US2616796A - Apparatus for determining a coagulation factor of blood samples - Google Patents

Apparatus for determining a coagulation factor of blood samples Download PDF

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US2616796A
US2616796A US197552A US19755250A US2616796A US 2616796 A US2616796 A US 2616796A US 197552 A US197552 A US 197552A US 19755250 A US19755250 A US 19755250A US 2616796 A US2616796 A US 2616796A
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vial
needle
blood
tube
patient
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Fred J Schilling
Natale Albert De
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
    • G01N33/487—Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material
    • G01N33/49—Blood
    • G01N33/4905—Determining clotting time of blood

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a new and improved method and apparatus to permit the physician at the bedside of a patient to quickly and easily determine a coagulation factor of blood taken from the patient in cases where the patient may be suffering from blood clot conditions of one form or another.
  • the well known prothror'nbin test has been employed to determine a coagulation factor of the patients blood of which samples have been extracted.
  • the only difficulty with this test is that it generally is required that the samples thus obtained have to be processed in conformity with this well known test in a laboratory where there is the necessary equipment. This naturally has involved the expenditure of time, and in some cases this time factor has been exceedingly important where the condition of the patient called for a much more rapid determination than has hitherto been available.
  • this coagulation factor which relates to the nature of the blood of the patient, and the time it takes to coagulate, is a very important factor to determine prior to the administration to the patient of certain anticoagulation drugs such as Dicumarol and/or Tromexan.
  • the main object of this invention is to pro vide a simple and eflicient and rapid method and apparatus whereby the physician at the bedside of the patient may take samples of his blood and quickly and easily process the blood to determine the coagulation time factor there rapidly and easily.
  • a further object is to provide a simple device in the form of a tube, preferably L -sha'pe, of glass or similar material which is closed at an open end with a hermetically sealedcover, such as rubber, which is penetrable and contains a predetermined quantity of coagulant such as stable thromboplastin in dry powdered form.
  • a hermetically sealedcover such as rubber
  • This tube with the powdered coagulant therein forms partof a kit which the physician may take with him to the bedside of the patient.
  • a small vial in which is disposed a quantity of diluent and the vial is sealed off by a penetrable rubber stopper.
  • a special needle so constructed that it may penetrate the stopper only to a predetermined extent.
  • This needle is hollow and open at both ends and, after it has been inserted into the vial, the vial and the needle are inverted and the other end of the needle inserted through the hermetic seal on the above mentioned tube so that a predetermined amount of diluent may be drawn into the tube by reason of the vacuum therein.
  • Fig. 1 is a side elevation of the hermetically sealed tube containing a powdered coagulant
  • Fig. 2 is a general side view of the tube shown in Fig. l with portions broken away and showing associated therewith a diluent vial;
  • Fig. 2A is a detail showing a special needle used in connection with the diluent vial for the introduction of diluent into the tube;
  • Fig. 3 is a section showing the tube with the coagulant, the diluent, and the blood sample therein.
  • one element of the apparatus comprises a tube, preferably of glass, andof L-shape, having a vertical leg l0 open 'at its upper end, a connected lower horizontal leg H. and a sealing cap l2, preferably of rubber, whereby the tube may be hermetically sealed and a predetermined vacuum established therein.
  • Another element of the apparatus is a glass vial I3 adapted to contain any suitable diluent l3" such as distilled water.
  • the open end of this vial is closed, preferably by a rubber stopper l4.
  • coagulant l5 in dry powdered form is disposed therein.
  • This coagulant is preferably thromboplastin, which in this form is stable, whereas in solution it is unstable.
  • FIG. 2-A Another element of the apparatus is a special needle shown in Fig. 2-A which is in the form of a hollow capillary tube l6 open at each end, and with the ends beveled to facilitate penetration.
