WO2002059562A2 - Analysis of gene expression and biological function using optical imaging - Google Patents
Analysis of gene expression and biological function using optical imaging Download PDFInfo
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- WO2002059562A2 WO2002059562A2 PCT/US2002/002414 US0202414W WO02059562A2 WO 2002059562 A2 WO2002059562 A2 WO 2002059562A2 US 0202414 W US0202414 W US 0202414W WO 02059562 A2 WO02059562 A2 WO 02059562A2
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G02B21/00—Microscopes
- G02B21/0004—Microscopes specially adapted for specific applications
- G02B21/002—Scanning microscopes
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G06T7/60—Analysis of geometric attributes
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- the present invention relates to the field of genomics and biotechnology, and materials and methods useful for analyzing gene expression in a spatial, temporal and quantitative manner.
- the method of the present invention is particularly well-suited to in vivo detection of gene expression.
- a fundamental process in developmental biology is organ formation. In plants, a leaf forms as a mound of cells on the side of a shoot meristem (Steeves, T. A., and Wales, I. M.
- Genomic studies would be significantly advanced by instrumentation that allows gene expression and biological features to be studied in vivo while maintaining spatial integrity of the living organism and allow both of these aspects to be done in a high throughput manner.
- Another difficulty with genomic-scale studies is analysis of the enormous amounts of data generated and how to accurately identify important aspects of the information that data contain.
- reporter genes To analyze gene expression in vivo, products of "reporter genes” are typically followed.
- GFP green fluorescent protein
- One of the most widely used reporter gene products is green fluorescent protein (GFP) (and its variants) visualized with a confocal microscope (Billinton, N., and Knight, A. W. (2001) Anal Biochem 291, 175-97; Hanson, M. R., and Kohler, R. H. (2001) J. Exp. Botany 52, 529-539; Haseloff, J. (1999). Methods in Cell Biology 58, 139-151; and Haseloff, J., et al. (1999) In Methods in Molecular Biology: Protocols in Confocal Microscopy, S.
- GFP visualization has been, and will continue to be, very powerful for studies with isolated cells and small transparent tissues (e.g., Arabidopsis roots, developing Zebra fish. In intact organisms, GFP use is limited to relatively shallow depths of 60-80 ⁇ m (Haseloff, J. (1999). supra; and Haseloff, J., et al. (1999). supra). Further, for GFP visualization in plants, samples are submerged in water for examination with a water immersion lens (Billinton, N., and Knight, A. W. (2001) supra; Hanson, M. R., and Kohler, R. H. (2001) supra; Haseloff, J.
- PET positron emission tomography
- helps, M. E. (2000). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97, 9226-33 PET has been used to image gene expression in vivo using positron emitting probes (Gambhir, S. S., et al. (1999) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 9 , 2333-8; Gambhir, S. S., et al. (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97, 2785-90; and Herschman, H. R., et al. (2000). J Neurosci Res 59, 699-705).
- PET and ⁇ PET
- the resolution is in centimeters, significantly preventing detailed analysis.
- the cost of the instrument is prohibitive (exceeds $1 million).
- imaging gene expression requires injection of a PET reporter probe specific for the gene of interest.
- the PET reporter probe requires a nearby "PET radiopharmacies with electronic generators" because PET compounds have very short half-lives (2-108 minutes) (Phelps, M. E. (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A B7, 9226-33.).
- PET imaging of gene expression in mice and rats in vivo required injection of the PET reporter probe into a tail vein with delivery to the area of interest (e.g., the liver) accomplished with the animal's circulatory system. For plants, it is not clear how PET reporter probes could be delivered.
- Luciferase expression can be detected with sensitive CCD cameras and has been useful in studies involving the entire plant (e.g., circadian rhythms) and intact mouse brains, but lacks the resolution needed for analysis of gene expression in vivo (Meier, , et al. (2001) Plant J 25, 509-19; Shi, N, et al. (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97, 14709-14714; and Thain, S. O, et al. (2000) CurrBio110, 951-6). A very limited type of in vivo gene expression was recently reported with MRI (Contag, C. H., et al.
- this method will be generally applicable for several reasons.
- cost for the MRI instrument typically exceeds $1 million, significantly limiting its availability.
- OCM optical coherence microscopy
- OCT optical coherence tomography
- OCM has also been reported as a method for studying biological function by visualizing changes in subsurface structures in biological samples (e.g. Medford, J.I. et al. (2000) PCT Publication Number WO 00/45153 and Bopart, S., et al. supra).
- the study of biological function using as described in Medford, et al. (2000) does not address the need to study expression of a specific gene and does not include high throughput means to examine the data.
- the optical coherence microscopy method of this invention has numerous advantages over current technologies for studying gene expression in numerous types of biological samples. It can image organisms (plants, animals or humans) non-destructively, for example a plant growing in soil. It currently affords a 5-10 fold greater penetration depth than confocal microscopy. OCM/OCT can penetrate dense, opaque tissues like those found in the plants, humans and animals. The method requires no tissue preparation, staining, extraction or biopsy. For example, plants are imaged growing in soil and the same plant or animal can be imaged repeatedly without damage.
- This invention provides methods of using OCM/OCT for the non-destructive detection, measurement and imaging of gene expression or changes in cellular structure in a quantitative, temporal and spatial manner.
- This invention further provides machine implemented methods that allow OCM data to be analyzed quickly and easily, allow gene expression to be clearly visualized using OCM, and allow comparative analysis of gene expression between organisms.
- Other aspects of this invention provide systems and methods for automated high throughput analysis of gene expression and screening of large numbers of organisms.
- OCM detectable reporter genes are genes whose products are detectable by OCM or whose products contribute to the production or degradation of one or more OCM detectable substances.
- the method for detecting gene expression in a cell, tissue, organ or organism comprises the steps of: acquiring OCM data for said cell, tissue, organ or organism; and analyzing the OCM data.
- the OCM data may be analyzed visually, using binary data analysis methods, or a combination of both. Methods are known in the art for introducing the one or more OCM detectable reporter genes into cells, tissues or organisms.
- the methods of this invention allow gene expression in organisms (plants or animals), tissues, organs, or cells (including cultured cells) to be measured quantitatively, spatially, and temporally. While the methods of this invention are particularly well suited to in vivo studies of gene expression, it will be obvious to one skilled in the art that the methods described herein are also readily applied to the investigation of samples in various states of isolation and culture as well as in vitro samples.
