US4172990A - Control system for inductively controlled multi-phase motor - Google Patents

Control system for inductively controlled multi-phase motor Download PDF

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Publication number
US4172990A
US4172990A US05/675,037 US67503776A US4172990A US 4172990 A US4172990 A US 4172990A US 67503776 A US67503776 A US 67503776A US 4172990 A US4172990 A US 4172990A
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phase
motor
printhead
stepper motor
sensor
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US05/675,037
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Mickey H. Everett
J. Steven Flannigan
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Texas Instruments Inc
Stone Brown Paper Inc
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Texas Instruments Inc
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Priority to CA274,957A priority patent/CA1114445A/en
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Assigned to STONE BROWN PAPER, INC., A CORP. OF reassignment STONE BROWN PAPER, INC., A CORP. OF ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: CHAMPION INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION, A CORP.OF N.Y.
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05BCONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B19/00Programme-control systems
    • G05B19/02Programme-control systems electric
    • G05B19/18Numerical control [NC], i.e. automatically operating machines, in particular machine tools, e.g. in a manufacturing environment, so as to execute positioning, movement or co-ordinated operations by means of programme data in numerical form
    • G05B19/19Numerical control [NC], i.e. automatically operating machines, in particular machine tools, e.g. in a manufacturing environment, so as to execute positioning, movement or co-ordinated operations by means of programme data in numerical form characterised by positioning or contouring control systems, e.g. to control position from one programmed point to another or to control movement along a programmed continuous path
    • G05B19/40Open loop systems, e.g. using stepping motor
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02PCONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P8/00Arrangements for controlling dynamo-electric motors of the kind having motors rotating step by step
    • H02P8/14Arrangements for controlling speed or speed and torque
    • H02P8/16Reducing energy dissipated or supplied
    • H02P8/165Reducing energy dissipated or supplied using two level supply voltage

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to the control of an inductively controlled multi-phase motor. More specifically, it relates to the control of a stepper motor whose rotational motion is translated into linear motion.
  • the invention is useful in the control of stepper motors for a wide variety of applications, in the preferred embodiment it is used to control a stepper motor for positioning the printhead of a thermal printing mechanism.
  • Printing is accomplished by applying heat to the printhead in a prescribed fashion, the printhead contacting thermally sensitive paper to produce a desired alpha-numeric character. The printing is done when the printhead is moved from left to right. At the end of the printline, the printhead is returned to the left rapidly, in a "carriage return" (SLEW) mode. The printhead can also be moved to the left in a "backspace" mode.
  • SLEW arriage return
  • a typical prior art system is that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,953,778, and entitled "Motion Control System for an Inductively Controlled Multi-Phase Motor".
  • the system disclosed therein is comprised of a plurality of TTL integrated circuits, interconnected to provide the required control functions.
  • One problem with such a combination of elements is the reduction of its size and weight to permit the use of the control system in a small lightweight portable computer terminal.
  • the system disclosed in the above referenced U.S. patent also requires a limit switch to indicate when the printhead is in the left hand limit position. This limit switch further adds to the size and weight requirements of the prior art system.
  • Another disadvantage stemming from the TTL integrated circuit implementations of the prior art system is the relatively large expense involved in modifying the system once it has been built.
  • a microprocessor operates under the control of a read-only-memory (ROM) to generate the requisite control signals.
  • ROM read-only-memory
  • RAM random access memory
  • the microprocessor communicates with various other hardware devices of the printer through an input/output (I/O) integrated circuit which is formed on a single semiconductor chip.
  • I/O input/output
  • the stepper motor drive circuit which provides current to the stepper motor phases is an improved version of the circuit disclosed and claimed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 452,320, filed Mar. 18, 1974, now abandoned, and entitled "Switching Regulator Control for Inductively Controlled Electro-Mechanical Device".
  • power is selectively applied to the various mesas of the thermal printhead so as to print a character on the thermally sensitive paper, this print operation consuming approximately 10 milliseconds.
  • the printhead is stepped to the next position for a subsequent print cycle.
  • the current in the last phase of the stepper motor is terminated while a high level signal is generated to initiate a rapid build up of current in the next motor phase. This continues until a position sensor located on the stepper motor provides a signal indicating that the motor has traversed as predetermined portion of the angular distance between adjacent detent positions.
  • This sensor signal after a short delay, is used to turn off the current in the next motor phase, and generate a high level logic signal which controls the values of motor current between one of two levels to cause a rapid build up of current in the lagging motor phase.
  • This build up of current in the lagging motor phase provides a braking torque, and continues for a period of two milliseconds. At the end of this two millisecond period, the current is removed from the lagging phase, and the high level logic signal again induces a build up of current in the leading motor phase. The build up in the leading phase is allowed to continue for four milliseconds so as to pull the motor into the next detent position.
  • the logic signal is reduced in amplitude so as to cause the current in the leading motor phase to decay to a level just sufficient to hold the motor in the detent position. If the aforementioned position sensor signal is not received within 7.2 milliseconds after the initiation of the step operation, the controller asserts that a paper out condition has occurred.
  • the logic signal which controls the current in the various motor phases is maintained at a high level. This current is switched consecutively from phase to phase of the stepper motor in an order such as to cause the motor to drive the printhead toward the left-hand limit stop.
  • the current is switched to the adjacent leading motor phase to begin rotation of the motor in the carriage return direction.
  • a 1.5 millisecond timer is initiated. This continues until the aforementioned sensor provides a signal to indicate that the motor has rotated through a predetermined fraction of the angle between the start detent position and the adjacent leading detent position. At this point in time, the current is switched to the next leading motor phase and the 1.5 millisecond timer reinitiated.
  • This current switching between motor phases and reinitiation of the 1.5 millisecond timer continues iteratively until the motor reaches an angular velocity such that the signal from the position sensor on some iteration occurs prior to the termination of the 1.5 millisecond timer. From this point on, the current is switched from phase to phase and the timer reinitialized upon the occurrence of the position sensor signal or the expiration of the timer, whichever occurs last.
  • This feedback method of operation insures that, once the acceleration period has ended, the motor will rotate from detent to detent position at a rate of 1.5 milliseconds per step.
  • the constant velocity carriage return continues until a predetermined print column has been reached, column 12 in the preferred embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a portion of the controller.
  • FIG. 2 is a detailed block diagram of the logic section.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the address decode circuit.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the motor driver circuit.
  • FIG. 5a shows the position sensor
  • FIG. 5b shows the output of the position sensor.
  • FIG. 6 is a timing diagram for the print/step sequence.
  • FIG. 7 is a flow diagram for the carriage return sequence.
  • FIG. 1 a block diagram of a portable thermal printing computer terminal in which the present invention may be used.
  • a logic section which in the preferred embodiment comprises first a central processing unit (CPU).
  • the CPU may be a model TMS8080 microprocessor functioning under the control of ROM storage which comprises two Model TMS4700 ROMS, each of which has 1,000 words of eight bit storage.
  • a Model TMS4036 RAM provides 64 words of eight bit storage.
  • Both parallel and serial data input and output services, as well as masked prioritized interrupts and interval timers, are provided by a Model TMS5501 I/O chip.
  • Each of the above referenced TMS devices is available from Texas Instruments Incorporated of Dallas, Texas. Address decode circuits of the type well known in the art respond to the digital addresses provided by the microprocessor to properly address other system elements.
  • a thermal printhead 12 may be of the type disclosed and claimed in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 533,427, filed Dec. 16, 1974, and entitled "Thermal Printhead with Memory”.
  • This thermal printhead in the preferred embodiment, comprises a 5 ⁇ 7 element array of electrically and thermally isolated semiconductor mesas.
  • the mesas when selectively heated, serve to print alpha-numeric or other characters on thermally sensitive paper.
  • the 5 ⁇ 7 matrix of mesas is addressed using an x-y coincidence addressing technique.
  • the columns of mesas are strobed "ON" sequentially by signals appearing on the five column (X) input lines.
  • the lowest order 12 bits of the 16 bit address bus of the microprocessor are connected by lines 14 to the X and Y printhead drivers 16 and 18.
  • the lowest order 7 bits are coupled to the Y printhead drivers 18 while bits 7 through 11 are coupled to the X printhead drivers 16.
  • one of bits 7 through 11 will be high to indicate which of the columns of the printhead is to be strobed.
  • the bits 0 through 6 will be selectively high to indicate which of the mesas of that column are to be heated.
  • a high level bit 13 on the address bus is utilized by the address decode circuit to apply a printhead strobe pulse to printhead drivers 16 and 18, thereby causing the drivers to couple the information on the address bus to the printhead terminals. This procedure is repeated five times so as to sequentially strobe the five columns of the printhead.
  • Printhead 12 is mounted on a carriage which operates in response to logic signals from the controller to move from one to another of the print positions and to slew to the left in a carriage return mode.
  • the carriage is positioned by a cable which is in turn driven by a three phase stepper motor.
  • the arrangement of the stepper motor, cable, and carriage are of the type well known in the art and need not be further discussed here.
  • Eight bit data words from the microprocessor are coupled by the I/O chip to parallel output bus 20.
  • the data words are coupled through driver buffer 22, which in the preferred embodiment, simply comprises a Model SN7406 inverter in each of the eight lines of bus 20.
  • the inverters serve to match the signal levels of the I/O chip to the signal levels required by the TTL control registers 24 and 26 and by the keyboard 28.
  • Control registers 24 and 26 may comprise an SN 74174 and SN 74175 integrated circuit, respectively.
  • Selected bits appearing at the output of driver buffer 22 are coupled to the inputs of control registers 24 and 26.
  • signals from the address decode circuit of logic network 10 strobe these bits onto the output terminals of the control registers 24 and 26 to control printing and motion of the printhead.
  • Selected output bits from driver buffer 22 are also connected to the row scan lines of keyboard 28. Periodically, keyboard 28 is scanned using these row inputs and detected key depressions are coupled to 8 bit input bus 30. Data appearing on 8 bit input bus 30 in turn is coupled by the I/O to the microprocessor.
  • the interface between keyboard 28 and the control logic is of a type known in the art and need not be further discussed here.
  • Logic network 10 communicates with external systems such as a remote terminal through the I/O chip on a serial transmit channel 32 and a serial receive channel 34.
  • Serial transmit and receive channels 32 and 34 may be coupled to a telephone line by means of a modem assembly as is well known in the art.
  • the signal from a position sensor is coupled by line 36 to logic network 10 wherein the I/O chip couples this signal to the CPU.
  • CPU 40 comprises a microprocessor, which as previously noted in the preferred embodiment is a Model TMS8080 device.
  • CPU 40 operates under control of ROMs 42 and 44.
  • ROMs 42 and 44 contain tables such as a table of delay times for switching phases on the stepper motor as the printhead carriage travels from column 12 to column 1 in the carriage return mode.
  • Temporary storage for CPU 40 is provided by RAM 46.
  • I/O chip 48 input/output services for the CPU are provided by I/O chip 48.
  • CPU 40 has an 8 bit data word which is coupled to each of ROMs 42 and 44, RAM 46, and I/O chip 48 by 8 bit data bus 50.
  • CPU 40 has a 16 bit address word which is coupled by address bus 52 to the various elements of logic network 10. Bits A0 through A9 of the address word are coupled to the 10 address inputs of each of ROMs 42 and 44. Bits A0 through A5 of the address word are coupled to the six address inputs of RAM 46. Bits A0 through A3 of the address word are coupled to the four address inputs of I/O chip 48. Finally, bit A15 of the address word is coupled to the chip enable input of I/O chip 48.
  • the clock inputs of CPU 40 and I/O chip 48 are provided on lines 54 and 56 from a two phase clock.
  • the clock has period of 500 nanoseconds.
  • the sync output of CPU 40 is coupled by line 58 to the sync input of I/O chip 48.
  • Interrupt signals from I/O chip 48 are coupled by line 60 to the interrupt input of CPU 40.
  • the CPU DBIN signal is coupled by line 62 to the CS2 inputs of ROMs 42 and 44 to the DBFL input of RAM 46.
  • Line 64 couples the WR output of CPU 40 to the R/W input of RAM 46.
  • Various signals appearing in FIG. 2 are coupled to the address decode circuit of FIG.
  • the position sensor signal is coupled by line 36 to the SEN terminal of I/O chip 48.
  • the serial output and input channels 32 and 34 connect to the XMT and RCV terminals, respectively, of the I/O chip.
  • the 8 bit parallel output word X0 is connected by output bus 20 to the driver buffer 22. Data from the keyboard is coupled by 8 bit input bus 30 to the 8 XI terminals of I/O chip 48.
  • Decoder 70 in the preferred embodiment is a Model 74LS138 TTL integrated circuit. Address bits A12, A13, and A14 are coupled respectively to the A, B and C inputs of decoder 70 by lines 72, 74 and 76. When the G1 and G2A inputs of decoder 70 are connected as shown and when the G2B input is in the low logic state, all but one of the Y output terminals will have a high logic level, the single Y output terminal in the low state being determined by the state of A, B and C inputs as shown in Table I.
  • the A10 bit of the address bus is coupled by line 78 to one input of NAND gate 80 and through inverter 82 to one input of NAND gate 84.
  • the Y0 output of decoder 70 is coupled through inverter 86 to the other input of each of NAND gates 80 and 84. If the A, B and C inputs of decoder 70 and 000, the resulting low level of the Y0 output will cause one of NAND gates 80 and 84 to have a low level output. If, for example, the A10 bit of the address bus is low, the output of NAND gate 84 will be low thereby enabling ROM 42. Alternatively , if the A10 bit is high ROM 44 will be enabled by NAND gate 80.
  • the resulting low level Y1 output signal enables RAM 46 through line 90.
  • Lines 92 and 94 couple the the Y4 and Y5 outputs to one input of each of OR gates 96 and 98.
