WO2002009597A2

WO2002009597A2 - Diaphysial cortical dowel

Info

Publication number: WO2002009597A2
Application number: PCT/US2001/024145
Authority: WO
Inventors: Russell S. Donda; Nicholas E. Grivas; Jamie M. Grooms; Kevin C. Carter
Original assignee: Regeneration Technologies, Inc.
Priority date: 2000-08-01
Filing date: 2001-08-01
Publication date: 2002-02-07
Also published as: AU2001280962A1; WO2002009597A3

Abstract

A dowel (800) is provided by obtaining a plug from the shaft (diaphysis) of various long bones. The dowel (800) has an intra-medullary canal (30), which can be packed with any of a variety of osteogenic materials. The dowel (800) has a cortical surface (10) into which an instrument attachment hole (15) may be machined and onto which an alignment mark (16) may be inscribed for proper orientation of the intra-medullary canal (30). The dowel (800) has a chamfered insertion end (822) and has improved biomechanical and vertebral fusion induction properties as compared to standard dowels known in the art. Also disclosed herein are various implants that comprise a plurality of holes (810) to aid in the delivery of biologically active substances associated with said implants. The implant (800) may further be infused, embedded soaked or coated, or combinations thereof, with biologically active substances selected from growth factors, bone morphogenetic proteins, cells, antibiotics, proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids.

Description

DESCRIPTION DIAPHYSIAL CORTICAL DOWEL

Background of the Invention i. Field of the Invention: The invention provides a novel dowel machined from the cortex of bone diaphyses and methods of use thereof. ii. Background: It is common for patients presenting with spinal trauma or pathology to require the fusion of two or more vertebra, hi the art, a standard solution to this problem is to create a cavity between two adjacent vertebra to accept the insertion of a dowel made from bone or another material. For this purpose, a dowel known as the Cloward Dowel has been in use for many years. That device is a generally circular pin made by drilling an allogeneic or autogenic plug from the cancellous bone of the ilium (i.e., the hip bone). As such, this bone has two cortical surfaces (i.e., it is bicortical) and has an open, latticed or porous structure between the two cortical surfaces. Unfortunately, such dowels have very poor biomechanical properties, principally being susceptible to compression. Accordingly, such dowels present the major danger of collapsing prior to fusion of the adjacent vertebra between which such a dowel is inserted.

A dowel of greater biomechanical properties has been produced from allogeneic femoral or tibial condyles (i.e., the rounded prominence at the end of the femur or tibia where such bones articulate with other bones). The result of drilling a plug from such a condyle is a unicortical dowel. Such unicortical dowels are available from most tissue banks, including the University of Florida Tissue Bank, Inc., (see, for example, our Allograft Catalog, product numbers 280012, 280014, and 280016; this catalog and these products are available on request by calling 904-462-3097, or by calling 1-800- OAGRAFT, or by writing to the University of Florida Tissue Bank, Inc., 1 Progress Boulevard., P.O. Box 31, S. Wing, Alachua, Florida 32615). While such unicortical dowels represent a major advance over the bicortical dowels of Cloward, described above, from a biomechanical point of view, the biomechanical properties of the diaphysial cortical dowel of the instant invention is expected to represent a substantial improvement over the unicortical dowels, due to the greater density of source bone, as will be evident from a reading of the full disclosure which follows. h addition to the known Cloward and unicortical dowels, a number of United States Patents have been found dealing with the general area of dowels for achieving vertebral fusions. Thus, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,015,247 discloses a threaded spinal implant which, when placed between two adjacent vertebrae, directly participates and is incorporated in the ensuing fusion. The implant is made of a hollow metal casing which is filled with osteo genie material. A plurality of perforations are provided in the casing so that bone can grow into and out of the implant. Metal threads and tabs are provided to insert and prevent backing out of the implant, respectively. However, that implant is made out of metal and thus is a foreign object which is inserted into the spine and is thus never fully incorporated into the fusion. Furthermore, as the implant is preferably made of titanium, production of the implant requires the use of specialized metal molding and machining, and production of the implant material itself, which is expensive. A further major disadvantage of such a device is that it requires FDA approval for use, while the FDA has already approved grafting of human bones. Accordingly, the implant disclosed in the '247 patent is quite different from the diaphysial cortical dowel of the instant invention. Likewise for the many patents reviewed in the background section of that patent, to which the reader's attention is directed for a further understanding of the background of the instant invention. The disclosure of the '247 patent is hereby incorporated by reference for this purpose.

In U.S. Patent No. 4,627,853, a method of producing a prosthesis for replacement of articular cartilage and the prostheses so produced is disclosed. The prostheses of the '853 patent, principally designed for articulating cartilage replacement, are machined from allogenic or xenogeneic bone segments and then demineralized to produce a bone fragment with a spongy texture similar to natural cartilage. The prostheses are also tanned to render the material non-antigenic. While the methods of the '853 patent may be used to alter the properties of the diaphysial cortical dowel of the instant invention, and the disclosure of the '853 patent is herein incorporated by reference for that purpose, the '853 patent does not teach or suggest the novel device and method of the instant invention. While it is alleged that discs in the spinal column are among the uses for the prostheses of the '853 patent, and while there is some discussion of the ability to machine bone, there is no disclosure of the use of diaphysial cortical segments to make dowels, nor is there any disclosure of the particular advantages achievable by use of such bone segments, as is disclosed herein. h U.S. Patent No. 5,053,049, a flexible prosthesis and a method for making such prostheses are disclosed. The process includes machining a bone, demineralizing the bone to impart a desired degree of flexibility and tanning to render the material non- antigenic. This patent is generally similar in disclosure to the disclosure found in the '853 patent discussed above, except that the particular applicability of the disclosed process to the production of an outer ear prosthesis is emphasized. A particular claim is directed to the production of a spinal disc. However, there is no disclosure of the use of diaphysial cortical segments to make dowels, nor is there any disclosure of the particular advantages achievable by use of such bone segments, as is disclosed herein. U.S. Patent No. 5,306,303, a bone induction method is disclosed which consists of implanting a bone morphogenetic, protein-free ceramic in the soft tissue or bone of an animal. The ceramic disclosed as preferable is calcium phosphate and the use of such material for achieving spinal intervertebral joint fusions (disk arthroplasty) is suggested. The material and product of the '303 patent, aside from its possible use for a purpose similar to that for which the instant product is designed, bears little or no resemblance to the instant invention. In U.S. Patent No. 5,171,279, a method for subcutaneous suprafascial pedicular internal fixation of vertebrae of the spine is disclosed to facilitate graft fusion. The method included excision of the nucleus of an affected disc, preparation of a bone graft, instrumentation of the vertebrae for fixation, and introduction of a bone graft into the resected nuclear space. Metallic fixation hardware is disclosed as the principal aspect of the claimed invention. Accordingly, aside from dealing with the same general problem, the invention disclosed and claimed in the '279 patent bears little resemblance to the diaphysial cortical dowel and method of the instant invention.