- a method for screening a plurality of biological samples comprising: acquiring OCM data for two or more reference samples; generating a mean histogram profile for the two or more reference samples; acquiring data for a biological sample of interest; generating a histogram for the organism of interest; and comparing the histogram profile to the histogram of the sample of interest. Differences between the histograms may be indicative of differences of biological function of the sample of interest relative to the reference samples. Such biological functions include gene activity or expression, response to stress or other stimuli, developmental differences, and the like.
- the identification of Outliers' from the reference samples is useful for detecting the presence of genetic mutations, breeding applications (development of desirable traits, elimination of undesirable traits) or distinguishing genetically modified organisms from wild type organisms.
- the present invention also provides a high throughput OCM analysis system comprising: a sample holder; a CCD or other camera in optical alignment with said sample holder and connected to a computer; a translation system for moving and positioning the sample holder in x, y, and z directions; an OCM system also in optical alignment with the sample holder at a known position relative to the camera; and a computer connected to the camera, translation system and OCM system.
- Figure 1 illustrates a schematic of an optical coherence microscope used in this invention.
- FIG. 2 is an illustration of how 3-dimensional volume elements, or voxels, acquired during OCM analysis are arranged to produce a 3-dimensional representation, or image, of the data.
- Voxels contain quantitative signal information as well as spatial information.
- Figure 3 is a flow chart describing steps taken for 'normal OCM view' and 'gene reporter view'.
- Figure 4 is a schematic of the high throughput optical coherence microscopy system of this invention. This illustration demonstrates the system's use for high throughput analysis of plants.
- Figure 5 shows histogram data derived from the OCM data for Arabidopsis plants that are positive and negative for PHB genes.
- Figure 5A shows data over the entire OCM signal range.
- Figure 5B shows OCM data over a limited OCM signal range.
- FIG. 6 illustrates the effects of using binary data analysis on image representations of
- FIG. 6A is the 'normal OCM view' of a 200 m cube of Arabidopsis cotyledon tissue. In the color representation, nuclei appear as red 'dots', dense organelles as 'greenish-yellow', and cytoplasm as blue. The black spaces in the volume indicate vacuoles and/or air spaces between cells.
- Figure 6B is the 'gene reporter view' for the same tissue shown in 6A, but with the endogenous OCM signal removed, leaving only the signal from the gene reporter molecule.
- Figure 6C is 'gene reporter view' for control tissue after removal of endogenous OCM signal.
- Figures 6D-G are optical sections of the volumes shown in 6A and 6B.
- 6D-E are vertical slices, 12 m thick.
- Figures 6F-G are horizontal slices, 6um thick.
- Figures 6E and G show the gene reporter view of D and F, respectively. PHB in these plants is targeted to plastics. The gene reporter signal is not found in nuclei or vacuoles. The gene reporter signal is seen as particulate structures in the cytoplasm, consistent with localization to the chloroplasts. In G, a slight amount of signal is seen in vacuoles. This may be signal from cells beneath the surface of the slice.
- Figure 7 shows histograms of OCM data for 11 - 6 day old Arabidopsis shoot apices.
- One plant imaged (3344) produced an aberrant graph (arrow).
- Figure 8 shows visualization of the OCM histogram data for 4 of the 6 day old Arabidopsis plants of Figure 7. This figure shows that plant 3344 has a malformed leaf primordium. Plant 3345 wasjmaged at a slightly different orientation than plant 3711 with no effect on overall OCM signal.
- the present invention provides OCM methods for detecting, measuring and or imaging gene expression in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro in biological systems (e.g., living cells).
- the present invention is based at least in part on the discovery of a substance compatible with living cells or organisms which is detectable by OCM in the biological system and which can be produced as a result of gene expression, i.e. that is a direct or indirect product of gene expression, or otherwise inserted into the cell.
- the OCM gene expression method of this invention enables in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro gene expression analysis including imaging and quantitative measurement in a spatial, temporal manner.
- Gene expression analysis using the methods of this invention can be used in a variety of research and clinical applications and numerous analytical scenarios including, but not limited to:
- organisms e.g. plants or animals
- cells from organisms to be examined for gene expression are genetically transformed by introduction of a gene construct containing an OCM detectable reporter gene. Detection or measurement of the OCM signal resulting directly or indirectly from a product or products of the reporter gene, allows detection and analysis of the expression of the reporter gene.
- the substance may be introduced into the organism, tissue, organs, cells of study using methods well known to those skilled in the art (e.g., microinjection).
- OCM data generated from two or more biological samples are systems are analyzed and compared mathematically using histogram analysis of OCM binary data to detect differences in biological function (morphology, gene activity, cell development, and the like) between the samples.
- This method provides rapid and reproducible data comparisons that facilitate automated and high-throughput analysis of OCM data from biological systems.
- systems and methods for high throughput OCM analysis and measurement are provided that allows rapid and accurate comparisons of very large numbers of biological samples. More specifically, these methods allow rapid and accurate establishment of a normal dataset (a 'profile') for a given biological system and comparison of a large number of individual samples to that normal dataset to detect individuals that are different from the normal.
- the OCM signals from typical cell structures have been theoretically and experimentally analyzed (Drezek, R., et al. (1999) Applied Optics 38, 3651-3661 ; Dunn, A., and Richards-Kotum, R. (1996).
- the OCM signal is greatest from nuclei, somewhat less from organelles (e.g. mitochondria and chloroplasts), less from rough endoplasmic reticulum and least from the cytoplasm.
- organelles e.g. mitochondria and chloroplasts
- the system of this invention is set so that air and water will have a zero value.
- normal OCM images of plants typically have nuclei false-colored red, organelles and dense membrane systems yellow, cytoplasm green-blue. Vacuoles produce little or no signal and hence are colored black.
- FIG. 1 shows a system 600 for acquiring and using OCM data for a sample, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- a light generator 605 such as a light emitting diode, is used to generate light of a particular suitable frequency. The light may be visible, near infrared, infrared, or light of another frequency.
- the light is conveyed using a light transmission medium 610, such as an optical fiber, a waveguide, a vacuum, or a carrier gas like air.
- a beamsplitter 615 splits the generated light into a first light beam, known as an incident light beam 620 that is directed toward the sample 650.
- a second light beam, known as a reference beam 630 is used as a reference to the incident light beam for comparison or other purposes.
- delay may be introduced into the reference beam, such as having the beam transmitted a given length 625 of a transmission medium.
