US20150000674A1 - Devices and methods for acoustic shielding - Google Patents
Devices and methods for acoustic shielding Download PDFInfo
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- US20150000674A1 US20150000674A1 US14/487,504 US201414487504A US2015000674A1 US 20150000674 A1 US20150000674 A1 US 20150000674A1 US 201414487504 A US201414487504 A US 201414487504A US 2015000674 A1 US2015000674 A1 US 2015000674A1
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- acoustic impedance
- acoustic
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F9/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the eyes; Devices for putting-in contact lenses; Devices to correct squinting; Apparatus to guide the blind; Protective devices for the eyes, carried on the body or in the hand
- A61F9/04—Eye-masks ; Devices to be worn on the face, not intended for looking through; Eye-pads for sunbathing
- A61F9/045—Eye-shades or visors; Shields beside, between or below the eyes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
- A61B8/44—Constructional features of the ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic diagnostic device
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B3/00—Apparatus for testing the eyes; Instruments for examining the eyes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
- A61B90/04—Protection of tissue around surgical sites against effects of non-mechanical surgery, e.g. laser surgery
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F9/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the eyes; Devices for putting-in contact lenses; Devices to correct squinting; Apparatus to guide the blind; Protective devices for the eyes, carried on the body or in the hand
- A61F9/04—Eye-masks ; Devices to be worn on the face, not intended for looking through; Eye-pads for sunbathing
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N7/00—Ultrasound therapy
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- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
- G10K11/02—Mechanical acoustic impedances; Impedance matching, e.g. by horns; Acoustic resonators
- G10K11/04—Acoustic filters ; Acoustic resonators
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
- G10K11/16—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
- G10K11/162—Selection of materials
- G10K11/168—Plural layers of different materials, e.g. sandwiches
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
- A61B90/04—Protection of tissue around surgical sites against effects of non-mechanical surgery, e.g. laser surgery
- A61B2090/0409—Specification of type of protection measures
- A61B2090/0436—Shielding
- A61B2090/0445—Shielding by absorption
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
- A61B90/04—Protection of tissue around surgical sites against effects of non-mechanical surgery, e.g. laser surgery
- A61B2090/0409—Specification of type of protection measures
- A61B2090/0436—Shielding
- A61B2090/0454—Shielding by reflection
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
- A61B90/04—Protection of tissue around surgical sites against effects of non-mechanical surgery, e.g. laser surgery
- A61B2090/0472—Protection of tissue around surgical sites against effects of non-mechanical surgery, e.g. laser surgery against ultrasound energy
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus for radiation diagnosis, e.g. combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/10—Application or adaptation of safety means
- A61B6/107—Protection against radiation, e.g. shielding
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus for radiation diagnosis, e.g. combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/44—Constructional features of apparatus for radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/4423—Constructional features of apparatus for radiation diagnosis related to hygiene or sterilisation
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F9/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the eyes; Devices for putting-in contact lenses; Devices to correct squinting; Apparatus to guide the blind; Protective devices for the eyes, carried on the body or in the hand
Definitions
- Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to systems and methods for performing various treatments and/or imaging procedures safely and effectively by focusing on targeted tissue while shielding or protecting a non-targeted region.
- Cosmetic eye shields are provided in several embodiments.
- eye shields can protect a patient's eyes during various surgical procedures in which scalpels, electro-cauterizers or lasers are used to carry out the surgical procedures.
- Some eye shields protect the eyes from direct exposure to intense light from a light source during eye surgery, or from electron beams during electron beam treatment of eyelid tumors.
- such shields generally do not sufficiently protect the eyes, other non-target regions, such as, tissues, body parts, organs, medical devices, or medical implants from acoustic energy during an ultrasound treatment or imaging procedure.
- the invention comprises a shield for use in energy-based therapeutic or imaging applications, in which the shield reduces energy transmission to non-target regions.
- Non-target regions include, but are not limited to, tissue and synthetic implants.
- therapeutic ultrasound treatment e.g., cosmetic enhancement
- imaging procedures are intended to affect targeted tissue. While the acoustic energy of ultrasound treatment or imaging procedures may be highly focused and localized in the targeted tissues or parts of the body often there exists residual acoustic energy levels beyond the focal point or outside the treatment or imaging region during these procedures.
- acoustic transmission can be reduced by a shield through reflection, absorption, and/or diffraction.
- a shield for protecting part of a subject's body from undesired exposure to acoustic energy.
- a shield can block, reduce, eliminate, redirect, absorb, convert, reflect, diffract, deflect, divert, disperse and/or reroute acoustic energy.
- a shield is configured to protect an eye from exposure to acoustic energy.
- a shield is configured to protect tissue from heating of the shield in absorbing or deflecting acoustic energy.
- a shield is configured to address a thermal component of shielding acoustic energy.
- acoustic energy is blocked by a shield that absorbs some of the acoustic energy.
- the shield reflects some or none of the acoustic energy.
- acoustic energy may be converted to heat or electrical energy through a piezoelectric effect.
- the shield includes an absorbing material with a high heat capacity, such that more energy is needed to raise the temperature of the absorber.
- a shield reduces the thermal conductivity to surrounding tissue by absorbing with a high heat capacity, or by routing the heat away from the tissue through an energy diversion device.
- the energy diversion device is an energy dispersion device, an electrical circuit, a heat conduit, a coolant channel, a heat exchanger, and/or a fluid configured to draw excess heat or energy from a shield.
- a shield is configured for protecting tissue from undesired exposure to acoustic energy.
- a shield is configured for protecting tissue from undesired exposure to acoustic energy as well as the potential heat generated from the acoustic energy.
- a multi-layered eye shield is configured for protecting a subject's eye from undesired exposure to acoustic energy.
- the shield comprises at least a first layer, a second layer and a third layer.
- the first and third layers are stainless steel, and the second (middle) layer is air.
- the first and third layers can be the same material or can be made of different materials.