Accordingly, having reviewed the solutions attempted in the field prior to the instant disclosure, it is concluded that there remains the need for a vertebral fusion implant which has superior biomechanical and vertebral fusion promoting properties. The instant invention provides such an implant as well as a method for making and using the implant.

Brief Summary of the Invention The diaphysial cortical dowel of this invention is an implant useful in cervical or thoracic and lumbar fusions. For cervical fusions, the dowel is preferably obtained from the allogeneic fibula, radius, ulna and occasionally, from small humeri. The dimensions of such dowels are typically between about 8-15 mm in length (depth) and about 10-14 mm in diameter. For thoracic and lumbar fusions, the dowel is preferably obtained from the humerus, femur or tibia. The dimensions of such dowels are typically between about 10-30 mm in length (depth) and about 14-20 mm in diameter, h each case, the dowel is obtained as a transverse plug from the diaphysis of these bones. Accordingly, each dowel has the feature of having the natural intra-medullary canal of the source bone forming a cavity through the dowel, perpendicular to the length of the dowel, which can be pre-packed with allogeneic cancellous bone, autogenous bone fragments, hydroxyapatite, bio glass, mixtures of these elements or any other bioceramic or osteogenic material to promote rapid fusion of the vertebrae between which the dowel is inserted. Such dowels are generally referred to herein as "diaphysial" cortical dowels. Unlike prior bone grafts, the present invention provides a generally cylindrical dowel of cortical bone having a canal through the dowel generally perpendicular to the long axis of the dowel.

The method for preparing and using the diaphysial cortical dowel of this invention comprises the steps of obtaining a plug from the diaphysis of an appropriate donor bone. Typically, the donor will have been extensively screened for communicable diseases, cancer, and at-risk behavior prior to acceptance of the donor bone for dowel formation. The plug is then machined, preferably in a class 10 clean room, to the dimensions desired. Optionally, a groove is inscribed on the circumference of the dowel to prevent backing-out of the dowel. Another option is to inscribe a thread onto the circumference of the dowel. Chamfering of the forward end of the dowel which is to be inserted into a cavity formed between adjacent vertebrae is also preferred. The curvature of the chamfered end aids in the ease of insertion. Preferably, an instrument attachment hole is machined in the opposite end of the dowel from the chamfered end. Preferably, a score mark is inscribed on the cortical end into which the instrument attachment hole is machined so that the surgeon can align the intra-medullary canal so that the canal is parallel with the length of the recipient's spinal column. In use, the surgeon creates a cavity between two adjacent vertebra that are to be fused. The autogenous bone fragments may be collected and packed into the intra- medullary canal of the diaphysial cortical dowel, or the dowel may be used with a prepacked osteogenic composition. The dowel is mounted on an instrument via the instrument attachment hole and carefully inserted into the cavity created between the adjacent vertebrae to be fused. Over a period of several months, it is found that substantial fusion of the adjacent vertebrae occurs.

Accordingly, it is one object of this invention to provide a diaphysial cortical dowel made from bone for insertion between vertebrae to be fused.

Another object is to improve patient incendence of safe and satisfactory fusion. Another object of this invention is to provide a dowel for vertebral fusions which has improved biomechanical properties over standard Cloward Dowels and unicortical dowels known in the art.

Another object of this invention is to provide a dowel with improved osteogenic and vertebral fusion promoting capacity. Another object of this invention is to provide a dowel with a natural canal running therethrough to accept packing having osteogenic properties.

Another object of this invention is to provide a method for making a novel diaphysial cortical dowel.

Another object of this invention is to provide a method for using the novel diaphysial cortical dowel of this invention.

Additional objects and advantages of the diaphysial cortical dowel of this invention will become apparent from the full disclosure which follows.

Brief Summary of the Figures Figure 1 A depicts the structure of a standard unicortical dowel known in the art.

Figure IB depicts the structure of a standard Cloward Dowel known in the art. Figure 1C depicts the structure of one embodiment of the diaphysial cortical dowel of this invention.

Figure 2A depicts the ACF dowel with the instrument attachment hole and score mark. Figure 2B depicts the ATIF or ALIF dowel with the instrument attachment hole and score mark.

Figure 3 A and 3B depict one embodiment of this invention in which the dowel is threaded.

Figure 3C and 3D depict one embodiment of this invention in which the dowel is grooved.

Figure 4A is a side view of a dowel "blank" of this invention.

Figure 4B is an end view of the dowel "blank".

Figure 5 A is a threaded dowel of this invention.

Figure 5B is an end-on view of the threaded dowel. Figure 5C is a detail of one embodiment of the thread of one embodiment of the threaded dowel of this invention.

Figure 6A is a top plan view of one embodiment of a dowel threader of this invention.

Figure 6B is a side view of the dowel threader of this invention. Figure 6C is an end-on view of the dowel threader of this invention showing the elements of the cutter assembly.

Figure 7A is a detailed view of a single tooth of one cutter blade of the dowel threader.

Figure 7B is an end-on view of the tooth profile. Figure 7C is a global side view of a cutter blade.

Figure 7D is a detailed side view of cutter blade 421.

Figure 7E is a detailed side view of cutter blade 422.

Figure 8 A is a side elevational view of a further embodiment of the subject dowel comprising holes channeling from the outside surface of dowel to the inside canal.

Figure 8B is a perspective view of the embodiment shown in Figure 8 A. Figure 8C is an end plan view of the embodiment shown in Figure 8 A.

Figure 8D is a transverse sectional view along the AA axis shown in Figure 8C.

Figure 8E is a side view of the embodiment shown in Figure 8 A.

Figure 9 A is a side elevational view of a further embodiment of the subject invention.

Figure 9B is a perspective view of the embodiment shown in Figure 9 A.

Figure 9C is an end plan view of the embodiment shown in Figure 9 A.

