WO1993005194A1

WO1993005194A1 - Method for the production of compositionally graded coatings

Info

Publication number: WO1993005194A1
Application number: PCT/US1992/007403
Authority: WO
Inventors: Igor Vasilievich Gorynin; Boris Vladimirovich Farmakovsky; Alexander Pavlovich Khinsky; Karina Vasilievna Kalogina; Alfredo V. Riviere; Julian Szekely; Navtej Singh Saluja
Original assignee: Technalum Research, Inc.
Priority date: 1991-09-05
Filing date: 1992-09-02
Publication date: 1993-03-18
Also published as: US5362523A

Abstract

The method for preparing a coating with a continuous compositional gradient includes introducing at least first and second powders into a plasma torch at separately controllable variable feed rates for each powder and co-depositing the at least first and second powders on the substrate and adjusting the relative feed rates of the first and second powders such that a smooth continuous compositional grading is achieved in the coating. The compositional gradient can follow a linear, exponential or variable function. A sublayer may be deposited onto the substrate prior to deposition of the compositionally graded layer. Additional materials that impart other desirable properties to the layer can be added with the layer or applied after deposition of the layer. Choice of atmosphere during deposition includes vacuum, inert atmosphere, and oxidizing, carburizing and boriding atmospheres.

Description

Method for the Production of Compositionally Graded Coatings

Background of the Invention

The present invention relates to coatings having a continuous compositional gradient and methods for their preparation. The present invention further relates to the formation of stable interfaces between two materials having large differences in their physical properties, specifically, thermal expansion coefficients.

For many applications, i.e., catalysts, wear-resistant and tribological articles, it is necessary to join two materials with very different physical characteristics. This is particularly the case for ceramic-coated metals. The differences in thermal expansion coefficients and ductility makes the materials particularly susceptible to mechanical and thermal shock leading to delamination or spalling of the coating layers.

In an attempt to alleviate this problem, an interlayer with intermediate chemical and physical properties is used. As a further refinement of this process, several layers with varying physical and chemical properties are applied between the substrate and coating.

US Patent No. 3,620,808 discloses the formation of a thermal emissivity coating on a metallic substrate. To reduce thermal shock and improve handleability, several discrete coatings, each containing successively higher amounts of the emissivity material, are applied onto a nickel-aluminum interlayer. The balance of material in each coating layer is nickel-aluminum. Although the specimen shows improved thermal shock resistance, the composition of the layers are still discontinuous at the interlayer/coating and coating/coating interfaces. This limits their utility with materials of greatly differing thermal expansion values.

It is therefore advantageous to overcome the limitations of the prior art and to provide a method for forming thermally and physically stable interfaces between materials with different physical properties. Summary of the Invention

It is the object of the present invention to prepare articles with high mechanical and thermal shock resistance. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method for preparing coatings with a continuous compositional gradient.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a coating with a continuous compositional gradient is prepared by introducing a first and second powder into a plasma torch at separately controllable variable feed rates for each powder. The two powders are co-deposited onto the metal substrate. The relative feed rates of the first and second powders are adjusted such that a smooth continuous compositional grading is achieved in the coating. The first powder preferably has a composition substantially similar to that of the substrate. Each of the first and second powders can be composed of one or more compounds.

When the powders are reactive in air, i.e., metals, the deposition is carried out under an inert atmosphere. If, however, it is desirable to deposit a metal oxide, then an oxide powder or an oxidizable metal can be deposited in air or oxygen. The metal will oxidize to the corresponding metal oxide. The amount of oxygen can be varied during the course of the deposition to promote a gradient of the oxidized and unoxidized components. Boriding, carburizing and nitriding atmospheres can also be used. Deposition can also be carried out in a vacuum.

In another aspect of the present invention, a sublayer is deposited prior to deposition of the compositionally graded layer. The sublayer should have good adherence to the metal substrate. The sublayer can be applied by conventional physical and chemical deposition methods. The sublayer can be a metal or combination of metals or an intermetallic compound. The firs powder preferably has substantially the same composition as the sublayer. The first powder also can contain a precursor capable of being converted into the compound of the second powder under the processing conditions of the plasma deposition. The second powder is any ceramic material such as metal oxides, metal carbides, metal nitrides and metal borides. The first and second powders are introduced into a plasma torch at separably controllable feed rates for each powder. The relative feed rates for both powders are adjusted such that a smooth continuous compositional gradient is achieved in the coating.

In a preferred embodiment, means are provided for feeding an additional one or more powders into said plasma torch during the compositionally graded co-deposition of the first and second powders whereby the additional powders are incorporated into the coating. The additional powders are introduced mixed with either the first or second powders or from a third feeder. The powders can be crystalline or amorphous, they can be filler material or they can impart desirable properties to the layer. They are required only to be non-reactive with respect to the first and second powders and to be stable under the processing conditions of plasma spray deposition.

In a preferred embodiment, the powders can be fed into the cool or hot zones of the plasma torch resulting in powders with different exit velocities from the torch. The density of the resulting layer is in part controlled by the exit velocity of the impinging particles.

Articles prepared according to the present invention are exceptionally stable to mechanical and thermal shock. In addition, the process is highly flexible and can allow for the use of a wide range of starting materials and end uses. For example, it is possible to apply a porous outer surface for increased catalytic activity or, alternately, a tough outer surface for abrasion resistance.

Brief Description of the Drawing In the Drawing:

Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of the plasma spray apparatus used for deposition of a compositionally graded coating;

Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of the plasma spray apparatus used for deposition of a sublayer and compositionally graded coating; Figure 3 shows a cross-sectional view of a typical coating obtained from the method of the present invention; and

Figure 4 shows a graph of thickness profile ι>. composition. Description of the Preferred Embodiment

It is known that flame sprayed or plasma sprayed metal or metal oxide powders can be applied in varying thicknesses to a variety of metallic substrates. The flame spraying of these materials includes feeding the powder particles through a high temperature flame of about 3000 °C where they are softened and subsequently deposited onto a substrate. This invention uses these known high temperature spraying systems in a deposition process such that the method of depositing these powders imparts highly desirably properties to the final article. In accordance with this invention, a layer having a smooth continuous compositional gradient is deposited onto a suitable substrate or sublayer. Suitable substrates are ceramic materials or metals such as stainless steel, low alloy steel, TD nickel and nickel alloys such as Inconel 600, Hastelloy and Haynes 25. Suitable sublayers are preferably metals or intermetalHc compounds. Suitable first powders should have substantially the same composition as the substrate or sublayer upon which it is deposited. Suitable second powders can be any metal oxide, metal carbide, metal nitride or metal boride or a precursor therefor, which is converted into the desired material under the deposition conditions. Referring to Figure 1, which illustrates a plasma spray apparatus

10 used for the coating process of the present invention, a first powder 11 is introduced into a deposition chamber 12 from a feeder 13 which is equipped with means of variably controlling the powder feed rate (not shown). A second powder 14 is introduced into the deposition chamber 12 from feeder a 15 which is also equipped with means of variably controlling the powder feed rate (not shown). Powders 11 and 14 are directed into a strea 16 of a plasma torch flame where they melt or at least soften. They are then accelerated onto a substrate 17 where they form a compositionally graded coating 18 of the present invention. The compositional gradient of the layer 18 is achieved by varying the relative amounts of powders 11 and 14 from substantially only powder 11 at the substrate interface to substantially only 14 at the outermost surface. The steepness of the compositional gradient is a function of the difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion for powders 11 and 14. The stress generated by each incremental change in composition must be small enough so that there is no failure during use. If the difference in thermal expansion coefficients is large, the gradient must be small to minimize stress. If the difference in thermal expansion coefficients is small, then the gradient can be steeper with no detrimental affect to the performance of the layer. A linear compositional gradient is most preferred, although gradients that vary exponentially or by any other equation are possible. It is also possible to prepare layers with fluctuating gradients, that is, with the cyclic increasing and decreasing ofthe first and second powders.

The compositionally graded layers are typically 20-50 μm thick. At thicknesses much greater than 50 μm, the mechanical properties of the coating, such as mechanical shock resistance, degrade.

The deposition of a sublayer 19 can be easily incorporated into the method shown in Figure 2. Accordingly, first powder 11 is introduced alone into the deposition chamber 12 from feeder 13 which is equipped with means of controlling the powder feed rate. Powder 11 is directed into stream 16 ofthe plasma torch flame where it melts or at least softens. It is then accelerated onto the substrate 17. After a sufficient thickness (ca. 20 μm) has been deposited, the second feeder 15 is turned on and the process continues as described above, resulting in sublayer 19 interposed between substrate 17 and compositionally graded coating 18. Figure 3 shows a typical coated article 20 prepared according to the method of the invention. An optional sublayer 21 is deposited on a substrate 22. A compositionally graded coating 23 is then deposited as described above to give a region 24 that has a composition substantially similar to that of the substrate or sublayer and has a smooth continuous gradient to the outermost region 25 that has a composition substantially similar to that of the second powder. Figure 4 is a graph 30 showing the composition of layer 23 across the thickness profile. A horizontal line 31 designates the outermost surface of layer 23. A curve 32 shows a linear change in composition of the second powder from near 0 wt % second powder near the region 24 to near 100 wt second powder near the region 25. A second curve 33 shows the composition ofthe first powder in regions 24 and 25.

It is also possible to incorporate additional powders 20 into the compositionally graded layer. Referring to Figures 1 and 2, these powders can be added directly to the second powder or can be added in a third feeder 21. Additional powders are added to impart desirable properties to the graded coating.. They can be catalysts (various metal oxides) or stabilizers or abrasion resistant materials (refractory metal carbides and nitrides).

An important role ofthe additional powders is to control porosity in the graded layer. Such porosity producing powders are metal carbonates or hydroxides that give off gas or vapor during decomposition. By releasing C0₂ or H₂0 at the surface, pores and cavities are formed with diameter of 0.5-5.0 μm. In an ideal situation, the metal carbonate decomposes to a metal oxide whose presence is desired in the layer because it serves a secondary purpose, thereby avoiding contamination of the layer with undesirable decomposition products.

The plasma flame is not of one uniform temperature. If powders are fed into the hot zone near the center of the flame, they will exit the flame with a higher velocity than powders fed into the cooler zones ofthe flame. When particles impinge the substrate at higher velocities, the porosity of the resulting layer is reduced. The same effect can be achieved by varying the power to the flame.

The second powder need not be in its end use form. It can be a precursor which, when heated in a reactive atmosphere in the deposition chamber, reacts to form the desired final product. For example, if one wanted to deposit aluminum oxide, fine aluminum powder is introduced into the chamber in an oxygen or air atmosphere. Metal nitrides could be formed by introducing a reactive form of the metal into an ammonia- containing atmosphere.

The following examples illustrate the versatility, utility and superior properties of articles prepared according to the method of the present invention. Example 1

Example 1 describes a method for preparing an article with a compositional gradient and a highly porous surface.

A sublayer was applied to a substrate of heat resistant 15Cr-5Al steel 50 μm in thickness and 100 mm in width. Argon was used as the plasma forming gas with a plasma escape rate of 800+50 m/s. A Ni-Al composite powder (80% Ni/20% Al; 20-50μm) was plasma sprayed to deposit the adhesive layer. The thickness of the applied adhesive layer was at least 20μm.

The compositionally graded coating was produced using a Ni-Al composite powder and γ-aluminum oxide as the first and second powders, respectively. The powders were fed into the plasma flame using simultaneously operating feeders having self-contained gears. Air was used as the plasma-foπmng gas, which has a plasma escape rate less than 500 m s (optimum 450H_50 m/s). One feeder supplied the γ-Al₂0₃ powder with a particle size of less than 10 μm (preferably 3-8 μm) and the other supplied the composite powder with a particle size less than 80 μm (preferably 40-50 μm).

The thickness ofthe applied layer was not greater 30 μm (preferably 20-25 μm). As the thickness of the layer increased, the amount of γ-Al₂0₃ powder was increased Unearly in the range of 0 to 100 wt% and the amount of composite Ni-Al powder supplied by other feeder was linearly reduced. Then, the feeder containing the Ni-Al composite powder was turned off and the spraying of γ-aluminum oxide powder in combination with manganese carbonate powder (particle size <10μm) began. Manganese carbonate was introduced from a third feeder. The powder ratio of γ-Al₂0₃ to MnCO_a ranged from (1.5-2.0) to 1. Heating MnC0₃ at 620° C lead to its decomposition to MnO and C0₂. The escaping C0₂ gas resulted in pore formation and the surface had a surface area of 50 m²/g using pycnometry.

Example 2 Example 2 describes a method for preparing an article with a compositional gradient suitable for use as a thermal emissivity coating. A coating was prepared on a 15Cr-5Al steel alloy substrate 100 mm wide and 50 μm thick. An adhesive layer 40 ± 5 μm thick was deposited on the substrate using a high velocity argon plasma spray. The adhesive layer contained 80 wt% nickel and 20 wt% aluminum. A compositionally graded coating of Ni-Al composite powder and

Zr0₂ (25 _r 5 μm) was subsequently deposited onto the sublayer. The coating was produced using a Ni-Al composite powder and zirconium oxide as the first and second powders, respectively. The powders were fed into tiie plasma flame using simultaneously operating feeders having self-contained gears. Air is used as the plasma-forming gas, which had a plasma escape rate less than 500 m/s (optimum.450+50 m/s). One feeder supplied the Zr0₂ powder and the other supplied the composite powder. As the thickness of the layer increased, the amount of Zr0₂ increased linearly from 0 to 100 wt% and the amount of Ni-Al powder decreased correspondingly so that the powder volume remained constant.

The phase composition ofthe compositionally graded coating was Ni, Ni₃Al, γ-Al₂0₃ and Zr0₂. A1₂0₃ was obtained from the oxidation of aluminum in the Ni-Al powders. The specific surface area of the outer layer containing Zr0₂ and γ-Al₂0₃ was 52 ± 5 m²/g. The adhesive strength of the article was determined qualitatively by the bending test method. The multilayer structure was not destroyed after bending around a cylinder of 1.2 mm.

Example 3 Example 3 describes a method for preparing an article with a compositionally graded layer containing a tough refractory metal nitride outer layer for wear-resistance.