- the middle layer and the outer layers have differential acoustic impedances in several embodiments.
- the acoustic impedance ratio between two adjacent layers of the shield is at least 1,000:1, or 10,000:1, 50:000:1, or 100,000:1, or 250,000:1, or, 500,000:1, or 1,000,000:1, or 10,000,000:1, or approaching infinity, or infinite.
- the invention comprises a biocompatible shield that is configured to be sufficiently thin to fit under a patient's eyelids to protect the patient's eyes from high levels of acoustic energy while allowing the patient's eyelids or other tissues surrounding the eyes to be affected as intended during a cosmetic enhancement and/or imaging procedure.
- a biocompatible shield is configured for use in protecting the eye from ultrasound energy during a blepharoplasty procedure.
- the biocompatible shield may include one or more manipulation devices, handles, pinch grip, levers, suction devices, magnetic handles, or other similar gripping devices to aid in the placement and removal of the biocompatible shield from the patient's eyes.
- the manipulation device is coupled, permanently coupled, temporarily coupled, and/or removably coupled to the shield.
- the manipulation device includes a tool that is detachable from the shield.
- the invention comprises a shield for protecting other body parts from ultrasonic exposure. Accordingly, several embodiments of the present invention provide an acoustic shielding system and a method for protecting and shielding certain tissues from levels of acoustic energy.
- the acoustic shielding system includes a biocompatible shield interposed between an acoustic treatment system and non-target tissue that is not intended to be treated in order to shield the non-target tissue from acoustic energy.
- a shield comprises materials that provide high attenuation and/or acoustic impedance.
- shields are made of materials that provide different or significantly different levels of attenuation and/or acoustic impedance.
- shield materials have a reflection coefficient, wherein a reflection coefficient of 100% corresponds to complete reflection of energy, or 100% reflection.
- shield materials have a reflection coefficient that is in a range of 10-100%, 25-100%, 50-100%, 60-100%, 65-100%, 70-100%, 75-100%, 80-100%, 85-100%, 90-100%, 95-100% or more.
- the shields, and procedures thereof may be configured to protect certain tissues, body parts, organs, medical devices, and/or medical implants from non-invasive or minimally invasive procedures employing energy, such as, for example, acoustic, ultrasound, laser, radiation, thermal, cryogenic, electron beam, photon-based, magnetic resonance or combinations thereof.
- energy such as, for example, acoustic, ultrasound, laser, radiation, thermal, cryogenic, electron beam, photon-based, magnetic resonance or combinations thereof.
- one or more shields are used in non-invasive or minimally invasive procedures involving one or more of ultrasound, fluoroscopy, radiation (e.g., microwave) light, lasers, electricity, magnetic (e.g., magnetism, magnetic resonance) heating, and cooling.
- one or more shields are used to shield a non-target region from the combined use of ultrasound energy and photon-based energy.
- one or more shields are used to shield a non-target region from the combined use of ultrasound energy and at least one other energy, applied simultaneously or individually.
- one or more shields may be used in procedures using combinations of ultrasound and laser, ultrasound and IPL (intense pulse light), ultrasound and radiofrequency, or ultrasound and magnetic energy.
- non-metallic shields are used when procedures employ radiofrequency or magnetic energy (alone, together or in combination with ultrasound).
- a shield is configured to shield non-target regions from at least one of two (or more) energy sources.
- a shield may shield against both ultrasound and photon-based energy, or may shield only ultrasound energy and not photon-based energy.
- one or more shields, as disclosed herein, are used for focusing, reflecting and/or concentrating energy.
- the energy may comprise one or more of ultrasound, fluoroscopy, radiation, light, laser, photon-based, electricity, magnetic, heating, or cooling energy.
- a shield is used to reflect energy (for example, for imaging and/or therapy procedures) into body cavities or tortuous pathways where direct application of the energy may be difficult or undesired.
- One or more shields may also be used to concentrate energy.
- the shield comprises one or more concave or curved surfaces configured for concentrating energy.
- one or more shields are provided to focus ultrasound energy, photon-based energy or a combination of the two energies to a target region.
- the biocompatible shield includes multiple layers and/or materials. In one embodiment, one or more layers of material are air. In one embodiment, one or more layers of material are separated by a layer of air. In one embodiment, one or more layers include a vacuum or near vacuum. In various embodiments, the biocompatible shield includes a plurality of layers, multiple shields and/or components.
- the first layer includes at least a first material with a first acoustic impedance.
- the second layer is in contact with and adjacent to the first layer.
- the second layer includes at least a second material with a second acoustic impedance.
- the first acoustic impedance is at least ten times the second acoustic impedance.
- the first layer and the second layer are configured to reduce acoustic transmission to a non-target region in a body of a patient.
- the shield includes one or more surface features configured for a high reflection coefficient. In one embodiment, one or more features produce an air pocket between the shield and tissue. In one embodiment, one or more features include a concave, a convex, or both concave and convex features.
- the shield configured for selectively protecting tissue from acoustic energy can also include a third layer with at least a third material in contact with and adjacent to the second layer.
- the third material has a third acoustic impedance.
- the third acoustic impedance is at least ten thousand times the second acoustic impedance.
- the first acoustic impedance is at least one hundred times, at least one thousand times, at least fifty thousand times, and/or at least one hundred thousand times, the second acoustic impedance.
- the shield is made at least partially of stainless steel.
- the second layer is sealed between the first layer and the third layer.
- the first layer is stainless steel, the second layer is air, and the third layer is stainless steel.
- the first layer is stainless steel, the second layer is a partial vacuum, and the third layer is stainless steel.
- the shield is configured to fit over a portion of an eye and underneath at least one eyelid.
- a therapeutic substance which can at least one of protect the eye and facilitate in keeping the eye moist, is coated on the layer in contact with the eye.
- the shield comprises a source of a saline solution, which can facilitate in keeping the eye moist.
- the shield includes an optional manipulation device to aid in the insertion and removal of the shield from the body of a patient.