Figure 9D is a transverse sectional view along the AA axis shown in Figure 9C

Figure 9E is a side view of the embodiment shown in Figure 9 A. Figure 10A is a side elevational view of another embodiment of the subject invention.

Figure 10B is a perspective view of the embodiment shown in Figure 10A.

Figure IOC is an end plan view of the embodiment shown in Figure 10A.

Figure 10D is a transverse sectional view along the AA axis shown in Figure IOC.

Figure 10E is a side view of the embodiment shown in Figure 10A.

Figure 11A is a perspective view of a further embodiment of the subject invention that comprises a hex drive through both ends of the implant.

Figure 1 IB is an end plan view of the embodiment shown in Figure 11A. Figure 11C is a transverse sectional view along the AA axis shown in Figure

11B.

Figure 1 ID is a side view of the embodiment shown in Figure 11 A.

Figure 12 A is a perspective view of another embodiment of the subject invention that comprises a hex drive through one end of the implant. Figure 12B is a end plan view of the embodiment shown in Figure 12 A.

Figure 12C is a transverse sectional view along the AA axis shown in Figure 12B.

Figure 12D is a side view of the embodiment shown in Figure 12A.

Figure 13A is a perspective view of a further implant of the subject invention that pertains to a Smith Robinson implant comprising a plurality of holes.

Figure 13B is an elevational side view of the embodiment shown in Figure 13 A.

Figure 13C is an end plan view of the embodiment shown in Figure 13 A. Figure 13D is a transverse sectional view along the AA axis shown in Figure

13C. Figure 13E is a side view of the embodiment shown in Figure 13 A.

Figure 14 is a perspective view of a further embodiment of the subject invention that pertains to an elongated implant comprising a central cavity and a plurality of holes.

Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments

The diaphysial cortical dowel of this invention is a graft useful in cervical or thoracic and lumbar fusions. For cervical fusions, the dowel is perferably obtained from the fibula, radius, ulna and occasionally, from small humeri. The dimensions of such dowels are typically between about 8- 15mm in length (depth) and about 14- 20mmin diameter. In each case, the dowel is obtained as a transverse plug from the diaphysial of these long bones. Preferably, the bone plugs are obtained using a diamond or hard metal tipped cutting bit which is water cleaned and cooled. Commercially available bits (e.g. core drills) having a generally circular nature and an internal vacant diameter between about 10mm to about 20mm are amenable to use for obtention of these bone plugs. Such core drills are available, for example, from Starlite, Inc. A machine for obtention of endo- and cortical dowels consists of a pneumatic driven miniature lathe which is fabricated from stainless steel and anodized aluminum. It has a spring loaded carriage which travels parallel to the cutter. The carriage rides on two runners which are 1.0 inch (2.54 cm) stainless rods and has a travel distance of approximately 8.0 inches (20.32 cm). One runner has set pin holes on the running rod which will stop the carriage from moving when the set pin is placed into the desired hole. The carriage is moveable from side to side with a knob which has graduations in metric and in English. This allows the graft to be positioned. On this carriage is a vice with clamps the graft and holds it in place while the dowel is being cut. The vice has a cut out area in the jaws to allow clearance for the cutter. The lathe has a drive system which is a pneumatic motor with a valve controller which allows a desired RPM to be set.

First, the carriage is manually pulled back and locked in place with a set pin. Second, the graft is loaded into the vice and is aligned with the cutter. Third, the machine is stared and the RPM is set, by using a knob on the valve control. Fourth, the set pin, which allows the graft to be loaded onto the cutter to cut the dowel. Once the cutter has cut all the way through the graft the carriage will stop on a set pin. Fifth, sterile water is used to eject dowel out of the cutter. It is fully autoclavable and has a stainless steel vice and/or clamping fixture to hold grafts for cutting dowels. The graft can be positioned to within 0.001" (0.03 mm) of an inch which creates dowel uniformity during the cutting process.

The cutter used in conjunction with the above machine can produce dowels ranging from 5 mm to 30 mm diameters and the sizes of the cutters are 10.6 mm; 11.0 mm; 12.0 mm; 13.0 mm; 14.0 mm; 16.0 mm; and 18.0 mm. The composition of the cutters is stainless steel with a diamond powder cutting surface which produces a very smooth surface on the wall of the dowels. In addition, sterile water is used to cool and remove debris from graft and/or dowel as the dowel is being cut (hydro infusion). The water travels down through the center of the cutter to irrigate as well as clean the dowel under pressure. In addition, the water aides in ejecting the dowel from the cutter. Plugs having a depth of about 8 mm to about 30 mm are generally acceptable, with appropriate gradations in length and diameter naturally being available at the option of the machinist. Accordingly, for cervical dowels, also referred to herein as anterior cervical fusion or ACF dowels, lengths of 8 mm, 9 mm, up to about 15 mm are desirable. Dowels of differing diameter are most conveniently obtained as follows: Diameter Source

10.6-11 mm fibula

12 mm radius

14 mm ulna

14+ mm small humeri Dowels for thoracic and lumbar fusions, also referred to herein as anterior thoracic inner body fusion (ATIF) and anterior lumber inner body fusion (ALIF) dowels, respectively, having a depth of between about 10 - 30 mm, and preferably between about 15-24 mm, are generally acceptable, depending on the needs of a particular patient. Dowels of differing diameter for thoracic and lumbar fusions are most conveniently obtained as follows: Diameter Source

