of the joining node 23 is known and invitation is limited to communicated from and to the nodes 21, 24.
- node 21 and node 24 start sending invitation packets by scanning on any suitable number of specified sectors.
- the nodes 21, 24 begin transmitting on 9 selected sub- sectors out of the total 16 available sub-sectors.
- the 9 selected sectors are preferably centered on the expected direction towards the joining node 23.
- Node 21 is instructed to scan at frequency fl
- node 24 is instructed to scan at a different frequency f2.
- Both nodes 21, 24 may start to scan at the same time, since they are at different frequencies, and therefore will not cause interference on the receiving node 23.
- the two nodes 21, 24 could scan using the same frequency. Using different frequencies reduces the chances for a collision at the new node 23.
- nodes 21, 24 transmits a predefined invitation packet at predefined times and predefined frequencies on predefined sub-sectors of the sector 202, 208 associated with the nodes 21, 24.
- node 21 will send an invitation packet on its sectors
- the node 21 scans a highest probability sub-sector first, sub- sector (6), where the highest probability sub-sector is in a direction of highest probability for locating the joining node based on positional information received by the network. Subsequently, a first sector, sector (5) on a first side of the highest probability sector (6) and immediately adjacent to the highest probability sector (6), and a second sector, sector (7) on a second side of the highest probability sector (6) and immediately adjacent to the highest probability sector
- node 21 scans a highest probability sub-sector first, sector (6), where the highest probability sub-sector is in the direction of highest probability for locating the joining node based on positional information received by the network.
- a first sector, sector (4) on a first side of the highest probability sector (6) but not immediately adjacent to the highest probability sector (6) is scanned.
- the immediately adjacent sector to sector (6), sector (5), is skipped.
- a second sector, sector (8), on the second side of the highest probability sector (6) is then scanned.
- This second scanning sequence covers larger range initially and may reach admittance of the joining node faster. Eventually both scans fully covers each one of the sectors.
- the second scan process may reach earlier communication with the joining-nodes even if they are in the direction of the adjacent sectors by receiving signal via antenna sidelobes.
- node 24 is also instructed to scan using frequency f2, with the most likely direction being its sub sector (13).
- node 24 will scan in the following sector order: (13) (11),(15),(9),(12), (14),(10). This covers all sectors that are +/-4 sectors or less away from the higher probability sector number (13). The scanning starts with the highest probability sectors and ending with the lowest probability sectors, repeating on the odd sectors after the even sectors are exhausted or vice versa, depending on the starting sector.
- the odd sectors are the first,-third, fifth, etc. sector on one side of the highest probability sector.
- the even sectors are the second, fourth, sixth sectors, etc., on the one side of the highest probability sector.
- Other scanning formats are possible as well as scanning a larger range when no prior information is available or smaller range when accurate direction information is available.
- the joining node 23 is not connected to the network as in Fig. 2. It will automatically listen on its sub sector (0) using a first frequency fl for a predefined time. This predefined time is preferably sufficient to cover at least one entire scan of the inviting nodes at a given frequency. Then it will listen on sector (2) using frequency fl.
- the node may jump over one sector, scanning a sector which is not immediately adjacent the first scanned sector. This may be beneficial if the originally scanned sector receives invitation packets transmitted on the adjacent sub sectors because of the antenna side-lobe pattern possible invitation signal detection while operating at higher link gain through the joining process.
- joining node 23 After listening on sub sector (2), joining node 23 will jump to sub sector (4) and will subsequently continue with the even numbered sub sectors. If no invitation packet is located, the node 23 will listen on the odd sectors. In some embodiments, odd sector scanning can use a second frequency f2. It is possible that if an invitation was transmitted on frequency fl on any sector, the node 23 would have detected the transmission using the even sectors only. The node 23 then scans either the odd or even sectors using a third frequency £, then scans again with a fourth frequency f4. The node 23 then repeats the cycle, listening at the odd sectors when the previous scan at that frequency scanned the even sectors, and visa versa. This scanning process continues until an invitation to join the mesh network is received. Other scan modes such as sequential scan from sector (0) to (15) or from the center sector (6) towards the first side and the second using even sectors and than Odd sectors can also be used by the joining node.
