WO2001017059A1 - Active repeater antenna - Google Patents
Active repeater antenna Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001017059A1 WO2001017059A1 PCT/US2000/023772 US0023772W WO0117059A1 WO 2001017059 A1 WO2001017059 A1 WO 2001017059A1 US 0023772 W US0023772 W US 0023772W WO 0117059 A1 WO0117059 A1 WO 0117059A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- antenna
- repeater
- invention according
- previous
- sight
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
- H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
- H01Q1/24—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
- H01Q1/241—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM
- H01Q1/246—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM specially adapted for base stations
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an active repeater antenna and a method of use of an active repeater antenna for providing communication to a receiver outside the line-of-sight of a first transmitter.
- the active repeater antenna and method of use may be applied to extend the radius of a first transmitter in a telecommunications system.
- Cellular/wireless telephone communication systems are a relatively new and important global business. These systems utilize a variety of antenna and active repeater antenna components.
- One significant advantage of a wireless telephone communication system is that it provides ubiquitous coverage of wide areas, allowing individuals to communicate by telephone away from a fixed telephone outlet. Such systems dramatically increase efficiency and facilitate various activities and commerce.
- a plurality of contiguous cells are arranged with handoff means for maintaining continuous communication with mobile telephones moving from cell to cell.
- a handoff occurs which switches the mobile unit from a frequency in the set assigned to the cell it is leaving to a new frequency in the set assigned to the cell it is entering.
- the handoff command is typically generated when the signal received from the mobile telephone falls below a preselected signal strength thus indicating that the mobile telephone is at the cell boundary.
- a repeater is a receiver-transmitter combination, often referred to as a transceiver, for receiving a signal at one frequency and retransmitting the signal on a second frequency.
- the transmitted frequency may be relatively close to the received frequency, e.g., 600 kHz, or greatly displaced from the received signal.
- the transmitter in a repeater may be relatively powerful (hundreds of watts) or may be rated at just a few watts.
- the present system and method are not limited to mobile systems.
- telecommunication between users in two buildings, where there is an antenna on each building, while not subject to the procedure of the handoff associated with mobile systems, is subject to government regulations, government assignment of frequencies, and power output limitations.
- the misalignment problem may be further understood depending upon with width of the beam transmitted from a first antenna in the context of aligning the second antenna.
- One problem associated with prior mobile systems, when a repeater antenna is used, is that the signal frequency shifts that occur from antenna to antenna markedly decrease the signal strength and reduce the ability of the signal to travel between antenna that are not in a line-of-sight. This frequency shifting necessitates large investment in capital equipment and large numbers of cells
- the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for telecommunication between two locations, where there is an antenna at each location, and where there is no line-of-sight between the antennas at the two locations.
- the present invention also relates to a method and apparatus for telecommunication between two relatively fixed locations using active repeater antennas.
- this invention relates to the use of an active repeater antenna operating generally in the high frequency domain. This reduces, if not eliminates, the components heretofore found in active repeater antennas which function to first lower the frequency (e.g., through the use of an extra mixer and/or local oscillator) and thereafter to raise the frequency.
- the present invention permits telecommunication between systems or users in, those buildings, or in communication with those buildings, which are outside of the line-of-sight of systems or users in (or in communication with systems in) other buildings. Additionally, for certain buildings located outside a telecommunication radius from an antenna, the present invention may be used to extend the telecommunication radius to include users in those buildings.
- the active repeater antenna and method of the present invention can be used, inter alia, for both Point-to-Point (“PTP”) and Point-to-Multipoint (“PMP”) applications.
- the present invention provides a method and apparatus to eliminate these gaps or holes as follows.
- the transmitted signal from a first antenna is directed to a repeater antenna which is within the line-of-sight of the first antenna.
- This repeater antenna receives incoming signal, amplifies the signal, and then transmits the amplified signal along a line-of-sight to the second antenna which is located in what was previously the coverage gap.
- Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a passive repeater antenna
- Fig. 2A is a block diagram of one embodiment of an active repeater antenna
- Fig. 2B is a block diagram of an alternate embodiment of an active repeater antenna
- Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic illustration of a passive repeater antenna used to overcome non line-of-sight coverage
- an active repeater antenna is as part of a system designed to interface with a telecommunications system which is operating in the frequency range which has been referred to as the millimeter range.
