US7794896B2 - Methods for making holographic data storage articles - Google Patents
Methods for making holographic data storage articles Download PDFInfo
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- US7794896B2 US7794896B2 US11/636,856 US63685606A US7794896B2 US 7794896 B2 US7794896 B2 US 7794896B2 US 63685606 A US63685606 A US 63685606A US 7794896 B2 US7794896 B2 US 7794896B2
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- radical
- optically transparent
- transparent substrate
- data storage
- photochemically active
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Classifications
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- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/02—Details of features involved during the holographic process; Replication of holograms without interference recording
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B7/00—Recording or reproducing by optical means, e.g. recording using a thermal beam of optical radiation by modifying optical properties or the physical structure, reproducing using an optical beam at lower power by sensing optical properties; Record carriers therefor
- G11B7/24—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material
- G11B7/241—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material characterised by the selection of the material
- G11B7/252—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material characterised by the selection of the material of layers other than recording layers
- G11B7/253—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material characterised by the selection of the material of layers other than recording layers of substrates
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B7/00—Recording or reproducing by optical means, e.g. recording using a thermal beam of optical radiation by modifying optical properties or the physical structure, reproducing using an optical beam at lower power by sensing optical properties; Record carriers therefor
- G11B7/004—Recording, reproducing or erasing methods; Read, write or erase circuits therefor
- G11B7/0045—Recording
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B7/00—Recording or reproducing by optical means, e.g. recording using a thermal beam of optical radiation by modifying optical properties or the physical structure, reproducing using an optical beam at lower power by sensing optical properties; Record carriers therefor
- G11B7/004—Recording, reproducing or erasing methods; Read, write or erase circuits therefor
- G11B7/0065—Recording, reproducing or erasing by using optical interference patterns, e.g. holograms
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B7/00—Recording or reproducing by optical means, e.g. recording using a thermal beam of optical radiation by modifying optical properties or the physical structure, reproducing using an optical beam at lower power by sensing optical properties; Record carriers therefor
- G11B7/24—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material
- G11B7/2403—Layers; Shape, structure or physical properties thereof
- G11B7/24035—Recording layers
- G11B7/24038—Multiple laminated recording layers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B7/00—Recording or reproducing by optical means, e.g. recording using a thermal beam of optical radiation by modifying optical properties or the physical structure, reproducing using an optical beam at lower power by sensing optical properties; Record carriers therefor
- G11B7/24—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material
- G11B7/2403—Layers; Shape, structure or physical properties thereof
- G11B7/24035—Recording layers
- G11B7/24044—Recording layers for storing optical interference patterns, e.g. holograms; for storing data in three dimensions, e.g. volume storage
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B7/00—Recording or reproducing by optical means, e.g. recording using a thermal beam of optical radiation by modifying optical properties or the physical structure, reproducing using an optical beam at lower power by sensing optical properties; Record carriers therefor
- G11B7/24—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material
- G11B7/241—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material characterised by the selection of the material
- G11B7/242—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material characterised by the selection of the material of recording layers
- G11B7/244—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material characterised by the selection of the material of recording layers comprising organic materials only
- G11B7/245—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material characterised by the selection of the material of recording layers comprising organic materials only containing a polymeric component
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B7/00—Recording or reproducing by optical means, e.g. recording using a thermal beam of optical radiation by modifying optical properties or the physical structure, reproducing using an optical beam at lower power by sensing optical properties; Record carriers therefor
- G11B7/24—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material
- G11B7/241—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material characterised by the selection of the material
- G11B7/242—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material characterised by the selection of the material of recording layers
- G11B7/244—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material characterised by the selection of the material of recording layers comprising organic materials only
- G11B7/246—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material characterised by the selection of the material of recording layers comprising organic materials only containing dyes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B7/00—Recording or reproducing by optical means, e.g. recording using a thermal beam of optical radiation by modifying optical properties or the physical structure, reproducing using an optical beam at lower power by sensing optical properties; Record carriers therefor
- G11B7/004—Recording, reproducing or erasing methods; Read, write or erase circuits therefor
- G11B7/005—Reproducing
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S430/00—Radiation imagery chemistry: process, composition, or product thereof
- Y10S430/146—Laser beam
Abstract
Description
wherein W is a divalent C2-C20 aliphatic radical, a C3-C50 aromatic radical, or a C3-C50 cycloaliphatic radical; and Ar4 and Ar5 are each independently a C2-C40 aromatic radical.