- Other scan modes such as sequential scan from sector (0) to (15) or from the center sector (6) towards
- the first invitation is received by the joining node 23 on its sector 5 (Fig. 3), using the second frequency f2.
- the invitation is sent by node 24 on its sector (14) rather the more accurate sector (13).
- the receive sector at the joining node or the transmit sector at the established network node needs to be aligned correctly with a node at the other end of the radio link. Only one of the sectors can be the adjacent sector, if success is to be assured.
- node 23 stops scanning and ceases to look for further join packets.
- Node 23 optimizes the direction of communications with node 24 sector (13) and its sector (6).
- Node 23 initializes and synchronizes all processes necessary to join the network 20, and is admitted into the network 20.
- the network 20 calculates the correct sectors on which it will get the best communications between nodes 23 and 21. Since node 23 is already admitted to the network and can communicate with the network, the network coordinates the time and frequencies used to establish the next link between the joining node 23 and another established node of the network (not shown in Fig. 3)..
- node 21 sends an invitation packet to node 23 at frequency fl, scanning its sectors (6), (5), (7).
- the invitation packet node 23 is invited to listen for a join packet at the same frequency on its sector (14), sector (15) and sector (13).
- Node 21 then transmits the join packet to those respective sectors, in one embodiment repeating the transmission for a total of three transmissions.
- Another example combines narrow and wide field of view search for the join process.
- This example incorporates a fast scan of a subset of sectors towards the approximate estimated or known direction of a joining node and a slow scan that covers the full field of view in order to access nodes with no advance knowledge of their position.
- This combined narrow and wide field of view search join process accommodates joining nodes whose position is random, uncertain, or whose initial location coordinate is inaccurate.
- This process also accommodates new joining nodes whose position is known up front to the active -nodes of the network. When some joining nodes respond together to an invitation, the network node receiving the responses cannot decode the signal. As a result no response will be initiated back to the joining node.
- the joining nodes will initiate an exponential back off process to increase probability of avoiding future collision.
- An exponential back-off algorithm is used in IEEE 802.3 MAC protocols for collision resolution. See also A. S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, 3rd Edition, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1996.
- the joining node if the joining node does not receive a response to its invitation from the inviting network node, (due to collision or other reason), the next time the joining nodes receive an invitation, they will respond only to half of the invitation packets arrived since the previously received invitation packet. This reduces the probability for collision and interference with the rest of the simultaneously joining nodes. Some of the subsequently received invitation packets will be ignored and the one or ones responded to may be chosen randomly or pseudo-randomly or in any suitable manner to reduce the probability of a subsequent collision.
- the joining node may use fast spectral activity mapping to identify those frequency channels where network-nodes are actively operating.
- the network nodes can tune to listen for an invitation on active frequency channels.
- the joining node scans the spectrum in different spatial directions to identify radio frequency activity of the inviting network nodes at defined frequency channels.
- the joining node then identifies spatial directions toward the inviting network nodes using the detected spectral activity and then tunes to one or more defined frequency channels in the defined direction to locate an invitation packet transmitted by an inviting node.
- the joining node can reduce the number of frequencies scanned at each individual direction from all-possible frequencies to only those frequencies where it monitors spectral activity.
- a joining node incorporates a switched array antenna which is capable of simultaneously activating all the sectors or any partial set of sectors of the antenna.
- the node can switch single or multiple sectors to detect the level of spectral activity at a specific frequency channel.
- one or more of the established network nodes generates spectral activity for detection by the joining node.
- the network node transmits a radio frequency activity burst of information at a defined frequency channel and in one or more defined spatial directions. This spectral activity is used by the joining node to identify active frequency channels and spatial sectors available for use during a join process.
- the burst of information may be much shorter than standard invitation packages since it is designed to identify activity only.
