US5550590A - Bit rate controller for multiplexer of encoded video - Google Patents
Bit rate controller for multiplexer of encoded video Download PDFInfo
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- US5550590A US5550590A US08/395,709 US39570995A US5550590A US 5550590 A US5550590 A US 5550590A US 39570995 A US39570995 A US 39570995A US 5550590 A US5550590 A US 5550590A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/40—Client devices specifically adapted for the reception of or interaction with content, e.g. set-top-box [STB]; Operations thereof
- H04N21/43—Processing of content or additional data, e.g. demultiplexing additional data from a digital video stream; Elementary client operations, e.g. monitoring of home network or synchronising decoder's clock; Client middleware
- H04N21/434—Disassembling of a multiplex stream, e.g. demultiplexing audio and video streams, extraction of additional data from a video stream; Remultiplexing of multiplex streams; Extraction or processing of SI; Disassembling of packetised elementary stream
- H04N21/4347—Demultiplexing of several video streams
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/60—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding
- H04N19/61—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding in combination with predictive coding
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
- H04N21/23—Processing of content or additional data; Elementary server operations; Server middleware
- H04N21/236—Assembling of a multiplex stream, e.g. transport stream, by combining a video stream with other content or additional data, e.g. inserting a URL [Uniform Resource Locator] into a video stream, multiplexing software data into a video stream; Remultiplexing of multiplex streams; Insertion of stuffing bits into the multiplex stream, e.g. to obtain a constant bit-rate; Assembling of a packetised elementary stream
- H04N21/2365—Multiplexing of several video streams
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
- H04N21/23—Processing of content or additional data; Elementary server operations; Server middleware
- H04N21/236—Assembling of a multiplex stream, e.g. transport stream, by combining a video stream with other content or additional data, e.g. inserting a URL [Uniform Resource Locator] into a video stream, multiplexing software data into a video stream; Remultiplexing of multiplex streams; Insertion of stuffing bits into the multiplex stream, e.g. to obtain a constant bit-rate; Assembling of a packetised elementary stream
- H04N21/2365—Multiplexing of several video streams
- H04N21/23655—Statistical multiplexing, e.g. by controlling the encoder to alter its bitrate to optimize the bandwidth utilization
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
- H04N19/102—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or selection affected or controlled by the adaptive coding
- H04N19/103—Selection of coding mode or of prediction mode
- H04N19/107—Selection of coding mode or of prediction mode between spatial and temporal predictive coding, e.g. picture refresh
Definitions
- the present invention is related to a multiplexer of an encoded video, and particularly to a multiplexer of an encoded video which enables the video of moving pictures of a plurality of channels to be encoded and transmitted at once in cable television broadcasting stations, video libraries or the like.
- each of N encoders E1 to EN is fixed to a bit rate A, and the encoding is performed at the bit rate A whether the amount of information contained in the picture input to the encoders E1 to EN is large or small.
- a plurality of quantizers of different bit rates are provided in each encoder E1 to EN, and by determining the amount of information contained in the picture input to each encoder with an information amount estimation unit 41, the quantizer of each encoder is selected. For instance, if the amount of information contained in the picture input to the encoder E1 is small, the quantizer X having a bit rate A/2 is selected. If the picture information input to the encoder E2 has a moderate amount of information, the quantizer Y having a bit rate A is selected. Further, if the amount of information contained in the picture input to the encoder EN is large, the quantizer Z having a bit rate 3 A/2 is selected. In addition, the total bit rate to be output from an adder 40 is made to be N.A.
- the encoders E1 to EN perform the encoding at the same bit rate whether the amount of information contained in the picture input to them is large or small. For this, extreme deterioration occurs in pictures containing a large amount of information, or conversely, insufficient amount of information corresponding to a predetermined bit sate is generated in pictures Containing a small amount of information and dummy bits need to be added. As a result, it cannot be said that transmitted information is completely effectively utilized, and there is a problem that the subjective evaluation of the total system drops because of extremely deteriorating pictures.
- the present invention is characterized in that, in a multiplexer of an encoded video for multiplexing the encoded outputs of a plurality of video encoders, a controller is provided for controlling the operation timing of the plurality of video encoders so that the amounts of encoded output of the plurality of video encoders do not become maximized at the same time.
- the controller controls the operation timing of a plurality of video encoders so that the amounts of encoded output information of the plurality of video encoders do not become maximized at the same time, and thus the processing can be performed simply and in a short time, and the amount of encoded information of the total system can be reduced as compared with the conventional system without degrading the picture quality of any encoder.
