US6471018B1 - Magneto-rheological fluid device - Google Patents
Magneto-rheological fluid device Download PDFInfo
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- US6471018B1 US6471018B1 US09/443,351 US44335199A US6471018B1 US 6471018 B1 US6471018 B1 US 6471018B1 US 44335199 A US44335199 A US 44335199A US 6471018 B1 US6471018 B1 US 6471018B1
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- fluid device
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Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F9/00—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
- F16F9/32—Details
- F16F9/53—Means for adjusting damping characteristics by varying fluid viscosity, e.g. electromagnetically
- F16F9/535—Magnetorheological [MR] fluid dampers
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a damper, and more particularly to a magnetic-rheological fluid damper.
- Controllable dampers that utilize electro-rheological fluids (ERF) and magneto-rheological fluids (MRF).
- ERF electro-rheological fluids
- MRF magneto-rheological fluids
- Controllable dampers can potentially be used in a variety of mechanical systems such as bicycles, motorcycles, automobiles, trucks, ships, trains, airplanes, bridges, buildings, sports equipment and any other systems in which passive, or semi-active vibration control is useful.
- Magneto-rheological fluid generally consists of micron-sized particles suspended in a carrier fluid, such as silicon or mineral oils.
- the particles are ferrous in nature, and therefore become polarized in the presence of a magnetic field. The polarization of the particles results in a magnetic attraction, causing the particles to form chains (or columns) dependent upon field strength. These chains align with the magnetic field lines.
- the chains of particles in the MRF induce changes in the physical properties of the fluid. One change is an appreciable increase (or decrease) in the yielded stress and the plastic viscosity of the MRF because the chains resist flow.
- MRF is capable of responding to a change in its magnetic field within a few milliseconds and retains no residual charge.
- electromagnets and/or permanent magnets are used in conjunction with the housing that contains the fluid.
- intensity and strength of the magnetic field can be controlled.
- the strength of the magnetic field that passes through the region of MRF determines the level of change of the MRF's yielded stress and plastic viscosity.
- controllable dampers One of the most popular applications for controllable dampers is in automobiles, trucks, and other vehicles equipped with shock absorbers. These vehicles have sensors and on-board computers (in varying levels of complexity) that are capable of sensing and actively responding to random excitation inputs such as rough roads, bumps, changes in vehicle mass, etc. Vehicles equipped with active or semi-active suspension systems generally provide increased safety, have improved. vehicle-handling characteristics, and provide a smoother, more comfortable ride.
- MRF dampers There are several benefits to MRF controllable dampers as compared to mechanically controlled hydraulic dampers.
- Mechanically controlled dampers have internal valves and other moving parts that are exposed to great forces and often fail in operation.
- MRF dampers require no moving internal parts to control damping, thereby reducing the mechanical complexity and cost of the device.
- An MRF damper is a controllable damper with a fast response time that benefits from a simple, rapid change in material properties of the fluid.
- the hydraulic fluid components of a mechanically controlled damper are also sensitive to the introduction of impurities. Vehicle dampers are often externally exposed to impurities. MRF dampers are insensitive to the introduction of impurities.
- MRF controllable dampers suffer from a number of limitations and undesirable characteristics. Specifically, a magnetic field must be applied to the passage through which the MRF flows. As a result of the magnetic requirements of MRF dampers, ferrous materials have almost been exclusively used in their construction. These ferrous materials provide magnetic pathways for the magnetic fields. However, ferrous materials are relatively heavy in weight. MRF dampers have been typically too heavy for weight-sensitive applications such as fighter aircraft landing gear, racing cars, mountain bicycles, etc. Also, conventional MRF dampers have restrictively small dimensional tolerances in the regions where the magnetic field is applied to the MRF. As a result of the tolerance restrictions, manufacturing methods are difficult and expensive.
- This type of MRF damper is also sensitive to off-axis loading, as bending and buckling loads affect the tolerance regions.
- the fluid is abrasive and affects the same tolerance-sensitive regions, thereby possibly resulting in shorter life span, high-maintenance MRF dampers.
- the present invention is directed to an MRF damper that substantially obviates one or more of the problems due do limitations and disadvantages of the related art.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a controllable MRF damper having increased damping.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide an MRF damper that can be easily manufactured at a low cost.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide an MRF that does not require restrictive dimensional tolerances.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide an MRF damper that does not necessarily require the use of ferrous materials.