  • the decoder 70 input is 100
  • the resulting Y4 output low logic level causes a low logic level at the output of OR gate 96.
  • This is coupled to the clock input of control register 24 which simply comprises a plurality of D flip flops, one in each line of the control register.
  • the low level clock input to the control register transfers the information from the D inputs of the flip flops to their outputs so as to provide appropriate PRINT, FAST, STEP, and phase control signals to the carriage drive electronics.
  • a 101 input to decoder 70 results in a low level Y5 output and ultimately in a low level at the output of OR gate 98.
  • This low level signal clocks the D flip flops of control register 26 so as to provide appropriate bell, linefeed, and headlift signals. Clocking of control registers 24 and 26 is inhibited, however, when the CPU write signal WR appearing on line 100 is in the high logic level.
  • the SYNC output of CPU 40 is coupled by inverters 102 and 104 to one input of AND gate 106.
  • the high level SYNC signal which occurs at the beginning of each machine cycle of the CPU, gates one pulse from clock phase one through AND gate 106 to the clock input of JK flip flop 108.
  • Each of JK flip flops 108 and 110 may be a Model 74109 integrated circuit. While the SYNC signal is high at the beginning of each machine cycle, the 8 bit data output bus of CPU 40 contains status bits from the CPU.
  • the D0 status bit which is coupled through inverter 112 to the J and K inputs of flip flop 108, is high if the machine cycle is an interrupt acknowledge and is low for all other types of machine cycles.
  • Flip flop 108 when connected as shown in FIG.
  • the resultant high level at the output of AND gate 116 is inverted by inverter 124 to a low level READY signal appearing on line 126.
  • This low level READY signal is tested by CPU 40 during the second state of the machine cycle, and the low level READY signal causes the WAIT output of CPU 40 to go high at the end of the second state.
  • This high level WAIT signal after inversion by inverter 114, causes the output of AND gate 116 to go low, thereby resulting in a high level READY signal.
  • the high level READY signal permits the CPU to read from or write on the data bus during the third state of the machine cycle.
  • the D0 line of the data bus will be high during the SYNC pulse that initiates the machine cycle.
  • This high level D0 is inverted by inverter 112 and clocked to the Q output of flip flop 108 by a clock pulse.
  • the low level Q output causes the output of AND gate 116 to be low so that the READY signal is high when tested during the second state of the machine cycle.
  • CPU 40 can pass directly to the third state of the machine cycle without encountering a WAIT state.
  • the high level Q output of flip flop 108 coupled by line 109 to the G2B input of decoder 70, inhibits the decoder from "reading" the address bits during an interrupt acknowledge.
  • the WAIT state is also skipped when the Y7 output of decoder 70 is low during the second state of a machine cycle.
  • the Q output of flip flop 110 appears on line 128 and is used to strobe printhead drivers 16 and 18.
  • the Y2 output of decoder 70 (normally at a high logic level) is inverted by inverter 130 and the resultant low level logic signal presets the Q output of flip flop 110 to a low logic level. This preset is released only when the Y2 output of decoder 70 goes low, that is when the decoder input is 010. With the Y2 output low, the Q output of flip flop 110 is controlled by its J and K inputs.
  • the high level SYNC pulse which initiates a machine cycle to strobe the printhead, is inverted by inverter 102 to provide a low level K input to flip flop 110.
  • the WAIT signal appearing on line 118 is low during this portion of the machine cycle so that the flip flop also has a low level J input. Under these conditions, the clock pulse from clock phase 1 switches the Q output of flip flop 110 to a high state. When the next clock pulse occurs, the WAIT signal appearing on line 118 will still be low but the inverted SYNC signal appearing at the K input of flip flop 110 will be high. Under these conditions, the clock signal will cause the Q output to remain in the state that it occupied just prior to the clock pulse, that is, the high state. At the time of the next succeeding clock pulse, the WAIT signal will have gone high so that both inpupts to flip flop 110 are high with the result that the clock pulse switches the Q output back to the low state.
  • a print strobe machine cycle will cause the Q output appearing on line 128 to go high for a time period equal to the duration of two clock cycles.
  • the printhead driver signals on line 128 remain high for one microsecond.
  • the printhead drivers comprise a set of 12 AND gates, one in each of the 5 X and 7 Y printhead drive lines.
  • the printhead drive signal appearing on line 128 is coupled to one input of each of these AND gates. Accordingly, a high level printhead drive signal gates the corresponding X and Y signals through the printhead drivers to the printhead itself.
  • FIG. 4 is shown a schematic diagram of the stepper motor drive circuit which, subject to certain important exceptions, is similar to that disclosed in the aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 452,320.
  • the PHASE A signal from control register 24 is coupled to the base of transistor 140 and through resistor 142 to a +5 volt supply.
  • Transistor 140 has its collector referenced through resistor 144 to a +30 volt supply and its emitter through resistor 146 to the output of comparator amplifier 148.
  • the collector of transistor 140 to connected to the base of transistor 150, whose emitter is connected to the +30 volt supply.
  • the collector of transistor 150 is connected to the base of transistor 152 and through resistor 154 to the emitter of transistor 152.
  • the collector of transistor 152 is coupled to the +30 volt supply while its emitter is further coupled to the PHASE A winding 156 of the stepper motor.
  • the opposite end of the PHASE A winding is coupled through current sensing resistor 158 to ground.
  • the ungrounded side of current sensing 158 is connected through resistor 159 to capacitor 160 and to the noninverting input of comparator amplifier 148.
  • the junction between the emitter of transistor 152 and stepper motor coil 156 is also connected to the cathode of "catch" diode 162.
  • the anode of catch diode 162 is connected to a network indicated generally by reference designator 164. Network 164 replaces the recovery resistor normally found at this point in similar circuits.
  • the current drive circuits for the PHASE B and C coils of the stepper motor are identical to that just described for PHASE A and no further discussion of these circuits is required here.
  • the step signal from control register 24 is connected to resistors 166 and 168, the former being coupled at its other end to the +5 volt supply voltage and the latter being coupled at its other end to the base of transitor 170.
  • the base of transitor 170 is also connected through resistor 172 to ground and the emitter of transistor 170 is grounded.
  • the collector of transitor 170 is connected through resistor 174 to the +5 volt supply and also to the base of transistor 176.
  • Transistor 176 has its emitter grounded while its collector is referenced through variable resistor 178 to a +12 volt supply.
  • the collector of transistor 176 is also connected through resistor 180 to one end of resistor 182, the other end of this resistor being grounded.
  • resistors 180 and 182 are also connected through resistor 184 to the inverting input of comparator amplifier 148 and to one end of capacitor 160. Finally, the junction between resistors 180, 182 and 184 is also coupled through resistor 186 to the cathode of zener diode 188, the anode of this diode being grounded. The cathode of diode 188 is also connected through resistor 190 to the +12 volt supply.
  • a clock input is coupled through capacitor 161, resistor 163, and resistor 165 to the junction between resistors 158 and 159.
  • the junction between resistors 163 and 165 is also coupled through capacitor 167 to ground.
  • the clock input which has a frequency of 20.8 KHZ synchronizes the switching action of the regulator and is chosen to be outside the audible frequency range of human beings.
  • the circuit of FIG. 4 in response to phase control signals at the PHASE A, B and C input terminals, serves to selectively energize one of the windings of the stepper motor. Further, in response to the CLOCK, STEP and FAST inputs, the circuit functions in a switching regulator mode to control the average current flowing in the selected motor winding. The current in the selected winding flows through current sensing resistor 158 to ground and generates a voltage across that resistor proportional to the current flowing in the selected winding. This voltage is mixed with the clock input signal and the combined signal is coupled to the noninverting terminal of comparator 148. A voltage reference controlled by the "STEP" signal is coupled to the inverting terminal of comparator 148.
  • variable resistor 178 is adjusted so that the average current flowing in the selected winding when the STEP signal is in the high state is approximately 1.4 amps, while the average current when the STEP signal is in the low state is approximately 0.6 amps.
  • the FAST input signal from control register 24 is connected to the base of transistor 192 and through resistor 194 to the +5 volt supply.
  • the emitter of transistor 192 is referenced through resistor 196 to ground while its collector is connected to the base of transistor 198 and through resistor 200 to the +5 volt supply.
  • the emitter of transistor 198 is also connected to the +5 volt supply while the collector of that transistor is connected through resistor 202 to a -12 volt supply.
  • Diode 204 couples the collector of transistor 198 to the base of transistor 206.
  • the anode of diode 204 is also connected through zener diode 208 and diode 210 to the anode of the catch diode (i.e., diode 162).
  • the anode of diode 204 is also coupled through resistor 212 to ground.
  • the emitter of transistor 206 is coupled to the base of transistor 214 and through resistor 216 to ground.
  • Transistor 214 has its emitter connected to ground, while its collector, in common with the collector of transistor 206, is connected to the anodes of the catch diodes.
  • transistors 192 and 198 are turned off. This permits the -12 volt supply operating through resistor 202 and diode 204 to turn on transistors 206 and 214 hard.
  • a stepper motor winding such as winding 156 is conducting current and the current drive is suddenly interrupted as by turning off transistor 152, the inductance of winding 156 tends to maintain the flow of current.
  • the path for this current flow from winding 156 is through resistor 158 to ground and back through transistor 214 and catch diode 162 to the winding.
  • transitor 214 which is turned on hard places very little load across the winding and the inductively maintained current decays at a relatively slow rate as desired during normal switching regulator action.
  • transistors 192 and 198 are turned on so as to prevent the -12 volt supply from turning on transitors 206 and 214.
  • the rapidly decaying current causes a large reverse voltage to appear across the winding. Since very little of this voltage is dropped across resistor 158 which in the preferred embodiment has a resistance of one/half ohm, almost this total inductive voltage appears across the series combination of the emitter-to-base junctions of transistors 214 and 206, and diodes 208, 210 and 162. This inductive voltage rapidly reaches a level greater than the 20 volt breakdown voltage of zener diode 208.
  • transistors 206 and 214 turn on and the voltage appearing across winding 156 (neglecting the very small voltage drop across resistor 158) is maintained at a level equal to the sum of the emitter-to-base voltage drops of transistors 206 and 214, the breakdown voltage of zener diode 208, and the forward diode drop of diodes 210 and 162.
  • This voltage drop which will be labeled V r has a value of approximately 23 volts.
  • the effective value of this resistive load at the beginning of the decay period is simply V r divided by the initial current flowing in the motor winding.
  • V r has a value of 23 volts
  • the initial current flowing in the motor winding is 1.4 amperes (assuming a high level STEP signal) this effective resistance initially has a value of approximately 16 ohms.
  • the voltage across winding 156 is maintained constant at V r volts while the current decays. It will be seen, therefore, that the effective value of the resistive load appearing across the motor winding increases as the current decays so as to maintain the current decay at a constant rate.
  • the FAST signal is simultaneously switched to a high logic state. This has the result of rapidly killing the current in the lagging motor phase so as to facilitate acceleration of the motor toward the next detent position.
  • Another advantage of network 164 may be appreciated by considering that in prior art systems the recovery resistor is in the decaying current path at all times. This resistor must have a relatively high value so as to result in a rapid L/R current decay when the motor current is switched from a lagging to a leading phase. This large resistance, however, is also in the decay path when the motor is in a detent position and the switching regulator action of the controller causes the current drive to be alternately connected to and disconnected from the detent motor winding.
  • a slotted disc 220 as illustrated in FIG. 5a is rigidly affixed to the shaft of the stepper motor so as to rotate with the stepper motor.
  • a light source and sensor are located on opposite sides of slotted disc 220. The light source and sensor are oriented relative to slotted disc 220 such that the disc blocks the light path at all times except when one of the slots is in registry with the light path.
  • the stepper motor used in the preferred embodiment of the invention has adjacent detent positions separated by 15° of arc. Slotted disc 220 has a slot corresponding to each detent position.
  • the disc is mounted on the shaft of the stepper motor such that, when the motor is in a detent position, the light path will strike the disc at a point midway between two adjacent slots.
  • the electrical output of the light sensor changes states during that portion of the step when one of the slots traverses the light path.
  • FIG. 5b The angular position of the stepper motor as it steps from one detent position to the next and the corresponding electrical output signal from the light sensor are illustrated in FIG. 5b.
  • Each of the slots in slotted disc 220 is 5° wide and as pointed out above is located midway between two adjacent detent positions of the stepper motor.
  • the stepper motor when the stepper motor has moved 1/3 of the way from one detent position to the next, the light beam enters the slotted area of the wheel and a quantum increase in the sensor output signal is noted. This continues until the stepper motor has reached two thirds of the travel to the next detent position, at which time slotted wheel 220 again blocks the light beam and the sensor output signal returns to its low logic level.
  • This sensor output signal is coupled to line 36 of FIGS. 1 and 2. While the preferred embodiment employs 5° slots located midway between adjacent detent positions, variations in the slot width and location may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
  • microprocessor 40 operates under the control of ROMs 42 and 44.
  • Table II gives the contents of ROM 42, while Table III gives the contents of ROM 44.
  • the left hand column of each table gives the address of the first of 16 bytes in each row. These addresses, as well as the data at each byte location, are given in hexadecimal format. Each byte represents 8 bits of binary information.
  • the operation of the printhead control may be divided into a print step sequence and a carriage return sequence.
  • the controller first acquires the dot pattern for the particular character to be printed from ROM storage. This dot pattern is then strobed into the printhead and the print operation performed. At the completion of the print operation, the controller steps the printhead carriage to the next printer position in preparation for printing the next character.
  • the controller At each print/step operation, however, prior to loading the dot pattern into the printhead, the controller enters a wait state for a period of 11.3 milliseconds. This is to insure that, at the end of a carriage return, all carriage motion has ceased prior to the printing of the first character in a line.