  • This needle intermediate at length, is provided with an enlarged portion 1 I or similar element to act as a stop or abutment as and for the purposes to be described. It is to be clearly understood that this enlargement may take otherforms, but in the form shown it is an enlarged bead on the outside of the needle and does not obstruct the. passage through the needle from one end to the other of any fluid.
  • the only other element which is used in connection with this novel procedure is an ordinary pipette used for the purpose of drawing the predetermined amounts of blood into it from the patient for the purposes hereinafter set forth and not shown, since it is a well known device.
  • the physician has, ready athand simple means for an accurate, quick, and easy determination of the coagulation factor of the patient whether the patient is seated in his ofiice, or the physician is at the bedside of the patient, and this determination can be effected without the necessity of referring to a laboratory, which involves loss of time and added expense.
  • the physician first takes the needle shown in Fig. 2-A and thrusts one end of it through the He then inverts the vial with the needle thus disposed and projects the other end of the needle l6 through the seal I? on the tube containing the stable coagulant.
  • the capillary structure of the needle [6 will prevent diluent from flowing out of the vial even when the vial is inverted until the needle has been projected through the seal l3, whereupon the influence of a vacuum in the tube will cause a definite amount of diluent to be drawn out of the vial into the tube to mix with the coagulant powder l5. It will be, of course, clear that the stop member or exterior enlargement intermediate the length of the needle ['1 will limit penetration of the needle into the stopper M and, through the seal 12.
  • the next step taken by the physician is to prepare a desired surface of the skin of the patient in any well known manner prior to the extraction of a blood sample. He then takes the usual pipette with the flexible rubber tubing connected to one end to be placed in his mouth and then, as a preliminary step, sucks up into the pipette a small amount of sodium oxalate solution in order to thoroughly rinse the interior surface of the pipette. This is. done to prevent the blood drawn into the pipette from starting to coagulate in the pipette. The rinsed pipette is then used in the regular manner and is, as usual, calibrated on its exterior surface so that a predetermined amount of blood may be drawn up into it.
  • the. vial l3 and the seal [2 are removed from the tube containing the coagulant. now in solution, and the blood sample is blown into the tube from the pipette.
  • the physician grasps the upper end of the tube. and starts to spin it back and forth in his hand, while at the same time starting a stop watch so that accurate measurement of the time it takes the blood in the tube to coagulate may be measured. All these steps are conducted at ordinary room temperature and permits this time factor to be quickly and easily determined, whereby based on the value of the time factor, the desired dose of anti-coagulation drug can then be selected. In many conditions and circumstances where time is. of the essence, this accurate, rapid, and easy method, and the simple apparatus employed may well be of extreme importance.
  • a kit for determining the coagulation time factor of blood including, in combination, an L-shaped vial having an opening at the top thereof, a penetrable closure disposed over said opening, a second vial having an opening and a penetrable closure disposed thereover and being adapted to contain a liquid, and a needle having a capillary passage, said needle detachably connecting said vial by insertion through said penetrable closures so that the liquid may flow from the second vial to the L-shaped vial, said, L-shaped vial being adapted for oscillatable rotation when detached from said needle.
  • a kit for determining the coagulation time factor of blood including, in combination, a vial having a body portion, an outwardly extending portion at the bottom of said body portion, and an opening at the top of said body portion, a penetrable closure disposed over saidopening, a second. vial having an opening and a penetrable closure disposed over said opening, and a capillary needle inserted through each closure so as to connect said vials, said first mentioned vial being detachable from said needle and adapted to. receive a coagulating material, a diluent, and blood.

