US6490469B2 - Method and apparatus for dynamic focusing of ultrasound energy - Google Patents
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- US6490469B2 US6490469B2 US09/809,961 US80996101A US6490469B2 US 6490469 B2 US6490469 B2 US 6490469B2 US 80996101 A US80996101 A US 80996101A US 6490469 B2 US6490469 B2 US 6490469B2
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- A61B17/225—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy [ESWL], e.g. by using ultrasonic waves
- A61B17/2256—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy [ESWL], e.g. by using ultrasonic waves with means for locating or checking the concrement, e.g. X-ray apparatus, imaging means
- A61B17/2258—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy [ESWL], e.g. by using ultrasonic waves with means for locating or checking the concrement, e.g. X-ray apparatus, imaging means integrated in a central portion of the shock wave apparatus
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Definitions
- acoustic source(s) or target(s) or multiple scatterers covers a broad spectrum of applications ranging from the detection and destruction of painful kidney or gall stones in biomedical, to active target detection in underwater acoustics, to the detection of flaws/cracks in a critical part during nondestructive evaluation (NDE).
- NDE nondestructive evaluation
- These applications have at least one common element—they are based on a pulse-echo principle for detection.
- the applications are usually concerned with detection, imaging and sometimes destruction (biomedical) of the reflective source or in new techniques for acoustic surgery.
- a piezoelectric transducer PZT may first transmit a short transient pulse and then detect the echoes received back from the various scatterers.
- An aspect of the invention includes a method of decomposing a plurality of scatterers in a medium in the time domain comprising: a) transmitting a time reversed field into the plurality of scatterers of the medium and performing a sequence of time-reversal iterations to extract contribution of the i-th scatterer of the plurality of scatterers;
- a further aspect of the invention may include an array capable of transmitting an acoustic wave; and a storage and reversal circuit operatively coupled to the array and designed to receive time series measurement data of a plurality of scatterers in a medium and decompose the plurality of scatterers by systematically focusing on each of the plurality of scatterers and sequentially removing from the time series measurement data the plurality of scatterers.
- FIGS. 1A-1F are schematic diagrams of an iterative time-reversal dynamic focusing operation
- FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate a block diagram of a storage and reversal unit
- FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate a schematic diagram of a time-reversal focusing operation
- FIG. 4 illustrates a flow diagram of an iterative time-reversal dynamic focusing operation.
- a wave When a wave propagates through a spatio-temporal medium (e.g., tissue), the resulting wavefront is distorted. This distortion is related to the medium as well as the type of source creating this phenomenon. If a media is homogenous, then its sound velocity profile, density/temperature profile, index of refraction or related velocity function is independent of spatial position. An inhomogenous medium possesses an inherent property related to velocity that does vary with spatial position. If the medium is homogenous and the source resides in the near-field, then a spherical-type wavefront evolves. But if the medium is inhomogenous, then a distorted wavefront results.
- a spatio-temporal medium e.g., tissue
- Disclosed herein is a method and system for dynamic focusing of ultrasonic energy to address the inhomogenous field reconstruction and focusing problem to both detect, separate and destroy selected masses (e.g., tumors, cysts, etc.) in inhomogenous mediums such as breasts and other parts of the anatomy. These selected masses may be referred to as scatterers, sources (i.e., sources of reflected waves) or flaws.
- a methodology is disclosed herein to obtain time series measurement data (or “data”) reconstructing the inhomogenous medium using time-reversal (T/R) focusing. Typical time-reversal focusing techniques may involve focusing on the strongest scatterer and destroying it.
- Time-reversal focusing is used in the disclosed dynamic focusing technique to iteratively “remove” from the time series measurement data the aberrations created by an inhomogeneous medium illuminated by propagating waves.
- This technique may be used to iteratively and sequentially “focus” on the principal scatterer or flaw dominating a pulse-echo response. Once detected that particular scatterer may be removed from the time series measurement data to allow for the focus on the next strongest scatterer. This process may be repeated until substantially all of the scatterers have been detected and removed from the time series measurement data.
- the applicability of time-reversal processing to focus energy without the need to model the medium is an advantageous property, since most media are unknown and random and temporal coherence or time delay processing no longer is applicable.