  • the controller couples the power supply voltage to the printhead, accesses the dot pattern for the character and loads the first column of the dot pattern into the printhead. This loading is accomplished by generating an address such as that illustrated in Table IV. One bit of bits 7-11 will be high indicating which of the five columns of the printhead is being strobed. In the case illustrated, the first column is strobed.
  • bits in positions 0-6 indicate which of the mesas in the first column are to be strobed.
  • Bit positions 0-11 are coupled to the X and Y printhead drivers 16 and 18 of FIG. 1.
  • Bits 12, 13, and 14 are monitored by the address decode circuit and as previously indicated in the discussion of FIG. 3, the particular bit pattern shown results in a one microsecond high level signal appearing on line 128.
  • This high level signal gates the printhead driver input signal to the appropriate X and Y inputs of the printhead itself.
  • dot positions 1, 4 and 7 of Column 1 of the printhead are turned on. As long as the power supply voltage remains applied to the printhead, these dot positions are latched on even though the X and Y input signals are subsequently removed.
  • a new address is then loaded onto the address bus with the same bit pattern in columns 12-15. In this case, however, only bit position 10 of positions 7-11 will be high and the pattern in positions 0-6 indicates which dots of column 2 of the printhead are to be turned on. This procedure continues until all five columns of the printhead have been loaded, this procedure taking approximately 200 microseconds for its completion.
  • the strobed printhead requires only 12 address lines to the printhead in contrast with 35 lines required when a 5 ⁇ 7 matrix is directly addressed. This is highly advantageous since the 12 line cable to the printhead is more reliable than a 35 line cable.
  • the print operation then continues for a total period of 10 milliseconds at the end of which the power supply voltage is removed from the printhead. At this point, the printhead carriage is stepped to the next printing location.
  • the logic signal diagram of FIG. 6 may be useful in understanding the print/step cycle. The logic signals shown are those appearing at the output of control register 24. For the first 11.3 milliseconds of the cycle, that is from t 1 to t 2 , the controller is in a wait state. For the next 10 milliseconds, that is from t 2 to t 3 , the controller is in the PRINT state as described above.
  • the PRINT signal is turned off, the enable signal to PHASE A is turned off, the enable signal to PHASE B is turned on, and both the FAST and the STEP logic signals are switched high.
  • the high level FAST signal which lasts for a one millisecond duration, has the effect of rapidly squelching the decaying current in the PHASE a motor winding so as to permit the stepper motor to move away from the PHASE A detent position.
  • the high level STEP signal results in a rapid current buildup in the PHASE B motor winding to cause acceleration of the stepper motor toward the PHASE A detent position.
  • time t 4 at which time the change of the SENSOR signal indicates that the stepper motor has traversed one third of the distance between the detent positions for PHASE A and PHASE B.
  • the enable signal to PHASE B is switched off and the enable signal to PHASE A is switched on so as to cause a decelerating current to flow in lagging PHASE A of the motor.
  • the STEP signal goes low to cause a gradual build up of the braking current in PHASE A and the FAST signal goes high to rapidly squelch the decaying current in PHASE B.
  • the FAST signal is switched low and the STEP signal is switched high to permit the braking current in PHASE A to build up to a high level.
  • PHASE A is switched off and the enable signal to PHASE B is switched on to generate a current in PHASE B for pulling the motor into the detent position.
  • the STEP signal remains high for four additional milliseconds, that is, until t 7 , to insure that the stepper motor pulls into the detent position for PHASE B.
  • the STEP signal goes low to reduce the current flowing in the PHASE B motor coil to a holding value.
  • Each print/step operation is deemed to occupy a period of 28.5 milliseconds.
  • this cycle begins at time t 1 and concludes at time t 8 , at which time the 11.3 millisecond waiting period for the next print/step cycle begins.
  • This overlapped operation is made possible by the plurality of interval timers available in I/O chip 48.
  • One of these interval timers is used to time the ten millisecond print period and the various periods associated with the turning on and off of the FAST, STEP, PHASE A, and PHASE B waveforms.
  • a second of these interval timers is used to time the 11.3 millisecond wait period between t 1 and t 2 , and to time the 7.2 millisecond period between time t 3 and time t 8 . If, during this last mentioned 7.2 millisecond time period the SENSOR signal has gone high as illustrated in FIG. 6, then at the end of the 7.2 millisecond period, that is at time t 8 , the print/step cycle is declared to be over and the next cycle can begin. If, however, during the 7.2 millisecond time period no SENSOR signal has occurred, the controller declares a paper out condition. In this case rather than a normal termination of the print/step cycle as illustrated in FIG. 6, the controller goes into a fail-safe return mode which will be described below.
  • the stepper motor Under normal conditions, the stepper motor will rotate sufficiently far to cause a SENSOR signal well before the expiration of the 7.2 millisecond time period. If the printer has run out of paper, however, the abnormally high friction between the printhead and the paper roller prevents the stepper motor from traversing 1/3 of the distance between adjacent detent positions within 7.2 milliseconds. Accordingly, the expiration of the 7.2 millisecond period prior to the occurrence of a SENSOR signal is a valid indication of a paper out condition. It will be seen, therefore, that the single optical sensor, in addition to providing closed loop control of the stepping action from one detent position to the next, is also used as a paper out detector.
  • the backspace operation is identical to the forward space sequence described above with the exception of the fact that the 10 millisecond print period is eliminated. Thus, the total period for each backspace step is 18.5 milliseconds.
  • the printhead carriage is located outside column 20 at the onset of the carriage return. Understanding of the carriage return operation may be facilitated by a consideration of the flow diagram of FIG. 7.
  • the flow is at state 300.
  • the STEP signal is high so as to induce rapid build up of current in each new leading phase as the stepper motor slews in the carriage return direction.
  • the motor slew at constant velocity with the travel time between adjacent detent positions having an average value of 1.5 milliseconds.
  • one of the interval timers of I/O chip 48 is set to 1.5 milliseconds.
  • the motor phase changes await the occurrence of the timer so as to prevent the motor position from getting ahead of the electronics.
  • the stepper motor is controlled to slew at the desired constant velocity.
  • the FAST pulse is switched high for a 1 millisecond period so as to rapidly squelch the decaying current in the lagging motor phase and assist in accelerating the stepper motor to the desired slew velocity.
  • This SENSOR signal causes flow to move along path 309 to wait state 310. Now, when the timer expires the flow moves along path 311 to state 312. At this point, the timer is reset and the motor phases are changed so as to energize PHASE A and de-energize PHASE B. It will be recalled, however, that the motor is already midway between PHASE B and PHASE A. The next SENSOR signal causing flow along path 313 indicates that the motor has progressed to a point part way between PHASE A and PHASE C. At this point, the motor current flowing in phase A causes a braking torque. Thus, as long as the flow stays in the loop 310, 311, 312, and 313, there will be a braking torque generated during a portion of each step.
  • this braking torque will slow the motor down sufficiently so that two timer expirations will occur without the intervention of a SENSOR signal.
  • flow will move from state 310 through path 311 to state 312 and through path 313 back to state 300.
  • the motor phase excitation will be back in synchronization with the actual location of the stepper motor and normal deceleration continues.
  • the timer was set to a 1.5 millisecond period for each step during the acceleration phase of the carriage return.
  • a different rate of acceleration is used.
  • a slower acceleration allows the processor to intercept the deceleration profile and bring the head to a smooth stop at column 1.
  • Table VI The times used in the preferred embodiment are shown in Table VI. The time is read from the acceleration table once at the beginning of the carriage return and that time is used for each step until a column is reached inside column 12 whose deceleration time is longer. This represents the point where the deceleration profile is intercepted and deceleration begins.
  • the controller When power is first applied to the system, it is necessary for the controller to determine the precise location of the carriage. When the carriage is in column 1, the stepper motor is detented at the PHASE A detent position. It is possible for the carriage to move one more position to the left, in which case the stepper motor will be in the PHASE C detent position. This location will be referred to as column 0. Further movement to the left from column 0 is inhibited by a mechanical limit. When power is first applied to the system, the carriage may be anywhere within its permissible range of travel. Initially, the phases are energized in the sequence C, B, A, C, with this sequence of four phase energizations occurring independent of whether or not any SENSOR pulses are received.
  • the carriage is initially at a point remote from the left hand mechanical limit, this results in the stepper motor moving first to the PHASE C detent position, then to PHASE B, then PHASE A, and finally PHASE C. If, on the other hand, the carriage was initially located in column 0, then the first phase change from PHASE C to to PHASE B will result in no movement since the attempted movement is inhibited by the left hand mechanical limit. When PHASE A is energized, however, the carriage will move to column 1 with the motor occupying the PHASE A detent position. When PHASE C is energized, the motor moves to the left to column 0. Similarly, if the carriage is in any of columns 1, 2 or 3 when power is applied, the initial sequence will conclude with the carriage being in column 0 position.
  • the controller After the initial forced energization of four phases, the controller is repeatedly operated in the back space mode as described above. This continues until a back space is attempted and no SENSOR signal is received. Such lack of SENSOR signal will occur when the carriage has reached column 0 and the attempt to move the stepper motor to PHASE B is inhibited by the left hand limit. The controller recognizes this left hand limit by the absence of the SENSOR signal. At this point, the controller moves the carriage one space to the right to column 1.
  • a sensor failure will activate the paper out condition.
  • the friction between the printhead and the roller is too great without paper to perform a normal step.
  • the controller will only process carriage return, line feed, and bell characters.
  • the keyboard scanner checks for a paper out condition when the paper advance key is detected. Instead of generating a series of carriage return characters, the keyboard scanner will generate a series of linefeed characters during a paper out condition when the paper advance key is depressed. This will cause the carriage return at the beginning to be bypassed. Entering a carriage return during a paper out condition will force a fail safe return to the left.
  • the printhead When the terminal runs out of paper, the printhead will stop wherever it first encounters the roller. The operator will then load paper using the line feed and paper advance keys. Entering a carriage return after paper is loaded will cause the printhead to seek the left-hand margin.

Abstract

A control system moves an inductively controlled multi-phase motor in a forward or reverse direction. The motion may be in steps or it may be a continuous rotation. A microprocessor under the control of a ROM operates through an integrated input/out device to provide control signals for the motor.
In the step mode of operation, a high current level is induced in the next motor phase so as to accelerate the motor toward the next detent position. After the motor has traversed a predetermined percentage of the distance to the next detent position, as indicated by a sensor, a high current level is induced in the lagging phase of the motor so as to provide a decelerating torque. After a predetermined time, the high current is switched from the lagging to the leading phase to cause the motor to reach the next detent position, after which the current in the new detent phase is reduced to a holding level.
In the continuous mode of operation, a high level current is caused to switch from phase to phase, thereby causing the motor to rotate in a desired direction. The time between switching instants is preselected to result in a desired rotational velocity. When it is desired to stop the continuous rotation of the motor, the times between switching instants are gradually increased, thereby causing the motor to decelerate to a smooth stop.

Description

This invention relates generally to the control of an inductively controlled multi-phase motor. More specifically, it relates to the control of a stepper motor whose rotational motion is translated into linear motion.
While the invention is useful in the control of stepper motors for a wide variety of applications, in the preferred embodiment it is used to control a stepper motor for positioning the printhead of a thermal printing mechanism. Printing is accomplished by applying heat to the printhead in a prescribed fashion, the printhead contacting thermally sensitive paper to produce a desired alpha-numeric character. The printing is done when the printhead is moved from left to right. At the end of the printline, the printhead is returned to the left rapidly, in a "carriage return" (SLEW) mode. The printhead can also be moved to the left in a "backspace" mode.
A typical prior art system is that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,953,778, and entitled "Motion Control System for an Inductively Controlled Multi-Phase Motor". The system disclosed therein is comprised of a plurality of TTL integrated circuits, interconnected to provide the required control functions. One problem with such a combination of elements is the reduction of its size and weight to permit the use of the control system in a small lightweight portable computer terminal. The system disclosed in the above referenced U.S. patent also requires a limit switch to indicate when the printhead is in the left hand limit position. This limit switch further adds to the size and weight requirements of the prior art system. Another disadvantage stemming from the TTL integrated circuit implementations of the prior art system is the relatively large expense involved in modifying the system once it has been built.
It is an object, therefore, of the present invention to provide a small light-weight motion controller for an inductively controlled multi-phase motor.
It is another object of the invention to provide a motion controller using a microprocessor device.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a motion controller which employs a single position sensor.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a motion controller for a thermal printer having a constant velocity during a substantial portion of the carriage return.
It is still a further object of the invention to provide a motion controller for a thermal printhead wherein the aforementioned single position sensor is utilized to locate the left-hand limit for the printhead travel.
It is another object of the invention to provide a motion controller for a thermal printhead wherein the aforementioned single position sensor is further utilized to detect a paper out condition.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a motion controller wherein the mode of operation of the controller can be modified by changing the contents of a ROM.
Briefly, in the preferred embodiment of the invention, a microprocessor operates under the control of a read-only-memory (ROM) to generate the requisite control signals. A random access memory (RAM) is used to store variables such as various types of pointers, flags, counts, and the microprocessor stack. The microprocessor communicates with various other hardware devices of the printer through an input/output (I/O) integrated circuit which is formed on a single semiconductor chip. The stepper motor drive circuit which provides current to the stepper motor phases is an improved version of the circuit disclosed and claimed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 452,320, filed Mar. 18, 1974, now abandoned, and entitled "Switching Regulator Control for Inductively Controlled Electro-Mechanical Device".
