US3489555A - Method of slip casting titanium structures - Google Patents
Method of slip casting titanium structures Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3489555A US3489555A US639414A US3489555DA US3489555A US 3489555 A US3489555 A US 3489555A US 639414 A US639414 A US 639414A US 3489555D A US3489555D A US 3489555DA US 3489555 A US3489555 A US 3489555A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- slurry
- titanium
- particles
- nickel
- powder particles
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8828—Coating with slurry or ink
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/002—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of porous nature
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8657—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites layered
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9041—Metals or alloys
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the invention relates generally to a powder metallurgy process and, more particularly, to slip casting of single and multi-porosity structures.
- The'invention is particularly adapted to be employed for making single and dual porosity filters, battery placques, metering devices, air bearings, electrodes for fuel cells, etc.
- the contamination of the metal powder particles causes a complete or partial inclusion of the porous structure and, frequently, results in a chemical reaction between the contaminants and the particles establishing an alloying effect which lowers the corrosion resistance and affects ductibility, machinability and other properties. It has been shown that most known suspending agents react adversely with such titanium powders. While the reaction sensitivity of nickel powders with other materials is somewhat less than that of titanium it nevertheless is critical. Both metals also require due to the chemical sensitivity great care in the selection of compatible process equipment.
- Applicants invention enables the mass production of single and multi-porosity structures composed of pure titanium or nickel powders, and permits a close control over dimensional and density characteristics of the film.
- the porous structure is slip cast. This involves as a first step mixing a liquid vehicle with an organic binder to form a suspending solution.
- a liquid vehicle with an organic binder to form a suspending solution.
- One or more batches of discrete metal powder particles are prepared in which the particles of each individual batch are of substantially or at least predominantly similar size but dissimilar relative to one or more other batches. In most instances at least one batch will contain relatively fine powder particles While another batch will be composed of comparatively coarse powder particles.
- the metal particles for a slip cast structure are either nickel or titanium.
- the liquid suspending solution is combined with one batch of powder particles in order to establish a slurry.
- the slurry is then mechanically deposited by means of a pig trough upon a flat support and the liquid vehicle is caused to be removed.
- one or more additional slurries are then overcast, sequentially, upon the initial layer and thereafter the single or, alternatively, multi-slurry composite is dried until the resulting structure is sufficiently coherent to permit removal thereof from the support.
- the first layer may be heat dried prior to overcasting.
- the structure is then sintered to the predetermined degree of density and compacted if desired to affect the porosity and final shape.
- FIG. 1 is a flowing sheet showing steps for practicing one embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 2 is a generally diagrammatic-schematic representation of the method.
- the initial step in the process for making a multi-porosity structure is, preferably, the preparation of the liquid suspending agent.
- the basic vehicle of the suspending solution is water.
- an organic binder of cellulose powder which constitutes, approximately, /2 to 2 weight percent of the total suspending solution. Extensive tests with numerous organic binders have shown the binder of cellulose to be the only known material suitable for producing a slip of either pure nickel or titanium which is reproducible and devoid of high reaction rate causing contaminants.
- the factors which enter into the selection of the binder are manifold and include criteria such as reproducibility, stability, residual behavior after sintering, bacteria resist ance, pH sensitivity, etc.
- approximately 0.25 weight percent of polyglycol is added to the solution when such solution is used in conjunction with nickel particles.
- the polyglycol addition acts as a plasticizer and promotes a ductile bond between the powder particles.
- one or more batches of discrete metal powder particles of either nickel or titanium are prepared.
- Such preparation may involve cleaning, if necessary, and screening so that the particles of a given batch are substantially, or at least predominantly, of uniform size.
- multi-porosity composites for instance, dual porosity, it is of course desired that the particle size of the powders constituting the two layers be distinctly different.
- the invention uses a conveyor-like structure 10, part of the system being illustrated in FIG. 2.
- the slurry is deposited into a stainless steel pig trough and automatic strike-off machine 12 having two inclined walls 14, adapted for adjusting the transverse dimension of the bot tom opening of the trough in order to control the volume flow of the slurry upon a low friction support 16 which is suitably secured to the conveyor system 10.
- the support 16 is preferably made of glass, although in some cases, stainless steel can be utilized.
- the rear end of the device 12 is provided with a vertically adjustable doctor blade 18 which bares upon the film 20 in a predetermined, spaced, relation to the support 16 to control the thickness of the layer or fil-m 20. The excess thickness is caused by the doctor blade 18 to be either swept forward together with the blade or flows sideways where the same may be readily removed.
- the liquid vehicle is then removed by evaporation at room temperature, or by application of heat to accelerate the removal of the water.