- This nomenclature is intended to refer to signal frequencies broadly in the 18 to 325 GHz range, where the signal length is so short that the signals will not penetrate a physical obstruction such as a tree limb or a building.
- the active repeater antenna embodiment is designed to provide coverage for those buildings that are outside the line-of-sight of a first antenna, which may be, but is not limited to, a standard telecommunications system node.
- this embodiment of an active repeater antenna is provided to help extend the coverage from the first antenna.
- a repeater antenna is classified as either passive or active, depending on whether active devices are used or not. Interconnecting two antennas 10, 12, with an interconnect medium 14, such as a waveguide, as shown in Fig. 1, configures the antenna as a passive repeater 16. In use, the entire assembly of Fig. 1 is attached to a common platform.
- the primary disadvantage of a passive repeater antenna is the difficulty of optimizing antenna alignment without the aid of external test equipment. Furthermore, the use of the passive repeater antenna is interrupted when it is desired to monitor the status of the antenna. Finally, a passive repeater antenna may not be able to provide sufficient gain.
- a second type of repeater antenna and the one preferred in the present invention in one or more embodiments as described herein, uses active components, such as a low noise amplifier, a driver amplifier and a power amplifier, for relaying the RF signal as is generally shown in Figs. 2 A and 2B.
- active components such as a low noise amplifier, a driver amplifier and a power amplifier
- the advantages of the active repeater antenna include, for example, that it provides greater coverage distance compared to passive repeater, that it provides an external monitor port for aligning the antennas, and that the system can be monitored without interrupting service.
- an active repeater antenna 18 is positioned for line-of-sight communication between a first node 20 and a second node 22.
- the first node could be a base station or a service provider, and the second node could be the location of a customer. This nomenclature, however, is merely for illustrative purposes.
- the repeater antenna is to facilitate telecommunication between two or more entities.
- One entity may be a service provider and the other entities may be customers.
- One entity may be business headquarters and the other entities may actually be branch offices.
- One or more of the entities may be located in a building, or one or more may be remote from a building, and one or more of the entities may even be mobile.
- a first antenna is illustrated and will be described as being located on a first building, the term node refers to a user, which may or may not be located in the first building. For convenience, but not for purposes of limitation, this may also be referred to as a first or primary node.
- node refers to a user which may or may not be located in one of the other buildings. Again, for convenience, but not for purposes of limitation, this may be referred to as a second node.
- Each node may be considered, inter alia, as a source of signals to be transmitted and a destination for signals to be received.
- node is not limited to a building or a customer or user physically located in the building, but is to be thought of in the broadest sense.
- a service provider may be located in a building, with a system which is hard wired to an antenna on top of that building.
- a service provider may be located remote from a building, and may be in either wireless or hard wire telecommunication with the system which is coupled to an antenna on top of a building.
- a signal from a first node 20 is received at a first antenna 24 of the repeater antenna 18.
- This signal is fed to a diplexer 25, and, as is known, the use of a diplexer permits full duplex communication between the nodes 20 and 22.
- the link or path from the first node 20 to the second node 22 will be referred to as downlink signal flow.
- the diplexer 25 allows the desired frequency to pass through while blocking or rejecting or filtering out all other frequencies. This permits the diplexer to pass signals in two directions, with those signals being isolated from each other, thus preventing potential feedback oscillation.
- the diplexer 25 permits the desired frequency signal from source or first node 20 to pass to the input of a low noise amplifier/driver amplifier stage 26.
- the low noise amplifier, or LNA functions to amplify the weak high frequency signal without contributing additional noise to the signal, while the driver amplifier, or
- a typical, but non- limiting gain for a high frequency LNA and driver stage may be between 20 to 30 dB.
- the overall gain requirement for the repeater may be achieved by cascading several LNA and driver stages in series.
- the LNA, driver amplifier and PA may have different noise figures and output power ldB compression points.
- the amplified signal from the output of the PA stage 28 is coupled to a detector diode 30 through a directional coupler 31.