- an eye shield is configured for selectively protecting the eye from acoustic energy applied to surrounding tissue.
- the eye shield includes a first, second and third layer.
- the first layer is made of a first material with a first acoustic impedance.
- the second layer is in contact with and adjacent to the first layer.
- the second layer is made of a second material with a second acoustic impedance.
- the first acoustic impedance is at least ten thousand times the second acoustic impedance.
- the third layer is made of a third material in contact with and adjacent to the second layer.
- the third material has a third acoustic impedance.
- the third acoustic impedance is at least ten thousand times the second acoustic impedance.
- the first layer, the second layer and the third layer are configured to be positioned over eye and to reduce delivery acoustic energy to the eye.
- a method of shielding the eye from an emission of ultrasound energy in a cosmetic enhancement procedure to the area around an eye includes the steps of positioning a shield between an eyelid and an eye and applying ultrasound energy from a transducer to tissue proximate the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid.
- the shield includes a first layer with a first material with a first acoustic impedance, a second layer with a second material with a second acoustic impedance, and a third layer with a third material having a third acoustic impedance.
- the second layer is in contact with and adjacent to the first layer.
- the third layer is in contact with and adjacent to the second layer.
- the first acoustic impedance is at least ten, hundred, thousand, ten thousand, one hundred thousand or more times the second acoustic impedance.
- the third acoustic impedance is at least ten, hundred, thousand, ten thousand, one hundred thousand or more times the second acoustic impedance.
- the first layer, the second layer and the third layer are configured to reduce acoustic transmission to the eye.
- a method of shielding a non-targeted region of a body from undesired emission of energy includes the steps of positioning a shield between a non-targeted region of the body a source of the energy and applying the energy to tissue proximate the non-targeted region of the body.
- the shield includes a first layer with a first acoustic impedance, a second layer with a second acoustic impedance, and a third layer with a third acoustic impedance.
- the second layer is in contact with the first layer and the third layer.
- the first acoustic impedance and the third acoustic impedance are at least one thousand times the second acoustic impedance.
- the first layer, the second layer and the third layer are configured to reduce application of the energy to the non-targeted region of the body.
- the undesired energy comprises ultrasound energy, or comprises a combination of ultrasound energy and at least one other energy.
- the method also includes applying energy from a transducer to tissue proximate the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid.
- the method can further include applying the energy from a transducer to perform a cosmetic enhancement procedure, such as, for example, a face lift, a rhinoplasty procedure, or a blepharoplasty procedure.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a shielding system according to various embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a shield with more than one layer according to various embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a table listing relative acoustic impedance of some materials compared to the acoustic impedance of air.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic, partial cross-sectional side view of a multi-layered eye shield configured to fit over the eye and underneath the eyelids with an optional manipulation device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic, perspective view of the multi-layered eye shield of FIG. 4 .
- FIG. 6A is a schematic front view of an eye shield with an optional removable manipulation device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6B is a schematic, partial cross-sectional side view of the eye shield of FIG. 6A .
- FIG. 7A is a schematic front view of an eye shield with an optional removable manipulation device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7B is a schematic, partial cross-sectional side view of the eye shield of FIG. 7A .
- FIG. 8A is a schematic front view of an eye shield with an optional removable manipulation device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8B is a schematic, partial cross-sectional side view of the eye shield of FIG. 8A .
- FIGS. 9A-9D are schematic, cross-sectional side views of shields according to embodiments of the present invention.
- FIGS. 10A-10D are schematic, cross-sectional side views of shields according to embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic, front view of a shield according to various embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a shielding system with an energy diversion device according to various embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic block diagram illustrating an experimental setup used to measure acoustic power transmission through an embodiment of a shield.
- FIG. 14 is a chart illustrating results from the experiment setup in FIG. 13 .
- FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of the invention in which a shield 100 is configured to reduce or eliminate exposure of non-target region 30 from energy 12 emitted from a procedure system 10 intended for target tissue 20 .
- the shield 100 is biocompatible and configured to shield and/or protect tissues, body parts, organs, medical devices, implants, and/or material in the body of a patient that are not intended to be treated, enhanced, and/or imaged during various procedures.
- a procedure system 10 configured to emit energy 12 to affect target tissue 20 .
- a procedure system 10 is any one or more of a cosmetic enhancement system, a medical system, a sensor system, a diagnostic system, an imaging system, a visualization system, a monitoring system, a treatment system, or combinations thereof.
- a procedure system 10 can include, but is not limited to, ultrasound, fluoroscopy, laser, radiation, heating, cooling, electron beam, photon, magnetic resonance, magnetic, electric, focusing, concentrating, reflecting x-ray, and/or orthoscopic devices, systems or methods.
- a procedure system 10 can include at least one source that can provide ultrasound energy, photon based energy, thermal energy, RF energy, or combinations thereof.
- a procedure system 10 can include a source that can provide ultrasound energy and a source that can provide a photon-based energy.
- the source that can provide a photon-based energy can be a laser.
- Photon-based energy can be provided by various sources, such as, for example, a laser, intense pulsed light (“IPL”), an infrared source, an ultraviolet source, light emitting diodes (“LED”), or combinations thereof.
- a procedure system 10 can focus energy provided by the source to one or more depths within targeted tissue 20 .
- the procedure system 10 is an ultrasound system. In various embodiments, the procedure system 10 is an ultrasound system configured for imaging, visualization, sensing, monitoring, enhancing, and/or treating target tissue 20 . In some embodiments, the procedure system 10 is configured for at least one of cosmetic enhancement and imaging of target tissue 20 . In some embodiments, the procedure system 10 is configured for inducing a bio-effect to at least a portion of target tissue 20 .
- target tissue 20 is tissue intended to be acted upon by emitted energy 12 from the procedure system 10 .