14-16 mm humerus

16-18 mm femur

18-20 mm tibia

In every case, a consenting donor (i.e., a donor card or other form of acceptance to serve as a donor) is screened for a wide variety of communicable diseases and pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and several other pathogens. These tests may be conducted by any of a number of means conventional in the art, including but not limited to ELISA assays, PCR assays, or hemagglutination. Such testing follows the requirements of: (i) American Association of Tissue Banks, Technical Manual for Tissue Banking, Technical Manual - Musculoskeletal Tissues, pages M19-M20; (ii) The Food and Drug Administration, Interim Rule, Federal Register / Vol. 58, No. 238 / Tuesday, December 14, 1993 / Rules and Regulations / 65517, D. Infectious Disease Testing and Donor Screening; (iii) MMWR / Vol. 43 / No. RR-8, Guidelines for Preventing Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Through Transplantation of Human Tissue and Organs, pages 4-7; (iv) Florida Administrative Weekly, Vol. 10, No. 34, August 21, 1992, 59A-1.001-014 59A-1.005(12)(c), F.A.C., (12) (a) - (h), 59A- 1.005(15), F.A.C., (4) (a) - (8). In addition to a battery of standard biochemical assays, the donor, or their next of kin, is interviewed to ascertain whether the donor engaged in any of a number of high risk behaviors such as having multiple sexual partners, suffering from hemophilia, engaging in intravenous drug use etc. Once a donor has been ascertained to be acceptable, the bones useful for obtention of the dowels as described above are recovered and cleaned. The final machined product may be stored, frozen or freeze-dried and vacuum sealed for later use. Since the dowels are obtained from transverse plugs across the diaphysis of long bones, each dowel has the feature of having the natural intra-medullary canal of the source bone forming a cavity through the dowel perpendicular to the length of the dowel. The canal cavity in the long bone is, in vivo, filled with bone-marrow. In the standard Cloward Dowel and unicortical dowels known in the art, no such natural cavity exists and the cancellous bone that forms the body of such dowels tends to be too brittle to accept machining of such a cavity. The instant dowels, by the nature of their origin, are already available with such a cavity. Naturally, based on this disclosure, those skilled in the art will recognize that other bone sources could be used which do not have the intra-medullary canal, and if sufficient strength is inherent to the bone, such a canal could be machined. Accordingly, such an extension of this invention should be considered as an obvious variant hereof and comes within the claims appended hereto. The marrow is removed from the intra-medullary canal of the diaphysial plugs and the cavity is cleaned. The cavity can then be packed with autogenous bone fragments from the recipient (i.e., when the cavity between adjacent vertebrae is formed, the removed bone fragments can be used as an autogenous packing), hydroxyapatite, BIOGLASS®, mixtures of these elements or any other osteogenic material to promote rapid fusion of the vertebrae between which the dowel is inserted. Bioactive glasses are generally composed of SiO , Na₂O, CaO, and P₂O₅. A preferred bioactive glass, BIOGLASS® 45S5 contains these compounds in the following respective weights: 45%, 24.5%, 24.4%, and 6%. As is evident from a review of An Introduction to Bioceramics, edited by Larry L. Hench and June Wilson (World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd, 1993, volume 1), there is a vast array of bioceramic materials, including BIOGLASS® hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate compositions known in the art which can be used to advantage for this purpose. That disclosure is herein incorporated by reference for this purpose. The method for preparing and using the diaphysial cortical dowel of this invention comprises the steps of obtaining a plug from the diaphysis of an appropriate donor bone. As described above, the donor will have been extensively screened for communicable diseases, cancer, and at-risk behavior prior to acceptance of the donor bone for dowel formation. The plug is then machined, preferably in a class 10 clean room, to the dimensions desired. The machining is preferably conducted on a lathe such as a jeweler's lathe or machining tools may be specifically designed and adapted for this purpose. Specific tolerances for the dowels and reproducibility of the product dimensions are important features for the successful use of such dowels in the clinical setting. Optionally, a groove is inscribed on the circumference of the dowel to prevent backing-out of the dowel, thereby forming a rib on the dowel which acts as a stop. Another option is to inscribe a thread onto the circumference of the dowel. Machining of such grooves and threads on standard Cloward Dowels and even on unicortical dowels known in the art is difficult if not impossible due to the brittle cancellous nature of such dowels. Accordingly, the dowels of this invention have the advantage of having very good biomechanical properties amenable to such machining. The forward end of the dowel which is to be inserted into a cavity formed between adjacent vertebrae is preferably chamfered by appropriate abrasive means known in the art such as machining, filing or sanding. The curvature of the chamfered end aids in the ease of insertion. The tolerance for the chamfering is fairly liberal and the desired object is merely to round or slightly point the end of the dowel that is to be inserted into the cavity formed between adjacent vertebrae to be fused.

Preferably, opposite the chamfered end, an instrument attachment hole is machined, for example by drilling. It is preferable that this end have a generally flat surface to accept the instrument for insertion of the dowel into the recipient. Preferably, the dowel will be of such dimensions as to fit standard insertion tools, such as those produced by Midas-Rex, e. h addition, it is preferred that a score mark be inscribed on the instrument attachment site of the dowel so that the surgeon can align the intra-medullary canal so that the canal is parallel with the length of the recipient's spinal column. With the aid of the score mark, once the dowel is inserted into the intervertebral cavity that is formed by the surgeon, even once the canal is no longer visible, proper alignment is possible.

Referring to Figure 1, there is shown, in Figure 1A the standard unicortical dowel 100 known in the art, having a cortical surface 10, a drilled instrument attachment hole 15, and a body of brittle cancellous bond 20.

In Figure IB, there is shown the standard bicortical dowel 200 known in the art having two cortical surfaces 10, a drilled instrument attachment hole 15, and a body of brittle cancellous bone 20. h Figure 1C, the novel dowel 300 of this invention is shown having a cortical surface 10 into which an instrument attachment hole 15 and alignment score mark 16 may be machined (not shown as these elements are optional but preferred). Also shown is the intramedullary canal 30 and the chamfered insertion end 40 (also optional but preferred). Also not shown but easily inscribed due to the strength of the dowel 300 are circumferential ribbing or threads.

Referring to Figure 2, there is shown the ACF dowel in Figure 2A and the ATIF or the ALIF dowel in Figure 2B. Also shown, in addition to what is shown in Figure 1, are the score mark 16 and the instrument hole 15. hi figures 3A and 3B, the threaded 31 and grooved 32 dowel of this invention are shown. While those skilled in the art would know how to prepare a grooved or threaded dowel of this invention based on the forgoing disclosure and the disclosure of application serial number 08/587,070, one specific technique for preparation of preferred embodiments of this invention is discussed herein. With reference to Figure 4 A, there is provided a side view of a diaphysial cortical dowel of this invention, which may be used as is, or which may be further machined to have grooves or threads. For purposes of illustration only, specific dimensions of dowel diameter, length and thread pitch are provided. Those skilled in the art will recognize that these specifics may be appropriately scaled, depending on the size of the dowel required for any given application.