Description

4, 1975'2 J. SCHILLING ETAL APPARATUS F OR DETERMINING A COAGULATION FACTOR OF BLOOD SAMPLES Fm Nov. 25. 1950 INVEN TOR. J red Jf's'chizzz n y and .Hlberifle zz't'ale xrnwnbvpiluiiilil Patented Nov. 4, 1952 APPARATUS FOR DETERMI NING A COAGU- LATION FACTOR OF BLOOD SAMPLES Fred J. Schilling, New York, and Albert De Natale,
' Bayside, N. Y.
Application November 25, 1950, Serial No, 197,552.
3 Claims. (01. 23-453) This invention relates to a new and improved method and apparatus to permit the physician at the bedside of a patient to quickly and easily determine a coagulation factor of blood taken from the patient in cases where the patient may be suffering from blood clot conditions of one form or another. e e In accordance to previous procedures with patients suffering from these conditions, the well known prothror'nbin test has been employed to determine a coagulation factor of the patients blood of which samples have been extracted. The only difficulty with this test is that it generally is required that the samples thus obtained have to be processed in conformity with this well known test in a laboratory where there is the necessary equipment. This naturally has involved the expenditure of time, and in some cases this time factor has been exceedingly important where the condition of the patient called for a much more rapid determination than has hitherto been available.
The determination of this coagulation factor which relates to the nature of the blood of the patient, and the time it takes to coagulate, is a very important factor to determine prior to the administration to the patient of certain anticoagulation drugs such as Dicumarol and/or Tromexan. V
The main object of this invention is to pro vide a simple and eflicient and rapid method and apparatus whereby the physician at the bedside of the patient may take samples of his blood and quickly and easily process the blood to determine the coagulation time factor there rapidly and easily.
A further object is to provide a simple device in the form of a tube, preferably L -sha'pe, of glass or similar material which is closed at an open end with a hermetically sealedcover, such as rubber, which is penetrable and contains a predetermined quantity of coagulant such as stable thromboplastin in dry powdered form.
This tube, with the powdered coagulant therein forms partof a kit which the physician may take with him to the bedside of the patient. To complete this kit, there is provided a small vial in which is disposed a quantity of diluent and the vial is sealed off by a penetrable rubber stopper. With this vial there is provided a special needle so constructed that it may penetrate the stopper only to a predetermined extent. This needle is hollow and open at both ends and, after it has been inserted into the vial, the vial and the needle are inverted and the other end of the needle inserted through the hermetic seal on the above mentioned tube so that a predetermined amount of diluent may be drawn into the tube by reason of the vacuum therein.
'- -An ordinary pipette is then employed to draw a predetermined amount of blood from the patient and before the pipette is so employed it is rinsed in any suitable manner by a sodium oxalate solution. When the blood sample is thus in the pipette the seal of the tube is taken off and the blood sample is blown into the tube to mix with the coagulant which is now in liquid form. From the moment the blood is introduced, the tube is grasped in the hand and spun back and forth to mix the elements therein and until the blood starts to coagulate. From the moment of bloodintroduction a stop watch is started so that the exact time it takes to coagulate the blood in this manner may be noted. This manipulation of the tube in the hand of the physician is performed at room temperature which is noted.
It will therefore be seen that we have provided a simple method which comprises the disposition in a hermetically sealed tube of a predetermined quantity of a coagulant in stable form, the ,introduction into the tube of a predetermined quantity of diluent by penetration. of the seal, followed by the introduction of a definite quantity'of blood sample after which the tube is rapidly spun in the hand at room temperature and under accurate notation of the time consumed from the introduction of the blood Lmtil it coagulates. This simple method may be employed at the bedside or in the doctors office and does not require reference to a laboratory with the consequent loss of time in making-the necessary determination, upon which depends the application of the proper anti-coagulation drug.
Merely for the purpose of illustration, a preferred form of the apparatus employed in practicing this. invention is shown in the drawings, of which:
Fig. 1 is a side elevation of the hermetically sealed tube containing a powdered coagulant;
Fig. 2 is a general side view of the tube shown in Fig. l with portions broken away and showing associated therewith a diluent vial; I
Fig. 2A is a detail showing a special needle used in connection with the diluent vial for the introduction of diluent into the tube; and,
Fig. 3 is a section showing the tube with the coagulant, the diluent, and the blood sample therein.
Referring now merely to the specific form of the apparatus shown in the drawings, which is employed to make effective this new method of determining coagulation, time factors of blood, it will be seen that one element of the apparatus comprises a tube, preferably of glass, andof L-shape, having a vertical leg l0 open 'at its upper end, a connected lower horizontal leg H. and a sealing cap l2, preferably of rubber, whereby the tube may be hermetically sealed and a predetermined vacuum established therein.
Another element of the apparatus is a glass vial I3 adapted to contain any suitable diluent l3" such as distilled water. The open end of this vial is closed, preferably by a rubber stopper l4.
stopper H! on the vial l3.
Before the tube above mentioned is hermetically sealed oiT, a predetermined amount of coagulant l5 in dry powdered form is disposed therein. This coagulant is preferably thromboplastin, which in this form is stable, whereas in solution it is unstable.