- the reference beam may then be reflected back through the transmission medium using the functionality of a motorized reference mirror 636 or other device.
- the incident light 620 may be processed by components like the motorized scanning mirrors 635 and focusing lens 640 that may be used to manage and control the location of the incident light 620 on the sample 650.
- the sample could be repositioned using a sample moving apparatus.
- the light may be focused on a portion of the sample, such as a surface plane or a voxel.
- the term 'voxel' is used herein to refer to a volume element of the sample, having an arbitrary, but frequently predetermined size and shape.
- a voxel is also described in the art as a 3-dimensional pixel. Voxel size may depend on the size of the structures within the sample that are being visualized or analyzed. For example, smaller voxels may be used for some biological structures.
- Back-scattered light 655 may or may not be focused or otherwise processed by components used to process or focus the incident light 620.
- the back-scattered light from the sample interferes is combined with the delayed reference light beam 630 and interferes with coherently with the reference beam only when the optical path lengths for the two are equal within about one coherent length of the light source. Scattered light from other sample depths is substantially excluded using this coherence method.
- the recombined beam 670 is processed by a light intensity detector 675, such as a photodetector, that may typically generate an electrical signal based on properties of the light 670, such as intensity, and frequency or color.
- the electrical signal 677 may be amplified by an amplifier 680 and filtered by an electrical filter 690, such as a circuit.
- filtering and amplifying could be done in software.
- the electrical signal after any optional processing, may be processed by a device 690 for converting the electrical signal into computer-readable format, such as a binary format.
- An RMS voltmeter may be used according to one embodiment.
- the computer-readable data may then be processed and analyzed on computer system 695.
- the data may be displayed as a visual representation of the structural features of the sample.
- An exemplary optical coherence microscope including exemplary methods and descriptions of optical components and combinations, light sources, scanning techniques, beam focusing, improvements of image acquisition time, OCM image interpretation, OCM calibration, high frequency modulation of path length, and enhancements to OCM design and use, among other topics, are discussed in detail in PCT publication number WO 00/45153, incorporated herein in its entirety, to the extent not inconsistent herewith. While the OCM system and methods discussed in WO 00/45153 are exemplary, it will be obvious to one skilled in the art that the methods for gene expression analysis of this invention may be practiced with other OCM/OCT systems known in the art.
- the light source for the instrument is a near-infrared light at 850 nm provided by a very low intensity (300 ⁇ W) superluminescent diode (SLD).
- SLD superluminescent diode
- the light beam travels along single-mode optical fibers.
- the light is split (50/50) with half going along the sample arm to the plant and half going along the reference arm to a mirror.
- the light is focused to a small 10 x 5 ⁇ m voxel. Photons from a voxel at a specified depth (z-plane) are collected in approximately three microseconds.
- the light is moved to the next voxel in the transverse direction (x and y) with rotating mirrors and a scan of a given plane typically collected in three seconds (Fig. 2). After each scan of a plane, the focusing lens is stepped down in depth and another plane is scanned.
- data are three- dimensional and directly represent three dimensional aspects of the living organisms.
- OCM Signals from the OCM are stored in computer memory as a three-dimensional data set with the position of each voxel defined.
- OCM assembles a true three-dimensional image from smaller, three-dimensional components (Fig. 2) Because of this, OCM images can be disassembled as desired for analysis. This is substantially different from "3D reconstructions", such as those done with a confocal data.
- a 3D reconstruction is simply an assembled series of flat, 2D planes. Because of this, the 3D reconstructions can only be disassembled in one plane, potentially obscuring three-dimensional features.
- OCM collects true three-dimensional images that can be cropped and/or optical slices prepared in any plane.
- optical slice, cropped volume or entire volume can be rotated in any plane or re-sized and the colormap adjusted (in a linear manner) to distinguish features of interest.
- opacity can be adjusted, for example, to make an optically isolated organ (e.g., leaf primordium) "see-through". Each voxel can also be analyzed individually.
- This invention further provides multiple novel data analysis methods for the interpretation of OCM data.
- the invention provides methods to accelerate data acquisition, interpretation, and utilization, making the OCM gene expression analysis system useful as a high-throughput system for gene expression detection and measurement and for screening of genomic databases.
- OCM datasets are typically composed of 1-10 million voxels with each voxel having a voltage value between 0-10,000 mV.
- the recorded voltage (or other signal unit) for each voxel is herein referred to as the OCM binary data.
- the system of the present invention has a low level, approximately 30-50 mV, of electrical noise. Scans of 1 x 1 x 1 mm 3 can be completed in one minute with a digital processor.
- the resolution of the images is 10 x 5 urn.
- Image recognition can be greatly improved by repeated voxel sampling and structures that are approximately 2 urn in size can be visualized (see below).
- Voxels of specific values within OCM datasets are false-colored and 3D images produced using scientific software for 3D visualization, AVS Express (Advanced Visualization Systems, Waltham MA).
- the data acquired in an OCM dataset further comprises spatial information that allows 3-dimensional imaging.
- the OCM data are initially in a binary format.
- novel methods are utilized to analyze the binary data prior to its visualization. These methods are embodied in a machine readable format as detailed in U.S. Patent Application No. 60/264,641 , incorporated herein in its entirety, and serve four main purposes.
- First methods are included that allow reduction or elimination of electrical noise from the OCM data.
- Second, OCM data is converted for export into standard graphing or spreadsheet programs (e.g. Excel, DeltaGraph) for examination by histogram analysis.
- the ABAS software allows separation of the endogenous OCM signal from the signal that is due to differences in biological function, including but not limited to transgene activity.
- This isolated signal is herein referred to as "gene reporter” signal (see below).
- the binary data, before or after histogram analysis is converted to a format compatible with visualization software.
- Figure 3 is a flow chart illustrating one example of the steps taken to visualize endogenous plant or animal structural features or biological function (e.g. gene activity or expression, growth, and the like).
- the present invention allows the same data to be visualized as either the "normal OCM view” which allows endogenous features of the plant or animal to be visualized or the "gene reporter view” which excludes endogenous OCM signal due to, for example, cell structure.
- gene expression is altered in the same plant or animal that is being studied.
- the alteration in gene expression can be due to, for example, response to a biotic, abiotic, or synthetic stimulus or stimuli.
- Such stimuli are well known in the art, and include pharmaceutical compounds, toxins, light, wind, moisture, and the like.