- the typical coupling value for the directional coupler for this application may be between -15 dB to -20 dB.
- the detector diode converts the high frequency component to DC voltage, which can be amplified further if desired.
- the DC voltage can be connected to any commercially available voltmeter for aid in the alignment of the repeater antenna to the first node.
- the voltmeter reading varies in proportion to the accuracy of alignment. Thus, the higher the reading on the voltmeter, the closer the first node or source 20 and the repeater antenna 24 are in alignment.
- the signal from the directional coupler 31 is then passed to a second diplexer 25'.
- the second diplexer has the same filtering characteristic as the first diplexer 25 and will route the amplified signal to the second antenna 32 of the active repeater antenna.
- the output from the second antenna 32 is transmitted to the second node 22.
- the second node 22 may be a customer or user, located in a building which is not in the line-of-sight from the building where the first node 20 is located.
- the signal transmitted from the second node 22 is received at the second antenna 32 and this may be considered the uplink path.
- the signal from the second antenna 32 is passed through the second diplexer 25' and, through the diplexer filtering, is provided to a low noise amplifier/driver amplifier (LNA/DA) 26'.
- LNA/DA low noise amplifier/driver amplifier
- the output of the LNA/DA 26' is the input to a power amplifier (PA) 28', the output of which goes through another directional coupler 31', and detector diode 30'.
- PA power amplifier
- the detector diode 30' in the uplink signal flow path is used to aid in the alignment between the antenna 32 in the active repeater 18, and the antenna 32 at the second node.
- the DC/gain adjustment circuit 34 supplies the necessary power to all the active amplifiers in the repeater antenna 18.
- the gain adjustment through the entire repeater antenna 18 can be changed by adjusting the DC operating point of the amplifiers.
- the gain adjustment functionality in the repeater antenna saturating the input of the intended receiver is eliminated. This result may also be achieved by an inline, variable attenuator in lieu of adjusting the DC operating point.
- FIG. 2B another active repeater antenna system is illustrated in block diagram form.
- Fig. 2 A it will be remembered, included directional coupling with a detector diode in both the downlink and uplink paths.
- an isolator 36 is provided in the downlink path between the output of the low noise amplifier driver amplifier 26 and the power amplifier 28.
- an isolator 36' is provided in the between the output of the low noise amplifier driver amplifier 26' and the power amplifier 28'.
- Each isolator is a passive component which does not require any DC power.
- the isolator provides impedance matching between the output of the LNA/driver amplifier and the input of PA, and prevents any undesired frequency components propagating in the reverse direction.
- isolator 36 prevents undesired frequency components from propagating back toward antenna 24 and node 20, while isolator 36' prevents undesired frequency components from propagating back toward antenna 32 and node 22.
- a second difference between the active repeater antenna 18 of Fig. 2 A as compared to the active repeater antenna of Fig. 2B is that the active repeater antenna of Fig. 2B does not include the DC voltage detection circuitry for either the downlink or uplink paths.
- the DC voltage detection circuitry is not required for the repeater to function properly, but it does simplify the alignment of the repeater with respect to antennas at the first node 20 and the second node 22. Better alignment, of course, will improve overall system performance.
- the active repeater antennas of both Figs. 2 A and 2B operate in the high frequency domain.
- the main advantage of maintaining an active repeater in high frequency operation is the elimination of the need for a high frequency mixer and highly stabilized local oscillator.
- a local oscillator which might otherwise be required in repeater antenna systems which first reduce and then increase the frequency, is that local oscillators are extremely susceptible to fluctuation in response to outdoor temperature variations. While a stabilized local oscillator could theoretically be designed, at a higher cost and with undesirable complicated phased-locked loop control circuitry, it is not known if such an oscillator would actually perform satisfactorily for the desired purpose in the present environment.
- An additional advantage of operating the active repeater antenna of the present invention at high frequency is the elimination of restrictions on the data throughput capability between the nodes 20, 22 due to wider bandwidth operation. Additionally, high frequency operation allows the elimination of RF and IF dependency.
- Fig. 3 An example of non line-of-sight coverage application by a passive repeater antenna is shown in Fig. 3.