Operationally, power is selectively applied to the various mesas of the thermal printhead so as to print a character on the thermally sensitive paper, this print operation consuming approximately 10 milliseconds. During the next 18.5 millisecond period, the printhead is stepped to the next position for a subsequent print cycle. To initiate this step from the last detent position to the next detent position, the current in the last phase of the stepper motor is terminated while a high level signal is generated to initiate a rapid build up of current in the next motor phase. This continues until a position sensor located on the stepper motor provides a signal indicating that the motor has traversed as predetermined portion of the angular distance between adjacent detent positions. This sensor signal, after a short delay, is used to turn off the current in the next motor phase, and generate a high level logic signal which controls the values of motor current between one of two levels to cause a rapid build up of current in the lagging motor phase. This build up of current in the lagging motor phase provides a braking torque, and continues for a period of two milliseconds. At the end of this two millisecond period, the current is removed from the lagging phase, and the high level logic signal again induces a build up of current in the leading motor phase. The build up in the leading phase is allowed to continue for four milliseconds so as to pull the motor into the next detent position. At the end of four milliseconds, the logic signal is reduced in amplitude so as to cause the current in the leading motor phase to decay to a level just sufficient to hold the motor in the detent position. If the aforementioned position sensor signal is not received within 7.2 milliseconds after the initiation of the step operation, the controller asserts that a paper out condition has occurred.
Backspace operation functions in a similar manner, but in this case the 10 millisecond print period is eliminated.
During the carriage return operation the logic signal which controls the current in the various motor phases is maintained at a high level. This current is switched consecutively from phase to phase of the stepper motor in an order such as to cause the motor to drive the printhead toward the left-hand limit stop. To initiate the carriage return from a detent position, the current is switched to the adjacent leading motor phase to begin rotation of the motor in the carriage return direction. At the same time, a 1.5 millisecond timer is initiated. This continues until the aforementioned sensor provides a signal to indicate that the motor has rotated through a predetermined fraction of the angle between the start detent position and the adjacent leading detent position. At this point in time, the current is switched to the next leading motor phase and the 1.5 millisecond timer reinitiated. This current switching between motor phases and reinitiation of the 1.5 millisecond timer continues iteratively until the motor reaches an angular velocity such that the signal from the position sensor on some iteration occurs prior to the termination of the 1.5 millisecond timer. From this point on, the current is switched from phase to phase and the timer reinitialized upon the occurrence of the position sensor signal or the expiration of the timer, whichever occurs last. This feedback method of operation insures that, once the acceleration period has ended, the motor will rotate from detent to detent position at a rate of 1.5 milliseconds per step. The constant velocity carriage return continues until a predetermined print column has been reached, column 12 in the preferred embodiment. From column 12 to column 1, at each reinitialization of the timer, an increasing time period is set into the timer, thereby resulting in increasing delays before switching current in the motor phases. The result is a gradual and controlled deceleration of the motor such that its rotational inertia is dissipated when the column 1 position is reached. As a result of the smooth accelerations and decelerations provided by the controller, movement of the printhead is accomplished with a minimum of audible noise.
Other objects and features of the invention will become clear through a consideration of the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a portion of the controller.
FIG. 2 is a detailed block diagram of the logic section.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the address decode circuit.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the motor driver circuit.
FIG. 5a shows the position sensor.
FIG. 5b shows the output of the position sensor.
FIG. 6 is a timing diagram for the print/step sequence.
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram for the carriage return sequence.
There is shown in FIG. 1 a block diagram of a portable thermal printing computer terminal in which the present invention may be used. There is shown at 10, a logic section which in the preferred embodiment comprises first a central processing unit (CPU). The CPU may be a model TMS8080 microprocessor functioning under the control of ROM storage which comprises two Model TMS4700 ROMS, each of which has 1,000 words of eight bit storage. A Model TMS4036 RAM provides 64 words of eight bit storage. Both parallel and serial data input and output services, as well as masked prioritized interrupts and interval timers, are provided by a Model TMS5501 I/O chip. Each of the above referenced TMS devices is available from Texas Instruments Incorporated of Dallas, Texas. Address decode circuits of the type well known in the art respond to the digital addresses provided by the microprocessor to properly address other system elements.
A thermal printhead 12 may be of the type disclosed and claimed in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 533,427, filed Dec. 16, 1974, and entitled "Thermal Printhead with Memory". This thermal printhead, in the preferred embodiment, comprises a 5×7 element array of electrically and thermally isolated semiconductor mesas. The mesas, when selectively heated, serve to print alpha-numeric or other characters on thermally sensitive paper. For any given character, the 5×7 matrix of mesas is addressed using an x-y coincidence addressing technique. During a relatively brief address period, the columns of mesas are strobed "ON" sequentially by signals appearing on the five column (X) input lines. As each column is strobed, those mesas in the column which are to be heated are turned on by signals appearing on the seven row (Y) input lines. After all five columns have been strobed, the mesas which have been addressed remain on for a print period which is long in comparison with the address period. After the print period, the supply voltage is removed from all mesas, thereby turning them off in preparation for printing of the next character.
The lowest order 12 bits of the 16 bit address bus of the microprocessor are connected by lines 14 to the X and Y printhead drivers 16 and 18. The lowest order 7 bits are coupled to the Y printhead drivers 18 while bits 7 through 11 are coupled to the X printhead drivers 16. During a printing operation, one of bits 7 through 11 will be high to indicate which of the columns of the printhead is to be strobed. At the same time, the bits 0 through 6 will be selectively high to indicate which of the mesas of that column are to be heated. At the same time, a high level bit 13 on the address bus is utilized by the address decode circuit to apply a printhead strobe pulse to printhead drivers 16 and 18, thereby causing the drivers to couple the information on the address bus to the printhead terminals. This procedure is repeated five times so as to sequentially strobe the five columns of the printhead.
Printhead 12 is mounted on a carriage which operates in response to logic signals from the controller to move from one to another of the print positions and to slew to the left in a carriage return mode. The carriage is positioned by a cable which is in turn driven by a three phase stepper motor. The arrangement of the stepper motor, cable, and carriage are of the type well known in the art and need not be further discussed here.
Eight bit data words from the microprocessor are coupled by the I/O chip to parallel output bus 20. The data words are coupled through driver buffer 22, which in the preferred embodiment, simply comprises a Model SN7406 inverter in each of the eight lines of bus 20. The inverters serve to match the signal levels of the I/O chip to the signal levels required by the TTL control registers 24 and 26 and by the keyboard 28. Control registers 24 and 26 may comprise an SN 74174 and SN 74175 integrated circuit, respectively. Selected bits appearing at the output of driver buffer 22 are coupled to the inputs of control registers 24 and 26. During printhead operations, signals from the address decode circuit of logic network 10 strobe these bits onto the output terminals of the control registers 24 and 26 to control printing and motion of the printhead.
Selected output bits from driver buffer 22 are also connected to the row scan lines of keyboard 28. Periodically, keyboard 28 is scanned using these row inputs and detected key depressions are coupled to 8 bit input bus 30. Data appearing on 8 bit input bus 30 in turn is coupled by the I/O to the microprocessor. The interface between keyboard 28 and the control logic is of a type known in the art and need not be further discussed here.
Logic network 10 communicates with external systems such as a remote terminal through the I/O chip on a serial transmit channel 32 and a serial receive channel 34. Serial transmit and receive channels 32 and 34 may be coupled to a telephone line by means of a modem assembly as is well known in the art.
The signal from a position sensor is coupled by line 36 to logic network 10 wherein the I/O chip couples this signal to the CPU.
Logic network 10 is shown in greater detail in FIGS. 2 and 3, the latter figure disclosing the details of the address decode circuits. With reference to FIG. 2, CPU 40 comprises a microprocessor, which as previously noted in the preferred embodiment is a Model TMS8080 device. CPU 40 operates under control of ROMs 42 and 44. In addition to the instruction sequence for the CPU, ROMs 42 and 44 contain tables such as a table of delay times for switching phases on the stepper motor as the printhead carriage travels from column 12 to column 1 in the carriage return mode. Temporary storage for CPU 40 is provided by RAM 46. Finally, input/output services for the CPU are provided by I/O chip 48.
CPU 40 has an 8 bit data word which is coupled to each of ROMs 42 and 44, RAM 46, and I/O chip 48 by 8 bit data bus 50. CPU 40 has a 16 bit address word which is coupled by address bus 52 to the various elements of logic network 10. Bits A0 through A9 of the address word are coupled to the 10 address inputs of each of ROMs 42 and 44. Bits A0 through A5 of the address word are coupled to the six address inputs of RAM 46. Bits A0 through A3 of the address word are coupled to the four address inputs of I/O chip 48. Finally, bit A15 of the address word is coupled to the chip enable input of I/O chip 48.
The clock inputs of CPU 40 and I/O chip 48 are provided on lines 54 and 56 from a two phase clock. The clock has period of 500 nanoseconds. The sync output of CPU 40 is coupled by line 58 to the sync input of I/O chip 48. Interrupt signals from I/O chip 48 are coupled by line 60 to the interrupt input of CPU 40. The CPU DBIN signal is coupled by line 62 to the CS2 inputs of ROMs 42 and 44 to the DBFL input of RAM 46. Line 64 couples the WR output of CPU 40 to the R/W input of RAM 46. Various signals appearing in FIG. 2 are coupled to the address decode circuit of FIG. 3, these including the SYNC, WR, and WAIT outputs of CPU 40, as well as bits A10, A12, A13 and A14 of the address bus. Signals from the address decode circuit are coupled to the CS1 terminals of ROMs 42 and 44 and to the CS terminal of RAM 46.
The position sensor signal is coupled by line 36 to the SEN terminal of I/O chip 48. The serial output and input channels 32 and 34 connect to the XMT and RCV terminals, respectively, of the I/O chip. The 8 bit parallel output word X0 is connected by output bus 20 to the driver buffer 22. Data from the keyboard is coupled by 8 bit input bus 30 to the 8 XI terminals of I/O chip 48.
The address decode circuits as illustrated in FIG. 3 respond to bits A10, A12, A13 and A14 of the address bus to selectively energize various elements of the control system. Decoder 70 in the preferred embodiment is a Model 74LS138 TTL integrated circuit. Address bits A12, A13, and A14 are coupled respectively to the A, B and C inputs of decoder 70 by lines 72, 74 and 76. When the G1 and G2A inputs of decoder 70 are connected as shown and when the G2B input is in the low logic state, all but one of the Y output terminals will have a high logic level, the single Y output terminal in the low state being determined by the state of A, B and C inputs as shown in Table I. The A10 bit of the address bus is coupled by line 78 to one input of NAND gate 80 and through inverter 82 to one input of NAND gate 84. The Y0 output of decoder 70 is coupled through inverter 86 to the other input of each of NAND gates 80 and 84. If the A, B and C inputs of decoder 70 and 000, the resulting low level of the Y0 output will cause one of NAND gates 80 and 84 to have a low level output. If, for example, the A10 bit of the address bus is low, the output of NAND gate 84 will be low thereby enabling ROM 42. Alternatively , if the A10 bit is high ROM 44 will be enabled by NAND gate 80. When the A, B, and C inputs of decoder are 001, the resulting low level Y1 output signal enables RAM 46 through line 90. Lines 92 and 94 couple the the Y4 and Y5 outputs to one input of each of OR gates 96 and 98. When the decoder 70 input is 100, the resulting Y4 output low logic level causes a low logic level at the output of OR gate 96. This is coupled to the clock input of control register 24 which simply comprises a plurality of D flip flops, one in each line of the control register. The low level clock input to the control register transfers the information from the D inputs of the flip flops to their outputs so as to provide appropriate PRINT, FAST, STEP, and phase control signals to the carriage drive electronics. Similarly, a 101 input to decoder 70 results in a low level Y5 output and ultimately in a low level at the output of OR gate 98. This low level signal clocks the D flip flops of control register 26 so as to provide appropriate bell, linefeed, and headlift signals. Clocking of control registers 24 and 26 is inhibited, however, when the CPU write signal WR appearing on line 100 is in the high logic level.
              TABLE I                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Logic Levels Input                                                        
                  All Y Output Terminals are                              
to Decoder        at a High Logic Level Except:                           
______________________________________                                    
A    B      C                                                             
0    0      0             Y0                                              
0    0      1             Y1                                              
0    1      0             Y2                                              
0    1      1             Y3                                              
1    0      0             Y4                                              
1    0      1             Y5                                              
1    1      0             Y6                                              
______________________________________                                    
The SYNC output of CPU 40 is coupled by inverters 102 and 104 to one input of AND gate 106. The high level SYNC signal which occurs at the beginning of each machine cycle of the CPU, gates one pulse from clock phase one through AND gate 106 to the clock input of JK flip flop 108. Each of JK flip flops 108 and 110 may be a Model 74109 integrated circuit. While the SYNC signal is high at the beginning of each machine cycle, the 8 bit data output bus of CPU 40 contains status bits from the CPU. The D0 status bit, which is coupled through inverter 112 to the J and K inputs of flip flop 108, is high if the machine cycle is an interrupt acknowledge and is low for all other types of machine cycles. Flip flop 108, when connected as shown in FIG. 3, operates as a D flip flop. Accordingly, if the machine cycle is not an interrupt acknowledge, the Q output of flip flop 108 is clocked to a high level, this signal being coupled by line 120 to one input of AND gate 116. During this portion of the machine cycle, the WAIT output of CPU 40 appearing on line 118 is low. This low level is inverted by inverter 114 to present a high level to a second input of AND gate 116. If the machine cycle is not one in which the CPU communicates with I/O chip 48, the Y7 output of encoder 70 which is coupled by line 122 to a third input of AND gate 116 will also be high.
The resultant high level at the output of AND gate 116 is inverted by inverter 124 to a low level READY signal appearing on line 126. This low level READY signal is tested by CPU 40 during the second state of the machine cycle, and the low level READY signal causes the WAIT output of CPU 40 to go high at the end of the second state. This high level WAIT signal, after inversion by inverter 114, causes the output of AND gate 116 to go low, thereby resulting in a high level READY signal. The high level READY signal permits the CPU to read from or write on the data bus during the third state of the machine cycle.