- the slurry is now ready to be overcast with one or several additional slurries following the same procedure as outlined above.
- a second set of equipment identical to the one described above along the continuous conveyor system 10.
- Like reference characters are utilized to designate such equipment, however prime marks distinguish the second set. It is obvious that the number of sets may correspond to the number of layers desired to facilitate the application of mass-production techniques.
- the multi-slurry composite or alternatively the initial and sole layer, is dried by application of heat, until the resulting structure is sufiiciently coherent to permit removal thereof from the support 16.
- the single or multislurry structure is then placed into a sintering furnace containing suitable atmosphere and temperature conditions to density the composite to the degree desired.
- EXAMPLE I A first batch of relatively fine porous nickel powder particles was prepared by screening same and selecting 0 to 5 micron size particles.
- the slip concentration consisted of 20 percent suspending agent of which 98 /2 percent was water and 1 percent cellulose binder. The balance of 80 percent by weight was composed of the nickel particles.
- the support Prior to casting the slip upon the support 14, the support was prepared with a releasing agent such as wax.
- the pig trough was adjusted to control the rate of deposit and the doctor blade was set at .015 to .017 inch. After the slip had been deposited upon the glass support, the liquid vehicle was removed by evaporation at room temperature.
- a second batch of nickel powder particles was prepared.
- the particles were relatively coarse in that 60 percent thereof were of 10 to 15 micron size while the balance was 5 to 10 micron. Due to the particular shape and size of the nickel particles the slip concentration consisted of 75 percent by weight nickel particles and 25 percent by weight suspending solution which included 98 /2 percent water and 1 /2 percent cellulose binder.
- the doctor blade was set at .050 to .052 inch.
- the second slurry was deposited through the pig trough in the same manner as the first slurry and thereafter the multi-slurry composite was dried in an infrared oven for about one hour at about 15 0 F.
- the composite was then placed into a conventional sintering furnace with a dissociated ammonia atmosphere for a period of about 5-8 minutes at 1,850" F.
- the multi-layer structure After sintering the multi-layer structure had a thickness of approximately .035-.037 inch. The structure was then compacted to the desired degree of denstiy and simultaneously shaped as required for the particular application.
- EXAMPLE II The procedure and material utilized was the same as described in the preceding example, except that after the first slurry was castthe same was dried in an infrared oven for one hour at a temperature of about 140-150" F. and allowed thereafter to cool to room temperature before the same was overcast with a second slurry.
- EXAMPLE I-lI Metal powder particles of titanium were selected having a size of up to micron.
- the slip concentration consisted of 55 percent by weight titanium particles with the balance being composed of 98 percent water and 2 percent cellulose binder.
- the support was again, as in the preceding example, waxed with a releasing agent and the doctor blade was set at .150 inch.
- the slurry was dried in an infrared oven for about two hours at a temperature of 130140 F. Thereafter the cast structure was removed from the support plate and placed into a sintering oven for two hours in a vacuum at 1,850 F. The thickness obtained after sintering ql l fi m 9 $h illk to approximately .095
- the structure was then compacted and shaped to the required degree of density and configuration.
- EXAMPLE IV The procedure outlined in the first example was generally followed, except that the structure was compacted to the desired shape and density prior to sintering.