- a magneto-rheological fluid device includes a housing
- a cavity defining a cavity; a piston slidably disposed in the cavity, the piston dividing the cavity into first and second portions; a passage defined on an exterior surface of the piston fluidly coupling the first and second portions of the cavity; a magneto-rheological fluid disposed in the cavity such that motion of the piston is damped by flow of the magneto-rheological fluid through the passage; and a magnet disposed to produce a magnetic field within the cavity substantially parallel to the motion of the piston at the exterior surface of the piston.
- a magneto-rheological fluid device in another aspect, includes a housing defining a cavity; a piston slidably disposed in the cavity, the piston dividing the cavity into first and second portions; a passage defined on the piston fluidly coupling the first and second portions of the cavity, the passage having a transverse portion formed along a circumference of the piston; a magneto-rheological fluid disposed in the cavity such that motion of the piston is damped by flow of the magneto-rheological fluid through the passage; and a magnet disposed to produce a magnetic field within the cavity.
- a magneto-rheological fluid device in another aspect, includes a housing defining a cavity; a piston slidably disposed in the cavity, the piston dividing the cavity into first and second portions; a passage defined on the piston fluidly coupling the first and second portions of the cavity; a magneto-rheological fluid disposed in the cavity such that motion of the piston is damped by flow of the magneto-rheological fluid through the passage; and a magnet disposed around the housing to produce a magnetic field within the cavity substantially parallel to the motion of the piston at the exterior surface of the piston.
- FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of a MRF damper according to an embodiment of the present invention with the piston being shown in plan view and not in cross-sectional view;
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the MRF damper of FIG. 1 illustrating the magnetic coil, bypass flow passage(s), MRF flow passages, cylinder housing, piston shaft, cover, seals and accumulator passage;
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the MRF damper of FIG. 1 illustrating magnetic field
- FIG. 4 is a top cross-sectional view of the MRF damper of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 5 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of the MRF damper of FIG. 1 with the piston and magnetic field lines in plan view rather than cross-sectional view;
- FIG. 6 a is a partial cross-section view of a piston body having a sleeve in an MRF damper according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 b is a partial cross-sectional view of an MRF damper according to another embodiment of the present invention having an electromagnet on the exterior of the piston;
- FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional view of an MRF damper according to another embodiment of the present invention having more than one piston;
- FIGS. 8 a and 8 b are graphs illustrating experimental data of force-displacement and force-velocity measurements, respectively, for an original equipment manufacture (OEM) shock absorber in an automotive vehicle;
- OEM original equipment manufacture
- FIGS. 9 a and 9 b are graphs illustrating experimental data of force-displacement and force-velocity measurements, respectively, for an MRF damper according to FIG. 1 of the present invention with no current applied to the electromagnet;
- FIGS. 10 a and 10 b are graphs illustrating experimental data of force-displacement and force-velocity measurements, respectively, for the MRF damper of FIGS. 9 a and 9 b with current applied to the electromagnet;
- FIG. 11 is a graph of damping force versus input electric current applied to the MRF damper of FIGS. 9 a and 9 b for different frequency tests.
- FIG. 12 is a graph of force versus frequency for the MRF damper of FIG. 9 a and 9 b as compared to the OEM shock absorber of FIGS. 8 a and 8 b.
- FIG. 1 shows a partial cross-sectional view of an MRF damper according to the present invention.
- the MRF damper includes a housing 16 defining a cavity 3 therein and a piston 6 that divides the cavity 3 of the housing 16 into two portions or chambers.
- the housing 16 and piston 6 are preferably formed of non-magnetic (non-ferrous) materials, but ferrous materials may also be used.
- the housing 16 is generally cylindrical.
- the piston 6 is guided axially in the cavity 3 by a piston rod 2 .
- the two portions of the cavity 3 of the housing 16 contain magneto-rheological fluid (MRF).
- a magnet, such as an electromagnetic coil 7 is disposed surrounding the housing 16 within a cover 1 .
- coil 7 is wound around the housing 16 .
- the coil 7 provides two external electrical wire leads 12 , 13 to connect to an external electrical power source.
- External mounting pieces 8 , 11 are respectively used to secure the ends of the MRF damper.