If, in contrast with the foregoing, the machine cycle is an interrupt acknowledge, the D0 line of the data bus will be high during the SYNC pulse that initiates the machine cycle. This high level D0 is inverted by inverter 112 and clocked to the Q output of flip flop 108 by a clock pulse. The low level Q output causes the output of AND gate 116 to be low so that the READY signal is high when tested during the second state of the machine cycle. As a result, CPU 40 can pass directly to the third state of the machine cycle without encountering a WAIT state. It should also be noted that under these conditions, the high level Q output of flip flop 108, coupled by line 109 to the G2B input of decoder 70, inhibits the decoder from "reading" the address bits during an interrupt acknowledge.
The WAIT state is also skipped when the Y7 output of decoder 70 is low during the second state of a machine cycle.
The Q output of flip flop 110 appears on line 128 and is used to strobe printhead drivers 16 and 18. The Y2 output of decoder 70 (normally at a high logic level) is inverted by inverter 130 and the resultant low level logic signal presets the Q output of flip flop 110 to a low logic level. This preset is released only when the Y2 output of decoder 70 goes low, that is when the decoder input is 010. With the Y2 output low, the Q output of flip flop 110 is controlled by its J and K inputs. The high level SYNC pulse which initiates a machine cycle to strobe the printhead, is inverted by inverter 102 to provide a low level K input to flip flop 110. At the same time, the WAIT signal appearing on line 118 is low during this portion of the machine cycle so that the flip flop also has a low level J input. Under these conditions, the clock pulse from clock phase 1 switches the Q output of flip flop 110 to a high state. When the next clock pulse occurs, the WAIT signal appearing on line 118 will still be low but the inverted SYNC signal appearing at the K input of flip flop 110 will be high. Under these conditions, the clock signal will cause the Q output to remain in the state that it occupied just prior to the clock pulse, that is, the high state. At the time of the next succeeding clock pulse, the WAIT signal will have gone high so that both inpupts to flip flop 110 are high with the result that the clock pulse switches the Q output back to the low state. It will be seen, therefore, that a print strobe machine cycle will cause the Q output appearing on line 128 to go high for a time period equal to the duration of two clock cycles. In the preferred embodiment where the clock pulses have a period of 500 nanoseconds, the printhead driver signals on line 128 remain high for one microsecond. The printhead drivers comprise a set of 12 AND gates, one in each of the 5 X and 7 Y printhead drive lines. The printhead drive signal appearing on line 128 is coupled to one input of each of these AND gates. Accordingly, a high level printhead drive signal gates the corresponding X and Y signals through the printhead drivers to the printhead itself.
In FIG. 4 is shown a schematic diagram of the stepper motor drive circuit which, subject to certain important exceptions, is similar to that disclosed in the aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 452,320. With reference to FIG. 4, the PHASE A signal from control register 24 is coupled to the base of transistor 140 and through resistor 142 to a +5 volt supply. Transistor 140 has its collector referenced through resistor 144 to a +30 volt supply and its emitter through resistor 146 to the output of comparator amplifier 148. The collector of transistor 140 to connected to the base of transistor 150, whose emitter is connected to the +30 volt supply. The collector of transistor 150 is connected to the base of transistor 152 and through resistor 154 to the emitter of transistor 152. The collector of transistor 152 is coupled to the +30 volt supply while its emitter is further coupled to the PHASE A winding 156 of the stepper motor. The opposite end of the PHASE A winding is coupled through current sensing resistor 158 to ground. The ungrounded side of current sensing 158 is connected through resistor 159 to capacitor 160 and to the noninverting input of comparator amplifier 148. The junction between the emitter of transistor 152 and stepper motor coil 156 is also connected to the cathode of "catch" diode 162. The anode of catch diode 162 is connected to a network indicated generally by reference designator 164. Network 164 replaces the recovery resistor normally found at this point in similar circuits.
As seen in FIG. 4, the current drive circuits for the PHASE B and C coils of the stepper motor are identical to that just described for PHASE A and no further discussion of these circuits is required here.
The step signal from control register 24 is connected to resistors 166 and 168, the former being coupled at its other end to the +5 volt supply voltage and the latter being coupled at its other end to the base of transitor 170. The base of transitor 170 is also connected through resistor 172 to ground and the emitter of transistor 170 is grounded. The collector of transitor 170 is connected through resistor 174 to the +5 volt supply and also to the base of transistor 176. Transistor 176 has its emitter grounded while its collector is referenced through variable resistor 178 to a +12 volt supply. The collector of transistor 176 is also connected through resistor 180 to one end of resistor 182, the other end of this resistor being grounded. The junction between resistors 180 and 182 is also connected through resistor 184 to the inverting input of comparator amplifier 148 and to one end of capacitor 160. Finally, the junction between resistors 180, 182 and 184 is also coupled through resistor 186 to the cathode of zener diode 188, the anode of this diode being grounded. The cathode of diode 188 is also connected through resistor 190 to the +12 volt supply.
A clock input is coupled through capacitor 161, resistor 163, and resistor 165 to the junction between resistors 158 and 159. The junction between resistors 163 and 165 is also coupled through capacitor 167 to ground. The clock input which has a frequency of 20.8 KHZ synchronizes the switching action of the regulator and is chosen to be outside the audible frequency range of human beings.
The circuit of FIG. 4, in response to phase control signals at the PHASE A, B and C input terminals, serves to selectively energize one of the windings of the stepper motor. Further, in response to the CLOCK, STEP and FAST inputs, the circuit functions in a switching regulator mode to control the average current flowing in the selected motor winding. The current in the selected winding flows through current sensing resistor 158 to ground and generates a voltage across that resistor proportional to the current flowing in the selected winding. This voltage is mixed with the clock input signal and the combined signal is coupled to the noninverting terminal of comparator 148. A voltage reference controlled by the "STEP" signal is coupled to the inverting terminal of comparator 148. Subject to the replacement of the recovery resistor by the network 164, the circuit functions substantially in the manner disclosed in the aforementioned U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 452,320, to provide closed loop control of the current flowing in the selected motor winding. In the preferred embodiment, variable resistor 178 is adjusted so that the average current flowing in the selected winding when the STEP signal is in the high state is approximately 1.4 amps, while the average current when the STEP signal is in the low state is approximately 0.6 amps.
Turning next to network 164, the FAST input signal from control register 24 is connected to the base of transistor 192 and through resistor 194 to the +5 volt supply. The emitter of transistor 192 is referenced through resistor 196 to ground while its collector is connected to the base of transistor 198 and through resistor 200 to the +5 volt supply. The emitter of transistor 198 is also connected to the +5 volt supply while the collector of that transistor is connected through resistor 202 to a -12 volt supply. Diode 204 couples the collector of transistor 198 to the base of transistor 206. The anode of diode 204 is also connected through zener diode 208 and diode 210 to the anode of the catch diode (i.e., diode 162). The anode of diode 204 is also coupled through resistor 212 to ground. The emitter of transistor 206 is coupled to the base of transistor 214 and through resistor 216 to ground. Transistor 214 has its emitter connected to ground, while its collector, in common with the collector of transistor 206, is connected to the anodes of the catch diodes.
Considering now the operation of the network, when the FAST input signal is in the low logic state, transistors 192 and 198 are turned off. This permits the -12 volt supply operating through resistor 202 and diode 204 to turn on transistors 206 and 214 hard. When a stepper motor winding such as winding 156 is conducting current and the current drive is suddenly interrupted as by turning off transistor 152, the inductance of winding 156 tends to maintain the flow of current. The path for this current flow from winding 156 is through resistor 158 to ground and back through transistor 214 and catch diode 162 to the winding. With the FAST input signal in the low logic state, transitor 214 which is turned on hard places very little load across the winding and the inductively maintained current decays at a relatively slow rate as desired during normal switching regulator action.
Whence the FAST input signal is in a high logic state, transistors 192 and 198 are turned on so as to prevent the -12 volt supply from turning on transitors 206 and 214. When the current drive to a winding such as winding 156 is interrupted, however, the rapidly decaying current causes a large reverse voltage to appear across the winding. Since very little of this voltage is dropped across resistor 158 which in the preferred embodiment has a resistance of one/half ohm, almost this total inductive voltage appears across the series combination of the emitter-to-base junctions of transistors 214 and 206, and diodes 208, 210 and 162. This inductive voltage rapidly reaches a level greater than the 20 volt breakdown voltage of zener diode 208. At this point, transistors 206 and 214 turn on and the voltage appearing across winding 156 (neglecting the very small voltage drop across resistor 158) is maintained at a level equal to the sum of the emitter-to-base voltage drops of transistors 206 and 214, the breakdown voltage of zener diode 208, and the forward diode drop of diodes 210 and 162. This voltage drop which will be labeled Vr has a value of approximately 23 volts. Thus, with the FAST input signal in a high logic state, the path for the decaying inductive current may be thought of simply as a resistive load appearing across the motor winding. The effective value of this resistive load at the beginning of the decay period is simply Vr divided by the initial current flowing in the motor winding. In the preferred embodiment where Vr has a value of 23 volts, and the initial current flowing in the motor winding is 1.4 amperes (assuming a high level STEP signal) this effective resistance initially has a value of approximately 16 ohms. As the current decay proceeds, however, the voltage across winding 156 is maintained constant at Vr volts while the current decays. It will be seen, therefore, that the effective value of the resistive load appearing across the motor winding increases as the current decays so as to maintain the current decay at a constant rate.
This may be seen more readily by considering that the voltage appearing across the motor winding is L di/dt. Since the inductance remains relatively constant, and since network 164 maintains a constant voltage across the winding, it follows that di/dt is a constant. In prior art systems which use a recovery resistor in series with the catch diodes, the current decay was exponential with an L/R time constant. In the present system, the current decays lineraly and rapidly to 0. This has several important advantages.
First, as the stepper motor is stepped from one phase to the next phase, the FAST signal is simultaneously switched to a high logic state. This has the result of rapidly killing the current in the lagging motor phase so as to facilitate acceleration of the motor toward the next detent position. Another advantage of network 164 may be appreciated by considering that in prior art systems the recovery resistor is in the decaying current path at all times. This resistor must have a relatively high value so as to result in a rapid L/R current decay when the motor current is switched from a lagging to a leading phase. This large resistance, however, is also in the decay path when the motor is in a detent position and the switching regulator action of the controller causes the current drive to be alternately connected to and disconnected from the detent motor winding. During each disconnect portion of the cycle the motor current flows through the large value of resistance resulting in substantial power loss. With the network 164, however, during detent modes, the FAST input signal can be switched low with the result that the effective resistance appearing in the decaying current path is very low. Accordingly, there is almost no power lost in the decaying current path when the motor is in detent.
The determination of the position of the printhead at all times is accomplished with the aid of an optical sensing system associated with the stepper motor. A slotted disc 220 as illustrated in FIG. 5a is rigidly affixed to the shaft of the stepper motor so as to rotate with the stepper motor. A light source and sensor are located on opposite sides of slotted disc 220. The light source and sensor are oriented relative to slotted disc 220 such that the disc blocks the light path at all times except when one of the slots is in registry with the light path. The stepper motor used in the preferred embodiment of the invention has adjacent detent positions separated by 15° of arc. Slotted disc 220 has a slot corresponding to each detent position. The disc is mounted on the shaft of the stepper motor such that, when the motor is in a detent position, the light path will strike the disc at a point midway between two adjacent slots. As the stepper motor is stepped from one detent position to the next, the electrical output of the light sensor changes states during that portion of the step when one of the slots traverses the light path. The angular position of the stepper motor as it steps from one detent position to the next and the corresponding electrical output signal from the light sensor are illustrated in FIG. 5b. Each of the slots in slotted disc 220 is 5° wide and as pointed out above is located midway between two adjacent detent positions of the stepper motor. Accordingly, when the stepper motor has moved 1/3 of the way from one detent position to the next, the light beam enters the slotted area of the wheel and a quantum increase in the sensor output signal is noted. This continues until the stepper motor has reached two thirds of the travel to the next detent position, at which time slotted wheel 220 again blocks the light beam and the sensor output signal returns to its low logic level. This sensor output signal is coupled to line 36 of FIGS. 1 and 2. While the preferred embodiment employs 5° slots located midway between adjacent detent positions, variations in the slot width and location may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
As previously noted, microprocessor 40 operates under the control of ROMs 42 and 44. Table II gives the contents of ROM 42, while Table III gives the contents of ROM 44. The left hand column of each table gives the address of the first of 16 bytes in each row. These addresses, as well as the data at each byte location, are given in hexadecimal format. Each byte represents 8 bits of binary information.
The operation of the printhead control may be divided into a print step sequence and a carriage return sequence. Considering the print/step operation, the controller first acquires the dot pattern for the particular character to be printed from ROM storage. This dot pattern is then strobed into the printhead and the print operation performed. At the completion of the print operation, the controller steps the printhead carriage to the next printer position in preparation for printing the next character.