- target tissue 20 is, but is not limited to, any of skin, eyelids, eye lash, eye brow, caruncula lacrimalis, crow's feet, wrinkles, acne, sebaceous glands, eye, nose, mouth, tongue, teeth, gums, ears, brain, face, cheek, chin, jowls, neck, body, heart, lungs, ribs, abdomen, stomach, liver, kidneys, uterus, breast, prostrate, testicles, glands, thyroid glands, sweat glands, internal organs, hair, muscle, bone, ligaments, cartilage, fat, fat labuli, cellulite, subcutaneous tissue, implanted tissue, an implanted organ, lymphoid, a tumor, a cyst, an absence, or a portion of a nerve, or any combination thereof.
- the emitted energy 12 from the procedure system 10 is partially or completely absorbed, reflected, refracted, converted or transmitted by or through target tissue 20 .
- the emitted energy 12 from the procedure system 10 can ablate a portion of target tissue 20 .
- the emitted energy 12 from the procedure system 10 can coagulate a portion of target tissue 20 .
- the emitted energy 12 from the procedure system 10 produces at least one of a thermal and a mechanical effect in target tissue 20 .
- a thermal effect can be creating a lesion in a portion of target tissue 20 .
- a mechanical effect can be cavitation.
- the emitted energy 12 from the procedure system 10 can produce a bio-effect, such as, for example, increase blood perfusion to target tissue 20 , induce collagen production in a portion of target tissue 20 , minimize wrinkles above or in a portion of target tissue 20 , rejuvenate skin above or in a portion of target tissue 20 , or increase metabolization of fat in a portion of target tissue 20 .
- a bio-effect such as, for example, increase blood perfusion to target tissue 20 , induce collagen production in a portion of target tissue 20 , minimize wrinkles above or in a portion of target tissue 20 , rejuvenate skin above or in a portion of target tissue 20 , or increase metabolization of fat in a portion of target tissue 20 .
- the emitted energy 12 from the procedure system 10 can be applied to target tissue 20 in a non-invasive manner, or a minimally invasive manner, or combinations of both.
- a non-invasive manner can include applying the emitted energy 12 from a source from a surface above target tissue 20 and not damaging tissue between the surface and the target tissue 20 .
- a minimally invasive manner can include applying the emitted energy 12 from a source below a surface above target tissue 20 .
- a minimally invasive manner can include, a source coupled to or integrated with for example, a tool or catheter used in at least one of an endoscopic, a laparoscopic, and an orthoscopic procedures.
- a shield 100 can be placed between a procedure system 10 and a target tissue 20 .
- a shield 100 is configured to reflect some energy 12 back toward the target tissue 20 .
- target tissue 20 is intended for treatment with energy 12 directly form the procedure system 10 and reflected energy 12 from the shield 100 can be reduced or minimized with a material or structure as a part of, or separate from, shield 100 .
- a shield 100 may comprise a material or structure configured to block reflections of energy 12 .
- a shield 100 may have a separate material or structure configured to block reflections of energy 12 that is placed between the shield 100 and target tissue 20 and/or non-target region 30 .
- non-target region 30 is not intended to be acted upon the emitted energy 12 from the procedure system 10 .
- non-target region 30 is any non-targeted tissue.
- non-target region 30 is, but is not limited to, any of skin, eyelids, eye lash, eye brow, caruncula lacrimalis, crow's feet, wrinkles, eye, nose, mouth, tongue, teeth, gums, ears, brain, face, cheek, chin, jowls, neck, body, heart, lungs, ribs, abdomen, stomach, liver, kidneys, uterus, testicles, prostate, breast, glands, thyroid glands, sweat glands, internal organs, hair, muscle, bone, ligaments, cartilage, fat, fat labuli, cellulite, subcutaneous tissue, implanted tissue, an implanted organ, lymphoid, a tumor, a cyst, an absence, a portion of a nerve, an implant, a medical device, or any combination
- non-target region 30 is not a tissue.
- the non-target region 30 may be an implant or material, such as for example, a pace maker, a hearing aid, dentures, a glucose monitor, a drug delivery system, a crown, a filling, a prosthetic body part, a stent, a screw, a plate, or any other such medical device, material or implant.
- a pace maker can be a non-target region 30 , which can be protected from emitted energy 12 by shield 100 to prevent interference with and/or damage to the pace maker.
- one or more shields 100 are used to protect non-target region 30 while ultrasound energy (or other energy, alone or combined with ultrasound energy) is applied to joints or muscles.
- One or more shields 100 may also be used to protect non-target region 30 ultrasound energy (or other energy, alone or combined with ultrasound energy) is applied to malignant or benign tumors.
- application of energy to a tumor for imaging or therapeutic purposes is performed in conjunction with at least one shield positioned inside the body, in order to partially, substantially, or fully protect healthy tissue in non-target region 30 from the application of energy.
- One or more shields 100 may also be used to protect tissue during application of ultrasound energy (or other energy, alone or combined with ultrasound) to the oral, nasal or respiratory tracts.
- the shield 100 can be positioned inside the body or on an exterior surface of the body. In one embodiment, the shield 100 does not directly contact the body. In various embodiments, the shield 100 can to partially, substantially, or fully protect healthy tissue in non-target region 30 .
- At least one shield 100 is configured to at least partially reduce, or completely eliminate emitted energy 12 from a procedure system 10 contacting or affecting a non-target region 30 .
- a shield 100 at least partially reflects, refracts, converts, cancels, and/or absorbs emitted energy 12 .
- systems and methods for tissue and/or implant shielding are configured to shield and/or protect certain tissues from high levels of acoustic energy during targeted ultrasound treatment and/or imaging procedures.
- a shield can reduce energy transmission to an area of tissue to protect tissue from damage or to meet a regulatory threshold on energy transmission limits to a tissue, soft tissue, eye, etc.