Another element of the apparatus is a special needle shown in Fig. 2-A which is in the form of a hollow capillary tube l6 open at each end, and with the ends beveled to facilitate penetration. This needle, intermediate at length, is provided with an enlarged portion 1 I or similar element to act as a stop or abutment as and for the purposes to be described. It is to be clearly understood that this enlargement may take otherforms, but in the form shown it is an enlarged bead on the outside of the needle and does not obstruct the. passage through the needle from one end to the other of any fluid. The only other element which is used in connection with this novel procedure is an ordinary pipette used for the purpose of drawing the predetermined amounts of blood into it from the patient for the purposes hereinafter set forth and not shown, since it is a well known device.
With these elements of the apparatus provided in a suitable kit or case, the physician has, ready athand simple means for an accurate, quick, and easy determination of the coagulation factor of the patient whether the patient is seated in his ofiice, or the physician is at the bedside of the patient, and this determination can be effected without the necessity of referring to a laboratory, which involves loss of time and added expense. In employing the above apparatus, the physician first takes the needle shown in Fig. 2-A and thrusts one end of it through the He then inverts the vial with the needle thus disposed and projects the other end of the needle l6 through the seal I? on the tube containing the stable coagulant. The capillary structure of the needle [6 will prevent diluent from flowing out of the vial even when the vial is inverted until the needle has been projected through the seal l3, whereupon the influence of a vacuum in the tube will cause a definite amount of diluent to be drawn out of the vial into the tube to mix with the coagulant powder l5. It will be, of course, clear that the stop member or exterior enlargement intermediate the length of the needle ['1 will limit penetration of the needle into the stopper M and, through the seal 12.
The next step taken by the physician is to prepare a desired surface of the skin of the patient in any well known manner prior to the extraction of a blood sample. He then takes the usual pipette with the flexible rubber tubing connected to one end to be placed in his mouth and then, as a preliminary step, sucks up into the pipette a small amount of sodium oxalate solution in order to thoroughly rinse the interior surface of the pipette. This is. done to prevent the blood drawn into the pipette from starting to coagulate in the pipette. The rinsed pipette is then used in the regular manner and is, as usual, calibrated on its exterior surface so that a predetermined amount of blood may be drawn up into it.
Just prior to this step. of taking the blood sample from. the patient, the. vial l3 and the seal [2 are removed from the tube containing the coagulant. now in solution, and the blood sample is blown into the tube from the pipette. At this instant. of time, the physician grasps the upper end of the tube. and starts to spin it back and forth in his hand, while at the same time starting a stop watch so that accurate measurement of the time it takes the blood in the tube to coagulate may be measured. All these steps are conducted at ordinary room temperature and permits this time factor to be quickly and easily determined, whereby based on the value of the time factor, the desired dose of anti-coagulation drug can then be selected. In many conditions and circumstances where time is. of the essence, this accurate, rapid, and easy method, and the simple apparatus employed may well be of extreme importance.
While the invention has been described in detail and shown with respect to the accompanying drawings, it is not to be limited to such details, since many changes and modifications maybe made in the invention without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. Hence, it is desired to cover any andall forms and modifications of the invention which may come within the language and scope of any one or more of the appended claims.
We claim:
1. A kit for determining the coagulation time factor of blood including, in combination, an L-shaped vial having an opening at the top thereof, a penetrable closure disposed over said opening, a second vial having an opening and a penetrable closure disposed thereover and being adapted to contain a liquid, and a needle having a capillary passage, said needle detachably connecting said vial by insertion through said penetrable closures so that the liquid may flow from the second vial to the L-shaped vial, said, L-shaped vial being adapted for oscillatable rotation when detached from said needle.
2. A kit for determining the coagulation time factor of blood including, in combination, a vial having a body portion, an outwardly extending portion at the bottom of said body portion, and an opening at the top of said body portion, a penetrable closure disposed over saidopening, a second. vial having an opening and a penetrable closure disposed over said opening, anda capillary needle inserted through each closure so as to connect said vials, said first mentioned vial being detachable from said needle and adapted to. receive a coagulating material, a diluent, and blood.
3. The combination with a vial having a penetrable closure and a. capillary needle. adapted for insertion through said closure, of an L-shaped vial, having an opening atone end and a penetrable closure disposed over said opening, said L-shaped' vial, being detachably connected to said first mentioned vial by means of. said needle and being designed for oscillatable rotation.
FRED J. SCHIILING. ALBERT DE NATALE.
REFERENCES CITED The following references-are. of record in the file of this. patent:
Wintrobe, Clinical Hematology, 2d ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, April 19, i949, pages 207-208.
Sou-ter and- Hark, Quicks Prothrombin Test Simplified by theUse'of Stable Thromboplastin, Am. Four. Med. Sci. 200, page 603 (1940-) How to Make Standard Volumetric Solutions in a Few Minutes, E. H. Sargent & Co., Chicago, 111.. March 31, 1947:, 4' pages.