where ηi is diffraction efficiency of the ith hologram, and N is the number of recorded holograms. The experimental setup for M/# measurement for a test sample at a chosen wavelength, for example, at 532 nanometers or 405 nanometers involves positioning the testing sample on a rotary stage that is controlled by a computer. The rotary stage has a high angular resolution, for example, about 0.0001 degree. An M/# measurement involves two steps: recording and readout. At recording, multiple planewave holograms are recorded at the same location on the same sample. A plane wave hologram is a recorded interference pattern produced by a signal beam and a reference beam. The signal and reference beams are coherent to each other. They are both planewaves that have the same power and beam size, incident at the same location on the sample, and polarized in the same direction. Multiple planewave holograms are recorded by rotating the sample. Angular spacing between two adjacent holograms is about 0.2 degree. This spacing is chosen so that their impact to the previously recorded holograms, when multiplexing additional holograms, is minimal and at the same time, the usage of the total capacity of the media is efficient. Recording time for each hologram is generally the same in M/# measurements. At readout, the signal beam is blocked. The diffracted signal is measured using the reference beam and an amplified photo-detector. Diffracted power is measured by rotating the sample across the recording angle range with a step size of about 0.004 degree. The power of the reference beam used for readout is typically about 2-3 orders of magnitude smaller than that used at recording. This is to minimize hologram erasure during readout while maintaining a measurable diffracted signal. From the diffracted signal, the multiplexed holograms can be identified from the diffraction peaks at the hologram recording angles. The diffraction efficiency of the ith hologram, ηi, is then calculated by using equation (2):
where Pi, diffracted is the diffracted power of the ith hologram. M/# is then calculated using the diffraction efficiencies of the holograms and equation (1). Thus, a holographic plane wave characterization system may be used to test the characteristics of the data storage material, especially multiplexed holograms. Further, the characteristics of the data storage material can also be determined by measuring the diffraction efficiency.
wherein I is the intensity of the recording beam, “t” is the recording time, L is the thickness of the recording (or data storage) medium (example, disc), and η is the diffraction efficiency. Diffraction efficiency is given by equation (4),
wherein λ is the wavelength of light in the recording medium, θ is the recording angle in the media, and Δn is the refractive index contrast of the grating, which is produced by the recording process, wherein the dye molecule undergoes a photochemical conversion.
wherein N0 is the concentration in molecules per cubic centimeter, and L is the sample thickness in centimeters.
wherein “h” is the Planck's constant, “c” is the velocity of light, σ(λ) is the absorption cross section at the wavelength λ, and F0 is the bleaching fluence. The parameter F0 is given by the product of light intensity (I) and a time constant (τ) that characterizes the bleaching process.
wherein “e” is 0 or 1; R1 is a bond, an oxygen atom, a substituted nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom, a selenium atom, a divalent C1-C20 aliphatic radical, a halogenated divalent C1-C20 aliphatic radical, a divalent C3-C20 cycloaliphatic radical, a halogenated divalent C1-C20 cycloaliphatic radical, or a divalent C2-C30 aromatic radical; Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently a C2-C40 aromatic radical; and Z1 and Z2 are independently a bond, a hydrogen atom, a monovalent C1-C20 aliphatic radical, divalent C1-C20 aliphatic radical, a monovalent C3-C20 cycloaliphatic radical, a divalent C3-C20 cycloaliphatic radical, a monovalent C2-C30 aromatic radical, or a divalent C2-C30 aromatic radical. Table I below illustrates individual vicinal diarylethene compounds encompassed by the chemical genus represented by formula I. It should be noted that in the exemplary structures listed in the table each of the aromatic radicals Ar1 and Ar2 are identical as are the groups Z1 and Z2. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that Ar1 may differ in structure from Ar2 and that Z1 may differ in structure from Z2, and that such species are encompassed within generic structure I and are included within the scope of the instant invention.