- FIG. 1A discloses a storage and reversal circuit 100 coupled through multiple connections 105 (e.g., wires) to an array 106 made up of a plurality of programmable ultrasonic transceiver elements 1 , 2 , . . . n. Although the transceiver elements are shown in a one-dimensional array 106 , they may also be organized into a two-dimensional array. The transceiver elements may be piezo-electric devices.
- Reference numeral 104 indicates an inhomogenous medium which contains a plurality of scatterers 102 a , 102 b , and 102 c of varying sizes. Although only three scatterers 102 a , 102 b , and 102 c are shown, the time reversal system disclosed herein may work on a far greater number.
- FIG. 1B discloses the next step of the process whereby reflections 108 , 109 and 110 from scatterers 102 a - 102 c are received by the transceiver elements of the array 106 and transformed into electrical signals traveling on connectors 105 .
- the larger scatterer 102 b returns a strong reflection 109 and the smaller scatterers 102 a and 102 c return weaker reflections 108 and 110 (shown in dotted lines to indicate weaker signals).
- the storage and reversal circuit 100 stores the shape and position in time (i.e., time series measurement data) of the electrical signals.
- time series measurement data is time-reversed (which will be discussed in detail below) and after several iterations, the strongest scatterer 102 b is focused on, separated and removed from the time series measurement data.
- array 106 transmits wavefronts 112 and 114 as shown in FIG. 1 C. Wave fronts 112 and 114 illuminate other scatterers including 102 a and 102 c .
- FIG. 1D shows the newly reflected wave fronts 116 and 119 .
- Reflected wavefront 116 is greater in strength than reflected wavefront 119 because scatterer 102 a is larger in size than scatterer 102 c and thus a greater reflector.
- array 106 transmits wavefront 122 as shown in FIG. 1 E.
- FIG. 1F shows the reflected wavefront 125 . Reflected wave front 125 from scatterer 102 c is the strongest and scatterer 102 c is identified as the third largest scatterer.
- Iterations of this process may be repeated a plurality of times and each time removing the scatters from the time series measurement data until a map of substantially all of the scatterers in the inhomogenous medium 104 is made. After identification of all of the scatterers in the medium 104 is made, the storage and reversal circuit 100 may concentrate ultrasound waves on the scatterers that are to be destroyed.
- FIG. 2A illustrates a detailed version of storage and reversal circuit 100 .
- Storage and reversal circuit 100 is designed to direct the focusing, detection, separation and destruction functions of the disclosed embodiments.
- Storage and reversal circuit 100 collects the time series measurement data from each transceiving element of the multisensor array 106 through a multiplexer system 202 .
- the time series measurement data is then digitized in analog-to-digital (A/D-D/A) conversion amplifier 204 which may operate at ultrasonic frequencies (in the range of about 1 to about 10 MegaHertz (MHz)) and sent to a time-reversal system 206 .
- FIG. 2B illustrates a view of time-reversal system 206 .
- the time reversal system 206 is designed to perform the following functions: detect 208 whether the system has focused on the strongest scatterer; if so, then substantially remove 210 the strongest scatterer time series from the combined total time series measurement data; and if not, reorder in time (reverse) the time series for eventual transmission through conversion amplifier 204 , multiplexer system 202 , and array 106 into the medium 104 .
- An example of the type of elements used in time-reversal system 206 may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,092,336 to Fink, hereby incorporated by reference.
- FIG. 3A illustrates a scatterer s which functions as a source in medium 104 located at position r 0 .
- a scatterer s which functions as a source in medium 104 located at position r 0 .
- After receiving an initial pulse wave from array 106 reflected back from the source s at location r 0 and at time t is a spatio-temporal propagation (or wave), s(r 0 ,t), or reflection 308 .
- the reflection 308 travels back through the medium 104 and combines with other scatterer reflections to form a large combined reflection 310 which is sensed by array 106 which is located at r 1 .
- the array 106 transforms the reflection 310 into electrical signals (which represent the time series measurement data) which is passed to the storage and reversal circuit 100 over connectors 105 .