- the first node 20 is located at a first building 40. It is desired to provide telecommunication with one or more of the second nodes 22, 22', 22" located on buildings 42, 42', 42", respectively.
- a building 44 is located between the first building 40 and the buildings 42, 41 ', 42" and building 44 has a height which is sufficient so as to block line-of-sight communication from node 20 to each of nodes 22, 22', 22". It must be remembered that the signal from node 20 is at high frequencies, such as 24 GHz.
- the signal from node 20 can not penetrate through the building 44, and building 44 is sufficiently high so as to block signals to and from node 20.
- a passive repeater antenna 16 positioned on building 44.
- the use of the repeater antenna provides for full duplex communication between the first node 20 and each of the second nodes 22, 22', 22".
- One passive repeater antenna which will provide the aforementioned duplex communication function can have the following specifications:
- Path 2 loss 98.5 dB, 0.08 Km at 25 GHz
- Receiver threshold -88dBm
- Another passive repeater antenna for non line-of-sight full duplex communication will have the following specifications:
- the passive repeater antenna has very limited application.
- the non line-of-sight buildings must be located close to the node and larger size 60 cm diameter parabolic antennas are required to close the link.
- a first node 20 is located on the top of a first building 40 and the first node, e.g., a customer or base station, may be located within or near the building.
- the signal transmissions between the base station or customer and the first node 20 may be either in hard-wired or wireless form as previously described.
- a second node 22 is located on top of building 42.
- the second node, e.g., customer or base station, may be located within or near building 42, and again, the signal transmissions between the base station or customer and the second node 22 may be either in hard-wired or wireless form.
- An active repeater antenna for non line-of-sight duplex communication may have the following specifications:
- Repeater amplifier gain 70 dB
- Receive signal level +24 dBm + 106 dBi + 70 dB - 126 dB - 126 dB 52 dBm
- the active repeater antenna offers greater flexibility for implementing non line-of-sight coverage.
- the antenna on building 44 was a regular antenna rather than a repeater antenna, there would be a gap or hole in the coverage since transmissions from primary node 20 could not reach the antenna on building 42.
- Another aspect of the present invention is to utilize the active repeater antenna to extend the range of coverage. This feature is illustrated and explained in the context of Fig. 5.
- Fig. 5 there is an antenna/primary node 20 associated with building 40.
- the transmission range of signals may be generally from about 3.0 km to about 5.0 km, based upon present day government regulations and power limitations.
- the use of the active repeater 18 to extend the range of coverage reduces the need for another "primary" node, thus minimizing the outlay for capital equipment in the nature of another "primary" node or base station.
- This is beneficial in various situations including, but not limited, to the situation where a service provider is located at building 40 and is providing service to customers in buildings 48, 48', and 48'.
- the use of a repeater antenna 18 at building 44 avoids the need for the service provider to install another "base station".
- Receive signal level +24 dBm + 118.5 dBi + 75 dB - 132 dB - 126 dB 40.5 dBm
- Receiver threshold -88 dBm
- the primary node or antenna 20 may be a 90° sector antenna, whose signals are received at the repeater antenna with a 30 cm parabolic antenna.
- the output from the active repeater antenna is via a 45° sector antenna, with a 30 cm parabolic antenna as the secondary node 22.
- Another alternative is a 60 cm parabolic antenna 20 and a 30 cm parabolic antenna 22, where the active repeater antenna includes a 60 cm parabolic and a 45° sector antenna, respectively.
- a 90° sector antenna may be used at node 20
- the repeater antenna may benefit from a more narrow beam.
- a 3° beam antenna at both sides of the repeater antenna may provides satisfactory functionality.
- a repeater antenna beam of 15° or less may provide adequate coverage to both secondary nodes.
- a 30 cm antenna and a 15° antenna may be obtained from Radio Waves, of North Billerica, Massachusetts, USA, as part numbers HPLPD1-24 and HRND - 24-15-23, respectively, and the remaining electronics for a repeater antenna may be obtained from Remec Wireless, Inc., of San Diego, California, USA, as part number W 30322-001.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA002383704A CA2383704A1 (en) | 1999-09-02 | 2000-08-31 | Active repeater antenna |
EP00959594A EP1214751A1 (en) | 1999-09-02 | 2000-08-31 | Active repeater antenna |
AU70886/00A AU7088600A (en) | 1999-09-02 | 2000-08-31 | Active repeater antenna |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US15212999P | 1999-09-02 | 1999-09-02 | |
US60/152,129 | 1999-09-02 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2001017059A1 true WO2001017059A1 (en) | 2001-03-08 |
Family
ID=22541627
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2000/023772 WO2001017059A1 (en) | 1999-09-02 | 2000-08-31 | Active repeater antenna |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1214751A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU7088600A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2383704A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001017059A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2003071719A1 (en) | 2002-02-22 | 2003-08-28 | Vaeaenaenen Mikko Kalervo | Broadband wireless communication system and method |
US6993287B2 (en) | 2003-03-04 | 2006-01-31 | Four Bars Clarity, Llc | Repeater system for strong signal environments |
US8175521B2 (en) | 2003-03-04 | 2012-05-08 | Bandwidth Wireless Limited Liability Company | Repeater system for strong signal environments |
US20130142054A1 (en) * | 2011-12-02 | 2013-06-06 | Sassan Ahmadi | Methods for operating wireless electronic devices in coordinated multipoint transmission networks |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4747160A (en) * | 1987-03-13 | 1988-05-24 | Suite 12 Group | Low power multi-function cellular television system |
US5257405A (en) * | 1990-05-29 | 1993-10-26 | Rohde & Schwarz Gmbh & Co. Kg | Method and system for setting up LOS-radio communication between mobile or stationary remote stations |
WO1997046040A2 (en) * | 1996-05-31 | 1997-12-04 | The Whitaker Corporation | Lmds system having cell-site diversity and adaptability |
EP0833403A2 (en) * | 1996-09-30 | 1998-04-01 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Communication system comprising an active-antenna repeater |
-
2000
- 2000-08-31 WO PCT/US2000/023772 patent/WO2001017059A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-08-31 AU AU70886/00A patent/AU7088600A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-08-31 CA CA002383704A patent/CA2383704A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-08-31 EP EP00959594A patent/EP1214751A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4747160A (en) * | 1987-03-13 | 1988-05-24 | Suite 12 Group | Low power multi-function cellular television system |
US5257405A (en) * | 1990-05-29 | 1993-10-26 | Rohde & Schwarz Gmbh & Co. Kg | Method and system for setting up LOS-radio communication between mobile or stationary remote stations |
WO1997046040A2 (en) * | 1996-05-31 | 1997-12-04 | The Whitaker Corporation | Lmds system having cell-site diversity and adaptability |
EP0833403A2 (en) * | 1996-09-30 | 1998-04-01 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Communication system comprising an active-antenna repeater |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2003071719A1 (en) | 2002-02-22 | 2003-08-28 | Vaeaenaenen Mikko Kalervo | Broadband wireless communication system and method |
EP2107701A2 (en) | 2002-02-22 | 2009-10-07 | Mikko Kalervo Väänänen | Broadband wireless communication system and method |
US6993287B2 (en) | 2003-03-04 | 2006-01-31 | Four Bars Clarity, Llc | Repeater system for strong signal environments |
US8175521B2 (en) | 2003-03-04 | 2012-05-08 | Bandwidth Wireless Limited Liability Company | Repeater system for strong signal environments |
US8346158B2 (en) | 2003-03-04 | 2013-01-01 | Bandwidth Wireless Limited Liability Company | Repeater system for strong signal environments |
US20130142054A1 (en) * | 2011-12-02 | 2013-06-06 | Sassan Ahmadi | Methods for operating wireless electronic devices in coordinated multipoint transmission networks |
US9270346B2 (en) * | 2011-12-02 | 2016-02-23 | Apple Inc. | Methods for operating wireless electronic devices in coordinated multipoint transmission networks |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU7088600A (en) | 2001-03-26 |
EP1214751A1 (en) | 2002-06-19 |
CA2383704A1 (en) | 2001-03-08 |
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