US7026851B2 - PWM controller having frequency jitter for power supplies - Google Patents
PWM controller having frequency jitter for power supplies Download PDFInfo
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- US7026851B2 US7026851B2 US10/844,677 US84467704A US7026851B2 US 7026851 B2 US7026851 B2 US 7026851B2 US 84467704 A US84467704 A US 84467704A US 7026851 B2 US7026851 B2 US 7026851B2
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
- H03K3/00—Circuits for generating electric pulses; Monostable, bistable or multistable circuits
- H03K3/02—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses
- H03K3/023—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses by the use of differential amplifiers or comparators, with internal or external positive feedback
- H03K3/0231—Astable circuits
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
- H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/33507—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
- H03K7/00—Modulating pulses with a continuously-variable modulating signal
- H03K7/08—Duration or width modulation ; Duty cycle modulation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B15/00—Suppression or limitation of noise or interference
- H04B15/02—Reducing interference from electric apparatus by means located at or near the interfering apparatus
- H04B15/04—Reducing interference from electric apparatus by means located at or near the interfering apparatus the interference being caused by substantially sinusoidal oscillations, e.g. in a receiver or in a tape-recorder
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B2215/00—Reducing interference at the transmission system level
- H04B2215/064—Reduction of clock or synthesizer reference frequency harmonics
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B2215/00—Reducing interference at the transmission system level
- H04B2215/064—Reduction of clock or synthesizer reference frequency harmonics
- H04B2215/067—Reduction of clock or synthesizer reference frequency harmonics by modulation dispersion
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a power supply and more specifically relates to PWM control of a switching mode power supply.
- FIG. 1 shows a traditional power supply, in which a PWM controller 10 generates a switching signal for switching a transformer 11 via a transistor 20 .
- the duty cycle of the switching signal determines the power delivered from an input of the power source to an output of the power supply.
- switching technology reduces the size of the power converter, switching devices generate electric and magnetic interference (EMI) that interferes the power source.
- EMI electric and magnetic interference
- An EMI filter 15 equipped at an input of the power supply is utilized to resist the EMI into the input of the power source.
- the EMI filter 15 used to reduce the EMI causes power consumption and increases the cost and the size of the power supply.
- An input power P IN of the transformer 11 and a switching current I P can be respectively expressed as,
- the switching period T varies in response to the frequency jitter.
- the output power P O will vary in response to the variation of the switching period T.
- the variation of the output power P O therefore generates an undesired ripple signal.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a PWM controller having frequency jitter to reduce the EMI for power supply.
- the frequency jitter will not generate the ripple signal at the power supply outputs.
- Another object of the present invention is to reduce the complexity and the cost of the circuit that generates the frequency jitter.
- a PWM controller having frequency jitter for power supplies includes a modulator, an oscillator, an attenuator, a variable-resistance circuit, a first comparator, a second comparator, a D flip-flop, a first AND gate, a second AND gate, a current source and an inverter.
- the modulator generates a first jitter current and a second jitter current.
- the oscillator generates a pulse signal to produce a switching frequency in response to the modulation of the first jitter current.
- the attenuator is connected in a voltage feedback loop for attenuating a feedback signal to an attenuated feedback signal. The attenuated feedback signal is utilized to control an on-time of a switching signal.
- the variable-resistance circuit is connected with the attenuator for programming an attenuation rate of the attenuator in response to the modulation of the second jitter current.
- the first comparator generates a first reset signal and the second comparator generates a second reset signal.
- the second AND gate associated a PWM signal and an inverse pulse signal to generate the switching signal.
- a switching current of a transformer generates a switching-current signal across a sense resistor.
- the first comparator generates the first reset signal when the switching-current signal exceeds the attenuated feedback signal.
- the second comparator compares the switching-current signal with a threshold voltage for over-current protection.
- the D flip-flop outputs the PWM signal, which is set by the pulse signal and is reset by the first reset signal and the second reset signal through the first AND gate.
- Both the first jitter current and the second jitter current are in triangle waveform.
- the switching frequency increases wherever the first jitter current increases, and vice versa. Therefore the switching frequency is modulated in response to the first jitter current.
- the impedance of the attenuator decreases and the attenuation rate increases whenever the second jitter current increases. Therefore, the on-time of the switching signal is immediately reduced, which compensates the decrease of the switching period and keeps the output power as a constant. Since the on-time of the switching signal is feed-forward compensated in response to frequency jittering, undesired ripple signal can be eliminated.
- the charge and the discharge of the triangle waveform are sliced enabled by the pulse signal. This can reduce the size of the modulator circuit.
- FIG. 1 shows a traditional power supply with EMI filter.
- FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of a PWM controller having frequency jitter according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of an oscillator according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of a modulator according to the present invention.
- FIG. 5 shows the waveform of the oscillator.
- FIG. 6 shows the waveform of the modulator.
- FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of a power supply using the PWM controller according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a circuit schematic of a PWM controller 50 having frequency jitter according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the PWM controller 50 includes a modulator 300 , an oscillator 200 , a variable-resistance circuit 100 , a first comparator 65 and a second comparator 66 , a D flip-flop 68 , an inverter 64 , two AND gates 67 , 69 , and an attenuator formed by resistors 51 , 52 and 53 .
- the modulator 300 In response to a pulse signal PLS and a reference current I REF generated by the oscillator 200 , the modulator 300 generates a first jitter current I SCAN and a second jitter current I ADJ .
- the first jitter current I SCAN is proportional to the second jitter current I ADJ .
- the first jitter current I SCAN and the second jitter current I ADJ are in triangle waveform.
- the oscillator 200 generates the pulse signal PLS for determining a switching frequency in response to the modulation of the first jitter current I SCAN .
- the switching frequency increases whenever the first jitter current I SCAN increases, and vice versa.
- Resistors 51 , 52 and 53 form an attenuator for attenuating a feedback signal V FB into an attenuated feedback voltage V′ FB .
- the attenuated feedback signal V′ FB is utilized to control an on-time of a switching signal V PWM .
- the resistor 51 is connected from a feedback input FB to a positive input of the first comparator 65 .
- the resistor 52 and the resistor 53 are connected in series from the positive input of the first comparator 65 to a ground reference level.
- An output of the variable-resistance circuit 100 is connected in parallel with the resistor 53 for programming an attenuation rate of the attenuator in response to the modulation of the second jitter current I ADJ .
- the on-time of the switching signal V PWM is inversely proportional to the second jitter current I ADJ .
- a negative input of the first comparator 65 and a negative input of the second comparator 66 are both connected to a current-sense input IS.
- a switching current I P of a transformer 11 is converted to a switching-current signal V S through a sense resistor 30 .
- the switching-current signal V S is supplied to the current-sense input IS.
- the first comparator 65 generates a first reset signal when the switching-current signal V S exceeds the attenuated feedback signal V′ FB .
- the second comparator 66 compares the switching-current signal V S with a threshold voltage V REF1 for over-current protection. Once the switching-current signal V S exceeds the threshold voltage V REF1 , the second comparator 66 will generate a second reset signal immediately.
- the D flip-flop 68 is set by the pulse signal PLS and is reset by the first reset signal and the second reset signal via the AND gate 67 .
- An output of the D flip-flop 68 generates a PWM signal.
- the PWM signal is supplied to a first input of the AND gate 69 .
- a second input of the AND gate 69 is connected to an output of the inverter 64 .
- the pulse signal PLS is supplied to an input of the inverter 64 .
- the switching signal V PWM is generated from an output of the AND gate 69 .
- the switching frequency is modulated in response to the first jitter current I SCAN .
- the second jitter current I ADJ increases, the impedance of the variable resistance circuit 100 will decrease and the attenuation rate of the attenuator of the attenuator will increase.
- the on-time of the switching signal V PWM is thus immediately reduced, which compensates the decrease of the switching period and keeps the output power as a constant. Since the on-time of the switching signal V PWM is feed-forward compensated in response to the frequency jitter, which eliminates undesired ripple signal.
- the variable-resistance circuit 100 comprises an operational amplifier 110 and two transistors 111 and 112 .
- a negative input of the operational amplifier 110 is supplied with a reference voltage V RFF2 .
- the second jitter current I ADJ is supplied to a positive input of the operational amplifier 110 and a drain of the transistor 111 .
- the sources of transistors 111 and 112 are connected to the ground reference level.
- the gates of the transistors 111 and 112 are controlled by an output of the operational amplifier 110 .
- a drain of the transistor 112 is the output of the variable resistance circuit 100 , which is connected in parallel with the resistor 53 .
- Both transistors 111 and 112 are MOSFET and operated in linear region.
- the characteristic of a MOSFET operated in linear region is a resistor.
- Such equivalent resistor in linear region is more precise than that designed by W/L sheet resistance.
- the variation of a resistor designed inside the integrated circuit is about ⁇ 30% by using W/L and sheet resistance. And it is easy to design a precise constant voltage and a precise constant current inside the integrated circuit.
- I K ⁇ [( V GS ⁇ V T ) ⁇ V DS ⁇ (1 ⁇ 2 ⁇ V DS 2 )] (3)
- K ⁇ (W/L), ⁇ is the product of the mobility and oxide capacitance/unit.
- V T is the gate threshold voltage.
- V GS is the gate-to-source voltage.
- V DS is the drain-to-source voltage.
- R DS is the equivalent drain-to-source resistance of a MOSFET.
- R DS L [ W ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ( V GS - V T ) ] ( 5 )
- the resistor R DS will be 18 K ⁇ .
- the deviation of V T and ⁇ will be reduced by the gain of the operational amplifier 110 .
- the transistor 112 operates as a resistor that is mirrored by the transistor 111 .
- the operation current of the transistor 112 equals to the second jitter current I ADJ .
- the transistor 111 plays the role of an equivalent resistor.