A suitable substrate is that of Example 1, 15Cr-5Al steel. The coating is produced using a Ni powder and titanium dioxide as the first and second powders, respectively. Nickel is chosen for the first powder because of the similarity of its thermal expansion coefficent with that of the substrate and because it adheres well to the substrate. The powders are fed into the plasma flame using simultaneously operating feeders having self-contained gears. Air is used as the plasma-forming gas. The deposition chamber additionally contains 1-4 bar pressure of ammonia. As the thickness of the layer increased, the amount of Ti0₂ powder is increased linearly in the range 0-100wt% and the amount of composite Ni- Al powder supplied by other feeder is linearly reduced. In the presence of ammonia, titanium is deposited as titanium nitride on the substrate. Then, the feeder with the Ni-Al composite powder was turned off and the spraying of titanium dioxide powder alone begins. Thus a tough layer of TiN is deposited on the surface of the compositionally graded layer.

What is claimed is:

Claims

1. The method of preparing a coating with a compositional gradient on a substrate comprising: introducing at least first and second powders into a plasma torch at separately controllable variable feed rates for each powder and co- depositing the at least first and second powders on the substrate; and adjusting the relative feed rates of said first and second powders into said plasma torch such that a smooth continuous compositional grading is achieved in the coating.

2. The method of preparing a coating with a compositional gradient on a substrate comprising: providing a sublayer on the substrate, said sublayer adhering well to said substrate; introducing at least first and second powders into a plasma torch at separately controllable variable feed rates for each powder, and co-depositing the at least first and second powders on the sublayer; and adjusting the relative feed rates of said first and second powders into said plasma torch such that a smooth continuous compositional grading is achieved in the coating.

3. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein said first or second powder comprises a mixture of one or more compounds.

4. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein said deposition is carried out under inert atmosphere.

5. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein said deposition is carried out in air.

6. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein said deposition is carried out in oxygen.

7. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein said atmosphere for said deposition is chosen such that powders are deposited as borides, carbides or nitrides.

8. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein said deposition is carried out in a vacuum.

9. The method of claim 1 or 2 further comprising providing a means for feeding an additional one or more powders into said plasma torch and introducing said additional powders into said plasma torch during the compositionally-graded co-deposition of said first and second powders whereby said additional powders are incorporated into said coating.

10. The method of claim 1 or 2 further comprising providing a means for feeding an additional one or more powders into said plasma torch and introducing said additional powders into said plasma torch after the compositionally-graded co-deposition of said first and second powders whereby said additional powders are deposited on top of the compositionally graded coating.

11. The method of claim 9 wherein said additional powders are introduced into said plasma torch from the same feeder as said second powder.

12. The method of claim 10 wherein said additional powders are introduced into said plasma torch from the same feeder as said second powder.

13. The method of claim 9 wherein said additional powders are introduced into said plasma torch from a different feeder from said second powder.

14. The method of claim 9 wherein said additional powders are introduced into said plasma torch from a different feeder from said second powder.

15. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the pressure of the plasma torch is in the range of 1 to 4 bar.

16. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the plasma torch speed is greater than the speed of sound (340 m/s).

17. The method of claim 1 wherein said first powder has substantially the same composition as said substrate.

18. The method of claim 2 wherein said first powder has substantially the same composition as said sublayer.

19. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein said powders are fed into the hot zone of said plasma torch.

20. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein said powders are fed into the cool zone of said plasma torch.

21. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein said first powder is selected from the group containing transition metals, their alloys, and their intermetalHc compounds.

22. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein said first powder is a ceramic material.

23. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein said second powder is selected from the group containing metal oxides, metal carbides and metal borides, and their precursors.

24. The method of claim 9 wherein said additional powders are selected from the group comprising metal oxides, metal carbonates and metal hydroxides.

25. The method of claim 10 wherein said additional powders are selected from the group comprising metal oxides, metal carbonates and metal hydroxides.

26. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein said first or second powder contain a precursor to the desired final component of the compositionally graded layer, whereby in the presence of the deposition chamber atmosphere said precursor is converted to said desired final component and deposited onto said substrate or sublayer.

27. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein said substrate is a metal.

28. The method of claim 27 wherein said metal is selected from the group containing stainless steel, TD nickel and nickel alloys such as Inconel 600, Hastelloy and Haynes 25.

29. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein said substrate is a ceramic material.

30. A coated article with a compositionally graded layer having high thermal and mechanical shock resistance prepared according to the method of claim 1 or 2.

31. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein said compositional gradient follows a linear function.

32. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein said compositional gradient foHows an exponential function.

33. The method of claim 6 wherein the oxygen content is varied during the deposition.

34. The method of claim 2 wherein said sublayer is selected from the group consisting of a ceramic materials, metals or combination of metals and intermetalHc compounds.