- one or more passages 5 may be formed on the external surface of the piston 6 to act as the controllable MRF valves.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the MRF damper of FIG. 1 illustrating the internal operation of the MRF damper.
- the piston 6 may include one or more internal passages 4 that are controlled by a valve 14 , for example, a spring-backed one-way valve.
- the valve 14 opens during the compression stroke of the vibration damper when sufficient pressure exists.
- the MRF damper can tolerate high impact forces or can be controlled for different compression and rebound characteristics.
- the piston rod 2 has an external mounting piece 11 at one end and is attached to the piston 6 at the other end.
- the volume of the cavity 3 within the housing 16 not occupied by piston 6 and piston rod 2 contains MRF.
- the top end of the housing 16 is sealed using an end-cap 9 and an 0 -ring pack 10 or other suitable seal to prevent leakage of the MRF fluid, to prevent air from entering, and to align the piston rod 2 .
- a port 15 is provided to provide a passage for MRF 3 to an external and/or internal accumulator (not shown).
- the accumulator accommodates for changes in MRF volume within the housing 16 as the piston 6 and piston rod 2 reciprocate inside the cylinder housing 16 .
- the accumulator may alternatively be incorporated into the vibration damper.
- the damper housing cover 1 surrounds the coil of magnetic wire 7 whose electrical wire leads 12 and 13 extend through the cover 1 to the outside of the MRF damper.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the MRF damper of FIG. 1 showing the magnetic field lines 17 that result when electrical current is introduced to the coil 7 .
- the ferrous particles of the MRF form chains along the magnetic field lines when subjected to the magnetic field.
- the yielded stress and the plastic viscosity of the MRF is increased, thereby achieving the desired level of damping.
- the magnetic field lines affecting the passages 5 are illustrated. However, if the piston 6 and piston shaft 2 are formed of magnetically inactive materials, the magnetic field will be present through the entire cavity.
- the passages 5 are formed on the exterior surface of the piston 6 , it may be desired to increase the magnetic field near the surface of the housing 16 .
- the magnetic field may be concentrated near the surface of the housing 16 by forming poles at end of the housing 16 using, for example ferrous end caps 9 , housing 16 and/or cover 1 . Moreover, the magnetic field will be increased in the passage 5 due to the presence of the ferrous particles in the MRF.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional top view of the MRF damper taken along line A—A of FIG. 2 .
- the piston rod 2 contains and supports the piston 6 .
- the internal passages 4 in the piston 6 may serve as bypass and/or compression ports.
- the piston 6 has one or more passages 5 on the exterior of the piston 6 .
- the internal passages 4 and the exterior passages 5 are dark-shaded to represent the MRF contained therein.
- the MRF 3 can act as a film lubricant between the cylinder housing 16 and the piston 6 .
- a piston seal may be utilized.
- the electromagnetic coil 7 surrounds the piston 6 and the housing 16 to provide the magnetic field.
- the cover 1 is provided to protect the electromagnetic coil 7 .
- the cover 1 may provide a return magnetic field circuit pathway if the cover 1 is formed of a ferrous material.
- FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of the MRF damper of FIG. 1 .
- the magnetic field lines 17 travel through the MRF and pass outside of the piston because of the ferromagnetic nature of the MRF. While not shown, the magnetic field may be slightly steered by the direction of the passages 5 containing the MRF.
- the passages 5 are formed on the exterior surface of the piston 6 to orient the flow of MRF.
- the passages 5 include a horizontal (transverse) portion and a vertical (axial) portion. It is desired to have a portion of the passages 5 horizontal to provide resistance to the flow of the MRF chains. Here, increasing the length of the horizontal portion increases the resistance to the flow of the MRF chains.
- passages 5 being formed on the exterior surface of the piston 6 benefits from the increased available horizontal dimension available along the circumference of the piston 6 .
- the MRF damper comprises at least one housing 16 with at least one piston 6 .
- the housing 16 and piston 6 are generally cylindrical in shape so that the piston 6 is movable within a cavity 3 defined in the housing 16 .
- the cavity 3 of the housing 16 is filled with MRF to surround the piston 6 and to flow through the passage(s) 5 of the piston.
- MRF forms chains of ferrous particle when subjected to a magnetic field.
- variations in the shape and strength of the magnetic field controls the material properties of the MRF(such as the yielded stress and the plastic viscosity).
