WO1998039668A1 - Three-dimensional tracking and imaging system - Google Patents
Three-dimensional tracking and imaging system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1998039668A1 WO1998039668A1 PCT/IB1998/000528 IB9800528W WO9839668A1 WO 1998039668 A1 WO1998039668 A1 WO 1998039668A1 IB 9800528 W IB9800528 W IB 9800528W WO 9839668 A1 WO9839668 A1 WO 9839668A1
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- Prior art keywords
- transducer
- instrument
- generating
- signal
- image
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
- A61B8/08—Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings
- A61B8/0833—Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings involving detecting or locating foreign bodies or organic structures
- A61B8/0841—Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings involving detecting or locating foreign bodies or organic structures for locating instruments
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S15/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems
- G01S15/88—Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S15/89—Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
- G01S15/8906—Short-range imaging systems; Acoustic microscope systems using pulse-echo techniques
- G01S15/8993—Three dimensional imaging systems
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/52—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S15/00
- G01S7/52017—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S15/00 particularly adapted to short-range imaging
- G01S7/52085—Details related to the ultrasound signal acquisition, e.g. scan sequences
- G01S7/52087—Details related to the ultrasound signal acquisition, e.g. scan sequences using synchronization techniques
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/06—Devices, other than using radiation, for detecting or locating foreign bodies ; determining position of probes within or on the body of the patient
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/06—Devices, other than using radiation, for detecting or locating foreign bodies ; determining position of probes within or on the body of the patient
- A61B5/061—Determining position of a probe within the body employing means separate from the probe, e.g. sensing internal probe position employing impedance electrodes on the surface of the body
- A61B5/062—Determining position of a probe within the body employing means separate from the probe, e.g. sensing internal probe position employing impedance electrodes on the surface of the body using magnetic field
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
- A61B8/08—Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings
- A61B8/0833—Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings involving detecting or locating foreign bodies or organic structures
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/52—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S15/00
- G01S7/52017—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S15/00 particularly adapted to short-range imaging
- G01S7/52079—Constructional features
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S128/00—Surgery
- Y10S128/916—Ultrasound 3-D imaging
Definitions
- the present invention relates in general to a 3-D tracking and imaging system
- imaging system for displaying a tracked device in 3-D space.
- High frequency sound, or ultrasound is
- vibrational energy that ranges in frequency from 100 kHz to 10 MHz.
- a sonomicrometer consists of a pair of piezoelectric
- transducers i.e., one transducer acts as a transmitter while the other transducer acts as
- the transducers are implanted into a medium, and connected to electronic
- the transmitter is electrically energized to produce ultrasound.
- the resulting sound wave then
- the transmitter typically takes the form of a piezoelectric crystal that is
- the envelope of the transmitter signal decays rapidly with time, usually
- the receiver also typically takes the form of a piezoelectric crystal (with
- vibration produces an electronic signal in the order of millivolts, that can be amplified
- phase capacitative charging circuits e.g., phase capacitative charging circuits.
- the repetition frequency is fixed, regardless of the number of
- crystals is implanted in the medium (e.g., a bodily structure, such as a human organ),
- the medium e.g., a bodily structure, such as a human organ
- threshold capacitors and potentiometers requiring large plug-in units to increase the
- the systems are very large, usually two feet wide by 18" deep,
- the 3-D tracking and imaging system of the present invention uses modern
- A/D converters are not required, as the data is acquired digitally, directly from the
- the invention is capable of detecting distance increments as small as 19 ⁇ m. The acquired
- the saved data can be examined and manipulated according to the
- a set-up menu is generated which allows the user to select
- the repetition frequency can be reduced to allow the
- the duration of the power delivered to the transducers can be reduced for
- transducer leads is adjustable by means of a variable inhibit feature. Additionally, the
- displayed information is variable in conjunction with the degree of motion of the
- system of the present invention for post processing and visualizing the acquired data.
- level shifts can remove areas of discontinuity
- channels can be
- the 3-D tracking and imaging system of the present invention overcomes the
- test object e.g., catheter, needle, probe, etc.
- transducers are to function as transmitters and which are to function as receivers.
- this type of configuration does not need to be limited strictly to transmitter-
- the 3-D tracking and imaging system of the present invention is configurable
- the fourth transceiver is then used to
- peripheral transmitter/receiver/transceiver unit This convenient set-up drastically
- the 3-D tracking and imaging system allows the position of a
- Figure 1 is a schematic representation of four transducers in three-
- Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a
- Figure 3 comprising Figures 3 A, 3B, 3C, 3D, 3E, 3F, 3G, 3H, 31, 3J, 3K, 3L,
- 3M, 3N, 30, 3P and 3Q is a schematic diagram of a controller card architecture
- Figure 4 comprising Figures 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, 4F, 4G, 4H, 41, 4J, 4K, 4L,
- 4M, 4N, 40 and 4P is a schematic diagram of a counter card architecture according to
- Figure 5 comprising Figures 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D, 5E, 5F, 5G, 5H, 51, 5J, 5K, 5L,
- 5M and 5N is schematic diagram of an A/D card architecture according to the
- Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of a
- transmitter/receiver/transceiver architecture according to the preferred embodiment
- Figure 7 is a timing diagram showing
- Figure 8 is a timing diagram showing
- Figure 9 is a schematic illustration of a catheter guidance system according to
- Figure 10 is a schematic diagram of a multiple transducer catheter according to
- Figure 11 is a flow chart of a 3-D visualization algorithm for displaying the
- Figure 12 is a perspective view of a cylindrical or ring-shaped transducer
- Figure 13 is a perspective view of a ring-shaped array of transducers
- Figure 14 is a perspective view of a composite transducer, according to a third
- FIG 15 is a schematic illustration of a chest harness having reference
- transducers mounted thereon to provide an external reference frame according to the
- Figure 16 is a block diagram of the 3-D tracking and imaging system
- the ultrasonic tracking system of the present invention As discussed above, the ultrasonic tracking system of the present invention
- transceivers (TRxl, TRx2 and TRx3) lay in a plane (i.e., the x,y plane).
- TRx4 may then be used to determine the z coordinates of the
- the transmitter transducers lies above or below the reference plane established by
- transceivers TRxl, TRx2 and TRx3 Each of the many transmitters (Tx) attached to
- PC personal computer
- the ultrasonic 3-D tracking system As indicated above, the ultrasonic 3-D tracking system according to the
- present invention is preferably fully integrated into the standard AT-style computer
- each card is provided with a
- Figure 2 is a block diagram of the computer interface and addressing scheme
- I/O mapping device as opposed to memory mapping device. Consequently, dedicated
- I/O registers within the controlling processor are responsible for all data throughput.
- system computer interface architecture features a
- AT bus are buffered using octal buffers (dl & d2) for both address and control lines,
- An 8-bit magnitude comparator (d5) is used to equate the manually set dip
- the lower three address lines (A1-A3) are used as inputs to
- IOR buffered IOR signal is sent to opposite polarity enables on each demultiplexer. Thus if IOR is in a high state, the system computer interface is in a Write mode.
- A4 is also used as an opposite
- a single PLD (d6) serves to handle the glue logic between the other
- IQMA IQMA
- the controller card employs the identical bus decoding scheme described
- the controller is preferably a four layer Printed Circuit Board, (PCB), with the embedded layers being the power and the PCB.
- PCB Printed Circuit Board
- Pulse Length signal is variable between O ⁇ s and 2.00 ⁇ s at 31.25ns increments
- Length signal is variable between O ⁇ s and 2.048ms at 16 ⁇ s increments.
- a second function of the cl counter is to generate signals to a resetting l-of-8
- demultiplexes (clO) which in turn generates signals for application to cl and el l for
- Mode function which governs the direction of data flow in the octal
- transceivers located on the remaining system cards discussed in greater detail below.
- a second major role of the controller card is to manage the performance of the
- transmitter activation bits Using a transmitter PLD (c6) as a preloadable up counter,
- a value indicative of the start transmitter is latched to its input registers.
- the transparent buffer is required to avoid capacitive loading.
- the ending transmit value is sent to the second side of the 6-bit comparator
- the octal latch (c8) is used simply to read the status of
- tracking system of the present invention may employ up to 32 transmit cycles,
- An 8-bit latch (cl4) is also used by the system to generate and gate signals
- cl2 is a simple "glue logic” PLD that ensures correct timing
- This circuit module is also responsible for generating such
- the counter card ( Figure 4)
- the counter card receives signals to consolidate the ultrasonic distance information.
- the counter card and the peripheral transmit/receive unit carries the 4-bit transmitter
- TX BITS the transmitter Pulse Length signals
- CSI and CS2 the transmitter Pulse Length signals
- ultrasonic 3-D tracking systems employ the full
- the expandable bank of receiver PLDs (sl0-sl3) are reset, to
- Each PLD (sl0-sl3) is connected to an individual receive transducer ( Figure 6). As the 15-bit digital count in each PLD (sl0-sl3) is
- an internal register within the PLD is
- This predetermined value is
- a l-of-16 multiplexer (si 4) is activated for causing the output enable
- RAM addresses is handled by s5, an octal buffer that outputs the 8-bit quantity
- controller module triggers si, the counter address incrementor PLD. This module
- the on-board RAM modules s8 & s9 are 8-bit by 131,072.
- the RAM is
- the on-board RAM can be completely filled in as little as 2.56
- the system of the present invention includes software
- the counter card or module To successfully realize the data reading stage, the counter card or module
- This task is carried out by the octal transceivers (s2 & s3).
- s4 can be simply an octal D-
- a second major function of the counter module or card is to provide an analog
- DAC Digital-to- Analog
- timer modules which are configured to measure transit time.
- present invention is a synchronized Analog to Digital (A/D) converter card or module.
- A/D Analog to Digital
- analog signals such as
- A/D card is integrated into the tracking system of the preferred embodiment.
- the A/D module functions in virtually the same
- Analog channels are fed in via a db25 cable connection
- the RAM is automatically incremented using the four gated receiver bits (al3).
- An incrementing address PLD (al4), which receives the same clock as the counter
- RAM and the counter RAM registers are increased. During the write, or data output
- PLD (a5) is used to coordinate the timing signals on the A/D module. By congruously activating the A/D and counter information, it is possible to synchronize
- a second function of the A/D card is to provide for direct digital inputs.
- up to four digital input channels may be received via latch al5 and monitored via
- present invention is the peripheral transmitter/receiver/transceiver unit, shown in
- the external peripheral unit receives its transmit
- the peripheral unit works as follows.
- the unit are passed through pull up resistors to a CMS l-of-16 decoder (try).
- try CMS l-of-16 decoder
- decoded signals are then transmitted to selectable transmitters or transceivers.
- variable duration Pulse Length signal is sent via filtering and biasing elements to the
- the transducer (xl) is preferably a cylindrical piezoelectric ceramic crystal
- transmitter crystal is detected and converted to an electrical signal.
- receiver circuit consists of step-up isolation transformer (Tl), a two stage amplifier
- amplifiers Al may be replaced by a differential amplifier.
- A/D module ( Figure 5), respectively, during both the read and the write phases of
- the counter module actively acquires data for sixteen receivers
- both timing diagrams are based on a transition from a transmitter "x" to a
- the read cycle is significantly longer. More particularly, in the
- the write cycle is limited to a 12 ⁇ s window per sub-cycle.
- the counter module ( Figure 4) operates as follows. At
- distance count to occur is also variable in duration according to the user's
- the system permit the downloading of the previously acquired digital distance values
- the write window of operating the counter module is delimited by the 12 ⁇ s
- the CountBUS OE signal is invoked to activate the output registers of the addressing PLD (si) the
- CountRAM OE signal is disabled to prepare the RAM (s8, s9) for data storage, the
- CountPLD OE signal enables cycling through each of the sixteen individual counters
- PLD (si, Figure 4). This value is stored in memory for proper downloading of data
- the Master Cycle length value is incremented to indicate the next
- RAM has the capacity to save 512 Master Cycles before overwriting occurs. Since
- This lkB is written to a dedicated 64kB buffer in the mother board RAM of the
- This function can be performed 64 times before the RAM
- disk-cache such as DOS's smartdrv.exe is activated to accept all of the 64kB binary
- present invention can be tailored to meet the specific needs of customers simply by
- present invention preferably also utilize post-processing software routines to
- a three-dimensional (3-D) tracking and imaging system applicable for use in
- 1600 is generally comprised of a computer system 1620, mobile transducers 1672,
- Computer system 1620 is generally comprised of a 3-D tracking system 1622,
- an imaging modality system 1624 an image registration system 1626, an image
- warp system warping and geometry transformation system 1628
- 3-D tracking system 1622 may take the form of a sound-based system or an electromagnetic-based system. Both time
- Instrument 1670 may take the form of a catheter (e.g., see Figure 10), a probe,
- a sensor a needle, a scalpel, a forcep or other device used in a surgical or diagnostic
- Mobile transducers 1672 and reference transducers 1674 may take the
- transducers 1672 and 1672 are illustrating a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- a plurality of mobile transducers 1672 are fitted to instrument 1670.