- the storage and reversal circuit 100 is designed to perform the scatterer response measurement which is the convolution of the Green's function, G(r, r 0 ;t), with the scatterer s at location r 0 to location r 1 at array 106 .
- Green's Function is an integrating kemal which may be used to solve an inhomogeneous differential equation with boundary conditions or more simply the response of the medium, both spatially and temporally, when an impulse-like excitation is propagated into the medium (medium impulse response).
- R(r 1 ,t) is the combined total field received on each sensor of array 106
- G(r,r 0 ;t) is the Green's function
- s(r 0 ,t) is the wave of the source
- R(r, ⁇ ) G(r, r 0 ; ⁇ ) and s(r 0 , ⁇ ) show the equivalent Fourier transform representations.
- FIG. 3B based on this underlying theory, there will be a “re-transmit” from array 106 at r 1 through the medium 104 back to the original source position at r 0 .
- phase conjugation which demonstrates the broadband version of phase conjugation. More sophisticated methods may be used which include sensor transfer functions, noise, etc., but the underlying time-reversal principle remains invariant—the phase has not been altered and the reversed signal re-focuses back to the original source location r 0 .
- a feature of standard time-reversal operations is that in the multiple pitch/reverse/catch iterations—the strongest scatterer survives while the weaker attenuate out.
- the method and system of the embodiments disclosed herein in constrast, include a time domain process to decompose the scattered field into its constituent sources/scatterers, even when they overlap, using the property of time-reversal processing and the removal process discussed below.
- the process disclosed herein systematically focuses on each individual scatterer and selectively removes it from the time series measurement data, thereby, providing detection and separation. Therefore, information about each individual scatterer is gathered from the decomposition process, potentially replacing the target under investigation with a sensor array 106 providing an accurate one-to-one part positional mapping.
- the target scatterer locations may be focused in the medium.
- X i (r,t) is the field generated by an individual scatterer (the i-th) propagated through the medium and becomes part of the combined total received field; therefore, it is a “stack” of the time series generated by the i-th scatterer and indexed by each sensor in the array.
- ⁇ i is an unknown weighting coefficient which will be required to “scale” intermediate scattered fields. If it is assumed that the measured field is noisy, then the noisy combined total field is given by the following equation:
- N is the spatio-temporal random (white) sensor or measurement noise generated by the inherent electronics and small scatterers that contaminate each of the time samples.
- ⁇ ( r,t ) F ( r,t ) ⁇ ⁇ circumflex over (R) ⁇ ( r,t ),
- the estimated field is decomposed into the individual “weighted” scatterer fields by first defining the reconstructed component (weighted) of the combined total received field generated by the i-th scatterer as
- the first scatterer By extracting the field generated by the first scatterer (first term in the summation) and defining the first residual as the difference between the noisy combined total received field and the reconstructed component of the combined total received field with one scatterer removed as
- ⁇ ( r,t ) ⁇ circumflex over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ N s ( r,t ) ⁇ N ( r,t ),
- each weighting coefficient may be sequentially estimated until there has been systematic removal of all of the scatterers from the measured field.
- Nelder-Meade polytope process may be used. This approach may be employed in conjunction with the time-reversal process.
- the time-reversal scatterer decomposition process 400 is shown in FIG. 4 .
- the process includes obtaining the initial scattered, pulse-echo field (normalized to unit power), ⁇ 0 (r, t) ⁇ F (r, t), where ⁇ 0 is the zero-th residual with no scatterers removed or more simply the noisy combined total received field.
- the time-reversal iteration ⁇ i ⁇ 1 (r, ⁇ t) is performed to extract the field contribution of the i-th scatterer, X i (r, t) and normalize.
- a third step 406 optimization is used to estimate the i-th weighting coefficient, ⁇ i , and obtain the corresponding reconstructed component of the combined total received field, ⁇ circumflex over (R) ⁇ i (r,t).
- a fourth step 408 the i-th residual (with i-scatterers removed), ⁇ i (r,t), is estimated.
- a fifth step 410 testing is performed to see if the decomposition condition (whiteness of residual) is satisfied.
- the fifth step is satisfied (i.e., all scatterers have been extracted from the measured field) then stop or else proceed back to the second step and remove the next scatterer.