- histogram analysis of the OCM data is employed to quantitatively represent the OCM data and automate sample comparison.
- a photodetector in the OCM converts the number of photons per voxel to a voltage.
- the 3-dimensional dataset for each sample is collected by a computer in binary format as described above.
- the binary OCM data can be exported to standard graphing programs to prepare a histogram of the data.
- Histogram analysis is used in one embodiment of this invention to compare two or more biological samples, such as tissues, cells, organs, and organisms.
- the samples may represent wild-type, or 'normal;' samples, or samples that have been altered (e.g. genetically transformed), samples at different developmental stages, or samples that have been exposed to biotic, abiotic, synthetic or environmental stimuli or toxins.
- OCM for each sample is collected and converted to a histogram.
- the histograms are compared visually or mathematically (e.g. subtraction) to determine if differences exist between the samples.
- endogenous OCM data is obtained for a number of non- transgenic reference samples or another group of well-characterized reference samples having similar OCM data sets.
- the data for each individual reference is displayed as a histogram: number of voxels per signal unit (mV).
- the histogram categories correspond to millivolt values.
- the average number of values for each histogram category for the nontransgenic organisms is determined as well as the standard deviation for each histogram category.
- OCM data for a sample organism, tissue, organ or cell of interest is collected for comparison.
- This sample may be transgenic, another wild type sample, or either type that has been subject to a biotic, abiotic, synthetic, or environmental stimulus or stimuli.
- the binary data for the sample is presented in histogram form and compared to the endogenous baseline histogram of the wild type or 'normal' sample.
- This histogram analysis, or comparison can be any mathematical manipulation (e.g. subtraction of the profile histogram from the sample histogram) of the two sets of binary data such that any difference between the data sets is apparent.
- the number of voxels having a particular signal value falls within a certain range (e.g. the endogenous mean plus or minus one standard deviation)
- those voxels are set to zero in the resulting compared data set (the "gene reporter" data set).
- the number of voxels for a given signal value is outside the range for the endogenous dataset, this is reflective of a difference in biological activity such as developmental activity, transgene activity, growth, and the like. All voxels of that value are assigned a color representing their signal value in the resulting "gene reporter" dataset.
- the binary data of the 'gene reporter' dataset retains 3-D information for each voxel (i.e. the 3D location for each voxel), the binary data may be converted to a 3-D representation, even after histogram analysis and mathematical manipulation of the signal data.
- the 'gene reporter" dataset when visualized, produces images in which OCM signal attributable to endogenous cell sources is effectively removed. This image view is referred to as the "gene reporter view”.
- Signal values below the minimum threshold are set to zero, while values above the maximum threshold are set either to the maximum value in the dataset or to zero.
- Value within the threshold may be treated further, such as with the application of a color-gradient to the remaining signal range to aid in viewing the three dimensional representation.
- the methods of this invention also utilize additional methods of image analysis to distinguish between signal due to gene activity or other biological functions and exogenous signal.
- the OCM response at a voxel is a combination of the density of the OCM detectable substance and the density of the background structure. It is therefore possible to detect very low levels of OCM detectable substance by first classifying voxels by their type, where the type of a voxel (nucleus, organelle, etc.) is determined not only by the OCM response of the voxel, but also on the geometry of the responses of neighboring voxels.
- This type of analysis is typical of computer vision and pattern recognition research, and methods relating to this type of analysis are readily known to those skilled in the arts of computer vision, computer science, and other data analysis fields.
- the methods of this invention employ gene constructs for the introduction of an OCM detectable reporter gene into a biological system to assess gene expression in that system.
- Other methods of this invention can be employed to assess gene expression in transgenic biological systems.
- methods for making gene constructs and for introducing gene constructs into cells, tissue, organs, or organisms to contain and express the coding sequences in the gene constructs are well known in the art.
- Once the gene construct is introduced into host cells or organisms, the presence of such construct can be verified by a variety of art-known methods, i.e., PCR, Southern hybridization, and selection by the addition of a drug.
- the gene constructs useful for practicing the claimed invention include but are not limited to those which contain a coding sequence for a gene product detectable by OCM with endogenous or exogenous regulatory sequences.
- Gene is a nucleic acid sequence that includes the transcribed sequence encoding a mRNA, a sequence that encodes a protein (including “exons") along with any associated regulatory elements (whether upstream or downstream of the coding sequences) to which the coding sequences are operably linked and optionally any untranslated intervening sequences ("introns") that may be associated with a given gene.
- Gene construct refers to a nucleic acid molecule that contains one or more coding sequences, for example a gene or genes of interest and/or a reporter gene, one or more regulatory sequence or regulatory elements for expressing the gene of interest and/or the reporter gene.
- a gene construct may also contain one or more selectable marker genes, in addition to the reporter gene, to facilitate selection of host cells, tissue, or organisms that contain the gene construct.
- a gene construct may also contain a replicon for propagation in a host cell.
- a gene construct may also include an entire synthetically produced group of regulatory elements, coding sequence and the like.
- a recombinant vector or an expression vector is one example of a unit that contains a gene construct.
- a recombinant vector gene construct of this invention comprises an OCM- detectable reporter gene or another gene of interest inserted into any vector capable of delivering the gene(s) into a host cell, tissue, or organism and maintaining it.
- the vector can be either RNA or DNA, prokaryotic, eukaryotic or synthetic in origin, and typically is a virus or a plasmid, although any form of recombinant vector or expression vector may be used in the practice of the present invention.
- Recombinant vectors can be used in various cloning, sequencing, and/or other manipulation of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention.
- other forms of nucleic acid molecules and/or proteins and/or synthetic combinatory molecules may be used to direct the expression of an OCM detectable reporter gene.
- an expression vector comprises a coding sequence of interest operatively linked to one or more regulatory sequences or elements effecting expression of the particular sequence of interest.
- the expression vector is also capable of replicating within the host cell.
- the expression vector can be a DNA or RNA vector, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic of origin, and is typically a virus or plasmid.
- Expression vectors of the present invention include any vectors that function (e.g. direct OCM-detectable gene expression) in a selected host, including bacterial, yeast, fungal, endoparasite, insect, animal or plant cells. Commercially available expression vectors can be used.
- Vectors can include host-recognized replication systems, amplifiable genes, selectable markers, host sequences useful for insertion into the host genome, and the like, as well as at least one gene of interest or at least one gene whose expression results in an OCM-detectable product.