- a shield is configured to limit energy transmission to a tissue to a maximum of 1 watt per square centimeter (1000 mW/cm 2 ), 100 mW/cm 2 , 90 mW/cm 2 , 80 mW/cm 2 , 70 mW/cm 2 , 60 mW/cm 2 , 50 mW/cm 2 , 45 mW/cm 2 , 40 mW/cm 2 , 30 mW/cm 2 , 25 mW/cm 2 , 20 mW/cm 2 , 10 mW/cm 2 , 5 mW/cm 2 or less.
- a biocompatible shield 100 is interposed between the procedure system 10 and non-target region 30 .
- the procedure system 10 is an ultrasound cosmetic enhancement and/or imaging system.
- the procedure system 10 is an ultrasound treatment and/or imaging system.
- one or more shields are used to protect non-target regions during application of ultrasound energy or other energy (alone or in combination with ultrasound energy) to a target tissue 20 .
- one or more shields may be positioned inside the body to protect the liver, while endoscopic energy (e.g., ultrasound) is applied to the kidney.
- at least one shield is coupled to a therapeutic delivery (or imaging) catheter.
- the shield and the energy device are delivered in an integrated device. In other embodiments, the shield and energy device are delivered separately.
- Catheter-based percutaneous delivery systems to deliver one or more shields are provided in some embodiments.
- one or more shields are positioned inside a patient's body to partially or fully protect non-target region 30 tissue from energy exposure during a medical and/or cosmetic enhancement procedure on target tissue 20 .
- one or more shields are positioned to protect the practitioner (e.g., the doctor or the esthetician, or the procedure system operator) from energy exposure.
- shields can be positioned to offer protection from the energy without contacting the practitioner, or may be positioned to contact the practitioner (e.g., flexible shielding material may be incorporated in protective coverings or gloves).
- a shield according to several embodiments herein can block at least 25%, 50% 75%, 90% or 95% of energy from reaching the shielded area, such as, for example, at least a portion of non-target region 30 .
- the shield fully blocks all of the energy from reaching the shielded area.
- One or more shields according to several embodiments herein are used not to shield regions from energy, but to concentrate, focus or direct energy into target tissue 20 .
- a single shield or multiple shields are provided to simultaneously shield certain non-target regions 30 while focusing energy into target tissue 20 .
- One or more shields according to several embodiments herein are configured to convert energy from one form to another.
- One or more shields according to several embodiments herein are configured to re-radiate energy.
- One or more shields according to several embodiments herein are configured to re-radiate energy and create a focus from a secondary reflection.
- the shield 100 includes one or more layers, such as, any of layer 110 , 120 , 130 , and 150 comprise a material, such as any of material 115 , 125 , 135 , and 155 .
- the shield 100 may comprise one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, more than ten, twenty, fifty, less than one-hundred, one-hundred, or more than a hundred layers.
- the layers can be made of the same material or a combination of different materials. As illustrated in FIG.
- the shield 100 can comprise a first layer 110 made of first material 115 that is adjacent and connected to a second layer 120 made of second material 125 .
- the shield 100 can comprise a third layer 130 made of third material 135 that is adjacent and connected to a second layer 120 made of second material 125 .
- the shield 100 can comprise any number of additional adjacent, connected layers 150 made of any number of materials 155 are also present, depending on the total number of layers in the shield 100 .
- the layers 110 , 120 , 130 , 150 can be connected, attached, glued, adhered, painted, bonded, electronically dispersed and/or machined together. In various embodiments, layers may contact other layers with one or more layers in between.
- a first layer 110 contacts a third layer 130 , with a second layer 120 in between.
- a second layer 120 can be sealed between a first layer 110 and a third layer 130 .
- the layers 110 , 120 , 130 , 150 can comprise same or different materials 115 , 125 , 135 , 155 , characteristics, and/or properties.
- the one or more layers 110 , 120 , 130 , 150 can be made of one or more materials 115 , 125 , 135 , 155 .
- one or more layers 110 , 120 , 130 , 150 is rigid, stiff, pliable, compliant, moldable, and/or flexible.
- one or more layers 110 , 120 , 130 , 150 can be a solid, liquid, gas, plasma or vacuum.
- the individual layers may comprise composite materials that include various mixtures of solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, or voids at different ratios to obtain specific material characteristics.
- one or more layers 110 , 120 , 130 , 150 can be air.
- one or more layers 110 , 120 , 130 , 150 can be a vacuum or near vacuum, in which the respective density of the material relatively low or approaching zero density. In one embodiment, one or more layers 110 , 120 , 130 , 150 has a pressure that is lower than atmospheric pressure, approaching a vacuum or complete a vacuum.
- the shield 100 can be made of, but is not limited to, various biocompatible materials and/or non-biocompatible materials.
- any one material 115 , 125 , 135 , 155 can be a metal or metal alloy, including, but not limited to, stainless steel, aluminum, beryllium, brass, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, nickel, steel, titanium, tungsten, uranium, zinc, Nitinol, a precious metal, gold, silver, platinum, foil or other metal or metal alloy.
- any one material 115 , 125 , 135 , 155 can be a biocompatible ceramic, including, but not limited to, alumina, porcelain, hydroxyapatite, zirconia, or other ceramic.
- materials 115 , 125 , 135 , 155 can be any materials, including, but not limited to, plastics, polymers, silicones, epoxies, hydrogels, rubber, composites, thermoplastic elastomers, copolymers, copolyesters, polyamides, polyolefins, polyurethanes, vulcanizates, polyvinyl chloride, resins, fluropolymers, PTFE, FEP, ETFE, PFA, MFA, polycarbonate, acrylic, polypropylene, nylon, sulfone resins, synthetic materials, natural polymers, cellulose polymers, collagen, glass-reinforced materials, quartz, a silicate, a ceramic, or other materials.
- any one material 125 , 135 , 155 can be a liquid, including but not limited to water, an alcohol, an oil, a gel, or mixtures thereof.
- any one material 125 , 135 , 155 can be a gas, including but not limited to air, oxygen, nitrogen, a noble gas, helium, or mixtures thereof.
- any one material 115 , 125 , 135 , 155 can have one of the following characteristics hydrophilic, hydrophobic, anti-bacterial, conductive to heat, conductive to electricity, translucent to light, opaque to light, or combinations thereof.
- any one material 115 , 125 , 135 , 155 can be under a pressure, under a partial vacuum, or a vacuum.
- the shield 100 is made at least partially of stainless steel.
- the second layer 120 is sealed between the first layer 110 and the third layer 130 .
- the first layer 110 is stainless steel, the second layer 120 is air, and the third layer 130 is stainless steel.
- the first layer 110 is stainless steel, the second layer 120 is a partial vacuum, and the third layer 130 is stainless steel.
- the first layer 110 is ceramic, the second layer 120 is air, and the third layer 130 is ceramic.
- the first layer 110 is ceramic, the second layer 120 is a partial vacuum, and the third layer 130 is ceramic.
- These ceramic embodiments of the shield 100 can protect and/or shield non-target region 30 from a combination of emissions of two or more different types of energy, such as for example, but limited to, ultrasound energy and RF energy, or photon-based and RF energy, or ultrasound energy and photon-based energy.
- the shield 100 can be configured for one-time use, reuse, configure to be sterilizable, autoclavable, and/or washable.
- the shield 100 can include a coating, such as, for example, an anti-bacterial coating.
- the shield 100 can include a surface finish, such as, for example, a reflective surface, a smooth surface, a pitted surface, a sandblasted surface, a patterned surface, a surface with pockets, a surface with concave features, a surface with convex features, or other surface finishes.
- the shield 100 can comprise a combination of metallic and non-metallic materials.
- the shield 100 can comprise any number of metallic layers and a non-metallic layer is in contact with the patient to reduce or substantially eliminate transfer of thermal energy, and/or RF energy to tissue of the patient in contact with the shield.
- the shield 100 is enabled for active cooling.
- the shield 100 is enabled for active heating.
- the shield 100 is configured with absorptive materials to absorb the energy and convert it to heat.
- a shield 100 comprises thermally conductive materials that pulls the heat away from the tissue surface and dissipate the heat away from the main part of the shield 100 .
- a multilayer design can comprise thermally conductive materials to remove heat from the shield 100 .
- a multilayer design can comprise thermally insulative materials to keep heat away from tissue.
- the shield 100 is enabled for both active cooling and active heating. Active cooling of the shield 100 can protect non-target region 30 from thermal energy and/or heating of shield 100 by emitted energy 12 .
- materials 115 , 125 , 135 , 155 are configured to reflect emitted energy 12 (e.g., ultrasound energy). In one embodiment, materials 115 , 125 , 135 , 155 are configured to substantially cancel emitted energy 12 (e.g., ultrasound energy). In one embodiment, materials 115 , 125 , 135 , 155 are configured to refract emitted energy 12 (e.g., ultrasound energy). In one embodiment, materials 115 , 125 , 135 , 155 are configured to scatter emitted energy 12 (e.g., ultrasound energy). In one embodiment, materials 115 , 125 , 135 , 155 are configured to absorb emitted energy 12 (e.g., ultrasound energy).
- the acoustic impedance of the shield 100 is configured to reduce or eliminate transmission of ultrasound energy to a non-target region 30 .
- Acoustic impedance is a material property Z with units (M ⁇ L ⁇ 2 ⁇ T ⁇ 1; N ⁇ s/m ⁇ 3; or Pa ⁇ s/m).
- Acoustic impedance is the product of material density multiplied by the longitudinal wave speed, or sound speed in the material:
- ⁇ is the density of the medium (M ⁇ L ⁇ 3; kg/m ⁇ 3)
- V is the longitudinal wave speed or sound speed (L ⁇ T ⁇ 1; m/s).
- one form of emitted wave energy 12 can be transformed into another form.
- a longitudinal wave hits an interface at an angle
- some of the energy can cause particle movement in the transverse direction to start a shear (transverse) wave.
- Mode conversion occurs when a wave encounters an interface between materials of different acoustic impedances and the incident angle is not normal to the interface.
- a mode conversion occurs every time a wave encounters an interface at an angle, resulting in reflection or refraction of ultrasound energy between two or more layers 110 , 120 , 130 , 150 .
- the characteristic acoustic impedance of air at room temperature is about 420 Pa ⁇ s/m. By comparison the sound speed and density of water are much higher, resulting in an acoustic impedance of roughly 1.5 MPa ⁇ s/m, about 3,400-3,700 times higher than air. While air has an impedance of roughly 420 Pa ⁇ s/m, various relative acoustic impedance levels can be calculated with respect to air. Acoustic impedance levels can be calculated for any material, but to illustrate differences in acoustic impedance levels, FIG. 3 lists acoustic impedance of various materials in relative terms on a scale normalized to the acoustic impedance of air. As illustrated in FIG.
- water has an acoustic impedance that is roughly 3,700 times higher than air.
- Aluminum has an acoustic impedance that is roughly 42,000 times higher than air.
- Glass has an acoustic impedance that is roughly 47,000 times higher than air.
- Gold has an acoustic impedance that is roughly 156,500 times higher than air.
- Polyethylene has an acoustic impedance that is roughly 4,250 times higher than air.
- Silver has an acoustic impedance that is roughly 95,000 times higher than air.
- Steel has an acoustic impedance that is roughly 115,000 times higher than air.
- Stainless steel has an acoustic impedance that is roughly 113,500 times higher than air.
- the shield 100 comprises one or more adjacent layers of materials that have an acoustic impedance that differ by a magnitude of at least 1,000. In some embodiments, the shield 100 comprises one or more adjacent layers of materials that have an acoustic impedance that differ by a magnitude of at least 10,000. In some embodiments, the shield 100 comprises one or more adjacent layers of materials that have an acoustic impedance that differ by a magnitude of at least 100,000. Air is used in some embodiments, but not used in others. In some embodiments, the shield 100 comprises one or more adjacent layers of materials that have an acoustic impedance that differ by a magnitude of at least 250,000.