In the schematic view provided in figure 4A, a blank dowel is represented which may be used to machine an 18mm diameter by 28mm length threaded dowel. Various features of the dowel blank are shown: the cortical bone 10, the tapped instrument attachment hole 15, the intra-medullary canal 30, and the chambered forward end of the dowel, 40. For illustration purposes, the following dimensions are also provided in inches and/or millimeters: 50-0.630" (16.0mm); 51-0.100" (2.54mm); 52-3.512" (13mm); 53-1.024" (26mm); 54-0.50" (1.3mm); 55-0.150" (3.8mm); 56-0.217" (5.5mm). hi figure 4B an end-on view of the dowel blank from the instrument-attachment hole 15 (rear) end of the dowel is provided. For illustration purposes, the following dimensions are provided: 57-0.7087" (18mm). In figure 5 A, there is provided a view of the threaded dowel. For illustration purposes, the following dimensions are provided:

For the intramedullary canal, 30 a regular or irregular hole having a diameter 58 no greater than about 0.551" (14mm) is preferred to avoid the walls of the dowel from being too thin, and so that a minimum wall thickness 59 at the root of the thread, on both sides of the canal, is preferably 4mm or more. In figure 5B, an end-on view, from the orientation of the double arrows shown, shows the instrument attachment hole 15 and score mark 16 or driver slot 56. In figure 5C, there is shown a detail of one embodiment of the thread, this embodiment, a right hand thread with ten threads per inch at a helix angle at the root diameter of about 2.8892° is provided as follows: the pitch 60-0.100" (2.5mm); the thread angle 61-60°; the thread crest width 62a-0.025" (0.64mm); the thread height 63-0.039 (1mm); and the radius of thevarious thread angle as it changes 64 is typically about 0.010" (0.254mm). Those skilled in the art will recognize that the foregoing specifics, while preferable, may be modified depending on the particular surgical requirement of a given application.

Those skilled in the art will also recognize that any number of different means may be employed to produce the threaded or grooved embodiments of the dowel of this invention. However, in one preferred embodiment, with reference to figure 6A, there is shown a top view of a thread cutter 400. In this embodiment, there is provided a handle 401 attached to a drive shaft 402 having a threaded portion 403 or a graduated segment means for controlled incremental advancement of the drive shaft 402 upon rotation of the handle 401. Support means 404 and 405 are provided for alignment and support of the shaft 402, with either or both suport means having matching threads, (in this illustration, only support means 405 would have matching threads, while support means 404 would have a hole which may have bearings to assist in rotation of the handle 401 and shaft 402), or like graduated segment means for controlled incremental advancement of the drive shaft 402. At the terminal end 406 of the drive shaft 402, there is provided a protruding element 407 which corresponds in width to the driver slot 56 on the rear end of the dowel of this invention. At 408, there is provided a housing for the cutter assembly described further below. The supports 404 and 405 and the housing 408 for the cutter assembly are all mounted on a steady, solid, preferably weighty base unit 409 via screws, welding, or like attachment means at 407 a-f.

Referring now to figure 6B, there is provided a side view of this embodiment of the thread cutter 400, with like elements described above being similarly numbered. The following additional elements are evident from this view: cutter blades assembly 420 (compromising cutter blades 421 and 422 and guide plates 424 and 425, see Figure 6C), is shown affixed to the cutter assembly housing 408, and an approximate travel distance 411 from the fully backed out terminal end of the drive shaft 406, to the end of the cutter assembly 420 is shown. This distance must be sufficient to allow insertion of a dowel blank and advancement of the blank through the cutter assembly 420 to allow a fully threaded dowel to emerge from the cutter assembly.

In figure 6C, an end-on view (from the direction shown by the double arrows in Figure 6B) of the cutter assembly 420 and cutter assembly housing 408 is provided. The elements of this embodiment of the cutter assembly are now described in further detail: corresponding 421 and 422 cutter blades are held in place in the housing 408 by fixation wedges 423 a and 423b while guide while guide plates 424 and 425, having no cutting teeth, are held in place by fixation wedges 423c and 423d. Fixation wedges 423a-d are held in place by screws 426a-d. The foregoing arrangement is preferred, as it allows for easy disassembly of the cutter assembly, removal of the cutter blades, cleaning of the various components, and if desired, sterilization by autoclaving, chemical, irradiative or like means. It should be noted that the cutter blades 421 and 422 and guide plates 424 and 425may be fixed inplace by increasing the tension created by tightening screws 426a-d, which draws the fixation wedges 423a-dinto the housing 408, thereby clamping these elements in place. Naturally, based on this disclosure, those skilled in the art will be able to develop equivalents of the cutter assembly system described herein, such as by use of wing-nuts, welding or like means to affix these various elements inappropriate cutting relationship to each other, without departing from the heart of this invention.

For purposes of illustration, the following additional features shown in figure 6C are noted: the diameter of the dowel that may be threaded according to this device is defined by the diameter of the aperture 427 created between the cutter blades 421 and 422 and the guide plates 424 and 425. It will be recognized by those in the art that all of the foregoing elements should preferably be manufactured from durable materials such as 440 stainless steel, or like materials. In particular, the cutting surfaces 421a and 422a of the blades 421 and 422, described in greater detail below, are made from hard metal. It should further be noted that the cutting edges 421a and 422a are disposed in relation to each other so that they are on axis.

With reference to figure 7, greater detail regarding the cutter blades 421 and 422 is provided: Figure 7A provides a detail of the cutter, which maintains true tooth form from top to bottom, so that the cutter can be sharpened by surface grinding the face. This is achieved by wire-cutting the teeth such that there is about a 5° incline 62c between the descending vertices at the front and rear of each tooth, and about an 8° incline 62d between the front and rear of the top of each tooth. This aspect can best be seen in cutter blade end-on view 7B. Also, the thickness of the cutter blade, 62e, preferably about 0.100" (2.54mm), can be seen in that figure.

As noted in figure 5C, the angle 61 in figure 7 A is preferably about 60°. The width of the top of the tooth 62b is preferably about 0.025" (0.635mm). The pitch 60 is preferably about 0.100" (2.5mm). In figure 7C, there is shown an overall view of the cutter assembly housing 408. For illustrative purposes, the following dimensions are provided: The entire length of the cutter blade 421b is about 1.650" (4.2cm). Fixation wings 421c and 42 Id are provided to allow proper seating of the cutter blade upon insertion into the housing 408. At 0, a line is provided on cutter blades 421 and 422, which allows for appropriate registration between cutter blades 421 and 422 during manufacture thereof. Upon insertion into the housing B408B, it is critical that the blades and the teeth thereon are appropriately registered so that as blade 421 cuts into the bone dowel as it is rotationally advanced through the cutter assembly 420, blade 422 is appropriately situated so that its matching teeth are in phase with the thread inscribed by the teeth on blade 421. This is accomplished by a combination of the fixation wings 421d and 421c properly seating in the housing 408 such that the wall 421e abuts the housing 408 and the housing 408 walls about the insides of wings 421 d and 421c.