- Viral vectors are well known in the art and may be employed as gene constructs in the present invention.
- Vectors derived from viruses such as vaccinia virus, adeno-associated virus
- AAV herpes viruses
- herpes viruses may be employed. They offer several attractive features for use in various mammalian cells.
- Commercially available baculovirus vectors can be used in cultured insect cells or insects.
- the gene constructs are suitable for expression in a host plant or animal of interest or cells or tissues thereof.
- Gene Expression includes synthesis of a product of gene transcription or translation including but not limited to protein synthesis, trans-splicing, RNA editing, the post- transcriptional or post-translational modification thereof, and formation of structures or products resulting from functional activity or said transcription and translation products as is well known to those skilled in the art.
- the term “gene expression” also includes the synthesis of a product that results from the action of a plurality of genes.
- Reporter gene is a gene containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding (i.e. a coding sequence) a gene product which is detectable and which can be employed to assess gene expression levels.
- the coding sequence of the reporter gene is operably linked to and under the regulatory control of any selected regulatory sequences and may be under the regulatory control of regulatory sequences of one or more genes of interest.
- An OCM detectable substance is any material produced within or introduced into a cell which can form or cause formation or degradation of particles, aggregates, inclusion bodies and the like that are substantially opaque and back scatter light at the wavelength of light used for the OCM measurement.
- the characteristics of OCM detectable substances can be readily determined by one skilled in the art based on known optical principles and theory of light scattering and back scattering.
- the preferred OCM detectable substance described herein, PHB is an opaque granular substance of about 200 to about 700 nm in size.
- An OCM-detectable reporter gene is one whose expression affects the presence of an OCM-detectable substance.
- an OCM-detectable reporter gene is employed which comprises at least one coding sequences whose expression contributes to the production or degradation of a substance that is detectable with optical coherence microscopy (OCM), i.e., a substance whose OCM signal can be differentiated from the endogenous OCM signal of living organisms.
- OCM optical coherence microscopy
- Any gene whose product may be imaged by optical coherence microscopy can be used as the OCM-detectable reporter in the methods of this invention.
- any gene or combination of genes whose product or products contribute to the synthesis, modification or degradation of an OCM-detectable substance are within the scope of this invention and can be used as the OCM-detectable reporter gene in the methods of this invention.
- a gene whose product (e.g., a biosynthetic enzyme) contributes to the synthesis or degradation of a biopolymer, such as PHB can be used as an OCM-detectable reporter gene in the methods of this invention.
- Non-limiting examples of genes useful as OCM-detectable reporter genes include genes involved in glycogen synthesis or degradation, genes involved in the production of protein crystals (for example, Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein), genes involved in lipid production or degradation and genes involved in production or degradation of synthetic or naturally occurring polymers. It will be appreciated that in cases in which an OCM- detectable product is generated indirectly by the action of more than one biosynthetic enzymes that genes encoding all of the required biosynthetic enzymes may be required to obtain production of the desired OCM-detectable product. It may in some cases be necessary or desirable to provide (or increase the level of) a starting or intermediate substrate for production of the OCM-detectable substance to the biological system containing the OCM-detectable reporter gene.
- Imaging using the OCM-detectable reporter gene(s) may in certain cases be enhanced by operably linking a targeting, transit or signal peptide sequence to the coding sequence that allows for localization of a gene product in one or more subcellular compartments.
- a targeting, transit or signal peptide sequence to the coding sequence that allows for localization of a gene product in one or more subcellular compartments.
- Regulatory sequences or elements include any nucleic acid sequence or sequence elements that effect the level, timing, site or stability of expression of a coding sequence in in vivo, ex vivo or in vitro biological, transcription, translation and/or expression systems, such as a cell. Regulatory sequences include transcription control sequences, translation control sequences, origins of replication, and other regulatory sequences that are compatible with a host cell and that control the expression of coding sequences of interest in the host cell. Transcription control sequences are sequences which control the initiation, elongation, and termination of transcription. Particularly important transcription control sequences are those which control transcription initiation, such as promoter, enhancer, operator and repressor sequences.
- Suitable transcription control sequences include any transcription control sequence that can function in at least one of the chosen hosts of this invention.
- a variety of such transcription control sequences include those which function in bacterial, yeast, plant, insect and mammalian cells, such as, but not limited to, 35S, ⁇ -actin, myogen, alcohol dehydrogenase, nos, tubulin, tac, lac, trp, trc, oxy-pro, omp/lpp, rrnB, bacteriophage lambda (such as lambda p and lambda p R and fusions that include such promoters) ' , bacteriophage T7, T7/ac, bacteriophage T3, bacteriophage SP6, bacteriophage SP01 , metallothionein, alpha-mating factor, Pichia alcohol oxidase, alphavirus subgenomic promoters (such as Sindbis virus subgenomic promoters), antibiotic resistance gene, baculovirus
- transcription control sequences include tissue-specific promoters and enhancers as well as lymphokine-inducible promoters (e.g., promoters inducible by interferons or interleukins). Transcription control sequences can also include naturally-occurring or synthetic transcription control sequences found in humans.
- regulatory sequences also include but are not limited to introns, signal sequences, leader sequences and other elements well known in the art. As is known in the art regulatory elements may function alone or in concert with other regulatory elements. The spacing and or relative positioning of regulatory elements with respect to each other and or with respect to a coding sequence can affect their function.
- Gene constructs may be optimized for expression of coding sequences in a given host. Optimization can occur, for example, by selection of regulatory elements, by positioning and spacing of regulatory elements, by substitution of preferred codons selected for expression in the host plant or animal cell of interest in one or more coding sequences in the constructs or combinations of these techniques which are all well-known in the art.
- Introduction of a gene construct into a cell can be accomplished by any method known in the art.
- the means of introducing the gene construct into a host cell varies depending upon the particular construct and the host.
- the host containing the gene construct is designated a recombinant host or a transformed host.
- Suitable means for introduction of gene constructs include fusion, conjugation, transfection, transduction, electroporation, lipofection, adsorption or microinjection, as described in Sambrook, supra, for example.
- plants and plant cells may also be transformed via Agrobacterium- mediated transformation, electroporation, vacuum infiltration or a particle gun. See Bechtold et. al. (1993) C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la vie, 316:1194-1199.
- a wide variety of host cells can be employed for expression of the gene construct both prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
- a preferred plant cell for transformation is Arabidopsis thaliana. See Nawrath et. al. (1994) PNAS 91 : 12760-12764 (1994).