Claims (1)

1. A KIT FOR DETERMINING THE COAGULATION TIME FACTOR OF BLOOD INCLUDING, IN COMBINATION, AN L-SHAPED VIAL HAVING AN OPENING AT THE TOP THEREOF, A PENETRABLE CLOSURE DISPOSED OVER SAID OPENING, A SECOND VIAL HAVING AN OPENING AND A PENETRABLE CLOSURE DISPOSED THEREOVER AND BEING ADAPTED TO CONTAIN A LIQUID, AND A NEEDLE HAVING A CAPILLARY PASSAGE, SAID NEEDLE DETACH-
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Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2746845A (en) * 1951-11-13 1956-05-22 Lloyd V Guild Carbon train
US2878715A (en) * 1956-02-06 1959-03-24 Mark C Rhees Method of blood plasma prothrombin time determinations
US3302452A (en) * 1964-04-27 1967-02-07 Cutler Hammer Inc Coagulation detector and coagulability determination
US3492096A (en) * 1967-10-05 1970-01-27 Paul G Hattersley Apparatus for and method of detecting the coagulation of whole blood
US4849340A (en) * 1987-04-03 1989-07-18 Cardiovascular Diagnostics, Inc. Reaction system element and method for performing prothrombin time assay
WO1994011527A1 (en) * 1992-11-12 1994-05-26 Sheldon Goldstein Multiple coagulation test device and method
US5366869A (en) * 1991-11-08 1994-11-22 Sheldon Goldstein Multiple coagulation test device and method
US5602037A (en) * 1994-06-30 1997-02-11 Dade International, Inc. Combination reagent holding and test device
US5731212A (en) * 1994-12-20 1998-03-24 International Technidyne Corporation Test apparatus and method for testing cuvette accommodated samples
US5854076A (en) * 1994-06-30 1998-12-29 Dade International Inc. Method for testing coagulation of blood through bioactive porous partition members
US5888826A (en) * 1994-06-30 1999-03-30 Dade Behring Inc. Combination reagent holding and test device
US5958716A (en) * 1996-06-06 1999-09-28 Dade Behring Inc. Blood factor assay
US6114135A (en) * 1991-11-08 2000-09-05 Goldstein; Sheldon Multiple coagulation test system and method of using a multiple coagulation test system
US20090148882A1 (en) * 2007-12-07 2009-06-11 Sheldon Goldstein Multiple coagulation test cartridge and method of using same
US10429377B1 (en) 2019-03-15 2019-10-01 Coagulation Sciences Llc Coagulation test device, system, and method of use

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
None *

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2746845A (en) * 1951-11-13 1956-05-22 Lloyd V Guild Carbon train
US2878715A (en) * 1956-02-06 1959-03-24 Mark C Rhees Method of blood plasma prothrombin time determinations
US3302452A (en) * 1964-04-27 1967-02-07 Cutler Hammer Inc Coagulation detector and coagulability determination
US3492096A (en) * 1967-10-05 1970-01-27 Paul G Hattersley Apparatus for and method of detecting the coagulation of whole blood
US4849340A (en) * 1987-04-03 1989-07-18 Cardiovascular Diagnostics, Inc. Reaction system element and method for performing prothrombin time assay
US5366869A (en) * 1991-11-08 1994-11-22 Sheldon Goldstein Multiple coagulation test device and method
US6114135A (en) * 1991-11-08 2000-09-05 Goldstein; Sheldon Multiple coagulation test system and method of using a multiple coagulation test system
WO1994011527A1 (en) * 1992-11-12 1994-05-26 Sheldon Goldstein Multiple coagulation test device and method
US5888826A (en) * 1994-06-30 1999-03-30 Dade Behring Inc. Combination reagent holding and test device
US5854076A (en) * 1994-06-30 1998-12-29 Dade International Inc. Method for testing coagulation of blood through bioactive porous partition members
US5602037A (en) * 1994-06-30 1997-02-11 Dade International, Inc. Combination reagent holding and test device
US6702987B1 (en) 1994-06-30 2004-03-09 Dade Behring Inc. Bioactive porous partition members
US5731212A (en) * 1994-12-20 1998-03-24 International Technidyne Corporation Test apparatus and method for testing cuvette accommodated samples
US5958716A (en) * 1996-06-06 1999-09-28 Dade Behring Inc. Blood factor assay
US20090148882A1 (en) * 2007-12-07 2009-06-11 Sheldon Goldstein Multiple coagulation test cartridge and method of using same
US8372343B2 (en) 2007-12-07 2013-02-12 Sheldon Goldstein Multiple coagulation test cartridge and method of using same
US9857383B2 (en) 2007-12-07 2018-01-02 Sheldon Goldstein Multiple coagulation test cartridge and method of using same
US10429377B1 (en) 2019-03-15 2019-10-01 Coagulation Sciences Llc Coagulation test device, system, and method of use
US10520489B1 (en) 2019-03-15 2019-12-31 Coagulation Sciences Llc Coagulation test device, system, and method of use
US10705072B1 (en) 2019-03-15 2020-07-07 Coagulation Sciences Llc Coagulation test device, system, and method of use
US11360074B2 (en) 2019-03-15 2022-06-14 Coagulation Sciences Llc Coagulation test device, system, and method of use

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