- the present invention is a controller for a video encoder system in which a plurality of encoders are operated in parallel to obtain a plurality of encoded picture information at the same time, characterized by comprising a parameter determination unit for approximating the bit rate vs. coding distortion characteristics of each encoder by a linear equation of a bi-logarithmic graph to determine the parameters of it, and a bit rate determination unit for determining the bit rate for each encoder for minimizing the total sum of the coding distortions based on the equation provided by the parameter determination unit and on the condition that the total sum of the bit rate is constant.
- the bit rate and coding distortion of each encoder are measured, and by the parameter determination unit, the linear equation of a bi-logarithmic graph representing the bit rate vs. coding distortion characteristics of each encoder is determined.
- the bit rate determination unit determines the bit rate to be assigned to each encoder for minimizing the perceptually weighted distortion of the total system under a given total bit rate. As a result, the perceptually weighted distortion of the total system can be minimized under a predetermined total bit rate.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the construction of an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a concrete example of the video encoder.
- FIG. 3 is a figure for showing the difference in amount of information between the I-coding mode and the P-coding mode.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart for explaining the operation of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is a figure for explaining the operation of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a figure showing the structure of the sequence of the coding modes of a system for encoding moving pictures.
- FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing the construction of the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a flowchart fop explaining the operation of the second embodiment.
- FIG. 9 is a figure showing a small picture region of one frame in which there is a large amount of encoded information, and a small picture region in which there is a small amount of encoded information.
- FIG. 10 is a figure for explaining the operation of the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a figure for explaining the operation of the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing the construction of the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a bi-logarithmic graph showing the characteristics between the bit rate of an encoder and the mean square error.
- FIG. 14 is a block diagram showing an example of the conventional system.
- FIG. 15 is a block diagram showing another example of the conventional system.
- the object of the multiplexer of an encoded video is that, when operating a plurality of encoders, the video quality of the total system is improved using a small amount of information by operating the respective encoders under an integrated control rather than by operating them completely independently.
- FIG. 1 An embodiment of the present invention is now described with reference to FIG. 1.
- a first, second, . . . , and n-th video encoders 1a, 1b, . . . , and 1n encode video signals X1, X2, . . . , and Xn, respectively, and output encoded signals 2a, 2b, . . . . and 2n and frame encoding mode signals 3a, 3b, . . . , and 3n.
- a multiplexer 5 multiplexes the encoded signals 2a, 2b, . . . , and 2n and outputs.
- a controller 6 creates and outputs operation timing signals 4a, 4b, . . . , and 4n based on the frame coding modes 3a, 3b, . . . , and 3n.
- FIG. 2 shows a concrete example of the first video encoder 1a. Since the second, . . . , and n-th video encoders 1b, . . . , and 1n have the same or identical construction as the first video encoder 1a, the concrete construction of the first video encoder 1a as a representative of them is described.
- a subtracter 11 determines the difference between a video signal X1, for instance, of 8 ⁇ 8 pels, and a predicted video signal Y1 to generate a prediction error signal Z1.
- a transformer 12 performs a transform process such as a discrete cosine transform (DCT), and a quantizer 13 performs a quantization process.
- An inverse quantizer 14 inversely quantizes the quantized signal.
- An inverse transformer 15 performs an inverse discrete cosine transform (IDCT) or the like.
- An adder 16 adds the signal from the inverse transformer 15 and the predicted video signal A predictor 17 generates the predicted video signal Y1.
- an I-coding mode/P-coding mode switch 18 is connected to a contact 18a in the I-coding mode, and to a contact 18b in the P-coding mode by the control signal from control unit 20.
- a switching unit 19 is also controlled by same signal.
- I-coding mode or an intra-frame coding mode means a mode for coding only in a frame
- P-coding mode or an inter-frame predictive coding mode means a mode for predictive coding between frames.
- FIG. 3 shows that the amount of Generated encoded information is large in the I-coding mode and small in the P-coding mode.
- the control unit 20 Upon receipt of instructions on the I-coding mode by a operation timing signal 4a, the control unit 20 connects the I-coding mode/P-coding mode switch 18 to 18a and connects the switching unit 19 to 19a, and controls the operation timings of the I-coding mode and the P-coding mode. For instance, a control is performed for repeating the operation in which an encoding by the I-coding mode is performed in one time slot, then an encoding by the P-coding mode is performed in the successive 14 time slots, and an encoding by the I-coding mode is performed in the next time slot.
- the control unit 20 controls the I-coding mode/P-coding mode switch 18 to 18b during the operation timing for the P-coding mode, and also the switching unit 19 to 19b. In addition, the control unit 20 outputs a frame coding mode signal 3a indicating in which of the I- and P-coding modes the video encoder is currently operating.