- a recombinant (or transformed) cell containing a gene construct may remain unicellular or may grow, from or be regenerated into a tissue, organ or a multicellular organism. Alternatively, a recombinant or transformed cell may differentiate into another cell type. Alternatively, transformed tissue or cells may dedifferentiate. Nuclei acid molecules, proteins and other molecules can also be directly introduced into a cell or organism for study (e.g., micro-injection).
- transformed nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can remain extrachromasomal or can integrate into one or more sites within a chromosome of the transformed (i.e., recombinant) cell in such a manner that their ability to be expressed is retained.
- the gene construct of this invention may simply consist of naked recombinant vector. Transfer of the construct may be performed by any of the methods mentioned above which physically or chemically permeabilize the cell membrane.
- Dubensky et al. (1984) successfully injected polyomavirus DNA in the form of CaPO 4 precipitates into liver and spleen of adult and newborn mice demonstrating active viral replication and acute infection.
- Benvenisty and Neshif (1986) also demonstrated that direct intraperitoneal injection of CaPO precipitated plasmids results in expression of the transfected genes in animal models.
- Recombinant DNA technologies can be used to improve expression of transformed nucleic acid molecules by manipulating, for example, the number of copies of the nucleic acid molecules within a host cell, the efficiency with which those nucleic acid molecules are transcribed, the efficiency with which the resultant transcripts are translated, and the efficiency of post-translational modifications.
- Recombinant techniques useful for increasing the expression of a coding sequence of interest include, but are not limited to, operatively linking nucleic acid molecules to high-copy number plasmids, integration of the nucleic acid molecules into one or more host cell chromosomes, addition of vector stability sequences to plasmids, substitutions or modifications of transcription control signals (e.g., promoters, operators, enhancers), substitutions or modifications of translational control signals (e.g., ribosome binding sites, Shine-Dalgarno sequences), modification of nucleic acid molecules of the present invention to correspond to .the codon usage of the host cell, deletion of sequences that destabilize transcripts, and use of control signals that temporally separate recombinant cell growth from recombinant enzyme production during fermentation.
- the activity of an expressed recombinant protein may be improved by fragmenting, modifying or derivatizing nucleic acid molecules encoding such protein.
- “Host” when used in reference to a cell, tissue, or organism refers to a cell, tissue or organism that is transformed to contain a gene construct and which preferably expresses a coding sequence of the construct under the control of endogenous or exogenous regulatory elements in the gene construct or endogenous regulatory elements native to the cell, tissue or organism.
- Suitable host cells to transform include any cell that can be transformed with a nucleic acid molecule as described herein.
- Host cells can be either untransformed cells or cells that are already transformed with at least one nucleic acid molecule (e.g., nucleic acid molecules encoding one or more proteins of the present invention and/or other proteins of interest or in the production of PHB or other polymeric material of interest.)
- Host cells include bacteria, such as E. coli, yeast, filamentous fungi, insect cells, plant cells, mammalian cells, which may be immortalized, e.g., mouse, CHO, human and monkey cell lines and derivatives thereof. It may or may not be preferable for the host cells to process the OCM-detectable reporter gene (and/or other genes of interest) to produce an appropriate mature polypeptide.
- Host cells can be any cell capable of producing at least one protein or OCM-detectable product of interest, and include bacterial, fungal (including yeast), insect, animal and plant cells, such as Salmonella, Escherichia, Bacillus, Listeria, Saccharomyces, Spodoptera, Mycobacteha, Trichoplusia, BHK (baby hamster kidney) cells, COS (e.g., Cos-7 cells and Vero cells) and plants such as Nicotiana and Arabidopsis, among others.
- bacterial, fungal (including yeast), insect, animal and plant cells such as Salmonella, Escherichia, Bacillus, Listeria, Saccharomyces, Spodoptera, Mycobacteha, Trichoplusia, BHK (baby hamster kidney) cells, COS (e.g., Cos-7 cells and Vero cells) and plants such as Nicotiana and Arabidopsis, among others.
- Endogenous as used in reference to nucleic acid sequences refers to those sequences that derive from the host.
- Exogenous as used in reference to nucleic acid sequences refers to those sequences that do not derive from the host and/or are man-made.
- Synthetic as used in reference to nucleic acid sequences, refers to those sequences that do not derive from the host and/or are man-made.
- OCM-detectable reporter genes While a variety of OCM-detectable reporter genes may be used within the scope of the present invention, preferred genes include those encoding enzymes whose products include plastics such as poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) or other polymers as well as genes encoding proteins involved in formation of abberant proteasomes and other inclusion bodies. Both the PHB system and the proteasome system cause the formation of opaque granules that are at least about 200 nanometers-in size, in biological systems. Hence, this invention covers a variety of gene products (e.g., other plastics, other inclusion bodies) that would have similar properties. It will be understood by one skilled in the art that improvements in OCM technology can expand the range of OCM detectable substances available for use with this invention.
- PHB poly(R) - (3) - hydroxybutyrate
- PHB poly(R) - (3) - hydroxybutyrate
- PHB has been shown to produce significant a OCM signal.
- These genes may be modified for expression in plants by addition of DNA encoding an appropriate transit peptide (e.g., the pea chloroplast) and appropriate polyadenylation sequence. See Nawrath et. al., Targeting of the polyhydroxybutyrate biosynthetic pathway to the plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana results in high levels of polymer accumulation," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:12760-12764 (1994).
- PHB is a natural, biodegradable thermoplastic with chemical and physical properties similar to polypropylene. Accumulation of PHB in plant chloroplasts produces no detrimental effects with expression from the CaMV 35S promoter, a strong constitutive promoter, (up to 1% of the plant's fresh weight). [Poirier, 1993 #854; Poirier, 1995 #855; Poirier, 1995 #883; Bohmert, 2000 #839; Bohmert, 2000 #879] Thus, PHB is compatible for use in living cells.
- PHB as an OCM detectable product of gene expression was assessed in transgenic plants that were genetically engineered to produce PHB in their plastids. See Nawrath et. al., fNawrath, 1994 #5471. PHB production in these plants is under control of the CaMV 35S promoter (a strong constitutive promoter) and directed to the plastids using the Rubisco small subunit leader. PHB accumulates as small granules (0.2- 07 urn in size) in the plastid stroma. See Bohmert et. al. (2000) Planta, 211(6): 841-5 (2000).