In figure 7D, there is provided a top view of cutting edge 421a. As can be seen, in this embodiment of the invention, the cutter blade 421 has twelve cutting teeth, numbered in figure 431-442. As a dowel blank is fed into the cutter assembly, it first encounters a truncated tooth at 431, and at every subsequent tooth, the height of the tooth is incremented by about 0.004" (0.1mm), starting from about 0.002" (0.5mm) at 431, until the final tooth height is reached, in this example, of 0.039" (1mm) at 441 and 442.The truncated teeth 431-440 feed into the dowel being cut along the 30° line so that the teeth cut only two sides. The dotted line 443 shows the final pitch and form that the cutter will cut in the bone dowel. Similar to the foregoing description for figure 7D above, the cutting edge 422a is shown in greater detail in figure 7E, with eleven teeth 451-461 spread over the length of the blade. At 451, the first tooth at 0.004" (0.1mm) in this example is encountered by the blank and at each successive tooth, an increase of about 0.004" (0.1mm) is made until the final tooth height of about 0.039" (1mm) reached at 460 and 461. Again, the dotted line 443 shows the final pitch and form that the cutter will cut in the bone dowel.

In operation, based on the foregoing description it will be appreciated that the cutter blades 421 and 422 are placed into the housing 408, clamped into place via fixation wedges 423 and the screws 426, after the blades have been properly seated and the two blades have been properly seated and the two blades are perfectly aligned. A blank dowel is then loaded into the orifice 427 and the drive shaft with the protruding element 407 is inserted into the driver slot 56 of the dowel 300. For this purpose, the score mark 16 may be machined as a groove (driver slot 56) which mates with the protruding element 407 such that rotational torque may be transmitted to the dowel. He groove may be oriented parallel to, perpendicular to, or at any other desired orientation with respect to the intramedullary canal of the dowel. The handle 401 is turned, forcing the dowel to rotate and advance incrementally through the cutter assembly 420, thereby increasing the thread defined by the cutter blades 421 and 422 into the cylindrical surface (circumference) of the dowel.

In Figures 8A-8D, a further embodiment of the subject dowel 800 is shown that comprises one or more holes 810 foπned in the implant 800. The holes are preferably positioned such that the canal 30 can communicate with the cortical surface 10. Figure 8B shows a perspective view of the subject dowel 800, having a first chamfered end 820 proximate to instrument hole 15 and score mark 16 and a second chamfered end 822 on the opposite end of the dowel 800. Figure 8C is an end plan view of the dowel 800 which shows the instrument hole 15 and score mark 16. Figure 8D shows a transverse section of dowel 800 along the AA axis shown in Figure 8C. Figure 8E represents a side view of dowel 800.

In Figures 9A-9E and 10A-10E, embodiments 900 and 1000 of the subject implants are shown that comprise a hex drive 905, 1005, adapted for positioning the implant in place. As shown, hex drive 905 is provided on both ends of implant 900, which allows the insertion of a drive tool through the entire implant. Hex drive 1005 is provided on only one end of the implant 1000. Typically, a tool having ridges to engage the hex drive 905, 1005, is inserted into the implant, whereby the implant can be inserted into an area of need and then rotated as desired. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that other commercially available (or yet developed) tools and/or instruments can be used in conjunction with the subject implants. Preferably, implants 900 and 1000 are provided with holes 910, 1010 to facilitate delivery of biologically active substances disposed in canal 30. Figures 9B and 10B represent a perspective view of implants 900 and 1000, respectively. Figures 9C and 10C represent an end plan view showing the hex drive 905 and 1005. Figures 9D and 10D represent a cross- section of implants 900 and 1000 along the AA axis shown in Figures 9C and IOC. Figures 9E and 10E show a side view of implants 900 and 1000. Implants 900 and 1000 preferably, though not necessarily, comprise a first 920, 1020 and second 922, 1022 chamfered ends, which aid in the insertion and manipulation of the implants.

According to the alternate embodiments of this invention, other various shaped implants can contain holes that radiate from a central canal to the surface of the implant. A cervical tapered dowel, such as that disclosed in co-pending application number 60/186,312 is depicted in Figures 11A-11D. Figure 11A shows a perspective view of dowel 1100, having a tapered body resulting in a smaller diameter for the front end 1110, and a larger diameter for the back end 1120. The back end 1120 comprises a hex drive 1130 formed therein for insertion and rotation of the implant. Implant 1100 contains a canal 1140 for use of packing biologically active substances. The holes 1150, which radiate from the canal 1140 to the cortical surface 1160 allow the biologically active substances to penetrate through the entire implant 1100. Figure 1 IB is an end plan view of implant 1100 showing the back end 1120 along with the hex drive 1130. Figure 11C depicts a transverse section of implant 1100 along the AA axis shown in Figure 1 IB. The hex drive 1130 is shown running from the front end 1110 to the back end 1120. Figure 11D shows a side view of implant 1100, holes 1150, and screw threads 1170 which are inscribed from the front end 1110 to the back end 1120. The screw threads 1170 ease insertion and help to hold the implant in place.

Figures 12A-12D show an alternate embodiment of the cervical tapered dowel depicted in Figures 11A-11D and disclosed in co-pending application number 60/186,312. Figure 12A shows a perspective view of implant 1200, having a tapered body resulting in a smaller diameter for the front end 1210 and a larger diameter for the back end 1220. The back end 1220 contains an instrument hole 1230 along with a score mark 1240 for use with an insertion device to provide torque to the implant. Implant 1200 contains a canal 1250 for packing biologically active substances along with holes 1260 that radiate from the canal 1250 to the cortical surface 1270. Figure 12B is an end plan view of implant 1200 showing back end 1220 along with the instrument hole 1230 and the score mark 1240. Figure 12C depicts a transverse section of implant 1200 along the AA axis shown in Figure 12B. The instrument hole 1230 is shown extending partially through the implant into the canal 1250. Figure 12D shows a side view of implant 1200. The screw threads 1280 ease insertion and helps the implant retain its position once implanted. Another implant that can embody the radiating holes according to the present invention includes the Cortical Bone Cervical Smith-Robinson Fusion Implant disclosed in co-pending application number 08/920,630, which is shown in Figures 13A-13E. Figure 13A shows a perspective view of the D-shaped implant 1300, having a convexly curved wall 1310, three essentially rectangular walls 1320, two essentially rectangular top 1330 and bottom 1340 walls, and a basically circular canal 1350 for packing biologically active substances. Figure 13B is a side view of the implant 1300 showing the curved wall 1310 and the holes 1360 which radiate from the canal 1350 (as shown in Figure 13 A) to the curved wall 1310 and each of the rectangular walls 1320. Figure 13C depicts a top view of implant 1300 showing the canal 1350 and an external feature 1370, which comprises a set of teeth or ridges. Figure 13C also shows that the edges 1380 between the curved wall 1310 and each of the rectangular walls 1320 are rounded. Figure 13D shows a transverse section of implant 1300 along axis AA shown in figure 13C and the canal 1350 and holes 1360 formed in the structure of implant 1300. Figure 13E is a side view of implant 1300 and the external feature 1370 inscribed on the top 1330 and bottom 1340 surfaces of the implant. The external feature 1370 defines a tooth-like or ridge-like structure with teeth 1371 separated from each other by concavities 1372.