Description
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US63941467A | 1967-05-18 | 1967-05-18 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3489555A true US3489555A (en) | 1970-01-13 |
Family
ID=24563993
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US639414A Expired - Lifetime US3489555A (en) | 1967-05-18 | 1967-05-18 | Method of slip casting titanium structures |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US3489555A (en) |
Cited By (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2520265A1 (en) * | 1982-01-22 | 1983-07-29 | Thermo Electron Corp | WICK FOR HEAT TUBE |
WO1983003105A1 (en) * | 1982-03-05 | 1983-09-15 | Devantay, Hubert | Method for manufacturing a large surface current collector for an electrochemical cell in the form of a porous titanium plate or sheet |
US4491559A (en) * | 1979-12-31 | 1985-01-01 | Kennametal Inc. | Flowable composition adapted for sintering and method of making |
US4562041A (en) * | 1983-07-08 | 1985-12-31 | Ford Motor Company | Method of reducing the green density of a slip cast article |
NL1002960C2 (en) * | 1995-04-27 | 1999-02-22 | Inst Gas Technology | Ribbed electrodes for molten carbonate fuel cells. |
WO2002066693A1 (en) * | 2001-02-19 | 2002-08-29 | Isotis N.V. | Porous metals and metal coatings for implants |
US20040265483A1 (en) * | 2003-06-24 | 2004-12-30 | Meyer Neal W | Methods for applying electrodes or electrolytes to a substrate |
US20060155376A1 (en) * | 2005-01-13 | 2006-07-13 | Blue Membranes Gmbh | Composite materials containing carbon nanoparticles |
US20060167147A1 (en) * | 2005-01-24 | 2006-07-27 | Blue Membranes Gmbh | Metal-containing composite materials |
US20060177379A1 (en) * | 2004-12-30 | 2006-08-10 | Soheil Asgari | Composition comprising an agent providing a signal, an implant material and a drug |
US20060211802A1 (en) * | 2005-03-18 | 2006-09-21 | Soheil Asgari | Porous sintered metal-containing materials |
US20070003749A1 (en) * | 2005-07-01 | 2007-01-04 | Soheil Asgari | Process for production of porous reticulated composite materials |
US20070003753A1 (en) * | 2005-07-01 | 2007-01-04 | Soheil Asgari | Medical devices comprising a reticulated composite material |
US20070088114A1 (en) * | 2005-10-18 | 2007-04-19 | Blue Membranes Gmbh | Thermoset particles and methods for production thereof |
US20090016923A1 (en) * | 2004-07-21 | 2009-01-15 | Christoph Treutler | Method for manufacturing at least one area of a filter structure, in particular for a particulate filter in the exhaust gas system of an internal combustion engine |
US20090031579A1 (en) * | 2007-07-31 | 2009-02-05 | Piatt Michael J | Micro-structured drying for inkjet printers |
US20110067796A1 (en) * | 2008-05-28 | 2011-03-24 | Deloro Stellite Holdings Corporation | Slurry-based manufacture of thin wall metal components |
US20130302516A1 (en) * | 2006-12-13 | 2013-11-14 | NanoCell Systems, Inc. | Electrode assembly for a solid oxide fuel cell and method for making the same |
Citations (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2267918A (en) * | 1940-03-27 | 1941-12-30 | Gen Motors Corp | Porous article and method of making same |
US2293843A (en) * | 1940-03-27 | 1942-08-25 | Gen Motors Corp | Method of making porous articles |
US3115698A (en) * | 1960-02-29 | 1963-12-31 | Gen Electric | Casting metal powders |
US3197847A (en) * | 1961-04-27 | 1965-08-03 | Sylvania Electric Prod | Clad materials and process of fabricating the same |
US3226263A (en) * | 1960-07-20 | 1965-12-28 | Leesona Corp | Fuel cell electrodes |
US3227591A (en) * | 1963-04-26 | 1966-01-04 | Sylvania Electric Prod | Film techniques |
US3287112A (en) * | 1963-11-26 | 1966-11-22 | Selas Corp Of America | Production of filter membranes |
US3311507A (en) * | 1961-04-29 | 1967-03-28 | Varta Ag | Multiple layer electrode |
US3323915A (en) * | 1964-12-04 | 1967-06-06 | Sylvania Electric Prod | Double cast porous electrode |
US3323879A (en) * | 1963-09-04 | 1967-06-06 | Sylvania Electric Prod | Powdered metal films |
US3350200A (en) * | 1964-06-27 | 1967-10-31 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Method of making a sintered fuel cell electrode structure |
-
1967
- 1967-05-18 US US639414A patent/US3489555A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2267918A (en) * | 1940-03-27 | 1941-12-30 | Gen Motors Corp | Porous article and method of making same |
US2293843A (en) * | 1940-03-27 | 1942-08-25 | Gen Motors Corp | Method of making porous articles |
US3115698A (en) * | 1960-02-29 | 1963-12-31 | Gen Electric | Casting metal powders |
US3226263A (en) * | 1960-07-20 | 1965-12-28 | Leesona Corp | Fuel cell electrodes |