- One reason for a lack of spectral activity on a sector might be the environment near the node. For example, one or more sectors of the node might be aligned with a blocking obstacle such as a wall, which prevents any line of sight communication with a remote radio or connectivity with another network node.
- the network can map the node's available potential for connectivity in those sectors. For future join process invitation transmissions, the network will avoid sending an invitation in the blocked directions.
- a global positioning system (GPS) receiver can be used either integrally or externally to a node to identify the exact location of the node. Providing the location of an initial network node to the network allows the network to synchronize the locations of the nodes relative to each other and to new joining node. In the case where the first node position is provided to the network, the location of a newly installed node can be reported to the network by determining its location with a GPS device. The GPS receiver at the same location of the new node provides data indicating location of the new node. The data is communicated to the network and stored for subsequent use. The network will identify the location of the new node and will instruct the nearby nodes to transmit invitation packets in the direction of the new location.
- GPS global positioning system
- the join process As part of the join process, sectors of the joining node and network nodes are selected for best alignment providing best communication towards the joining node location. Once the join process is completed, the relative sectors which obtained best alignment are communicated to the network. The network can orient the node sectors with respect to each other and with respect to a map location. When the next node is installed and its coordinates are reported to the network, the network can identify the exact sectors of the already active nodes to be used to send invitations. This reduces the time and processing load for the invitation process.
- the network will estimate the position after the first network-node establishes a connection using an approximate direction and range from the tuned sector and a ranging measurement.
- the ranging measurement is made by sending a data packet and measuring the response time until a return packet arrives, than calibrating for any internal delays.
- the network can map the relative angular alignment and range of the network nodes relative to the joining nodes. This information is used by the join process to tailor transmission of invitation packets to the joining node by nearby network nodes. This reduces the joining process by limiting searching by the network nodes to only the approximate direction of the joining node.
- the join process described herein is also applicable for communication of invitations between network nodes that have multi beam scanning antennas and other nodes with single beam antennas.
- the single beam node may be aligned mechanically in the direction of the other network node while it is receiving a signal on its single sector and scanning different frequencies for the invitation packets.
- the present embodiments provide an improved join process for adding a joining node to a wireless network in general and in particular to a wireless mesh network.
- Nodes of the network have steerable beam antennas and communicate to precisely and automatically align the joining node with other nearby nodes.
- Position information may be used to speed up the aligning process.
- the position information may be received by the network before the join process begins to initially locate the joining node.
- the position information may be determined from the initial link between the joining node and a network node and thereafter used to complete links with other nearby nodes of the network.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
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CA002464264A CA2464264A1 (en) | 2000-10-30 | 2001-10-25 | Join process method for admitting a node to a wireless mesh network |
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JP2002561378A JP2004528743A (en) | 2000-10-30 | 2001-10-25 | A combined process method for admitting nodes to a wireless mesh network |
AU2002248288A AU2002248288A1 (en) | 2000-10-30 | 2001-10-25 | Join process method for admitting a node to a wireless mesh network |
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US09/699,582 US6850502B1 (en) | 2000-10-30 | 2000-10-30 | Join process method for admitting a node to a wireless mesh network |
US09/669,582 | 2000-10-30 |
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WO2002061956A2 true WO2002061956A2 (en) | 2002-08-08 |
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PCT/US2001/051349 WO2002061956A2 (en) | 2000-10-30 | 2001-10-25 | Join process method for admitting a node to a wireless mesh network |
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US (1) | US6850502B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1402688A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2004528743A (en) |
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AU (1) | AU2002248288A1 (en) |
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Also Published As
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CA2464264A1 (en) | 2002-08-08 |
US6850502B1 (en) | 2005-02-01 |
AU2002248288A1 (en) | 2002-08-12 |
EP1402688A4 (en) | 2010-07-14 |
WO2002061956A3 (en) | 2004-01-08 |
CN1557070A (en) | 2004-12-22 |
JP2004528743A (en) | 2004-09-16 |
EP1402688A2 (en) | 2004-03-31 |
CN100391194C (en) | 2008-05-28 |
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