- phbA (3-ketothiolase), phbB (acetoacetyl-CoA reductase), phbC (PHB synthase).
- phbC PHB synthase
- PHB production can also be directed, somewhat inefficiently, without the phbA (3-ketothiolase) gene.
- Plant transformations can use the well-characterized vacuum infiltration method. See Bechtold et. al., (1993). This method is capable of producing hundreds to thousands of transgenic plants from one transformation experiment.
- transgenic OCM gene reporter lines can be produced for use in the methods of this invention by placing the phbA and phbB genes in tandem on a single T-DNA under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter and introducing the construct into plants. Plants that transcribe both the phbA and the phbB genes at high levels are detected, e.g., using RT-PCR. Plants with high levels of both genes are selected and made homozygous.
- Tissue specific promoters and/or inducible promoters are fused to the phbC gene to function as the OCM-detectable reporter gene (in a cell expressing phbA and phb.)
- the phbC fusions are introduced into lines homozygous for phbA and phbB by a second transformation event.
- the expression of the phbC reporter gene (with RT-PCR) and production of PHB (with a Nile Blue Assay) can be tested in the transgenic plants.
- a suitable plant host for assessing plant gene expression is Arabidopsis thaliana.
- PHB degradation systems have been described indicating that the gene imaging system here could be employed to with a "gene reporter" that is capable of both induction and turnover [Saegusa, 2001 #908].
- the gene for degradation enzyme could be fused to a promoter or other regulatory molecule of interest , allowing study of genes with rapid turnover and study of plant, animal and human response to a variety of biotic, abiotic and synthetic stimuli. See Saito et. al. (1989) J. Bad, 171(1): 184-189 (1989).
- the invention can, for example, be employed to assess expression in transgenic plant and animal and human tissues. Production of transgenic plant and animals is well known to those skilled in the art.
- U.S. patents 5,484,956 and 5,538, 880 provide a method for creating fertile transgenic Zea mays
- U.S. patent 5,489, 520 provides a method of creating stable, genetically transformed maize cells and methods of selecting cells that have been transformed
- Hogan et al. "Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, A Laboratory Manual," Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
- Inactivation of endogenous variant genes can be achieved by forming a transgene in which a cloned variant gene is inactivated by insertion of a positive selection marker.
- transgene is then introduced into an embryonic stem cell, where it undergoes homologous recombination with an endogenous variant gene. Mice and other rodents are preferred animals. Such animals provide useful drug screening systems.
- the OCM imaging system can be used to follow how these genes are expressed in a single organism throughout development.
- the system could be used to follow how a class of genes responds to various biotic or abiotic stresses or pharmaceutical compounds.
- Mutants can be prepared by any method known to those skilled in the art. Examples of mutagenesis techniques include but are not limited to ethyl methyl sulfate mutagenesis, site directed mutagenesis, insertional mutagenesis, deletional mutagenesis, gene replacement mutagenesis, recombinational mutagensis among others.
- High-Throughput OCM System As indicated above, the in vivo imaging technology can be applied to a high throughput system for the analysis of a plurality of samples.
- the OCM takes approximately one minute per scan.
- a high throughput system can be constructed with robotics and a CCD camera to locate and position the samples. The following is an example of the high throughput system that could be constructed with our invention. It takes, on average, one minute to position a sample under the OCM scanner. With 1440 minutes/day collection rates of at least 500 images per day are possible. Multiple OCMs per high-throughput system would improve that rate.
- the Arabidopsis genome contains 25,498 genes. This allows this number of plants to be screened for in vivo mutations in 51 days. Moreover, large sets of transgenic plants with random promoter fusions to the OCM reporter gene can be produced in a manner similar to that for destructive reporter genes ([Springer, 2000 #949; Martienssen, 1998 #863; Jefferson, 1987 #45].
- OCM to measure gene expression in vivo, a scan of an initial database that represents 25,498 gene fusions (the size of the Arabidopsis genome) can be completed in a minimum of about 51 days. In comparison to prior art, genomic scale databases have typically taken years to construct [Venter, 2001 #944].
- the database can then be screened by computer for patterns of interest and all genes with specified spatial, temporal or response patterns rapidly identified, studied and/or mutagenized to identify regulators.
- the use of the automated high-throughput OCM system of this invention can provide the first genomic-scale database of in vivo gene expression that includes temporal, spatial and expression level data.
- Standard robotic system is readily adapted to the system of invention using technology well known to those skilled in the areas of engineering.
- robotics move a sample holder and identify the sample position for OCM imaging.
- Commercially available "Aratrays" can be used for samples of plants growing in soil.
- Other types of sample holders specific to cells, organs, organisms, tissues, or other types of plants will be readily recognized.
- the robotics described here incorporate technology to locate a sample to within 200 ⁇ m so the OCM can conduct the scan.
- FIG. 4 illustrates the system that will be developed to provide high throughput automation using the Arabidopsis example.
- a flat of plants 1105 is held by a support frame 1110 and positioned accurately with a X-Y-Z servo motor-driven position table (1101).
- the servos will be controlled via an interface to a high performance personal computer (PC, 1115).
- the PC will also be interfaced to the OCM imaging system 1120 and a color CCD camera 1125. Images acquired from the CCD camera are used to identify and locate features on a plant or plant specimen so the features can be positioned accurately under OCM sensor 1130 for tissue imaging.
- the entire system is controlled by machine-readable code located on the PC.
- the robotics system functions as follows.
- the x-y-z servo driven motion platform is first homed so the location of the flat is known relative to the fixed CCD camera and OCM sensor.
- a specimen identified by row and column numbers within the sample holder, is selected by the user automatically by the PC.
- the motion platform is positioned to center a sample within the field of view (FOV) of the CCD camera.
- An image is acquired (captured) from the color CCD camera and image processing is performed to precisely locate the sample or the desired feature on the sample.
- the first step of the image processing is to isolate the sample or sample feature from its surroundings. In the example of a plant, a threshold operation is performed on the green color component of the CCD image resulting in a simple binary image where the plant is white and everything else is black. Geometric features can be more easily identified and located. For example, the distal end of a leaf or the shoot apex can be located. 5.
- the coordinates of the center of the located feature are calculated and the motion platform is actuated to present the feature directly beneath the OCM. 6.
- the OCM is commanded to perform a scan and the computer stores the resulting voxel data. 7. The process continues back at step 2 for additional specimen.