A further embodiment of the subject invention is shown in Figure 14, which is drawn to an elongated mineralized implant 1400 comprising a central cavity 1410 and a plurality of holes 1420. This embodiment is based on one of the embodiments disclosed in co-pending application no. 09/585,772. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other known implants of various shapes and sizes, as well as those yet to be developed, would benefit from the provision of holes. Particular examples of implants that can be modified to define a plurality of holes positioned throughout their structure include those taught in Application Serial Nos. 60/181,622; 09/363,208; 09/481,319; and 09/484,641; and U.S. Patent No. 6,033,438, all of whose teachings are incorporated by reference.

It will be appreciated that the plurality of holes or canals formed in the implant of this invention should not be so numerous or so large as to compromise the structural integrity or strength of the implant. Preferably, the holes are of a sufficiently small and fine dimension as to minimally affect torsional and compressive strengths of the implant, as compared to the implant sans the plurality of holes. Ideally, the holes are of a size between about 0.01 mm to about 0.5 mm, and more preferably, between about 0.05 and 0.1 mm in diameter. Such holes or canals may be formed in the bone material with sufficiently fine drill bits, lasers or the like. It will also be appreciated that the holes or canals may penetrate all the way through the various implant embodiments disclosed herein, or may penetrate only partially into the implant. Furthermore, the holes or canals may be disposed so as to be perpendicular, parallel or radially oriented with respect to any axis of the implant, depending on the particular implant and the implant location. It will further be appreciated from the present disclosure that the implant may be contacted with cells prior to implantation. For example, bone implants according to this invention may be cultured with stem cells, fibroblasts, muscle cells, neuronal cells or the like or simply contacted therewith or be infused therewith prior to implantation. Preferably, the cells that are contacted with the implant are stem cells, such as those known in the art or which become known hereafter. For example, human mesenchymal or other stem cells, such as those disclosed in any of US Patent Nos. 5,486,359; 5,811,094; 5,197,985; 5,591,625; 5,733,542; 5,736,396; 5,908,784; 5,942,255; 5,906,934; 5,827,735; 5,962,325; 5,902,741; 4,721,096; 4,963,489; (all of which are hereby incorporated by reference), may be contacted with, infused into or cultured on the implants of the present invention. The plurality of holes in the implant of this invention thus permit for interpenetration of such cells into the interior of the implant prior to implantation, and from the interior of the implant, to assist in remodeling, subsequent to implantation.

The inventor has discovered that providing holes in the subject implants can control and improve the release and delivery of biologically active substances loaded in the canal 30, or otherwise infused, embedded or coated on or in the implants. Naturally, the rate of release will be dependent on the size and number of holes provided. As discussed above, the canal of the subject dowels can be packed with various biologically active substances, including, but not limited to, growth factors, antibiotics, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, antineoplastics, and anti-inflammatory compounds, and the like. Furthermore, the plurality of holes taught herein can facilitate the migration and growth of cells and tissues into the implant. It will be appreciated that any appropriate carrier may be used in association with these biologically active

■ substances, including, but not limited to, gelatin, collagen, mixtures thereof, synthetic compositions, biologically resorbable pastes and the like. Furthermore, the composition may comprise a bone paste composition comprising cortical bone chips, cancellous bone chips, demineralized bone matrix powder (DBM), bioactive glass or other ceramics, growth factors, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, lipids and the like. Preferably, the substance packed in the canal is an osteogenic substance and/or comprises tissue regenerating growth factors. See, for example, WO98/40113. Optionally, or in addition to packing the canal, the subject implants can be infused, soaked and/or coated with various biologically active substances. As noted above, those skilled in the art will recognize that modifications to the specifics of the device described above will allow for the preparation of varied thread or grooves in the circumference of the dowel. For example, to form a groove in a dowel, the dowel could be mounted in a lathe, such as those known in the art and commercially available, for example from SHERLINE PRODUCTS INC., SAN MARCOS, CALIFORNIA 92069, and a cutter blade applied as the dowel is rotated.

Advantageously, the dowel of this invention may be conveniently incorporated into known fusion procedures. In one use, the surgeon creates a cavity between adjacent vertebrae that are to be fused, using conventional surgical procedures. The autogenous bone fragments produced in the formation of the cavity may be collected and packed into the intra-medullary canal of the diaphysial cortical dowel, or the dowel may be used with a pre-packaged osteogenic composition. A dowel of the appropriate dimensions is selected by the surgeon, based on the size of the cavity created and the needs of the particular patient undergoing the fusion. The dowel is mounted on an instrument via the instrument attachment hole and carefully inserted into the cavity created between the adjacent vertebra to be fused. For cervical fusions, only one dowel is needed. For lumbar fusions, two dowels may be required, hi any event, the dowels may be applied laparoscopically using currently available instrumentation. Over a period of several months, it is found that substantial fusion of the adjacent vertebrae occurs.

While the foregoing description describes this invention, including its best mode, those skilled in the art will recognize that any of a number of variations on the basic theme disclosed herein can be made. Thus, for example, differing shapes can be made from the diaphysis of various bones and could be used for other orthopaedic purposes than vertebral fusions, h addition, any of a number of known bone treatments can be applied to the dowel of this invention to alter its properties. For example, the methods disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,627,853; 5,053,049; 5,306,303; and 5,171,279 can be adapted and applied to the invention disclosed herein.