US3197847A (en) * | 1961-04-27 | 1965-08-03 | Sylvania Electric Prod | Clad materials and process of fabricating the same |
US3311507A (en) * | 1961-04-29 | 1967-03-28 | Varta Ag | Multiple layer electrode |
US3227591A (en) * | 1963-04-26 | 1966-01-04 | Sylvania Electric Prod | Film techniques |
US3323879A (en) * | 1963-09-04 | 1967-06-06 | Sylvania Electric Prod | Powdered metal films |
US3287112A (en) * | 1963-11-26 | 1966-11-22 | Selas Corp Of America | Production of filter membranes |
US3350200A (en) * | 1964-06-27 | 1967-10-31 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Method of making a sintered fuel cell electrode structure |
US3323915A (en) * | 1964-12-04 | 1967-06-06 | Sylvania Electric Prod | Double cast porous electrode |
Cited By (23)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4491559A (en) * | 1979-12-31 | 1985-01-01 | Kennametal Inc. | Flowable composition adapted for sintering and method of making |
FR2520265A1 (en) * | 1982-01-22 | 1983-07-29 | Thermo Electron Corp | WICK FOR HEAT TUBE |
WO1983003105A1 (en) * | 1982-03-05 | 1983-09-15 | Devantay, Hubert | Method for manufacturing a large surface current collector for an electrochemical cell in the form of a porous titanium plate or sheet |
US4562041A (en) * | 1983-07-08 | 1985-12-31 | Ford Motor Company | Method of reducing the green density of a slip cast article |
NL1002960C2 (en) * | 1995-04-27 | 1999-02-22 | Inst Gas Technology | Ribbed electrodes for molten carbonate fuel cells. |
WO2002066693A1 (en) * | 2001-02-19 | 2002-08-29 | Isotis N.V. | Porous metals and metal coatings for implants |
US20050048193A1 (en) * | 2001-02-19 | 2005-03-03 | Isotis N.V. | Porous metals and metal coatings for implants |
US20040265483A1 (en) * | 2003-06-24 | 2004-12-30 | Meyer Neal W | Methods for applying electrodes or electrolytes to a substrate |
US20090016923A1 (en) * | 2004-07-21 | 2009-01-15 | Christoph Treutler | Method for manufacturing at least one area of a filter structure, in particular for a particulate filter in the exhaust gas system of an internal combustion engine |
US20060177379A1 (en) * | 2004-12-30 | 2006-08-10 | Soheil Asgari | Composition comprising an agent providing a signal, an implant material and a drug |
US20060155376A1 (en) * | 2005-01-13 | 2006-07-13 | Blue Membranes Gmbh | Composite materials containing carbon nanoparticles |
US7780875B2 (en) | 2005-01-13 | 2010-08-24 | Cinvention Ag | Composite materials containing carbon nanoparticles |
US20060167147A1 (en) * | 2005-01-24 | 2006-07-27 | Blue Membranes Gmbh | Metal-containing composite materials |
US20060211802A1 (en) * | 2005-03-18 | 2006-09-21 | Soheil Asgari | Porous sintered metal-containing materials |
US20070003749A1 (en) * | 2005-07-01 | 2007-01-04 | Soheil Asgari | Process for production of porous reticulated composite materials |
US20070003753A1 (en) * | 2005-07-01 | 2007-01-04 | Soheil Asgari | Medical devices comprising a reticulated composite material |
US20070088114A1 (en) * | 2005-10-18 | 2007-04-19 | Blue Membranes Gmbh | Thermoset particles and methods for production thereof |
US20130302516A1 (en) * | 2006-12-13 | 2013-11-14 | NanoCell Systems, Inc. | Electrode assembly for a solid oxide fuel cell and method for making the same |
US9172097B2 (en) * | 2006-12-13 | 2015-10-27 | NanoCell Systems, Inc. | Method for making electrode assembly for a solid oxide fuel cell |
US20090031579A1 (en) * | 2007-07-31 | 2009-02-05 | Piatt Michael J | Micro-structured drying for inkjet printers |
US7966743B2 (en) * | 2007-07-31 | 2011-06-28 | Eastman Kodak Company | Micro-structured drying for inkjet printers |
US20110067796A1 (en) * | 2008-05-28 | 2011-03-24 | Deloro Stellite Holdings Corporation | Slurry-based manufacture of thin wall metal components |
US8551395B2 (en) * | 2008-05-28 | 2013-10-08 | Kennametal Inc. | Slurry-based manufacture of thin wall metal components |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: IMPERIAL CLEVITE INC., A CORP. OF PA,ILLINOIS Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GOULD INC., A CORP. OF DE;REEL/FRAME:003998/0236 Effective date: 19810928 Owner name: IMPERIAL CLEVITE INC., 2550 GOLF ROAD, ROLLING MEA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:GOULD INC., A CORP. OF DE;REEL/FRAME:003998/0236 Effective date: 19810928 |
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Owner name: CLEVITE INDUSTRIES INC., A CORP. OF DE.,STATELESS Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:IMPERIAL CLEVITE INC., A PA. CORP. (MERGED INTO);REEL/FRAME:004600/0610 Effective date: 19860615 Owner name: CLEVITE INDUSTRIES INC., A CORP. OF DE. Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:IMPERIAL CLEVITE INC., A PA. CORP. (MERGED INTO);REEL/FRAME:004600/0610 Effective date: 19860615 |