                                  TABLE II                                
__________________________________________________________________________
0000                                                                      
   3E 09 32 04 F0 C3 39 00 F5 E5 CD 3B 04 C3 34 03                        
0010                                                                      
   F5 E5 C5 C3 3C 03 76 76 F5 E5 C5 C3 30 03 CF 77                        
0020                                                                      
   3E 0E 32 08 F0 C3 D1 02 3A 00 60 3C C8 C3 00 60                        
0030                                                                      
   3E 0E 32 08 F0 C3 DE 00 C7 AF 32 00 10 31 40 10                        
0040                                                                      
   06 3F 21 01 10 AF 77 23 05 C2 46 00 2F 32 0B 10                        
0050                                                                      
   21 20 10 22 17 10 36 20 2B 36 20 2B 36 08 2B 36                        
0060                                                                      
   08 2B 22 15 10 3E 41 32 01 10 21 37 03 22 09 10                        
0070                                                                      
   3E 04 32 08 10 3E 58 32 04 10 06 04 EF CD 94 04                        
0080                                                                      
   F7 76 C3 81 00 06 03 EF 7A E6 08 CA 90 01 3E 0A                        
0090                                                                      
   32 04 F0 C3 90 01 BE 3E 02 CA 9E 00 3E 13 32 14                        
00A0                                                                      
   10 0E 0D AF 32 00 10 3A 08 10 B7 C2 B0 00 0E 0A                        
00B0                                                                      
   21 01 10 F3 7E F6 80 77 FB 21 AC 05 C3 9E 01 7A                        
00C0                                                                      
   07 D2 27 01 7B 3D CA 27 01 3E 02 32 14 10 3A 0C                        
00D0                                                                      
   10 C3 9A 01 7E FE 36 C0 3E 08 32 04 F0 C9 FB CD                        
00E0                                                                      
   EA 00 F3 3E 5E 32 08 F0 FB C9 CD 13 01 E6 3F 57                        
00F0                                                                      
   21 14 10 35 F2 40 01 3A 03 F0 E6 10 CA 27 01 97                        
0100                                                                      
   77 4F 6F 3C CD 15 01 5F 0F E6 80 B2 57 7B E6 FE                        
0110                                                                      
   C3 4B 01 3E 80 47 F3 32 07 F0 3A 01 F0 FB 2F C9                        
0120                                                                      
   CD D4 00 07 D2 2F 01 21 36 02 0E FF C3 A2 01 F2                        
0130                                                                      
   3E 01 FE 02 CA 3E 01 7A 07 1E 00 DA C9 00 36 FF                        
0140                                                                      
   21 AC 05 0E FF C3 A2 01 CD 15 01 B7 CA 61 01 1F                        
0150                                                                      
   DA 57 01 2C C3 4F 01 B7 C2 27 01 B9 FA 27 01 0C                        
0160                                                                      
   5D 7D C6 08 6F 78 07 FE 80 C2 48 01 21 0B 10 0D                        
0170                                                                      
   C2 20 01 7B FE 36 CA 85 00 CD D4 00 7B FE 37 CA                        
0180                                                                      
   96 00 BE CA BF 00 3D C2 94 01 06 01 EF CD 01 03                        
0190                                                                      
   73 C3 40 01 06 08 EF CD F8 05 21 AC 05 4F 7B 32                        
01A0                                                                      
   0B 10 7D 32 0C F0 F3 3A 0F 10 94 32 0F 10 F2 B6                        
01B0                                                                      
   01 06 FB CD 28 03 FB 3A 0B 10 FE 37 7A C2 C2 01                        
01C0                                                                      
   E6 F7 E6 08 5F 21 01 10 F3 7E E6 F7 B3 77 FB 5F                        
01D0                                                                      
   7A E6 20 2E 84 CA DA 01 2E 01 06 02 EF 7D 32 05                        
01E0                                                                      
   F0 3A 03 F0 E6 10 C8 7B B7 FA 12 02 21 06 10 7E                        
01F0                                                                      
   0F D2 FA 01 35 0E 0A C3 12 02 79 FE 0D 02 12 02                        
0200                                                                      
   7A E6 0E FE 06 02 0C 02 7E EE 80 77 7E 07 D2 12                        
0210                                                                      
   02 34 21 13 10 7B E6 08 D2 1F 02 77 C3 61 02 7E                        
0220                                                                      
   B7 CA 40 02 06 00 3A 04 60 3C CA 37 02 3D 1F DA                        
0230                                                                      
   33 02 50 BE D2 39 02 70 09 34 4E 21 03 60 09 4E                        
0240                                                                      
   79 B7 F8 CD 13 01 17 DA 52 02 47 79 B7 78 EA 52                        
0250                                                                      
   02 2F E6 80 B1 67 06 10 EF 7C 32 06 F0 7H E6 10                        
0260                                                                      
   C8 79 B7 F8 C8 FE 7F D8 F3 21 01 10 7E 0F D2 88                        
0270                                                                      
   02 2A 15 10 AF BE C0 71 CD 7F 02 22 15 10 C9 2B                        
0280                                                                      
   7D FE 18 C0 21 20 10 C9 79 FE 07 CA 11 03 34 FE                        
0290                                                                      
   0A CA 94 04 FE 0D CA CC 04 3A 08 10 B7 CA AB 02                        
02A0                                                                      
   79 FE 20 F2 46 03 FE 08 CA 51 03 21 01 10 7E E6                        
02B0                                                                      
   90 77 2H 17 10 7E 4F B7 C8 FE 20 FA 06 02 3A 04                        
02C0                                                                      
   10 FE 51 CA 05 04 36 00 CD 7F 02 22 17 10 C3 61                        
02D0                                                                      
   02 FB 3A 00 F0 E6 7F 4F 06 00 EF 3E 05 B9 CC 01                        
02E0                                                                      
   03 3A 00 10 FE 05 D2 E2 00 2A 15 10 CD 7F 02 3A                        
02F0                                                                      
   17 10 BD CA E2 00 3A 01 10 E6 08 C4 61 02 C3 E2                        
0300                                                                      
   00 3A 01 10 E6 08 C8 3A 13 10 B7 C0 3C 32 13 10                        
0310                                                                      
   C9 3E 70 32 0F 10 06 04 CD 1E 03 C3 AB 02 21 0D                        
0320                                                                      
   10 7E B0 32 07 D0 77 C9 21 0D 10 7E A0 C3 23 03                        
0330                                                                      
   CD 38 03 D1 E1 F1 FB C9 2A 02 10 E9 CD 42 03 C3                        
0340                                                                      
   33 03 2A 09 10 E9 21 04 10 7E FE 51 CA 02 04 34                        
0350                                                                      
   79 32 0E 10 21 60 03 3E A8 32 0B F0 22 02 10 C9                        
0360                                                                      
   3A 0E 10 FE 20 DA B9 03 CA B1 03 D5 11 07 06 21                        
0370                                                                      
   85 03 4F 06 06 EF 79 FE 61 DA 85 03 D6 20 FE 5B                        
0380                                                                      
   DA 85 03 06 06 4F 69 AF 67 47 29 29 09 19 3A 08                        
0390                                                                      
   10 F6 40 32 07 C0 3E 80 16 20 B6 23 5F 12 EB 29                        
03A0                                                                      
   EB 7A E6 1F FE 10 CA B0 03 F6 20 57 AF C3 9A 03                        
03B0                                                                      
   D1 21 C3 03 3E 96 C3 59 03 CD 82 04 0D FA AB 02                        
03C0                                                                      
   C3 CC 03 3A 08 10 0F D2 CC 03 CE 04 32 07 10 F6                        
03D0                                                                      
   18 21 72 04 22 10 10 21 0A FA 36 10 21 E7 03 32                        
03E0                                                                      
   07 C0 3E 6F C3 59 03 2A 10 10 7E E6 40 CA 11 04                        
03F0                                                                      
   3A 07 10 32 07 C0 32 08 10 21 37 03 22 09 10 21                        
__________________________________________________________________________
                                  TABLE III                               
__________________________________________________________________________
0400                                                                      
   04 10 3A D1 10 E6 40 CA 20 04 21 00 10 34 32 08                        
0410                                                                      
   10 21 01 10 7E 07 DA 94 04 B7 FA 54 03 C3 AB 02                        
0420                                                                      
   7E FE 55 D2 11 04 36 01 3E 04 32 08 10 F6 08 21                        
0430                                                                      
   BD 05 03 DF 03 21 37 03 22 09 10 2A 10 10 7E B7                        
0440                                                                      
   3A 08 10 F2 49 04 3A 07 10 B6 E6 3F 32 07 C0 23                        
0450                                                                      
   7E 23 22 10 10 B7 FA 6B 04 CA 60 04 32 0A F0 C9                        
0460                                                                      
   7E E6 40 C8 21 35 04 22 09 10 C9 3A 07 10 32 08                        
0470                                                                      
   10 C9 88 00 C8 01 10 0D 08 10 88 3C 80 FF 00 08                        
0480                                                                      
   00 00 21 04 10 7E 3D 4F C8 77 3A 08 10 07 FE 08                        
0490                                                                      
   C0 3E 01 C9 06 09 EF 06 03 CD 1E 03 3E EA 21 A4                        
04A0                                                                      
   04 C3 59 03 06 FC CD 28 03 3E FE 21 B1 04 C3 59                        
04B0                                                                      
   03 21 01 10 7E E6 7F 77 E6 40 CA AB 02 3E 08 C3                        
04C0                                                                      
   51 03 CD 71 02 21 01 10 7E F6 81 77 3E 16 32 12                        
04D0                                                                      
   10 3A 08 10 B7 CA 3D 00 3A 04 10 FE 02 CA BD 04                        
04E0                                                                      
   FE 01 CA D2 05 4F FE 15 D2 F5 04 06 00 21 E3 05                        
04F0                                                                      
   09 7E 32 12 10 79 D6 02 FE 05 DA FF 04 3E 05 32                        
0500                                                                      
   05 10 3E 6A 21 0A 05 C3 59 03 06 01 CD 1E 03 CD                        
0510                                                                      
   8A 04 F6 18 32 07 10 CD 83 05 21 8F 05 22 09 10                        
0520                                                                      
   21 9C 05 22 02 10 CD 8A 04 F6 08 21 05 10 35 FA                        
0530                                                                      
   42 05 21 7F 04 22 10 10 21 0A F0 36 09 CA 42 05                        
0540                                                                      
   F6 10 32 07 10 21 04 10 7E 3D 77 FE 01 CA 6D 05                        
0550                                                                      
   4F FE 0C 3A 12 10 D2 68 05 3A 12 10 21 DA 05 06                        
0560                                                                      
   00 09 46 B8 D2 68 05 78 32 0B F0 C9 AF 32 00 10                        
0570                                                                      
   06 FE CD 28 03 21 37 03 22 09 10 3E 2C 21 BD 05                        
0580                                                                      
   C3 59 03 3A 07 10 32 07 C0 E6 07 32 08 10 C9 21                        
0590                                                                      
   AA 05 22 09 10 21 17 05 22 02 10 C9 21 17 05 22                        
05A0                                                                      
   09 10 21 3D 00 3E 7D C3 59 03 21 B1 05 22 02 10                        
05B0                                                                      
   C9 CD 83 05 21 17 05 22 02 10 C3 26 05 21 01 10                        
05C0                                                                      
   7E E6 BF 77 21 CC 05 3E EA C3 59 03 3A 08 10 32                        
05D0                                                                      
   07 C0 3A 01 10 B7 FA 94 04 C3 AB 02 46 24 20 1D                        
05E0                                                                      
   1B 19 18 17 16 16 78 5B 44 3B 35 2D 28 21 20 10                        
05F0                                                                      
   1A 19 18 18 18 17 17 17 7A 1F 7B D2 20 06 06 30                        
0600                                                                      
   0E 0E 21 89 06 BE CA 12 06 04 23 OD FA 84 06 C3                        
0610                                                                      
   05 06 78 FE 3A FA 85 06 01 05 00 09 7E C3 85 06                        
0620                                                                      
   06 00 4F 21 6A 06 09 FE 31 7E D2 85 06 79 C6 2A                        
0630                                                                      
   FE 41 D2 3F 06 FE 3C DA 3F 06 21 8E 06 09 7E 21                        
0640                                                                      
   85 06 4F 7A E6 02 CA 5D 06 79 FE 30 CA 84 06 F2                        
0650                                                                      
   55 06 D6 10 E9 FE 41 FA 84 06 D6 40 E9 06 0E EF                        
0660                                                                      
   7A E6 04 79 CA 85 06 FE 30 CA 84 06 F2 72 06 C6                        
0670                                                                      
   10 E9 FE 3C FA 52 06 FE 4B FA 84 06 FE 50 CA 52                        
0680                                                                      
   06 FA 6F 06 AF 32 0C 10 C9 35 23 02 04 20 21 22                        
0690                                                                      
   2B 1F 25 0D 0E 0F 31 32 2B 2D 2E 0A 0D 7F 1B 20                        
06A0                                                                      
   40 5B 5C 5D 5E 00 00 00 00 00 00 93 00 00 7B 7B                        
06B0                                                                      
   00 00 60 00 60 00 14 36 00 36 14 26 49 7F 49 32                        
06C0                                                                      
   23 13 08 64 62 05 02 35 49 36 00 40 20 10 00 41                        
06D0                                                                      
   22 1C 00 00 00 00 1C 22 41 08 1C 3E 1C 08 08 08                        
06E0                                                                      
   3E 08 08 00 00 0E 0D 00 08 08 08 08 08 00 00 03                        
06F0                                                                      
   03 00 20 10 08 04 02 3E 41 41 3E 00 00 01 7F 21                        
0700                                                                      
   00 31 49 49 49 27 36 49 49 41 22 04 7F 24 14 0C                        
0710                                                                      
   4E 51 51 51 72 06 49 49 29 1E 60 50 48 47 40 36                        
0720                                                                      
   49 49 49 36 3C 4A 49 49 30 00 00 36 36 00 00 00                        
0730                                                                      
   6E 6D 00 41 22 14 08 00 14 14 14 14 14 00 08 14                        
0740                                                                      
   22 41 20 50 4D 40 20 3C 42 4F 49 26 3F 48 48 48                        
0750                                                                      
   3F 36 49 49 7F 41 22 41 41 41 3E 3E 41 41 7F 41                        
0760                                                                      
   41 49 49 49 7F 40 48 48 48 7F 4E 49 49 41 3E 7F                        
0770                                                                      
   08 08 08 7F 00 41 7F 41 00 7E 01 01 01 02 41 22                        
0780                                                                      
   14 08 7F 01 01 01 01 7F 7F 20 18 20 7F 7F 08 10                        
0790                                                                      
   20 7F 7F 41 41 41 7F 30 48 48 48 7F 3D 42 45 41                        
07A0                                                                      
   3E 31 4A 4C 48 7F 22 45 49 51 22 40 40 7F 40 40                        
07B0                                                                      
   7E 01 01 01 7E 70 0C 03 0C 70 7E 01 0E 01 7E 63                        
07C0                                                                      
   14 08 14 63 60 10 0F 10 60 61 51 49 45 43 41 41                        
07D0                                                                      
   7F 00 00 02 04 08 10 20 00 00 7F 41 41 10 20 40                        
07E0                                                                      
   20 10 01 01 01 01 01 00 10 20 40 00 41 41 36 08                        
07F0                                                                      
   00 00 00 77 00 00 00 08 36 41 41 20 10 20 40 20                        
__________________________________________________________________________
At each print/step operation, however, prior to loading the dot pattern into the printhead, the controller enters a wait state for a period of 11.3 milliseconds. This is to insure that, at the end of a carriage return, all carriage motion has ceased prior to the printing of the first character in a line. At the end of the 11.3 millisecond wait state, the controller couples the power supply voltage to the printhead, accesses the dot pattern for the character and loads the first column of the dot pattern into the printhead. This loading is accomplished by generating an address such as that illustrated in Table IV. One bit of bits 7-11 will be high indicating which of the five columns of the printhead is being strobed. In the case illustrated, the first column is strobed. One bits in positions 0-6 indicate which of the mesas in the first column are to be strobed. Bit positions 0-11 are coupled to the X and Y printhead drivers 16 and 18 of FIG. 1. Bits 12, 13, and 14 are monitored by the address decode circuit and as previously indicated in the discussion of FIG. 3, the particular bit pattern shown results in a one microsecond high level signal appearing on line 128. This high level signal gates the printhead driver input signal to the appropriate X and Y inputs of the printhead itself. As a result, in the example of Table IV, dot positions 1, 4 and 7 of Column 1 of the printhead are turned on. As long as the power supply voltage remains applied to the printhead, these dot positions are latched on even though the X and Y input signals are subsequently removed. A new address is then loaded onto the address bus with the same bit pattern in columns 12-15. In this case, however, only bit position 10 of positions 7-11 will be high and the pattern in positions 0-6 indicates which dots of column 2 of the printhead are to be turned on. This procedure continues until all five columns of the printhead have been loaded, this procedure taking approximately 200 microseconds for its completion. The strobed printhead requires only 12 address lines to the printhead in contrast with 35 lines required when a 5×7 matrix is directly addressed. This is highly advantageous since the 12 line cable to the printhead is more reliable than a 35 line cable.