- An electromagnet (such as a coil 7 of wire disposed around the housing 16 or a portion of the housing) can be used to easily vary the magnetic field in the housing 16 and in the piston 6 having the passages 5 .
- the MRF damper provides the MRF flow passage(s) 5 on the exterior surface of the piston substantially adjacent to the inner cylinder wall.
- This passage configuration takes advantage of the fact that the ferrous particles in the MRF form chain-like formations aligned with the magnetic flux lines.
- the chain-like formation of ferrous particles (MRF build-up) within the passage(s) 5 and provides an effective increase in the yielded stress and the plastic viscosity of the MRF within the MRF flow passages 5 , thereby increasing the pressure drop between the two sides of the piston.
- the increased pressure drop across the two ends of the piston increases the damping (resisting) force.
- the MRF damper according to the present invention, the MRF flows through a passage 6 (or multiple passages) built into the piston 6 .
- the MRF is activated and its physical properties, such as the yielded stress and the plastic viscosity, are controlled throughout cavity 3 defined in the housing 16 (or in a portion of the cavity 3 ) by variably adjusting the magnetic field generated by the coils 7 .
- the materials of construction of the piston 6 and its passage 5 (or passages) can be non-magnetic, ferrous or a combination of both types of materials. Therefore, materials can be selected to best fit the specific application requirements.
- the total weight of the MRF damper can be significantly reduced as compared to dampers requiring ferrous materials.
- optimization of the magnetic field and the geometry of the passages 5 are desirable. Materials of construction whose hardness properties are high enough to reduce any abrasive effects of MRF may also be utilized.
- the diameter of the MRF flow passages 5 can be large as compared to those in convention dampers. Therefore, the geometry of the passages 5 can be varied to a much greater extent as compared to conventional designs.
- the less-restrictive dimensional tolerances required for the manufacturing of components containing MRF flow passages 5 are easier to manufacture and, therefore, less expensive.
- the passages 5 can be easily formed on the surface of the piston 6 .
- the structure of the piston 6 is simplified and can easily be manufactured. Abrasive effects are also minimized when restrictively small dimensional tolerances are no longer present.
- FIG. 1 An MRF damper according to the embodiment of FIG. 1 was constructed and tested.
- a stock original equipment manufacture (OEM) shock absorber for HMMWV High Mobility, Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle
- FIGS. 8 a and 8 b show force-displacement and force-velocity graphs the OEM shock absorber at a frequency of 2 Hz with 1.0 cm peak-to-peak displacement.
- FIGS. 9 a and 9 b show the force-displacement and force-velocity graphs of a 38 cm (15 in) long MRF damper with a 10 cm (4 in) cavity diameter at a frequency of 2 HZ with 1.0 cm peak-to-peak displacement and no current applied to the electromagnet coil (no magnetic field).
- FIG. 11 illustrates peak-to-peak damping force as a function of electrical current applied to the MRF damper for various testing frequencies. As current increases, the damping force also increased.
- FIG. 12 shows the controllable dynamic force range of the MRF damper as compared to the fixed force range of the non-controllable (passive) OEM shock absorber.
- K 1 is the viscous damping coefficient
- V is the input velocity of the piston
- L is the length of the MRF passage(s) of the piston
- D is the effective hydraulic diameter of the MR passages of the piston
- K 2 is the MRF shear stress constant
- I is the electrical current applied to the electromagnet
- ⁇ is the magnetic field power index
- FIG. 6 a shows a piston body of another embodiment of the present invention.
- the piston body includes a piston portion 6 having the passage 5 formed on the exterior surface of the piston portion 6 .
- the piston body further comprises a sleeve 20 disposed on the exterior surface of the piston portion 6 .
- the sleeve 20 can be fixed to the piston body 6 to prevent wear or abrasion.
- the passage 5 is formed on the exterior surface of the piston body 6 , it is easy to manufacture.
- FIG. 6 b illustrates another embodiment of the present invention.
- a piston body 6 includes a piston portion 6 and a coil 7 .
- the piston portion 6 includes passages 5 on the surface, and the coil 7 surrounds the piston portion 6 .
- the piston body has a housing 18 to protect the coil 7 .
- Two wire leads 12 , 13 are preferably disposed through the piston shaft 2 and to become external the device on the mount 11 , thereby providing access to an external power source.