- One or more of mobile transducers 1672 are fitted to instrument 1670.
- reference transducers 1674 provide a reference position relative to mobile
- reference transducers 1674 may be located to
- reference transducers 1674 may be transmitters
- transceivers or receivers that can generate ultrasound or electromagnetic radiation
- 3-D tracking system 1622 will take the form of the ultrasonic 3-D tracking
- 3-D tracking system 1622 transforms the multiple
- reference frame provided by reference transducers 1674 must be self-determining, that is, if the reference frame becomes distorted, this distortion
- Detection is typically done by
- transceivers that can determine the distance between any combination of two
- the position of the transducers is obtained in 3-D from the images acquired of the
- bodily structure e.g., tissue/organ
- the bodily structure must have deformed (i.e., "warped") after the
- Imaging modality system 1624 acquires 2-D, 3-D or 4-D image data sets from
- an imaging source such as fluoroscopy, an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), CT
- instrument 1670
- the template typically takes the form of an image of the
- Image registration system 1626 registers the position of instrument 1570
- the position of instrument 1670 is provided by the 3-D tracking system 1624.
- the position of instrument 1670 is provided by the 3-D tracking system 1624.
- Image registration system 1626 will provide a display of instrument 1670 at its
- registration system 1626 may be user
- Warp system 1628 is a software-based system that transforms or "warps" the
- warp system 1628 is typically comprised of a matrix transformation routine that maps
- User interface 1650 enables a user to interact with computer system 1620
- Instruments 1670 e.g., probes
- Display 1660 displays to the
- Optional robotics system 1690 is generally comprised of a robotics control
- Robotics control system 1692 Robotics control system 1692
- robotic manipulator system 1694 controls robotic manipulator system 1694 to follow a programmed path that can be appropriately changed, based on shifting, warping or changes in the shape of a bodily
- Robotic manipulator system 1694 physically moves
- 3-D tracking and imaging system 1600 can
- PC personal computer
- WS workstation
- the process begins with the PC that houses the digital circuit boards.
- the PC that houses the digital circuit boards.
- the reference transducers may be any suitable reference transducers.
- module 1102 need to be performed to recover the likely values of the original signal (module 1102). This can be done by testing for the range of the signal, and by smoothing or predictive
- This conversion can be a simple linear process, or can be scaled non-linearly,
- filling can be performed to fill in the missing data, based on the many combinations
- the data output from module 1106 is then converted (in a well known manner
- transducers numbered 3, 5, 6 and 9 are mounted
- the instruments e.g., a catheter
- the transducers mounted to the instrument can be located
- transducers mounted to a catheter can be located in such a
- the output of module 1110 is a '3-D scene' that contains many of the
- D graphics subsystem rendering/display (module 1112) and output to a display.
- a module 1114 is provided that detects any
- this module If there are changes, this module signals
- the display of the instruments is only one component of the scene relationship
- system 1600 includes an imagining modality system 1624 providing externally
- 3-D images may already be in digital form, or may be analog data input directly
- the acquired image data sets must first be converted into a format that is
- output from module 1120 are "digital images" that can be manipulated further inside
- the image data sets may need to be preprocessed in some way to make them
- the image data sets may need to be scaled appropriately. If the
- module 1110 is the placement of the 3-D image of the instrument in the correct spatial
- the motion of the image data sets need to be output at a rate that continually
- the first step in synchronizing "video loops" with a patient's heart beat is to
- sync generator module 1124 which includes an algorithm
- the sync generator module 1124 can activate a memory location or an input
- the sync generator module 1124 does this by following the input signal and testing
- the sync generator module 1124 can run in
- the PC the PC, the WS, or an external device designed to identify QRS complexes and output
- Control information is provided by the user interface (module 1126), discussed
- the user interface checks for user input from a keyboard and/or mouse and
- the system also has a provision for the merging of other auxiliary data
- This information is peripheral to this main system, and is
- the transducer of the present invention may take many of the following parameters
- ultrasonic transducer is provided, as shown in Figure 12, for attachment to an
- the transducers can be either rigid or
- transducers are made flexible, they are
- This material is flexible and can be applied to rounded surfaces.
- the geometry of the crystal preferably
- low frequency ultrasound range referred to as "low frequency ultrasound”.
- the transducers are polarized along
- a principal axis i.e., either through the wall thickness, or along the cylindrical axis
- connection to leads If the material is poled through the wall thickness, then the inner
- the size of the transducer will depend on the application of the tracking technology
- the inner diameter of the cylinder is typically 5 millimeters or less for catheters and 5
- the cylindrical crystal or transducer may incorporate a
- the lossy backing 1200 on which the piezoelectric material 1210 is disposed The lossy
- the wave reaches the interface between the crystal and the outside medium (e.g., water or
- the backing material is typically-epoxy with
- the backing material should be many times thicker
- the piezoelectric material 1210 may be coated with a 1/4 wavelength
- ultrasound conductive material 1220 e.g., polymer material
- Electrically conductive wires (not shown) are connected to the piezoelectric material.
- the forward propagating wave of ultrasound typically bounces off
- ultrasound wave propagates forward, rather than reflecting backward.
- the thickness of the layers must be 1/4 of the wavelength of the ultrasound wave so that
- the piezoelectric film e.g., PVDF
- the piezoelectric film can be wrapped,
- array functions as a line source of-ultrasound energy, or as a collection of point
- the crystal is provided with a plurality of facets 1300, each being in the order
- the ring is plated with a
- transducer comprising a PZT substrate 1400 on a lossy backing 1410.
- PVDF film 1420 is bonded to the PZT substrate 1400. This embodiment offers the following advantages:
- PVDF and PZT films 1420 and 1400 can be directly connected (as shown), or
- PVDF or PZT structure can be in the form of a slab, as
- FIG. 15 illustrates the manner in which the external reference transducers are
- the purpose of the external reference transducer is to provide an external
- transducers mounted on the instrument. As can be seen, the transducers are placed in
- a harness-type apparatus that is worn around the chest by the patient during a surgical
- the external reference transducer may be affixed directly to the patient at strategic
- Catheters are devices that are inserted into the veins or arteries of humans as
- tracking and imaging system of the present invention may be configured to operate as
- a catheter guidance system that can be used to track various types of catheters, probes
- the current method of tracking catheters involves frequent exposure of the
- contrast agents are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are amines that are
- X-ray radiation and contrast agent injections are each potentially harmful to
- invention involves the establishment of an internal reference frame and an (optional)
- crystal positioning data can be captured and processed to resolve the location of the
- the transducer position information may be overlaid onto a recorded
- This video loop can be generated from an
- imaging modality such as x-ray or scanning ultrasound and is meant to illustrate the
- the video loop can also depict the position of the opaque piezoelectric
- the positions of the guiding piezoelectric crystals can be
- the graphic video loop can be
- the catheters used in these procedures are introduced into the body
- the catheters are constructed with a biocompatible plastic and
- present invention is the merging of piezoelectric crystals and the imaged catheters.
- the preferred material for this purpose is PZT (lead zirconate titanate).
- the encapsulant must not only be biocompatible, but must also
- the external reference transducer crystals require an acoustic coupling gel
- the cylindrical crystals maintain omni-directional radiation patterns while
- disk-type or hemispherical crystals are employed for the reference transducers.
- the activation frequency can be optimized for
- conducting wire is used to carry the activation impulse from the control unit to the
- Figure 9 illustrates the placement of the cylindrical transducers with respect to the
- vector data can be acquired to illustrate not only the position of the tip, but also the
- catheter can be reconstructed.
- the two (or more) crystals (XI, X2) are permanently
- piezoelectric material can bet affixed to the catheter with a variety of means, such as a
- a multi-lumen catheter 100 (or any other suitable probe)
- film patches may be used, such as PVDF
- PVDF polyvinyldifluoride
- PVDF is a rectangular patch of film. Its principle of operation is similar to that of PZT. PVDF is a linear patch of film. Its principle of operation is similar to that of PZT. PVDF is a linear patch of film. Its principle of operation is similar to that of PZT. PVDF is a linear patch of film. Its principle of operation is similar to that of PZT. PVDF is a linear patch of film. Its principle of operation is similar to that of PZT. PVDF is a rectangular patch of film. Its principle of operation is similar to that of PZT. PVDF is a linear patch of film. Its principle of operation is similar to that of PZT. PVDF is a linear patch of film. Its principle of operation is similar to that of PZT. PVDF is a linear patch of film. Its principle of operation is similar to that of PZT. PVDF is a linear patch of film. Its principle of operation is similar to that of PZT. PVDF is a linear patch of film. Its principle of
- the catheter 100 can be fabricated from any suitable polymer.
- the piezoelectric crystals 110 can be incorporated into the polymer during manufacture.
- the piezoelectric crystals 110 can be any suitable piezoelectric crystals 110 .
- the crystals are preferably mounted on a suitable lossy backing
- the crystals 110 can also be any crystals 110 to which electrical conductors 140 are connected.
- the crystals 110 can also be any crystals 110 to which electrical conductors 140 are connected.
- the crystals 110 can also be any crystals 110 to which electrical conductors 140 are connected.
- the crystals 110 can also be any crystals 110 to which electrical conductors 140 are connected.
- the crystals 110 can also be any crystals 110 to which electrical conductors 140 are connected.
- the crystals 110 can also be any crystals 110 to which electrical conductors 140 are connected.
- dome-shaped polymer lens 150 affixed thereto.
- the intravascular ultrasound catheter can be easily
- the angiologist can better treat the lesions and reduce the
- the biopsy "bites" are taken from the wrong part of the heart, liver, breast or other
- tissue or organ to be sampled In the case of the heart, sometimes a piece of the
- angiograms x-ray images, or ultrasound image sets and real time overlay of the
- the biopsy procedure itself can be made more precise and safe.
- instrument consists of an articulating metallic arm that is rigidly affixed to a surgical
- Each of the joints in the arm has an angular position sensor so that the 3-D
- coordinates of the tip can be calculated from the joint sensors.
- the head and the image can be registered with each other. The probe is then
- present invention involves placing reference transducers anywhere on the patient's head, and several transducers on the probe. As the probe is inserted into the head, its
- transducers affixed to the head can be imaged along with the patient, simplifying the
- the onset of labor can be a well controlled process.
- mothers through labor can be monitored remotely by a few nurses at a central station.
- the obstetrician is thus able to predict which patient is due to deliver at what time and
- Knee stability can be assessed through manual
- the relative motion of the joints can be measured quantitatively during normal gait
Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP53832198A JP3614864B2 (en) | 1997-03-07 | 1998-03-06 | 3D digital ultrasonic tracking system |
EP98910917A EP0965051A1 (en) | 1997-03-07 | 1998-03-06 | Three-dimensional tracking and imaging system |
AU65140/98A AU6514098A (en) | 1997-03-07 | 1998-03-06 | Three-dimensional tracking and imaging system |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US08/813,662 | 1997-03-07 | ||
US08/813,662 US6019725A (en) | 1997-03-07 | 1997-03-07 | Three-dimensional tracking and imaging system |
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WO1998039668A1 true WO1998039668A1 (en) | 1998-09-11 |
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PCT/IB1998/000528 WO1998039668A1 (en) | 1997-03-07 | 1998-03-06 | Three-dimensional tracking and imaging system |
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US (1) | US6019725A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0965051A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP3614864B2 (en) |
AU (1) | AU6514098A (en) |
WO (1) | WO1998039668A1 (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP2000510251A (en) | 2000-08-08 |
AU6514098A (en) | 1998-09-22 |
JP3614864B2 (en) | 2005-01-26 |
US6019725A (en) | 2000-02-01 |
EP0965051A1 (en) | 1999-12-22 |
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