- the controller 6 in FIG. 1 produces and outputs operation timing signals 4a, 4b. . . , and 4n for instructing the video encoders 1a, 1b, . . . , and 1n on the I-coding mode, based on the frame coding mode signals 3a, 3b, . . . , and 3n.
- step S1 the value of a certain counter (CNT) is set to one.
- step S2 the number i of the time slots is set to one.
- step S3 it is determined whether or not the number of the I-coding modes assigned to the i-th time slot is larger than CNT, and if so, the process goes to step S4 to add one to i, otherwise the process goes to step S7 where the I-coding mode is assigned to the i-th time slot for the video encoder which newly starts to operate.
- step S5 it is determined whether or not the i is equal to 15, and if the determination is negative, the process returns to step S3 to repeat a similar operation.
- step S5 if the step S5 is positive, the process goes to step S6 to add one to CNT. Thereafter, the process returns to step S2 to set i to one and repeat the above described operation. This operation ends when the operation of the whole system is halted.
- the I-coding modes having a large amount of encoded information do not overlap each other in the same time slot as shown, for instance, in (a), (b), and (c) of FIG. 5, and thus the total amount of information input to the multiplexer 5 is always small as shown in (d) of the same figure. Therefore, the amount of generated encoded information for the whole system can be reduced without reducing the allowed amount of information for each encoder.
- an information generation structure in which one frame of I-coding mode is inserted at every 14 frames of the P-coding mode is obtained, as shown in FIG. 6, and thus a transmission error of encoded signals can be handled a decoding process after interrupting is enabled.
- the I-coding modes overlap in some time slots if 16 or more video encoders concurrently operate.
- the second embodiment of the present invention is described below with reference to FIG. 7.
- the plurality of video encoders in which the I-coding mode is assigned to different time slots from the controller 6 are independently controlled by the respective control unit 20 and are concurrently operating.
- the I-coding mode of one video encoder and part of the I-coding mode of other video encoder in the subsequent time slot may overlap each other. If such partial overlapping occurs, the amount of encoded information largely increases only in the overlapping portion. It is the second embodiment that dissolves the possibility of the occurrence of partial overlapping of I-coding modes.
- variable delay units 7a, 7b, . . . , and 7n are inserted in the output of the respective video encoders 1a, 1b, . . . , and 1n, and the delay amounts of the variable delay units 7a, 7b, . . . , and 7n are set according to the instructions from the controller 6.
- step S11 the controller 6 monitors the frame coding mode signals 3a, 3b, . . . , and 3n to determine whether or not any of the video encoders 1a to 1n is carrying out the operation in the I-coding mode. If this determination is positive, the process goes to step S12 to determine whether or not the operation in the I-coding mode by other video encoder has been started. If this determination is negative, the process goes to step S13 to determine whether or not the I-coding mode of step S11 has ended. If this determination is positive, there is no overlapping of I-coding modes, and thus the process returns to step S11 to determine again whether or not any of the video encoders 1a to 1n has begun the operation in the I-coding mode.
- step S12 becomes positive while the determination in the step S13 is negative, this means that an overlapping of I-coding modes has occurred, and the process goes to step S14 to measure the time At taken for the I-coding mode of step S11 to end. Then, the process goes to step S15 where the delay amount of the variable delay unit connected the video encoder of step S12 is set to the time ⁇ t.
- the controller 6 can cause a delay in the operation, it is only needed to insert delay means of an equal delay amount between the video encoders 1a, 1b, . . . , and 1n and the variable delay units 7a, 7b, . . . , and 7n thereby to delay the arrival of the encoded signals output from the video encoders at the variable delay units 7a to 7n.
- Numeral 23 in FIG. 9 represents one frame of a video signal
- numeral 24 represents a block which is the minimum unit encoded by the video encoder (for instance, 8 ⁇ 8 pels).
- numeral 25 represents a picture portion which is active, and the picture portion other than the picture portion 25 in the frame 23 represents the picture portion which is not active.
- the total amount of encoded information of that one frame can be reduced.
- the active picture portion and the inactive picture portion as shown in FIG. 9 are fixed for a long time (for instance, the picture of a video conference).
- the P-coding mode and the I-coding mode of the above block regularly alternately appear for each frame. For instance, for the video of FIG. 9, the pattern of P-coding modes and I-coding modes in a period T in FIG. 10 repeatedly appears.
- the controller 6 can control the operation of the plurality of encoders so that the I-coding modes do not overlap for each block, by extracting the encoding mode selection information in the macro block information to detect the encoding mode for each block.