The disclosures of all patents or other references cited herein are incorporated by reference to the extent they are not inconsistent with the teachings herein. Example 1 Biomechanical Testing of ACF Dowels

Purpose: To describe the results from the compression testing of ACF dowels. Materials: h stron Machine, ACF Dowels, Graph Recording Paper, Pen. Procedure: The procedure utilized the above materials to compress the ACF dowels to failure and calculate their rupture modulus. Preparing the dowel for compression:

- Wipe the residual moisture from the surface of the dowel.

- Set Ihstron for desired full scale load, crosshead speed, and paper speed.

- Position dowel under compression head with hole up. Testing procedures:

- Start the graph paper to record the composition load.

- Start the Instron to compress the dowel.

- Stop and release the load when failure is achieved or the machine is at a maximum compression load and the dowel does not fail. Results: The dowels were all compressed to failure. The results from the testing is included in the data below.

Example 2 ) Biomechanical Testing of ATIF & ALIF Dowels Purpose: To describe the results from the compression testing of the ATIF &

ALIF dowels.

Materials: Instron Machine, ATIF & ALIF Dowels, Graph Recording Paper, Pen.

Procedure: The procedure utilized the above materials to compress the dowels to failure and calculate their rupture modulus. Preparing the dowel for compression:

- Wipe the residual moisture from the surface of the dowel.

- Set Instron for desired full scale load, crosshead speed, and paper speed. - Position dowel under compression head with the hole up. Testing procedures:

- Start the graph paper to record the compression load.

- Start the Instron to compress the dowel.

- Stop and release the load when failure is achieved or the machine is at a maximum compression load and the dowel does not fail.

Results: The ATIF & ALIF dowels were tested in the above manner and did not fail with a compression load of 500 kg (4900 Newtons). This is the h stron's maximum load.

Example 3 ) Cervical Fusion Using Diaphysial Cortical Dowel

Preoperative Diagnosis. Ruptured cervical disc and spondylosis C5-6.

Postoperative Diagnosis. Same.

Operative Procedure. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion C5-6. After satisfactory general endotracheal anesthesia in the supine position, the patient was prepped and draped in the routine fashion. Incision was made in the skin length of the neck and carried through the platysma muscle. Dissection was carried down to expose the anterior vertebral column and the appropriate space identified by x- ray. Discectomy and foraminotomy were then performed and there was found a central, extruded fragment of disc toward the right side. When adequate decompression had been achieved, a bone dowel was cut from bone bank fibula and counter-sunk between the vertebral bodies to afford distraction. The wound was then irrigated with Bacitracin and closed in layers with Dexon and steri strips.

Postoperative evaluation and subsequent patient monitoring revealed successful operative outcome and good vertebral fusion.

It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and the scope of the appended claims. References

U.S. Patent No. 5,015,247

U.S. Patent No. 4,627,853

U.S. Patent No. 5,053,049

U.S. Patent No. 5,306,303

U.S. Patent No. 5,171,279

University of Florida Tissue Bank, Inc. AUograft Catalog.

An Introduction of Bioceramics (1993), Hench, Larry L., June Wilson (eds.), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., volume 1.

Claims

1. A biomedical implant comprised of completely or partially mineralized bone, wherein said biomedical implant comprises between one and a plurality of holes or canals formed in the structure thereof.

2. The biomedical implant of claim 1, wherein said biomedical implant comprises a cavity, and wherein one or more holes or canals of said plurality of holes or canals extends from said cavity to the exterior of said biomedical implant.

3. The biomedical implant of claim 2, wherein biologically active substances are disposed in said cavity, whereby said one or more holes aids in the delivery of said biologically active substances from said cavity to the surrounding environment of said biomedical implant upon implantation.

4. The biomedical implant of claim 1, wherein said implant is infused, embedded soaked or coated, or combinations thereof, with biologically active substances.

5. The biomedical implant according to claim 4 wherein said biologically active substances are selected from the group consisting of growth factors, bone morphogenetic proteins, cells, antibiotics, proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids.

6. The biomedical implant according to claim 5 wherein said cells are stem cells.

7. The biomedical implant of claim 1, wherein said biomedical implant is selected from the group consisting of a diaphysial cortical dowel, a cervical tapered dowel, a cervical Smith-Robinson fusion implant, an implant assembled from bone, a bone-tendon graft, a bone-tendon-bone graft, and a suture spear or anchor.

8. The biomedical implant of claim 1 comprising a first end and second end, wherein either said first end or said second end, or both, comprise a hex drive formed thereon or therein to aid in the implantation of said biomedical implant.

9. A method of treating a defect or injury in a patient comprising implanting into said patient the biomedical implant comprised of completely or partially mineralized bone, wherein said biomedical implant comprises between one and a plurality of holes or canals formed in the structure thereof.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein said implant comprises a cavity loaded with biologically active substances.

11. The method according to claim 9 wherein said implant is infused, embedded soaked or coated, or combinations thereof, with biologically active substances.

12. The method according to claim 11 wherein said biologically active substances are selected from the group consisting of growth factors, bone morphogenetic proteins, cells, antibiotics, proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids.

13. The method according to claim 12 wherein said cells are stem cells.

14. The method of claim 9 wherein said biomedical implant comprises a diaphysial cortical dowel, and wherein said cavity comprises an intramedullary canal.

15. A method for fusing vertebrae which comprises making a space between the vertebrae to be fused, and inserting into said space a biomedical implant comprised of completely or partially mineralized bone, wherein said biomedical implant comprises between one and a plurality of holes or canals formed in the structure thereof.

16. A method of making a bone implant which comprises forming an implant from completely or partially mineralized bone and forming therein a plurality of holes or canals.

17. The method according to claim 16 wherein said holes or canals are between about 0.01 mm and 0.5 mm in diameter.

18. An improved implant made from bone wherein said implant is selected from the group consisting of a diaphysial cortical dowel, a cervical tapered bone dowel, a cervical Smith-Robinson bone fusion implant, an implant assembled from bone, a bone-tendon graft, a bone-tendon-bone graft, and a suture spear or anchor, wherein the improvement comprises forming between one and a plurality of holes or canals in said implant.

19. The implant according to claim 18 wherein said holes or canals are between about 0.01 mm and 0.5 mm in diameter.

20. The implant according to claim 18 wherein said implant is infused, embedded soaked or coated, or combinations thereof, with biologically active substances selected from the group consisting of growth factors, bone morphogenetic proteins, cells, antibiotics, proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids.