WO1993020628A1 - Slot hopped fd/td/cdma - Google Patents

Slot hopped fd/td/cdma Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1993020628A1
WO1993020628A1 PCT/US1993/001224 US9301224W WO9320628A1 WO 1993020628 A1 WO1993020628 A1 WO 1993020628A1 US 9301224 W US9301224 W US 9301224W WO 9320628 A1 WO9320628 A1 WO 9320628A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
slot
frequency
sequencing
tdma
wireless
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1993/001224
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Eugene J. Bruckert
Original Assignee
Motorola, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Motorola, Inc. filed Critical Motorola, Inc.
Priority to AU36634/93A priority Critical patent/AU653679B2/en
Priority to KR1019930703483A priority patent/KR0134221B1/en
Priority to DE4391438T priority patent/DE4391438T1/en
Priority to DE4391438A priority patent/DE4391438C2/en
Priority to GB9321738A priority patent/GB2271488B/en
Publication of WO1993020628A1 publication Critical patent/WO1993020628A1/en
Priority to SE9303928A priority patent/SE517311C2/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/24—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts
    • H04B7/26—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts at least one of which is mobile
    • H04B7/2643—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts at least one of which is mobile using time-division multiple access [TDMA]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
    • H04B1/713—Spread spectrum techniques using frequency hopping
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
    • H04B1/713—Spread spectrum techniques using frequency hopping
    • H04B1/7143—Arrangements for generation of hop patterns
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
    • H04B1/713—Spread spectrum techniques using frequency hopping
    • H04B1/715—Interference-related aspects
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
    • H04B1/713—Spread spectrum techniques using frequency hopping
    • H04B1/715—Interference-related aspects
    • H04B2001/7154—Interference-related aspects with means for preventing interference
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J13/00—Code division multiplex systems
    • H04J13/16—Code allocation

Definitions

  • This invention is concerned with channel allocation for high capacity and spectral efficiency.
  • this invention is concerned with slow hopping in the time as well as frequency domain.
  • FDMA Multiple Access
  • the set of available cellular carrier frequencies was distributed among the various sites that make up the repeating reuse pattern that is characteristic of the stereotypical cellular honeycomb pattern.
  • the frequencies were distributed in such a way so as to minimize interference from adjacent channels, and from co-channel uses of the same frequency at the reuse distance.
  • This process of minimizing adjacent and co-channel interference is called cellular frequency planning.
  • a variety of techniques have been developed for avoiding this frequency planning and improving capacity and trunking efficiency by striving for a w one-site repeat" — namely, that all frequencies are capable of being used non-interferingly at each and every cell site.
  • each FDMA radio carrier was subdivided into Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) "time slots" in a repeating frame of slots where several different subscribers use the same carrier frequency time- multiplexed to carry their compressed, digitized speech.
  • TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
  • a subscriber is allocated a certain repetitive time slot on a single carrier frequency for the duration of his call.
  • these TDMA systems are so well organized in the time domain, they provided opportunities for co ⁇ ordination of the frequency and space domains such that "single site repetition" can be realized.
  • Certain of these TDMA system designs contemplate frequency hopping, but for purposes of noise and interference reduction, not necessarily for achieving one-site repetition and avoidance of frequency planning.
  • the subscriber Rather than the subscriber being allocated a designated time slot per frame on a single carrier frequency, he is allocated a designated time slot and a frequency hopping sequence.
  • the allocation of these sequences constitutes a "code”, thus comprising a subset of the field of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems.
  • CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
  • these sequences typically "walk” the synthesizer sequentially through the available radio spectrum. All subscribers typically have a staggered start on this walk through the frequencies so as to be non-interfering or "orthogonal” — such that no two transmissions are on the same frequency at the same time in the same cell.
  • This invention takes as its object to overcome these shortcomings and to realize certain advantages presented below.
  • FD/TDMA wireless frequency and time division multiple access
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary slot-hop sequence in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the apparatus for executing both slot and frequency hopping in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary slot-hop sequence for half- and full-rate coded speech in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the hopping of a subscriber in a simplex mode of operation and the monitoring problem mitigated by the sequences of Figure 3.
  • This invention takes as its object to address this problem of hopping over limited spectrum (that ordinarily severely hampers the introduction of one-site reuse) .
  • the interference can be probabalistically reduced by hopping over time slots as well as over frequencies.
  • a subscriber would not be allocated the same time slot from frame to frame, but would change his slot assignment from frame to frame.
  • the effect would be to probablistically ' reduce the interference, not only by the number of hopping frequencies, but by a factor of the number of time slots per frame.
  • the effect of slot-hopping would be to reduce the probabilities of interference from frequency-related collisions (and further probablistically reduce the interference) by a factor of eight.
  • the problems associated with slot hopping are manifold:
  • the radio's synthesizer In frequency-hopped (non-slot-hopped) TDMA systems, the radio's synthesizer has ample time, perhaps up to the duration of an entire frame, over which to hop to the next frequency. In slot-hopped systems, synthesizer demands are greater due to the (now) random time interval between hops.
  • the slot allocation scheme cannot hop a subscriber through to the next frame (thereby skipping a frame) or advance his slot assignment such that he is assigned two slots -per frame (and thereby exceed the frame capacity) .
  • Pre-existing non-slot-hopped schemes must be accommodated within the slot-hopping scheme.
  • the instant invention mitigates these adverse effects of slot-hopping while realizing the potential advantages of one-site repetition and the avoidance of frequency planning.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary slot-hop sequence in accordance with the invention. It illustrates the same slot-hop scheme executed over successive frames simultaneously by all of the original occupants of each of the initial time slots.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a slot-hopping scheme by which the slot assignment is cyclically walked to the end of the frame by twos and then by one, then walked backward by two slots and then by one back to the beginning of the frame. So, with respect to one subscriber that begins
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the apparatus for executing both slot and frequency hopping in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a radio transceiver (XCVR) 10 having a channel transcoder (XCODER) 11 that accepts input from, say, a microphone (MIC) 12.
  • the transcoder prepares segments of digitized speech and organizes them in slot order for transmission.
  • the transceiver contains a synthesized frequency modulator (SYNTH) 13 that accepts the blocked and transcoded speech and modulates it for transmission over the RF carrier at the sequence of frequencies designated in the frequency- hopping sequence by the frequency sequencer (FREQ SEQ'R) 14.
  • SYNTH synthesized frequency modulator
  • the instant invention requires the introduction into this largely conventional transceiver architecture of a hopping sequencer (HOP SEQ'R) 15 to coordinate the timing of a slot sequencer (SLOT SEQ'R) 16 and the frequency sequencer (FREQ SEQ'R) 14.
  • the slot sequencer (SLOT SEQ'R) 16 coordinates the transcoding (XCODER) 11 into the particular sequence of slots required by a scheme like that of Figure 1.
  • the receive process at the other transceiver (XCVR) 20 in the reconstruction and reproduction of the speech at the speaker (SPKR) 21 on the other end of the RF link is an exactly reciprocal mirror image of the transmit process; all sequencers are primed with the very same frequency and slot sequencing information.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary slot-hop sequence for both half- and full-rate coded speech in accordance with the invention. It illustrates a columnar doubling of the sequences of Figure 1 to accommodate half-rate coded speech.
  • the cycle also incorporates slot hops (as prime with respect to frequency hops) .
  • Backward slot hops particularly frustrate the monitoring part of the cycle.
  • a subscriber (SUB) attempting to hop "backwardly" from slot 5 to slot 3 in the next frame would be unable to monitor MAHO channels for handover candidacy as there would be insufficient time to return to slot 3 (shown impossibly as negative time) .
  • the columnar doubling illustrated in Figure 3 has the advantage of reclaiming some of that monitoring capability (at least with respect to full-rate subscribers) by (full-rate subscribers) remaining in the same time slot for two frames.
  • FD/TDMA wireless frequency and time division multiple access

Abstract

In a wireless frequency and time division multiple access (FD/TDMA) communications system having time-slotted communications channels, there is provided a method of and apparatus for hopping wireless communications. It comprises sequencing slot assignments (SLOT SEQ'R) and sequencing frequency assignments (FREQSEQ'R) such that a multiplicity of frequencies are thereby usable at each site of a cellular FD/TDMA system without regard to local partitioning among surrounding uses thereof. The effect would be probabilistically reduce the interference, not only by the number of hopping frequencies, but by a factor of the number of time slots per frame.

Description

SLOT HOPPED FD/TD/CDMA
Field of -the Invention
This invention is concerned with channel allocation for high capacity and spectral efficiency.
More particularly, in a cellular radiotelephone system, this invention is concerned with slow hopping in the time as well as frequency domain.
Background of the Invention
Traditionally, the cellular radio spectrum was partitioned by frequency as a Frequency Division
Multiple Access (FDMA) system. The set of available cellular carrier frequencies was distributed among the various sites that make up the repeating reuse pattern that is characteristic of the stereotypical cellular honeycomb pattern. The frequencies were distributed in such a way so as to minimize interference from adjacent channels, and from co-channel uses of the same frequency at the reuse distance. This process of minimizing adjacent and co-channel interference is called cellular frequency planning. A variety of techniques have been developed for avoiding this frequency planning and improving capacity and trunking efficiency by striving for a wone-site repeat" — namely, that all frequencies are capable of being used non-interferingly at each and every cell site. For them to be used non-interferingly, various techniques must be employed, involving intra- cell space/time/frequency co-ordination and probabilistic reduction of intercellular interference. As higher capacities were demanded of cellular systems, each FDMA radio carrier was subdivided into Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) "time slots" in a repeating frame of slots where several different subscribers use the same carrier frequency time- multiplexed to carry their compressed, digitized speech. Ordinarily, a subscriber is allocated a certain repetitive time slot on a single carrier frequency for the duration of his call.
Since these TDMA systems are so well organized in the time domain, they provided opportunities for co¬ ordination of the frequency and space domains such that "single site repetition" can be realized. Certain of these TDMA system designs contemplate frequency hopping, but for purposes of noise and interference reduction, not necessarily for achieving one-site repetition and avoidance of frequency planning. Rather than the subscriber being allocated a designated time slot per frame on a single carrier frequency, he is allocated a designated time slot and a frequency hopping sequence. The allocation of these sequences constitutes a "code", thus comprising a subset of the field of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems. To ease the burden on frequency synthesizers in subscriber equipment, these sequences typically "walk" the synthesizer sequentially through the available radio spectrum. All subscribers typically have a staggered start on this walk through the frequencies so as to be non-interfering or "orthogonal" — such that no two transmissions are on the same frequency at the same time in the same cell.
If these hopping sequences are co-ordinated (spatially) with surrounding cells, the necessary coordination will have been realized in space, time, and frequency. Thus, all of the frequencies can theoretically be used in every cell, achieving a "single site repeat".
However, a problem arises from the phased introduction of these FD/TD/CDMA systems. Typically, there is initially very limited-radio spectrum available for any new systems; and that meager spectrum that is allocated is typically apportioned among various competing operators in one locale. Thus, the opportunities for managing interference in either frequency, time, or space is severely limited.
This invention takes as its object to overcome these shortcomings and to realize certain advantages presented below.
Summary of the Invention
In a wireless frequency and time division multiple access (FD/TDMA) communications system having time- slotted communications channels, there is provided a method of and apparatus for hopping wireless communications. It comprises sequencing slot assignments and sequencing frequency assignments, such that a multiplicity of frequencies are thereby usable at each site of a cellular FD/TDMA system without regard to local partitioning among surrounding uses thereof. The effect would be to probabilistically reduce the interference, not only by the number of hopping frequencies, but by a factor of the number of time slots per frame. Brief Description of the Drawings
Additional objects, features and advantages of the invention will be more clearly understood and the best mode contemplated for practicing it in its preferred embodiment will be appreciated (by way of unrestricted example) from the following detailed description, taken together with the drawings in which:
Figure 1 (FIG. 1) illustrates an exemplary slot-hop sequence in accordance with the invention.
Figure 2 (FIG. 2) is a block diagram of the apparatus for executing both slot and frequency hopping in accordance with the invention.
Figure 3 (FIG. 3) illustrates an exemplary slot-hop sequence for half- and full-rate coded speech in accordance with the invention.
Figure 4 (FIG. 4) illustrates the hopping of a subscriber in a simplex mode of operation and the monitoring problem mitigated by the sequences of Figure 3.
Detailed Description
This invention takes as its object to address this problem of hopping over limited spectrum (that ordinarily severely hampers the introduction of one-site reuse) .
Where the number of frequencies over which to hop is limited and results in too great a likelihood of recurrent and excessive interference with adjacent cells, the interference can be probabalistically reduced by hopping over time slots as well as over frequencies. In other words, a subscriber would not be allocated the same time slot from frame to frame, but would change his slot assignment from frame to frame. The effect would be to probablistically 'reduce the interference, not only by the number of hopping frequencies, but by a factor of the number of time slots per frame. In the European GSM system, having eight slots per frame, the effect of slot-hopping would be to reduce the probabilities of interference from frequency-related collisions (and further probablistically reduce the interference) by a factor of eight. However, the problems associated with slot hopping are manifold:
In frequency-hopped (non-slot-hopped) TDMA systems, the radio's synthesizer has ample time, perhaps up to the duration of an entire frame, over which to hop to the next frequency. In slot-hopped systems, synthesizer demands are greater due to the (now) random time interval between hops.
Slot-hop sequences that would have the subscriber hop to the immediately adjacent time slots in the next frame must be removed from the slot assignment scheme while operating in a simplex mode.
Due to the delay due to the signal's propagation, the slot allocation scheme cannot hop a subscriber through to the next frame (thereby skipping a frame) or advance his slot assignment such that he is assigned two slots -per frame (and thereby exceed the frame capacity) . Pre-existing non-slot-hopped schemes must be accommodated within the slot-hopping scheme.
To account for the variability (in time) of slot reception, nearly a full frame of delay may be necessary to allow for the worst case of these "accordion-" or "rubber-banding-" type effects.
The instant invention mitigates these adverse effects of slot-hopping while realizing the potential advantages of one-site repetition and the avoidance of frequency planning.
Figure 1 (FIG. 1) illustrates an exemplary slot-hop sequence in accordance with the invention. It illustrates the same slot-hop scheme executed over successive frames simultaneously by all of the original occupants of each of the initial time slots.
Figure 1 illustrates a slot-hopping scheme by which the slot assignment is cyclically walked to the end of the frame by twos and then by one, then walked backward by two slots and then by one back to the beginning of the frame. So, with respect to one subscriber that begins
(K) at, say, slot 2, in successive frames (K+l, K+2, ... ) , he would walk forward by twos (2, 4, 6) and then by one (7) to the end of the frame and then backward by twos (7, 5, 3, 1) and then by one (0) back the beginning of the frame, and again forward by twos (2) , ad infinitυm.
In establishing the slot-hopping scheme, it is to be noted that the greatest amount of randomization (and therefore the probablistically least interference) is accomplished by making slot-hopping prime with respect to the frequency hopping. In other words, each frequency is reused by each subscriber a number of times (a factor of the number of time slots) before using the next frequency, therefore there is a multiplicative effect by hopping the slot before hopping the frequencies. Thus, frequencies would be hopped just prior to K and just after K+7 (FIG. 1) or K+15 (FIG. 3) .
Moreover, particularly where adjacent sites are synchronous with the site of interest, all slot/frequency sequences ought to be staggered with respect to one another to probablistically reduce the likelihood of slot/frequency interference.
Figure 2 (FIG. 2) is a block diagram of the apparatus for executing both slot and frequency hopping in accordance with the invention.
Figure 2 illustrates a radio transceiver (XCVR) 10 having a channel transcoder (XCODER) 11 that accepts input from, say, a microphone (MIC) 12. The transcoder prepares segments of digitized speech and organizes them in slot order for transmission. The transceiver contains a synthesized frequency modulator (SYNTH) 13 that accepts the blocked and transcoded speech and modulates it for transmission over the RF carrier at the sequence of frequencies designated in the frequency- hopping sequence by the frequency sequencer (FREQ SEQ'R) 14. The instant invention requires the introduction into this largely conventional transceiver architecture of a hopping sequencer (HOP SEQ'R) 15 to coordinate the timing of a slot sequencer (SLOT SEQ'R) 16 and the frequency sequencer (FREQ SEQ'R) 14. The slot sequencer (SLOT SEQ'R) 16, in turn, coordinates the transcoding (XCODER) 11 into the particular sequence of slots required by a scheme like that of Figure 1. The receive process at the other transceiver (XCVR) 20 in the reconstruction and reproduction of the speech at the speaker (SPKR) 21 on the other end of the RF link is an exactly reciprocal mirror image of the transmit process; all sequencers are primed with the very same frequency and slot sequencing information.
With the advance of speech coding technology, the TDMA systems to which this invention has been applied envision speech coders that are able to code the speech in half the number of bits. Thus, digitized speech need only be transmitted in every other frame. This "half- rate coded speech" can be accommodated (and intermixed with full-rate coded speech) with the scheme illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 3 (FIG. 3) illustrates an exemplary slot-hop sequence for both half- and full-rate coded speech in accordance with the invention. It illustrates a columnar doubling of the sequences of Figure 1 to accommodate half-rate coded speech.
Frequency-hopped TDMA systems with subscriber-(Mobile-) Assisted Handover (MAHO) and adjacent cell support regularly go through a cycle of: frequency hop, slot receive, slot transmit, slot monitor (for handover candidacy) and frequency hop again, ad infinitum. Using the instant invention, the cycle also incorporates slot hops (as prime with respect to frequency hops) . Backward slot hops particularly frustrate the monitoring part of the cycle. As illustrated in Figure 4 (FIG. 4), a subscriber (SUB) attempting to hop "backwardly" from slot 5 to slot 3 in the next frame would be unable to monitor MAHO channels for handover candidacy as there would be insufficient time to return to slot 3 (shown impossibly as negative time) . However, the columnar doubling illustrated in Figure 3 has the advantage of reclaiming some of that monitoring capability (at least with respect to full-rate subscribers) by (full-rate subscribers) remaining in the same time slot for two frames.
In a wireless frequency and time division multiple access (FD/TDMA) communications system having time- slotted communications channels, there has been provided a method of and apparatus for hopping wireless communications. It comprises sequencing slot assignments and sequencing frequency assignments, such that a multiplicity of frequencies are thereby usable at each site of a cellular FD/TDMA system without regard to local partitioning among surrounding uses thereof. The effect would be to probablistically reduce the interference, not only by the number of hopping frequencies, but by a factor of the number of time slots per frame. The attendant advantages of this invention have been presented throughout.
While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been described and shown, it will be appreciated by those skilled in this field that other variations and modifications of this invention may be implemented within the fundamental precepts presented. For example, a mechanism could be provided to otherwise randomize the slot/frequency hop rule established herein (as by table look-up, for example) .
These and all other variations and adaptations are expected to fall within the ambit of the appended claims.

Claims

SLOT HOPPED FD/TD/CDMAClaimsWhat I/we claim and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:
1. In a wireless frequency and time division multiple access (FD/TDMA) communications system having time- slotted communications channels, a hopped wireless communications device comprising, operatively coupled in series:
means for sequencing slot assignments of such wireless device across the slots within a TDMA frame of slots;
means for sequencing frequency assignments of such wireless device;
and means for co-ordinating between slot and frequency sequencing, whereby a multiplicity of frequencies are thereby usable at each site of a cellular FD/TDMA system without regard to local partitioning among surrounding uses thereof.
2. In a wireless frequency and time division multiple access (FD/TDMA) communications system having time- slotted communications channels, a hopped wireless communications device comprising, operatively coupled in series:
means for sequencing slot assignments of such wireless device and means for sequencing frequency assignments of such wireless device.
3. A device as claimed in claim 2, wherein slot sequencing is prime with respect to frequency sequencing.
4. A device as claimed in claim 3, wherein such primacy is established by co-ordination between slot and frequency sequencing.
5. A device as claimed in claim 2, wherein slots are cyclically allocated forwardly and backwardly across the slots within a TDMA frame of slots.
6. A method as claimed in claim 2, wherein immediate repetition of slot assignments is related to the frame allocation rate.
7. A device as claimed in claim 2, wherein immediate repetition of slot assignments is related to the frame allocation rate such that doubling accommodates both full-rate and half-rate hopping.
8. In a wireless frequency and time division multiple access (FD/TDMA) communications system having time- slotted communications channels, a method of hopping wireless communications comprising:
sequencing slot assignments
and sequencing frequency assignments, whereby a multiplicity of frequencies are thereby usable at each site of a cellular FD/TDMA system without regard to local partitioning among surrounding uses thereof.
9. A method as claimed in claim 8, wherein frequencies are used at adjacent sites in a cellular FD/TDMA system without regard to local partitioning among surrounding uses thereof.
PCT/US1993/001224 1992-03-27 1993-02-05 Slot hopped fd/td/cdma WO1993020628A1 (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU36634/93A AU653679B2 (en) 1992-03-27 1993-02-05 Slot hopped FD/TD/CDMA
KR1019930703483A KR0134221B1 (en) 1992-03-27 1993-02-05 Hopping radio communication method and apparatus in the radio fd/td multi-access communication sytem
DE4391438T DE4391438T1 (en) 1992-03-27 1993-02-05 Window jumping at FD / TD / CDMA
DE4391438A DE4391438C2 (en) 1992-03-27 1993-02-05 Method of assigning communication channels
GB9321738A GB2271488B (en) 1992-03-27 1993-02-05 A hopped wireless communication device and method
SE9303928A SE517311C2 (en) 1992-03-27 1993-11-26 Communication system with gap jump

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07859175 US5291475B1 (en) 1992-03-27 1992-03-27 Slot hopped fd/td/cmda
US859,175 1992-03-27

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1993020628A1 true WO1993020628A1 (en) 1993-10-14

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Country Status (11)

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US (1) US5291475B1 (en)
JP (1) JP2816598B2 (en)
KR (1) KR0134221B1 (en)
AU (1) AU653679B2 (en)
DE (2) DE4391438T1 (en)
FR (1) FR2690024B1 (en)
GB (1) GB2271488B (en)
HK (1) HK1000820A1 (en)
MX (1) MX9301719A (en)
SE (1) SE517311C2 (en)
WO (1) WO1993020628A1 (en)

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