- one frame is divided into, for instance, 15 slices, and only the first slice is set to the I-coding mode and the remaining ones are set to the P-coding mode in the first frame, only the second slice is set to the I-coding mode and the remaining ones are set to the P-coding mode in the second frame, . . . , and only the 15-th slice is set to the I-coding mode and the remaining ones are set to the P-coding mode in the 15-th frame, so that the slice of the I-coding mode makes one round on the frames in 15 frames. Namely, by shifting the timing for starting the encoding by 1/15 frame time at a plurality of channels, the I-coding modes of the respective channels are prevented from overlapping each other.
- the encoding can be performed without overlapping the I-coding modes in which the amount of information is large, and thus the total amount of information input to the multiplexer 5 is always small as in the first embodiment. Further, since the slice of the I-coding mode makes a round on the frames in 15 frames, the transmission error of encoded signals can be handled and an interrupt decoding is enabled.
- This embodiment is to provide a controller for a video encoder system which can increase the total performance of a plurality of encoders under a predetermined total bit rate.
- an encoder 31 encodes an incoming video signal at a specified bit rate.
- a decoder 32 decodes the signal x encoded by the encoder 31.
- a mean square error measuring unit 33 measures the mean square error from the video signal and the decoding result.
- numeral 34 is a parameter determination unit
- numeral 35 is a bit rate determination unit.
- FIG. 13 represents the characteristics between the bit rate of the encoder and the mean square error by a bi-logarithmic graph.
- the mean square error is represented by El
- the bit rate is represented by Ri.
- "Bicycle”, “cheer”, “flower” and “mobile” in the figure represent well-known test data. Of these test data, “flower garden” and “mobile and calendar” appear, for instance, in the Journal of the Television Society “Picture Information Engineering and Broadcast Technology", No. 9, Vol. 45, 1993, p. 122 (51).
- the points in the figure represent actually measured values, and lines m, n, p and q connecting these points represent approximate curves.
- ai represents the slope of a straight line
- bi represents the point at which the line crosses the ordinate.
- the parameter determination unit 34 determines the parameters ai and bi, for instance, for every 15 frames, and apply the parameters ai and bi to the frames among the 15 frames.
- the previous measured value may be used as the first measured value
- the current measured value may be used as the second measured value.
- the bit rate determination unit 35 determines bit rates R1, R2, . . . , and RN which minimize the mean square error (E) represented by the equation (2), on condition that the total bit rate (R) represented by the following equation (1) is constant.
- the decision problem means that the following simultaneous equations (3) under the condition of the equation (1) when the LaGrange's undetermined multiplier is assumed to be ⁇ . ##EQU1##
- the bit rate determination unit 35 can determine the optimum bit rate of each encoder by substituting the parameters ai and bi determined by the parameter determination unit 34 in the equation (4) substituted the calculation result ⁇ 0.
- the determined bit Pate is fed back to the encoder 31.
- the encoder 31 Upon receipt of the bit rate, the encoder 31 performs an encoding with this bit rate.
- the bit rate determination unit 35 can determine the optimum bit rate for each encoder in the point that it minimizes the perceptually weighted distortion, and thus the perceptually weighted distortion of the total system can be minimized under a predetermined bit rate.
- the parameter b can identify the above equation (0), that is, the relational expression of the bit rate R and the mean square error, by one observation.
- bit rate for each encoder can be determined by the simple equations (8).
- the mean square error is used as the perceptually weighted distortion in the fifth and sixth embodiments, but the present invention is not limited to this, and visually weighted mean square error may be used as the perceptually weighted distortion.
- the visual weight is a weight coefficient which is obtained by numerically expressing the difference in sensitiveness depending on frequency components, a visual characteristic of human being, or the masking effect that distortion is difficult to sense when the brightness value rapidly varies, and which is multiplied by coding distortion.
- bit rate for each encoder can be determined by a method similar to the above described one in the sense that the perceptually weighted distortion is minimized.
- the operation timing of a plurality of video encoders can be controlled so that the amounts of encoded output information of the plurality of video encoders do no become maximized at the same time, and accordingly, there is an effect that the amounts of simultaneously generated encoded information can greatly be reduced at the sacrifice of nothing about the coding quality, as compared with the case in which they become maximum at the same time. Also, there is an effect that the perceptually weighted distortion of the total video encoder system can be minimized under a predetermined total bit rate.
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Abstract
Description
Log Ei=ailogRi+bi . . . (0) (i=1, 2, 3, . . . , N)
R=R1+R2+. . . +RN (1)
E=E1+E2+EN (2)
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JP6-059921 | 1994-03-04 | ||
JP5992194A JPH07245752A (en) | 1994-03-04 | 1994-03-04 | Multiplexer for video coder |
JP6-179795 | 1994-07-08 | ||
JP17979594A JP3167863B2 (en) | 1994-07-08 | 1994-07-08 | Video encoder control unit |
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