- the cover 1 can be integral with the housing 16 , or the cover 1 and housing 16 can be two separate components—one being the housing 16 and the other being the cover 1 .
- FIG. 7 shows another embodiment of the present invention.
- the MRF damper has two pistons 6 mounted to shaft 2 .
- Two sets of passages 5 on the piston 6 exist to serve as MRF controllable valves.
- One-way compression valves 14 exist on each piston 6 to provide different compression and rebound characteristics. Each valve 14 controls fluid flow through
- the configuration of MRF damper can be varied in a number of additional ways.
- the housing 16 may be formed using either non-ferrous or ferrous materials or a combination of both types of materials.
- the piston 6 (or piston body) can be manufactured from either non-ferrous or ferrous materials or a combination of both types of materials. If ferrous materials are used in the vicinity of the passages 5 , it is preferred that the magnetic field strength is sufficiently strong to saturate the ferrous material so that the MRF is sufficiently subjected to the magnetic field.
- a plurality of electromagnetic coil units 7 may be used or permanent magnets may be used in place of the electromagnetic coil units 7 or in conjunction with the electromagnetic coil units 7 .
- an electromagnet to counteract the constant magnetic field of a permanent magnet can be used to produce a reverse controlled mode.
- the MRF flow passages 5 can be formed on the exterior surface of the piston 6 in straight segments, in curved configurations, in spirals, portions of spirals, staircases, or other suitable shapes.
- the transverse portions of the flow passages 6 do not need to be perpendicular to the magnetic field and can be located in the pistons, housings, or passages external or internal to the device.
- piston motion is defined as being axial
- piston motion can be rotary or combinations of linear and rotary motions.
- MRF damper may be altered to reduce and/or optimize costs and construction requirements. Some elements of designs may be omitted and others added to achieve the same result. For example, seals incorporated within piston caps or bleed screws may or may not be required.
- the design may have more than two cavities.
- the design may consist of a plurality of independent and/or dependent MRF cavities, which may extend in any direction or dimension.
- springs or spring-like materials can be employed in series or parallel to construct a spring-dash pot damping device.
- the MRF damper controls the yielded stress and the plastic viscosity of the magneto-rheological fluid (MRF) in a unique manner, thereby providing a number of innovations and advantages.
- the design does not mandate the use of ferrous materials in its construction. Unlike conventional MRF dampers that energize the MRF only in a highly localized region in the piston, this design applies a magnetic field at all portions or specific portions within the cavity where MRF chains are desired. Thus, the MRF that passes through or across the piston during compression or rebound of the damper can be magnetically saturated in a large region prior, during, and/or after passing through or across the piston.
- the MRF damper directs the MRF chains to flow passages through the piston.
- the MRF is introduced to the magnetic field prior to engagement with the piston.
- MRF is then routed though the piston so that it is substantially perpendicular to the magnetic field one:or more times.
- the increased the yielded stress and the plastic viscosity of the MRF flowing in the direction substantially perpendicular to the magnetic field results in a higher damping force.
- the size of the passageways in the piston may be large or small and can be shaped or located in any manner relative to the piston to achieve the desired range of controllable damping.
- the MRF damper of the present invention provides variable control of MRF flow of MRF in passages within the MRF dampers.
- the MRF damper has a number of distinct characteristics.
- the passages are configured to alter the flow of MRF as to increase and/or decrease the force generated to resist motion for the desire application.
- non-ferrous materials can be used in the manufacturing of the components of an MRF damper.
- the passages through which MRF flows from one housing to the other can be significantly larger than those described in prior art MRF damper designs.
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Abstract
Description
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US09/443,351 US6471018B1 (en) | 1998-11-20 | 1999-11-19 | Magneto-rheological fluid device |
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US09/443,351 US6471018B1 (en) | 1998-11-20 | 1999-11-19 | Magneto-rheological fluid device |
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Cited By (62)
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US20030085201A1 (en) * | 2001-02-01 | 2003-05-08 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Piston for magneto-rheological fluid systems and method for its manufacture |
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US20070023244A1 (en) * | 2000-03-29 | 2007-02-01 | Lord Corporation | System comprising magnetically actuated motion control device |
US20070023245A1 (en) * | 2005-07-29 | 2007-02-01 | The Chinese University Of Hong Kong | Pressurized magnetorheological fluid dampers |
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