TABLE I |
Vicinal Diarylethene Compounds Represented by Formula I |
Example | R1 | “e” | Ar1 & Ar2 | Z1 & Z2 |
I-1 |
|
1 |
|
bond |
I-2 |
|
1 |
|
bond |
I-3 |
|
1 |
|
bond |
I-4 |
|
1 |
|
bond |
I-5 | — | 0 |
|
CF3 |
I-6 |
|
1 |
|
bond |
I-7 |
|
1 |
|
bond |
wherein R3, R4, R5, and R6 are independently hydrogen, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, a C1-C10 aliphatic radical, a C3-C10 cycloaliphatic radical, or a C2-C10 aromatic radical; R7 is independently at each occurrence a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, a C1-C10 aliphatic radical, a C3-C10 cycloaliphatic radical, or a C2-C10 aromatic radical; “b” is an integer from and including 0 to and including 4; X and Y are selected from the group consisting of sulfur, selenium, oxygen, NH, and nitrogen substituted by a C1-C10 aliphatic radical, a C3-C10 cycloaliphatic radical, or a C2-C10 aromatic radical; and Q is CH or N. In one embodiment, at least one of R3, R4, R5, and R6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl, cyano, phenyl, pyridyl, isoxazolyl, —CHC(CN)2.
which can be named as 1,2-bis{2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methylthien-4-yl}-3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluorocyclopent-1-ene. Compound (V) shows a UV absorbance of about 1 at about 600 nanometers, the wavelength at which it cyclizes intramolecularly, and a high QE of about 0.8 for the cyclization step. Vicinal diarylethene (V) is also represented in the Table above as Example I-1 wherein, with reference to generic structure I, R1 is a perfluorotrimethylene group, “e” is 1, Z1 and Z2 are each bonds, and Ar1 and Ar2 are each 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methylthien-4-yl moieties.
wherein Z1, Z2, R1 and “e” are defined as in structure (I) and X is defined as in structure (II). The cyclization reactions can be used to produce holograms. The holograms can be produced by using radiation to effect the cyclization reaction or the reverse ring-opening reaction. Thus, in an embodiment, a photo-product derived from a vicinal diarylethene can be used as a photochemically active dye. Such photo-products derived from the vicinal diarylethene can be represented by a formula (VI),
wherein “e”, R1, Z1, and Z2 are as described for the vicinal diarylethene having formula (I), A and B are fused rings, and R8 and R9 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic radical, a cycloaliphatic radical, or an aromatic radical. One or both fused rings A and B may comprise carbocyclic rings which do not have heteroatoms. In another embodiment, the fused rings A and B may comprise one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Non-limiting examples of compounds falling within the scope of formula (VI) include the compounds (VII) and (VIII)
wherein R10 is independently at each occurrence a hydrogen atom, a methoxy radical, or a trifluoromethyl radical.
wherein Ar3 is an aromatic radical, each of R11, R12, and R13 is a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic radical, a cycloaliphatic radical, or an aromatic radical; R14 is an aliphatic radical or an aromatic radical, and “n” is an integer having a value of from 0 to 4. In an embodiment, the radical R14 comprises one or more electron withdrawing substituents selected from the group consisting of
wherein R15-R17 are independently a C1-C10 aliphatic radical, a C3-C10 cycloaliphatic radical, or a C2-C10 aromatic radical.