- An advantage of the disclosed embodiments is that they may be used in tissue mass removal, non-invasive tumor/cyst destruction, acoustic surgery, mass imaging, nondestructive evaluation of materials.
- An advantage of the disclosed embodiments is that the ultrasonic energy may be used to both detect, separate and destroy tissue masses (tumors, cysts, etc.) in breasts and other parts of the anatomy.
- An advantage of the disclosed embodiments is that it may be possible to create a “tissue image map” of the breast itself when conducting a breast examination.
- An advantage of the disclosed embodiments is that they may be used to detect and identify flaws for non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of critical parts under ultrasonic test.
- NDE non-destructive evaluation
Abstract
Description
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US09/809,961 US6490469B2 (en) | 2000-03-15 | 2001-03-14 | Method and apparatus for dynamic focusing of ultrasound energy |
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Cited By (62)
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US20010001603A1 (en) * | 1995-07-13 | 2001-05-24 | Societe Pour Les Applications Du Retournement Temporel | Process and device for focusing acoustic waves |
US20030005770A1 (en) * | 2001-06-13 | 2003-01-09 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Method for distinguishing multiple targets using time-reversal acoustics |
WO2003096883A2 (en) | 2002-05-16 | 2003-11-27 | Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute | Combined diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound system |
US20040054282A1 (en) * | 2000-10-20 | 2004-03-18 | Jean-Francois Aubry | Method and non-invasive device for focusing acoustic waves |
US20050154306A1 (en) * | 2004-01-14 | 2005-07-14 | Michael Burcher | Dort process-based method and system for adaptive beamforming in estimating the aberration in a medium |
US20050210985A1 (en) * | 2004-03-24 | 2005-09-29 | Hrl Laboratories, Llc | Time-reversed photoacoustic system and uses thereof |
US20070083120A1 (en) * | 2005-09-22 | 2007-04-12 | Cain Charles A | Pulsed cavitational ultrasound therapy |
US20080275344A1 (en) * | 2007-05-04 | 2008-11-06 | Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute | Method and Apparatus for Categorizing Breast Density and Assessing Cancer Risk Utilizing Acoustic Parameters |
US20090093724A1 (en) * | 2007-02-21 | 2009-04-09 | Super Sonic Imagine | Method for optimising the focussing of waves through an aberration-inducing element |
US20090171254A1 (en) * | 2008-01-02 | 2009-07-02 | Leonid Kushculey | Time-reversal ultrasound focusing |
US20090177085A1 (en) * | 2005-09-22 | 2009-07-09 | Adam Maxwell | Histotripsy for thrombolysis |
US7587291B1 (en) * | 2008-05-05 | 2009-09-08 | Artann Laboratories | Focusing of broadband acoustic signals using time-reversed acoustics |
US7713200B1 (en) * | 2005-09-10 | 2010-05-11 | Sarvazyan Armen P | Wireless beacon for time-reversal acoustics, method of use and instrument containing thereof |
US20100166214A1 (en) * | 2008-12-30 | 2010-07-01 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Electrical apparatus, audio-receiving circuit and method for filtering noise |
US20110247419A1 (en) * | 2010-04-09 | 2011-10-13 | Los Alamos National Security, Llc | Time reversal acoustic noncontact source |
US8057408B2 (en) | 2005-09-22 | 2011-11-15 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Pulsed cavitational ultrasound therapy |
US20120203306A1 (en) * | 2005-09-10 | 2012-08-09 | Artann Laboratories, Inc. | Systems for remote generation of electrical signal in tissue based on time-reversal acoustics |
US20120257660A1 (en) * | 2008-10-10 | 2012-10-11 | Smith David F | Techniques and systems for wireless communications |
US20130131754A1 (en) * | 2005-09-10 | 2013-05-23 | Armen P. Sarvazyan | Leadless system for deep brain stimulation using time reversal acoustics |
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Also Published As
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WO2001069283A2 (en) | 2001-09-20 |
WO2001069283A3 (en) | 2002-01-03 |
AU2001245831A1 (en) | 2001-09-24 |
US20010037075A1 (en) | 2001-11-01 |
EP1330815A2 (en) | 2003-07-30 |
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