- the shield 100 comprises one or more adjacent layers of materials that have an acoustic impedance that differ by a magnitude of at least 1,000,000.
- the shield 100 may comprise one or more adjacent layers of stainless steel and polyethylene.
- the shield can comprise any one or combination of the materials listed at FIG. 3 .
- a vacuum, or lack of material or lack of air can have an acoustic impedance level that approaches zero.
- the relative difference between any material when compared to air is further increased when compared to the near zero acoustic impedance of a vacuum.
- one or more layers of the shield has an acoustic impedance, as normalized to the acoustic impedance of air, of zero, less than 1, less than about 10, less than about 100, or less than about 1,000.
- the shield 100 comprises one or more adjacent layers of materials that have an acoustic impedance that differ by a magnitude of at least 10,000,000.
- the shield 100 comprises one or more adjacent layers of materials that have an acoustic impedance that differ by a magnitude approaching infinity. In some embodiments, the shield 100 comprises one or more adjacent layers of materials that have an acoustic impedance that differ by a magnitude that is infinite.
- materials 115 , 125 , 135 , 155 are configured to increase the acoustic impedance of the shield 100 . In one embodiment, materials 115 , 125 , 135 , 155 are configured to increase the relative difference in acoustic impedance between one or more material 115 , 125 , 135 , 155 or one or more of the layers 110 , 120 , 130 , 150 of the shield 100 . In various embodiments, the relative difference of acoustic impedance values between any two materials 115 , 125 , 135 and 155 is at least a multiple or a factor of two, three, four, five, six through nine, ten, or more.
- the relative difference of acoustic impedance values between any two adjacent materials 115 , 125 , 135 , and 155 is a multiple or a factor in the range of 10-20; 20-50; 50-100; 100-500; 500-1,000; 1,000-10,000; 10,000-100,000; 100,000-1,000,000; 1,000,000-10,000,000; or 10,000,000 or more.
- one or more layers 110 , 120 , 130 , 150 is configured for heating. In various embodiments, one or more layers 110 , 120 , 130 , 150 is configured for cooling. In various embodiments, one or more layers 110 , 120 , 130 , 150 is configured for sensing. In various embodiments, one or more layers 110 , 120 , 130 , 150 is configured for sensing with one or more sensors. For example, one or more layers 110 , 120 , 130 , 150 is configured for sensing a temperature of a portion of the shield 100 , which can communicated to the procedure system 10 or communicated by a scale or numerical display on the shield 100 . In various embodiments, one or more layers 110 , 120 , 130 , 150 is configured for measuring. In various embodiments, one or more layers 110 , 120 , 130 , 150 is configured with an active component.
- a shield 100 is configured to protect and/or shield various non-target regions 30 , such as body parts, tissues, organs, implants, medical devices, and/or material in situ in the patient's body from high levels of acoustic energy during ultrasound treatment (e.g., cosmetic enhancement), and/or imaging procedures with an ultrasound transducer that are intended for affecting target tissue 20 with the transmission of ultrasound energy 12 .
- the shield 100 is configured to fit over a procedure recipient's eye, mouth, nose, ear or other body part to protect and/or shield the non-target region 30 from high levels of acoustic energy during an ultrasound treatment and/or imaging procedure intended to treat, enhance, and/or image tissues surrounding the orifices.
- the shield 100 is configured to protect and/or shield non-target region 30 from ultrasound energy and a photon based energy emitted during a cosmetic enhancement procedure.
- the shield 100 can be positioned to protect and/or shield non-target region 30 from energy emitted by an ultrasound transducer and energy emitted by a laser.
- a shield 100 is configured to protect a non-target region 30 that is an eye 400 .
- the shield 100 is configured to fit over an eye 400 to shield and/or protect the eye 400 from potentially damaging levels of acoustic energy during therapeutic ultrasound treatment (e.g., cosmetic enhancement) and/or imaging procedures intended to treat, and/or enhance, and/or image certain target tissues 20 , or body parts, organs, implants, and/or material in situ in the body of a procedure recipient, such as a treatment recipient or patient.
- the eye 400 includes a cornea 410 that projects outward in a dome shape from the roughly spherical shape of the eye 400 .
- the upper eyelid 420 and lower eyelid 430 are positioned around the eye 400 .
- the target tissue 20 can be the upper eyelid 420 , the lower eyelid 430 , or any region on, near or around the upper or lower eyelids 420 , 430 .
- the upper eyelid 420 and lower eyelid 430 are closed, they at least partially enclose or surround the eye 400 .
- a caruncula lacrimalis (not illustrated) is positioned between the eye and nose, and can be recognized as a soft tissue bulge between the upper eyelid 420 and lower eyelid 430 near the nose.
- Various muscles and tendons are located around the eye 400 .
- the shield 100 is configured to fit over an eye 400 and is sufficiently thin to fit under an upper eyelid 420 , a lower eyelid 430 , or both. In one embodiment, the shield 100 is configured to cover and/or contact a portion of an eye 400 . In one embodiment, the shield 100 is configured to cover and/or contact a portion or the whole cornea 410 . In one embodiment, the shield 100 is configured with one or more domes or indentations 112 in one or more layers to create a space and/or cavity over a portion of and/or the entire cornea 410 . In one embodiment, the shield 100 is configured to cover and/or contact a portion of the sclera, or white part of the eye 400 .
- the shield 100 comprises a medicant, such as for example, a medicant, which can numb at least a portion of the eye 400 , a medicant, which can protect a portion of the eye 400 , a medicant, which can maintain and/or increase moisture in the eye 400 , or combinations thereof.
- the shield 100 comprises a source of saline solution in communication with a portion of the eye 400 .
- the shield 100 is configured to be rigid, stiff, pliable, compliant, moldable, and/or flexible. In various embodiments, the shield 100 is configured to be gas permeable and/or gas impermeable. In various embodiments, the shield 100 is configured to fit the only the right eye or only the left eye and/or both eyes. In various embodiments, the shield 100 is configured to fit with the upper eyelid 420 , a lower eyelid 430 , caruncula lacrimalis, tendons and/or muscles around the eye 400 .