where R18 is an aliphatic, aromatic or a cycloaliphatic radical. In an embodiment, the polycarbonate comprises structural units of the structure (XII):
-A1-Y1-A2- (XII)
wherein each of A1 and A2 is a monocyclic divalent aryl radical and Y1 is a bridging radical having zero, one, or two atoms which separate A1 from A2. In an exemplary embodiment, one atom separates A1 from A2. Illustrative, non-limiting examples of radicals of this type are —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)2—, —C(O)—, methylene, cyclohexyl-methylene, 2-ethylidene, isopropylidene, neopentylidene, cyclohexylidene, cyclopentadecylidene, cyclododecylidene, adamantylidene, and the like. Structural units (XII) are typically derived from a bisphenol compound. Some examples of such bisphenol compounds are bis(hydroxyaryl)ethers such as 4,4′-dihydroxy diphenylether, 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethylphenyl ether, and the like; bis(hydroxy diaryl)sulfides, such as 4,4′-dihydroxy diphenyl sulfide, 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethyl diphenyl sulfide, and the like; bis(hydroxy diaryl)sulfoxides, such as, 4,4′-dihydroxy diphenyl sulfoxides, 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethyl diphenyl sulfoxides, and the like; bis(hydroxy diaryl)sulfones, such as 4,4′-dihydroxy diphenyl sulfone, 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethyl diphenyl sulfone, and the like; and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing bisphenol compounds. In another embodiment, zero atoms separate A1 from A2, with an illustrative example being structural units derived from 4,4′-biphenol. The bridging radical Y1 can be a hydrocarbon group, such as, for example, methylene, cyclohexylidene or isopropylidene, or aryl bridging groups.
wherein R19 and R20 each independently represent a halogen atom, an aliphatic radical, an aromatic radical, or a cycloaliphatic radical; “a” and “b” are each independently integers from 0 a to 4; and Xc represents one of the groups of represented by structure (XIV),
wherein R21 and R22 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a aliphatic, aromatic or a cycloaliphatic radical; and R23 is a divalent hydrocarbon group. Some illustrative, non-limiting examples of suitable dihydroxy aromatic compounds include dihydric phenols and the dihydroxy-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons such as those disclosed by name or structure (generic or specific) in U.S. Pat. No. 4,217,438. Polycarbonates comprising structural units derived from bisphenol A are preferred since they are relatively inexpensive and commercially readily available. A nonexclusive list of specific examples of the types of bisphenol compounds that may be represented by structure (XIII) includes the following: 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane; 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane; 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (hereinafter “bisphenol A” or “BPA”); 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane; 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)octane; 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane; 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)n-butane; bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethane; 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)propane (hereinafter “DMBPA”); 1,1-bis(4-hydroxy-t-butylphenyl)propane; bis(hydroxyaryl)alkanes such as 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-3-bromophenyl)propane; 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclopentane; 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorene; 9,9-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)fluorene; 4,4′-biphenol; and bis(hydroxyaryl)cycloalkanes such as 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane and 1,1-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexane (hereinafter “DMBPC”); and the like, as well as combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing bisphenol compound.
wherein R1, “e”, Z1, and Z2 are defined as in structure (I) and Ar4 and Ar5 are each independently a C2-C40 aromatic radical. Polymers comprising structural units derived from dihydroxy aromatic compounds XV include, but are not limited to, polyethers, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyestercarbonates, and combinations thereof. In exemplary embodiments, Ar4 and Ar5 are independently selected from the group consisting of divalent aromatic radicals XVII, XVIII, and XIX
wherein R3, R4 and X are defined as in structure (II), and R6, R7 and Y are defined as in structure (III); and “q” is a number ranging from 0 to 3. Table II provides examples of dihydroxy aromatic photochemically active compounds encompassed by generic structure (XV).
TABLE II |
Dihydroxy Aromatic Photochemically Active Compounds represented by generic structure XV |
Entry # | Structure | Ar4 & Ar5 | Z1 & Z2 | R1 | e |
II-1 | | | CF2 | CF2 | 1 |
II-2 | | | CH2 | CH2 | 1 |
II-3 | | | CH2 | CH2 | 1 |
II-4 | | | CF2 | CF2 | 1 |
In Table II, ------ represents the point of attachment of the Ar units to the cyclic ethene unit, while represents the point of attachment of the Ar units to the hydroxyl functional groups.
wherein Ar1, R1, “e”, Z1 and Z2 are defined as in structure (I); and Ar4 is defined as in structure (XV). In one embodiment, Ar4 is selected from the group consisting of divalent aromatic radicals XVII, XVIII and XIX. In an embodiment, Ar1 is selected from the group consisting of structures II, III, and IV. In yet another embodiment, Ar1 is selected from the group consisting of a phenyl, an anthracenyl, a phenanthrenyl, a pyridinyl, a pyridazinyl, a 1H-phenalenyl, a naphthyl, and substituted derivatives thereof. Table III provides examples of photochemically active dye molecules (XVI).