- the resistor value of the equivalent resistor can be expressed as,
- R DS V REF ⁇ ⁇ 2 I ADJ ( 6 )
- the gate-to-source voltage V GS of the transistor 112 equals to that of the transistor 111 . Since the transistor 112 operates as a mirrored resistor of the transistor 111 , the resistance of the mirrored resistor will decrease whenever the second jitter current I ADJ increases.
- the oscillator 200 comprises a first V-to-I circuit, which is built by an operational amplifier 201 , a transistor 202 and a resistor 203 to generate a constant current I T .
- the oscillator 200 further comprises a first current mirror, a second current mirror, a third current mirror, and a fourth current mirror.
- Transistors 210 , 211 , 212 and 213 form the first current mirror.
- the constant current I T mirrors a reference current I REF , a current I 212 and a current I 213 through transistors 211 , 212 and 213 respectively.
- Transistors 214 and 215 form the second current mirror.
- the current I 212 further drives the second current mirror for generating a current I 215 via the transistor 215 .
- Transistors 221 , 222 and 223 form a third current mirror.
- the first jitter current I SCAN drives the third current mirror to generate a current I 222 and a current I 223 .
- Transistors 224 and 225 form a fourth current mirror.
- the current I 222 drives the fourth current mirror to generate a current I 225 via the transistor 225 .
- the current I 213 and the current I 225 are applied to charge a capacitor 250 via a switch 230 .
- the current I 215 and the current I 223 are applied to discharge the capacitor 250 via a switch 240 .
- a negative input of a comparator 261 and a positive input of a comparator 262 are connected to the capacitor 250 .
- a positive input of a comparator 261 is supplied with a threshold voltage V H1 .
- a negative input of a comparator 262 is supplied with a threshold voltage V L1 .
- the threshold voltage V H1 is higher than the threshold voltage V L1 .
- An output of the comparator 261 is connected to a first input of a NAND gate 263 .
- An output of the comparator 262 is connected to a first input of a NAND gate 264 .
- the NAND gate 263 outputs the pulse signal PLS, which is supplied to a second input of the NAND gate 264 and a control terminal of the switch 240 .
- An output of the NAND gate 264 is connected to a second input of the NAND gate 263 and a control terminal of the switch 230 .
- FIG. 4 shows a circuit schematic of the modulator 300 .
- Transistors 321 , 322 and 323 form a fifth current mirror.
- the reference current I REF drives the fifth current mirror to generate a current I 322 and a current I 323 .
- Transistors 324 and 325 form a sixth current mirror.
- the current I 322 further drives the sixth current mirror to generate a current I 325 via the transistor 325 .
- the current I 325 is applied to charge a capacitor 350 through a switch 330 , and the current I 323 is used to discharge the capacitor 350 through a switch 340 .
- An output of the NAND gate 364 is connected to a second input of the NAND gate 363 and a first input of an AND gate 368 .
- a second input of the AND gate 368 and a second input of the AND gate 369 are both supplied with the pulse signal PLS.
- An output of the AND gate 368 is connected to a control terminal of the switch 330 .
- An output of the AND gate 369 is connected to a control terminal of the switch 340 .
- the output of the NAND gate 363 controls the switch 340 via the AND gate 369 .
- the output of the NAND gate 364 controls the switch 330 via the AND gate 368 .
- FIG. 6 shows the waveform of the modulation voltage V M .
- the modulation voltage V M is normally oscillated in a low frequency such as 4 ⁇ 8 KHz.
- a higher capacitance of the capacitor 350 is thus needed for the charging and the discharging.
- the second input of the AND gates 368 and the second input of the AND gate 369 are both supplied with the pulse signal PLS, both the charge and the discharge of the capacitor 350 are enabled only during a logic-high period of the pulse signal PLS. Therefore, the capacitance and the size of the capacitor 350 can be reduced. No complicated circuit or counter is needed.
- An operational amplifier 301 , a transistor 302 and a resistor 303 form a second V-to-I circuit.
- the modulation voltage V M is further supplied to a positive input of the operational amplifier 301 .
- the second V-to-I circuit generates a current I 302 in response to the modulation voltage V M .
- Transistors 310 , 311 and 312 form a seventh current mirror.
- the current I 302 further drives the seventh current mirror to generate the first jitter current I SCAN and the second jitter current I ADJ . Both the first jitter current I SCAN and the second jitter current I ADJ are modulated in response to the oscillation of the modulation voltage V M .
Abstract
Description
P O =V O ×I O =η×P IN (1)
Where η is the efficiency the transformer; VIN is the input voltage; LP is the primary inductance of the
I=K×[(V GS −V T)×V DS−(½×V DS 2)] (3)
In the linear region, (VGS−VT) is greater than VDS. RDS is the equivalent drain-to-source resistance of a MOSFET. By assuming VGS−VT>>VDS and introducing K=δ(W/L), the equation (4) can be represented as following equation.
Claims (17)
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