- Genomic scale databases can be constructed by creating random gene-fusion libraries to plants with the OCM reporter gene (phbC and the -46 CaMV 35S promoter). This minimal promoter is placed near the right border of a T-DNA conferring resistance to BASTA or other types of selectable markers. Approximately 100,000 independent transgenic lines obtained to get 95% coverage of the Arabidopsis genome.
- the present invention includes various steps and methods.
- the steps of the present invention may be performed by hardware components or may be embodied in machine-executable instructions, which may be used to cause a general- purpose or special-purpose processor programmed with the instructions to perform the steps.
- the steps may be performed by a combination of hardware and software.
- the present invention may be provided as a computer program product that may include a machine-readable medium having stored thereon instructions, which may be used to program a computer (or other electronic devices) to perform a process according to the present invention.
- the machine-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, floppy diskettes, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magneto-optical disks, ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, flash memory, or other type of media / machine- readable medium suitable for storing electronic instructions.
- the present invention may also be downloaded as a computer program product, wherein the program may be transferred from a remote computer to a requesting computer by way of data signals embodied in a carrier wave or other propagation medium via a communication link (e.g., a modem or network connection).
- a carrier wave or other propagation medium shall be regarded as comprising a machine-readable medium for the purpose of the present specification.
- Arabidopsis cotyledons were imaged from wild type (Ws ecotype), transgenic PHB plants, and transgenic proteasome plants. The presence of each reporter gene molecule was verified with independent assays (Nile Blue assays for PHB, GFP tag for the proteasome). See Cutler et. al., (2000) and Poirier et. al. (1992) Science, 256:520-523. Analysis of OCM data as 3-dimensional images indicated that the proteasome and PHB plants produced more OCM signal than WT plants, Binary analysis was performed on the OCM datasets.
- Figure 5A shows plots of the raw OCM data in binary format (number of voxels versus mV) over the entire signal range of the OCM.
- the plot for wild type plants is an average of 10 plants +/- one standard deviation. Consistent with the visualization of the transgenic lines, when the entire range of data is examined (0-10,000 mV) curves for wild type and PHB are similar, with slightly more signal apparent in the transgenic PHB line. However, Figure 5B shows a plot of the raw OCM data examine over a limited range. The differences in the curves are accentuated.
- FIG. 5B shows the histogram data for both over a limited signal range.
- Figure 6 shows an example of a "chunk” from an Arabidopsis cotyledon visualized in the "normal view” (complete OCM signal) and the same data visualized in the “gene reporter view” (PHB signal subtracted from the endogenous signal). Similar results are obtained for the proteasome line (also under control of the CaMV 35S promoter).
- PHB protein-binding protein
- Figure 6D-G show a horizontal and vertical sections of the volumes in Figure 6A-B. Signal is absent from the vacuole and nuclei as predicted.
- the "reporter gene signal” is seen in particulate regions that are at, or beneath, our level of recognition. These particulate regions are consistent with the plastids where PHB expression is directed.
- Figure 7 shows histograms of OCM data acquired from eleven 6 day old Arabidopsis seedlings. The data are presented as number of voxels versus voltage. The histograms show that most OCM signals for plants of this age are very similar, with the exception of one plant (labeled 3344), whose OCM signal was distinctly different from others. Following histogram analysis, the binary data for plants 3344, 3714, 3345 and 3711 were converted to field files and visualization software was used to produce the images found in figure 8. The plant identified in the histogram as an outlier is shown in this figure to have aberrant leaf primordial.
- Figure 8 also shows that even if a plant is scanned at a slightly different orientation (plant 3345), the change in orientation is not reflected in the histogram analysis as a difference in OCM signal.
- the present invention is not to be limited by the preferred embodiments described herein. Upon reading this specification, those skilled in the art will recognize various modifications thereof. Therefore, it is to be understood that such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.
- Transgenic Arabidopsis plants can accumulate polyhydroxybutyrate to up to 4% of their fresh weight. Planta 2 , 841-5.
- Transgenic Arabidopsis plants can accumulate polyhydroxybutyrate to up to 4% of their fresh weight. Planta 277, 841-5.
- Arabidopsis profilins are functionally similar to yeast profilins: identification of a vascular bundle-specific profilin and a pollen-specific profilin. Plant
- Neoplasia 2 9-25. 50.
- a mutant herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase reporter gene shows improved sensitivity for imaging reporter gene expression with positron emission tomography.
- Optical Coherence Microscopy a technology for rapid, in vivo, non-destructive visualization of plants and plant cells. Plant Physiology 723, 3-15.
- the PINHEAD/ZWILLE gene acts pleiotropically in Arabidopsis development and has overlapping functions with the ARGONAUTE1 gene. Development 726, 469-81.
- Leafbladelessl is required for dorsoventrality of lateral organs in maize. Development 725, 2813-2823.
- the Arabidopsis ERECTA gene encodes a putative receptor protein kinase with extracellular leucine-rich repeats. Plant Cell 8, 735-46.
Abstract
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EP1813675A1 (en) * | 2006-01-31 | 2007-08-01 | Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. | Method for high throughput transgene function analysis for agronomic traits in maize |
CN103236052A (en) * | 2013-03-28 | 2013-08-07 | 华中科技大学 | Automatic cell localization method based on minimized model L1 |
CN112730352A (en) * | 2020-12-08 | 2021-04-30 | 北京林业大学 | Method for observing structure, area and spatial distribution of plant cell nucleus protein in real time |
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US6166301A (en) * | 1998-06-30 | 2000-12-26 | The Regents Of The Unversity Of California | Method for assaying genetic attributes in cotton fiber cells |
ES2222183T3 (en) * | 1999-01-29 | 2005-02-01 | June Iris Medford | OPTICAL COHERENCE MICROSCOPE AND PROCEDURE FOR QUICK VISUALIZATION IN THREE LIVE DIMENSIONS OF BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS. |
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US4716414A (en) * | 1984-05-10 | 1987-12-29 | The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland | Super resolution imaging system |
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EP1813675A1 (en) * | 2006-01-31 | 2007-08-01 | Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. | Method for high throughput transgene function analysis for agronomic traits in maize |
CN103236052A (en) * | 2013-03-28 | 2013-08-07 | 华中科技大学 | Automatic cell localization method based on minimized model L1 |
CN112730352A (en) * | 2020-12-08 | 2021-04-30 | 北京林业大学 | Method for observing structure, area and spatial distribution of plant cell nucleus protein in real time |
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