TABLE III |
Monohydroxy Aromatic Photochemically Active Compounds represented by generic structure XVI |
Entry | Z1 & | |||||
# | Structure | Ar4 | Ar1 | Z2 | R1 | e |
III-1 | | | | CF2 | CF2 | 1 |
III-2 | | | | CH2 | CH2 | 1 |
III-3 | | | | CH2 | CH2 | 1 |
In Table III, ------ represents the point of attachment of the Ar units to the cyclic ethene unit, while represents the point of attachment of the Ar units to the hydroxyl functional groups.
wherein each G1 is independently at each occurrence a C6-C20 aromatic radical; E is independently at each occurrence a bond, a C3-C20 cycloaliphatic radical, a C6-C20 aromatic radical, a C1-C20 aliphatic radical, a sulfur atom, a selenium atom, or an oxygen atom; “f” is a number greater than or equal to one; “g” is either zero or one; and “h” is a whole number including zero. Exemplary dihydroxyl compounds from which structural units XX may be derived from include, but are not limited to 4,4′-oxydiphenol; 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane; 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane; 4,4′-biphenol; bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfide; bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone; 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorene; 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexylmethane; hydroquinone; methyl hydroquinone; resorcinol; 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,3-trimethylindan-5-ol; 2,2,2′,2′-tetrahydro-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-1,1′-spirobi(1H-indene)-6,6′-diol; and the like; and combinations thereof.
wherein W is a divalent C2-C20 aliphatic radical, a C3-C50 aromatic radical, or a C3-C50 cycloaliphatic radical; and Ar4 and Ar5 are defined as in structure (XV). Exemplary monomers that may be used to obtain the polymeric photochemically active dye having structural units XXI are listed in Table II.
TABLE IV | ||
OQ Polycarbonate | ||
Molding Parameters | Powder | Polystyrene Powder |
Barrel Temp. (Rear) (° F.) | 500 | 400 |
Barrel Temp. (Front) (° F.) | 540 | 395 |
Barrel Temp. (Nozzle) (° F.) | 540 | 395 |
Mold Temp. (° F.) | 200 | 100 |
Total Cycle Time (sec) | 35 | 25 |
Switch Point (inch) | 0.7 | 0.7 |
Injection Transition (inch) | 0.22 | 0.22 |
Injection Boost Press. (psi) | 950 | 850 |
Injection Hold Press. (psi) | 300 | 250 |
TABLE V | |||||
Photo- | Dye con- | Absorbance | |||
chemically | centration | Observation | at | ||
Example | Active Dye | (weight | Wavelength | observation | |
Number | Structure | percent) | (nanometers) | wavelength | M# |
7 | XXIII | 0.6 | 532 | 0.33 | 0.66 |
8 | XXIII | 0.75 | 532 | 0.42 | 0.86 |
9 | XXIII | 1 | 532 | 0.57 | 1.01 |
10 | XXIII | 1.24 | 532 | 0.7 | 1.28 |
11 | XXIV | 2.9 | 405 | 0.58 | 2.5 |
TABLE VI |
GPC Data for the polymers |
Ratio of area under the | ||||
Sample | Mw of polymers | peaks for 254 and 300 nm | ||
Example 12 | 12,100 | 1.3 | ||
Comparative | 11,400 | ~20 | ||
Example 1 | ||||
Comparative | 18,500 | >240 | ||
Example 2 | ||||
Claims (32)
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Also Published As
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CN101351844A (en) | 2009-01-21 |
US20070146835A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 |
KR20080072674A (en) | 2008-08-06 |
WO2007050354A2 (en) | 2007-05-03 |
WO2007050354A3 (en) | 2007-10-18 |
DE112006003191T5 (en) | 2009-01-02 |
TW200721145A (en) | 2007-06-01 |
US20070097469A1 (en) | 2007-05-03 |
JP2009514019A (en) | 2009-04-02 |
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