              TABLE IV                                                    
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BIT POSITION                                                              
 ##STR1##                                                                 
______________________________________                                    
the print operation then continues for a total period of 10 milliseconds at the end of which the power supply voltage is removed from the printhead. At this point, the printhead carriage is stepped to the next printing location. The logic signal diagram of FIG. 6 may be useful in understanding the print/step cycle. The logic signals shown are those appearing at the output of control register 24. For the first 11.3 milliseconds of the cycle, that is from t1 to t2, the controller is in a wait state. For the next 10 milliseconds, that is from t2 to t3, the controller is in the PRINT state as described above. At t3, the PRINT signal is turned off, the enable signal to PHASE A is turned off, the enable signal to PHASE B is turned on, and both the FAST and the STEP logic signals are switched high. The high level FAST signal, which lasts for a one millisecond duration, has the effect of rapidly squelching the decaying current in the PHASE a motor winding so as to permit the stepper motor to move away from the PHASE A detent position. The high level STEP signal results in a rapid current buildup in the PHASE B motor winding to cause acceleration of the stepper motor toward the PHASE A detent position. This continues until time t4, at which time the change of the SENSOR signal indicates that the stepper motor has traversed one third of the distance between the detent positions for PHASE A and PHASE B. After a 200 microsecond delay, the enable signal to PHASE B is switched off and the enable signal to PHASE A is switched on so as to cause a decelerating current to flow in lagging PHASE A of the motor. At the same time the STEP signal goes low to cause a gradual build up of the braking current in PHASE A and the FAST signal goes high to rapidly squelch the decaying current in PHASE B. After one additional millisecond, the FAST signal is switched low and the STEP signal is switched high to permit the braking current in PHASE A to build up to a high level. One millisecond later, that is, at t6, PHASE A is switched off and the enable signal to PHASE B is switched on to generate a current in PHASE B for pulling the motor into the detent position. The STEP signal remains high for four additional milliseconds, that is, until t7, to insure that the stepper motor pulls into the detent position for PHASE B. At time t7, the STEP signal goes low to reduce the current flowing in the PHASE B motor coil to a holding value.
Each print/step operation is deemed to occupy a period of 28.5 milliseconds. In FIG. 6, this cycle begins at time t1 and concludes at time t8, at which time the 11.3 millisecond waiting period for the next print/step cycle begins. In a sense there is overlapped operation since the motor may still be pulling into the new detent position for the step cycle illustrated, even though the wait period for the next print/step cycle has already begun. This overlapped operation is made possible by the plurality of interval timers available in I/O chip 48. One of these interval timers is used to time the ten millisecond print period and the various periods associated with the turning on and off of the FAST, STEP, PHASE A, and PHASE B waveforms. A second of these interval timers is used to time the 11.3 millisecond wait period between t1 and t2, and to time the 7.2 millisecond period between time t3 and time t8. If, during this last mentioned 7.2 millisecond time period the SENSOR signal has gone high as illustrated in FIG. 6, then at the end of the 7.2 millisecond period, that is at time t8, the print/step cycle is declared to be over and the next cycle can begin. If, however, during the 7.2 millisecond time period no SENSOR signal has occurred, the controller declares a paper out condition. In this case rather than a normal termination of the print/step cycle as illustrated in FIG. 6, the controller goes into a fail-safe return mode which will be described below.
Under normal conditions, the stepper motor will rotate sufficiently far to cause a SENSOR signal well before the expiration of the 7.2 millisecond time period. If the printer has run out of paper, however, the abnormally high friction between the printhead and the paper roller prevents the stepper motor from traversing 1/3 of the distance between adjacent detent positions within 7.2 milliseconds. Accordingly, the expiration of the 7.2 millisecond period prior to the occurrence of a SENSOR signal is a valid indication of a paper out condition. It will be seen, therefore, that the single optical sensor, in addition to providing closed loop control of the stepping action from one detent position to the next, is also used as a paper out detector.
The backspace operation is identical to the forward space sequence described above with the exception of the fact that the 10 millisecond print period is eliminated. Thus, the total period for each backspace step is 18.5 milliseconds.
In describing the carriage return operation, it will first be assumed that the printhead carriage is located outside column 20 at the onset of the carriage return. Understanding of the carriage return operation may be facilitated by a consideration of the flow diagram of FIG. 7. At the beginning of the carriage return, the flow is at state 300. At all times during the carriage return operation the STEP signal is high so as to induce rapid build up of current in each new leading phase as the stepper motor slews in the carriage return direction. In the preferred embodiment, it is desired that the motor slew at constant velocity with the travel time between adjacent detent positions having an average value of 1.5 milliseconds. Accordingly, at the beginning of the carriage return in state 300, one of the interval timers of I/O chip 48 is set to 1.5 milliseconds. At this same time, current is disabled in the detent motor phase occupied by the stepper motor at the time carriage return begins and the next motor phase in the carriage return direction is enabled. During the first several phase changes, the stepper motor is accelerating and the 1.5 millisecond timer expires before a SENSOR signal occurs, indicating that the motor has traversed 1/3 of the angular distance to the next detent position. Expiration of the timer causes the flow to follow path 301 to a wait state 302. The controller remains in wait state 302 until the SENSOR signal does occur at which time flow follows path 303 back to state 300. At this point in time, the timer is reset to a new 1.5 millisecond period, and the motor phases are again switched to enable the next new motor phase in the carriage return direction. Flow continues in this fashion around the loop 300, 301, 302 and 303 until the motor reaches or slightly exceeds the desired constant velocity. If the motor velocity should go slightly high, while the flow is in state 300, then a SENSOR signal will occur prior to the expiration of the 1.5 millisecond timer. Under these circumstances, flow will pass from stage 300 along path 304 to wait 305. Here the flow awaits the expiration of the 1.5 millisecond timer, at which point flow returns along path 306 to state 300. Thus, when the motor is slewing at a velocity lower than that corresponding to a travel time of 1.5 milliseconds between detent position, the change of motor phases awaits the occurrence of the SENSOR so as to prevent the electronics from getting ahead of the actual motor position. When the motor velocity, however, is higher than that corresponding to the 1.5 millisecond travel time, the motor phase changes await the occurrence of the timer so as to prevent the motor position from getting ahead of the electronics. In this way the stepper motor is controlled to slew at the desired constant velocity. At the beginning of each of the first five cycles of the above described sequence, the FAST pulse is switched high for a 1 millisecond period so as to rapidly squelch the decaying current in the lagging motor phase and assist in accelerating the stepper motor to the desired slew velocity.
If at any time during the above described sequence a total period of 8.0 milliseconds expires after the timer is set at stage 300, and before a SENSOR signal is received, then flow travels along path 301 to state 302 and along path 307 to a fail-safe return state 308. As before, this is deemed to be indicative of a paper out condition.
In the normal course of events, however, flow continues centered around state 300 until the printhead carriage reaches column 12. At this point, a controlled deceleration is initiated to bring the printhead to a stop as it reaches column 1. At the beginning of the move to column 10, instead of setting the timer to 1.5 milliseconds, a longer time is used. For each column throughout the deceleration period, a successfully longer time is used when setting the timer. This causes the motor phases to change on the timer, causing deceleration. The specific times used in the preferred embodiment of the invention are given in Table V. The values in the deceleration table are selected to decelerate the motor along the profile that resembles the natural deceleration of the system.
During the deceleration phase, particularly in low friction systems, it may sometimes happen that the printhead carriage does not decelerate as rapidly as desired and, as a result, two consecutive SENSOR signals may be received before the timer expires. By way of example, assume that the motor is passing through the phase C detent position and that at step 300 the timer is set and PHASE B is enabled. The first SENSOR signal indicating that the motor has rotated a portion of the way between PHASE C and PHASE B causes flow to move along path 304 to wait state 305. Before expiration of the timer, another SENSOR signal is received indicating that the motor has rotated to a point midway between PHASE B and PHASE A. This SENSOR signal causes flow to move along path 309 to wait state 310. Now, when the timer expires the flow moves along path 311 to state 312. At this point, the timer is reset and the motor phases are changed so as to energize PHASE A and de-energize PHASE B. It will be recalled, however, that the motor is already midway between PHASE B and PHASE A. The next SENSOR signal causing flow along path 313 indicates that the motor has progressed to a point part way between PHASE A and PHASE C. At this point, the motor current flowing in phase A causes a braking torque. Thus, as long as the flow stays in the loop 310, 311, 312, and 313, there will be a braking torque generated during a portion of each step. Ultimately, this braking torque will slow the motor down sufficiently so that two timer expirations will occur without the intervention of a SENSOR signal. When this occurs, flow will move from state 310 through path 311 to state 312 and through path 313 back to state 300. When this occurs, the motor phase excitation will be back in synchronization with the actual location of the stepper motor and normal deceleration continues.
              TABLE V                                                     
______________________________________                                    
COLUMN       TIMER SETTING (MSEC)                                         
______________________________________                                    
11           1.61                                                         
10           1.61                                                         
9            1.67                                                         
8            1.74                                                         
7            1.80                                                         
6            1.93                                                         
5            2.06                                                         
4            2.25                                                         
3            2.50                                                         
2            4.68                                                         
______________________________________                                    
In the above mentioned mode of operation, the timer was set to a 1.5 millisecond period for each step during the acceleration phase of the carriage return. When, however, the printhead carriage is inside column 21 when the carriage return begins, a different rate of acceleration is used. A slower acceleration allows the processor to intercept the deceleration profile and bring the head to a smooth stop at column 1. The times used in the preferred embodiment are shown in Table VI. The time is read from the acceleration table once at the beginning of the carriage return and that time is used for each step until a column is reached inside column 12 whose deceleration time is longer. This represents the point where the deceleration profile is intercepted and deceleration begins.
              TABLE VI                                                    
______________________________________                                    
COLUMN       TIMER SETTING (MSEC.)                                        
______________________________________                                    
20           1.67                                                         
19           1.67                                                         
18           1.67                                                         
17           1.74                                                         
16           1.74                                                         
15           1.74                                                         
14           1.80                                                         
13           1.86                                                         
12           1.99                                                         
11           2.25                                                         
10           2.31                                                         
9            2.76                                                         
8            3.08                                                         
7            3.59                                                         
6            3.98                                                         
5            4.55                                                         
4            6.02                                                         
3            7.88                                                         
______________________________________                                    
When power is first applied to the system, it is necessary for the controller to determine the precise location of the carriage. When the carriage is in column 1, the stepper motor is detented at the PHASE A detent position. It is possible for the carriage to move one more position to the left, in which case the stepper motor will be in the PHASE C detent position. This location will be referred to as column 0. Further movement to the left from column 0 is inhibited by a mechanical limit. When power is first applied to the system, the carriage may be anywhere within its permissible range of travel. Initially, the phases are energized in the sequence C, B, A, C, with this sequence of four phase energizations occurring independent of whether or not any SENSOR pulses are received. If the carriage is initially at a point remote from the left hand mechanical limit, this results in the stepper motor moving first to the PHASE C detent position, then to PHASE B, then PHASE A, and finally PHASE C. If, on the other hand, the carriage was initially located in column 0, then the first phase change from PHASE C to to PHASE B will result in no movement since the attempted movement is inhibited by the left hand mechanical limit. When PHASE A is energized, however, the carriage will move to column 1 with the motor occupying the PHASE A detent position. When PHASE C is energized, the motor moves to the left to column 0. Similarly, if the carriage is in any of columns 1, 2 or 3 when power is applied, the initial sequence will conclude with the carriage being in column 0 position.
After the initial forced energization of four phases, the controller is repeatedly operated in the back space mode as described above. This continues until a back space is attempted and no SENSOR signal is received. Such lack of SENSOR signal will occur when the carriage has reached column 0 and the attempt to move the stepper motor to PHASE B is inhibited by the left hand limit. The controller recognizes this left hand limit by the absence of the SENSOR signal. At this point, the controller moves the carriage one space to the right to column 1.
After reaching column 1, a brief sequence is performed for the purpose of recognizing a paper out condition. Two more steps to the right are performed, that is to PHASE B and PHASE C. This is followed by two steps to the left, that is to PHASE B and to PHASE A so as to return the carriage to column 1. If, during any of the last mentioned four steps, a period of greater than 7.2 milliseconds expires before a sensor signal is detected, the controller interprets this as a paper out condition. If the paper out condition does not occur, the carriage is in column 1 and ready to begin print operations.
During step operations after power-up, a sensor failure will activate the paper out condition. The friction between the printhead and the roller is too great without paper to perform a normal step. When paper out is activated, the controller will only process carriage return, line feed, and bell characters. The keyboard scanner checks for a paper out condition when the paper advance key is detected. Instead of generating a series of carriage return characters, the keyboard scanner will generate a series of linefeed characters during a paper out condition when the paper advance key is depressed. This will cause the carriage return at the beginning to be bypassed. Entering a carriage return during a paper out condition will force a fail safe return to the left.
When the terminal runs out of paper, the printhead will stop wherever it first encounters the roller. The operator will then load paper using the line feed and paper advance keys. Entering a carriage return after paper is loaded will cause the printhead to seek the left-hand margin.
Whereas there has been disclosed the preferred embodiment of the invention, there may be suggested to those skilled in the art certain minor modifications which do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

Claims (14)

What is claimed is:
1. A printer mechanism comprising in combination:
(a) a stepper motor coupled to translate a printhead relative to a printing medium,
(b) a sensor for providing a signal representative of the position of said stepper motor, and
(c) means responsive to said sensor to control the rotation of said stepper motor, said means being further responsive to said sensor to detect a paper out condition.
2. The printer mechanism of claim 1 wherein said means is further responsive to said sensor to locate a margin of said printing medium.
3. The printer mechanism of claim 1 wherein said printhead is a thermal printhead.
4. The printer mechanism of claim 1 wherein said sensor comprises a slotted disk adapted to rotate with said stepper motor and means for detecting the passage of the slots of said disk.
5. A printer mechanism comprising:
(a) a multi-phase stepper motor for controlling the location of a printhead,
(b) a sensor for providing pulses indicative of rotation of said stepper motor between adjacent phases,
(c) means responsive to the application of power to said mechanism to energize a predetermined phase of said stepper motor,
(d) second means to suquentially enable adjacent phases of said stepper motor to cause said printhead to move toward a margin of said printer mechanism, and
(e) third means responsive to the absence of a pulse from said sensor after a new phase has been enabled to locate said margin.
6. A printer mechanism comprising:
(a) a multi-phase stepper motor for controlling the location of a printhead,
(b) a sensor for providing pulses indicative of rotation of said stepper motor between adjacent phases,
(c) means for declaring a paper out condition when a predetermined time expires after energization of a new stepper motor phase without the reception of a pulse from said sensor.
7. A printer mechansim comprising:
(a) a stepper motor coupled to translate a printhead relative to a printing medium, and
(b) control means for operating said printer mechanism in a print/step sequence, said control means further comprising:
(i) means for enabling a first phase of said motor while disabling a second phase,
(ii) means responsive to a logic signal to suppress the decaying current in said second phase, said responsive means including a network connected to maintain a constant voltage across said second phase,
(iii) a sensor for providing a second signal when said stepper motor has rotated through a predetermined portion of the angle between said second and first phases, and
(iv) second means responsive to said second signal to enable said second phase while disabling and suppressing the decaying current in said first phase, said second responsive means including a network connected to maintain a constant voltage across said first phase.
8. A printer mechanism comprising:
(a) a stepper motor coupled to translate a printhead relative to a printing medium, and
(b) control means for operating said printer mechanism in a print/step sequence, said control means further comprising:
(i) means for enabling a first phase of said motor while disabling a second phase,
(ii) means responsive to a logic signal to supress the decaying current in said second phase, said responsive means including a network connected to maintain a constant voltage across said second phase, and
(iii) means for enabling said first phase a predetermined time after the occurrence of said logic signal.
9. A thermal printer mechanism comprising:
(a) a multiphase stepper motor coupled to control the position of a thermal printhead relative to a printing medium, and
(b) control means for causing said motor to operate said printhead in a carriage return mode, said control means further comprising:
(i) means to accelerate said motor to a desired velocity,
(ii) means to substantially maintain said desired velocity during a portion of said carriage return,
(iii) means to decelerate said motor,
(iv) a sensor adapted to provide at least one logic pulse when said stepper motor moves from one detent position to an adjacent detent position, and
10. The printer mechanism of claim 9 wherein said timer is initiated to a constant period for all printhead locations greater than a preselected column and to an increasing period for all printhead positions less than said preselected column.
11. The printer mechanism of claim 10 wherin said constant period has a first value when the carriage return begins beyond a preselected printhead location and a second selectable value when the carriage return begins at or below said preselected printhead location.
12. A thermal printer mechanism comprising:
(a) a multiphase stepper motor coupled to control the position of a thermal printhead relative to a printing medium,
(b) control means for causing said motor to operate said printhead in a carriage return mode, said control means further comprising:
(i) means to accelerate said motor to a desired velocity,
(ii) means to substantially maintain said desired velocity during a portion of said carriage return, and
(iii) means to decelerate said motor, and
(c) a sensor adapted to provide at least one logic pulse when said stepper motor moves fom one detent position to an adjacent detent position,
wherein said carriage return is effected by sequentially enabling adjacent phases of said stepper motor, and wherein a timer is initiated at the time of each phase change, the phase changes taking place upon said at least one logic pulse or upon the expiriation of said timer, whichever occurs last.
13. The printer mechanism of claim 12 wherein said timer is initiated to a constant period for all printhead locations greater than a preselected column and to an increasing period for all printhead positions less than said preselected column.
14. The printer mechanism of claim 13 wherein said constant period has a first value when the carriage return begins beyond a preselected printhead location and a second selectable value when the carriage return begins at or below said preselected printhead location.
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US4293807A (en) * 1978-11-02 1981-10-06 Gilson Medical Electronics (France) Stepping motor control apparatus
EP0036931A1 (en) * 1980-03-31 1981-10-07 International Business Machines Corporation Stepper motor damping system
EP0054826A1 (en) * 1980-12-18 1982-06-30 HONEYWELL INFORMATION SYSTEMS ITALIA S.p.A. Step motor control circuit
EP0070333A2 (en) * 1981-07-22 1983-01-26 BAUSCH & LOMB INCORPORATED Motorized refractor
US4417188A (en) * 1980-10-16 1983-11-22 Janome Sewing Machine Co. Ltd. Pulse motor driving system
US4431953A (en) * 1980-11-13 1984-02-14 Robert Bosch Gmbh Circuit for operating a synchronous motor from a dc supply
US4446406A (en) * 1982-04-02 1984-05-01 Sony Corporation Brushless DC motor driving circuit
US4490665A (en) * 1983-07-26 1984-12-25 Beckman Instruments, Inc. Method for driving a stepper motor
US4491772A (en) * 1983-06-09 1985-01-01 General Electric Company Control circuit for an electronically commutated motor (ECM), method of timing the electronic commutation of an ECM, and method of operating an ECM
US4494055A (en) * 1983-06-09 1985-01-15 General Electric Company Control circuit for an electronically commutated motor including reversing; method of operating an ECM including reversing
US4499408A (en) * 1983-06-09 1985-02-12 General Electric Company Control circuit for an electronically commutated motor, an integrated circuit for an ECM, and a method of operating an ECM
US4500821A (en) * 1983-06-09 1985-02-19 General Electric Company Speed or torque control circuit for an electronically commutated motor (ECM) and method of controlling the torque or speed of an ECM
US4549120A (en) * 1982-07-19 1985-10-22 Pioneer Electronic Corporation Turntable dc brushless motor stopping control
US4580082A (en) * 1983-03-18 1986-04-01 Etudes Techniques Et Representations Industrielles E.T.R.I. Method and devices for detecting whether a direct-current motor has slowed-down and a motor equipped with a device of this type
US4683408A (en) * 1984-12-25 1987-07-28 Seiko Seiki Kabushiki Kaisha Stepping motor control apparatus
EP0244150A2 (en) * 1986-04-23 1987-11-04 Archive Corporation Stepping motor excitation sequences
US5055761A (en) * 1989-02-21 1991-10-08 Linear Instruments Smooth rotation by a galvanometer
US5491397A (en) * 1992-04-30 1996-02-13 Murata Kikai Kabushiki Kaisha Motor drive device using one-two phase excitation
US20040056532A1 (en) * 2002-09-25 2004-03-25 Dell Products L.P. Synchronized power-up for multiple voltage system
US6762580B1 (en) 2001-08-16 2004-07-13 Lexmark International, Inc. Electric motor velocity controller
US20130082635A1 (en) * 2011-09-30 2013-04-04 Infineon Technologies Ag System and Method for Controlling a Step Motor
CN107689756A (en) * 2016-12-28 2018-02-13 江苏博权医疗科技有限公司 A kind of medical stepper motor acceleration and deceleration stroke control method

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Cited By (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4293807A (en) * 1978-11-02 1981-10-06 Gilson Medical Electronics (France) Stepping motor control apparatus
EP0036931A1 (en) * 1980-03-31 1981-10-07 International Business Machines Corporation Stepper motor damping system
US4417188A (en) * 1980-10-16 1983-11-22 Janome Sewing Machine Co. Ltd. Pulse motor driving system
US4431953A (en) * 1980-11-13 1984-02-14 Robert Bosch Gmbh Circuit for operating a synchronous motor from a dc supply
EP0054826A1 (en) * 1980-12-18 1982-06-30 HONEYWELL INFORMATION SYSTEMS ITALIA S.p.A. Step motor control circuit
EP0070333A3 (en) * 1981-07-22 1985-10-16 BAUSCH & LOMB INCORPORATED Motorized refractor
EP0070333A2 (en) * 1981-07-22 1983-01-26 BAUSCH & LOMB INCORPORATED Motorized refractor
US4446406A (en) * 1982-04-02 1984-05-01 Sony Corporation Brushless DC motor driving circuit
US4549120A (en) * 1982-07-19 1985-10-22 Pioneer Electronic Corporation Turntable dc brushless motor stopping control
US4580082A (en) * 1983-03-18 1986-04-01 Etudes Techniques Et Representations Industrielles E.T.R.I. Method and devices for detecting whether a direct-current motor has slowed-down and a motor equipped with a device of this type
US4491772A (en) * 1983-06-09 1985-01-01 General Electric Company Control circuit for an electronically commutated motor (ECM), method of timing the electronic commutation of an ECM, and method of operating an ECM
US4494055A (en) * 1983-06-09 1985-01-15 General Electric Company Control circuit for an electronically commutated motor including reversing; method of operating an ECM including reversing
US4499408A (en) * 1983-06-09 1985-02-12 General Electric Company Control circuit for an electronically commutated motor, an integrated circuit for an ECM, and a method of operating an ECM
US4500821A (en) * 1983-06-09 1985-02-19 General Electric Company Speed or torque control circuit for an electronically commutated motor (ECM) and method of controlling the torque or speed of an ECM
US4490665A (en) * 1983-07-26 1984-12-25 Beckman Instruments, Inc. Method for driving a stepper motor
US4683408A (en) * 1984-12-25 1987-07-28 Seiko Seiki Kabushiki Kaisha Stepping motor control apparatus
EP0244150A2 (en) * 1986-04-23 1987-11-04 Archive Corporation Stepping motor excitation sequences
EP0244150A3 (en) * 1986-04-23 1989-05-24 Archive Corporation Stepping motor excitation sequences
US5055761A (en) * 1989-02-21 1991-10-08 Linear Instruments Smooth rotation by a galvanometer
US5491397A (en) * 1992-04-30 1996-02-13 Murata Kikai Kabushiki Kaisha Motor drive device using one-two phase excitation
US6762580B1 (en) 2001-08-16 2004-07-13 Lexmark International, Inc. Electric motor velocity controller
US20040056532A1 (en) * 2002-09-25 2004-03-25 Dell Products L.P. Synchronized power-up for multiple voltage system
US6917123B2 (en) 2002-09-25 2005-07-12 Dell Products L.P. Synchronized power-up for multiple voltage system
US20130082635A1 (en) * 2011-09-30 2013-04-04 Infineon Technologies Ag System and Method for Controlling a Step Motor
US8823311B2 (en) * 2011-09-30 2014-09-02 Infineon Technologies Ag System and method for controlling a step motor
CN107689756A (en) * 2016-12-28 2018-02-13 江苏博权医疗科技有限公司 A kind of medical stepper motor acceleration and deceleration stroke control method

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Owner name: STONE BROWN PAPER, INC., A CORP. OF DE.

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Effective date: 19860707