- the shield 100 includes one or more layers 110 , 120 , 130 , 150 as described in various embodiments herein.
- the shield 100 includes an anterior surface 102 in contact with the upper eyelid 420 , the lower eyelid 430 , or both.
- the shield 100 includes a posterior surface 104 adjacent the eye 400 .
- the shield 100 includes one or more edges 106 .
- one or more shield 100 surfaces 102 , 104 faces, sides, and/or edges 106 are polished.
- the shield 100 may comprise one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, more than ten, twenty, fifty, less than one-hundred, one-hundred, or more layers, each layer made of a material.
- the posterior surface 104 comprises a medicant, such as for example, a medicant that numbs at least a portion of the eye 400 , a medicant that maintains and/or increase moisture in the eye 400 , or combinations thereof.
- the posterior surface 104 comprises a source of saline solution in communication with a portion of the eye 400 .
- the posterior surface 104 can be hydrophilic.
- the posterior surface 104 comprises a video display.
- the anterior surface 102 comprises a display configured to communicate a condition of the shield 100 .
- FIGS. 5 , 6 A and 6 B, 7 A and 7 B, and 8 A and 8 B illustrate various embodiments of a shield 100 .
- shield 100 comprises or consists of a first layer 110 made of a first material 115 , which is adjacent and connected to a second layer 120 made of second material 125 .
- the shield comprises a third layer 130 made of third material 135 , which is adjacent and connected to a second layer 120 made of second material 125 .
- the shield 100 can comprise any number of additional adjacent, connected layers 150 made of any number of materials 155 are also present, depending on the total number of layers in the shield 100 .
- the layers 110 , 120 , 130 , 150 can be connected, attached, glued, adhered, painted, bonded, electronically dispersed and/or machined together. In various embodiments, layers may contact other layers with one or more layers in between. In one embodiment, a first layer 110 contacts a third layer 130 , with a second layer 120 in between. In one embodiment, a first layer 110 contacts a third layer 130 , with a second layer 120 in between along one or more edges 106 . In one embodiment, a second layer 120 can be sealed between a first layer 110 and a third layer 130 .
- the layers 110 , 120 , 130 , 150 can comprise same or different materials 115 , 125 , 135 , 155 , characteristics, and/or properties.
- the shield 100 comprises two or more layers configured as a contact lens for covering the cornea. In one embodiment, the shield 100 comprises two or more layers configured as a large contact lens for covering the cornea and at least a portion of the sclera. In one embodiment, the shield 100 comprises two or more layers configured as a contact lens for covering the cornea and the visible sclera when the eyelids 420 , 430 are open on the eye 400 . In one embodiment, the shield 100 is gas permeable.
- the shield 100 includes a manipulation device 162 .
- the manipulation device 162 is permanently, temporarily, or removably attachable to the anterior surface 102 of an outer layer.
- the manipulation device 162 is configured to assist in placement, implantation, movement, and/or removal of the shield 100 from the body.
- the manipulation device 162 is a handle and/or other similar gripping device to aid in the placement and removal of the shield 100 .
- the manipulation device 162 is selectively attachable and detachable to the shield 100 at a manipulation device interface 160 .
- the manipulation device 162 is be positioned anywhere on the shield 100 . In various embodiments, the manipulation device 162 is positioned near or against the lower eyelid 430 below the cornea 410 , enabling the upper eyelid 420 to close with minimal engagement with the manipulation device 162 , thereby reducing potential movement of the shield 100 . In various embodiments, the manipulation device 162 is configured to be placed and/or removed using suction type devices, fingers and/or tweezers, a latch, a lock, a thread, a snap fit, a peg, a lever, an interface, magnetism, adhesive, hook and loop, or other attachment means or mechanism. In various embodiments, the manipulation device 162 is configured to be removable or detachable.
- the shield 100 optionally includes one or more small relief holes, channels and/or grooves to aid in the placement and/or removal of the shield 100 from the eye 400 .
- the shield 100 can also be configured to have a detachable manipulation device interface 160 .
- the method includes interposing a shield 100 between an ultrasound procedure system 310 and the non-target region 30 that is not intended to be enhanced and/or treated and/or imaged by ultrasound and/or various other treatment and/or imaging procedures.
- the ultrasound procedure system 310 emits ultrasound energy 12 to affect a target tissue 20 .
- the shield 100 is removed once the ultrasound procedure system 310 completes its emission of ultrasound energy 12 to affect the target tissue 20 .
- a method of shielding the eye 400 from an emission of ultrasound energy 12 in a cosmetic enhancement procedure to the area around an eye 400 includes the steps of positioning a shield 100 between an eyelid 420 , 430 and an eye 400 and applying ultrasound energy 12 from a transducer to tissue proximate the upper eyelid 420 and the lower eyelid 430 .
- the shield 100 includes a first layer 110 with a first material 115 with a first acoustic impedance, a second layer 120 with a second material 125 with a second acoustic impedance, and a third layer 130 with a third material 135 having a third acoustic impedance.
- the second layer 120 is in contact with and adjacent to the first layer 110 .
- the third layer 130 is in contact with and adjacent to the second layer 120 .
- the first acoustic impedance is at least ten, hundred, thousand, ten thousand, one hundred thousand or more times the second acoustic impedance.
- the third acoustic impedance is at least ten, hundred, thousand, ten thousand, one hundred thousand or more times the second acoustic impedance.
- the first layer, the second layer and the third layer are configured to reduce acoustic transmission to the eye 400 .
- a method of shielding a non-targeted region 30 of a body from undesired emission of energy 12 , 12 includes the steps of positioning a shield 100 between a non-targeted region 30 of the body a source of the energy 12 , 12 and applying the energy 12 , 12 to tissue proximate the non-targeted region 30 of the body.
- the shield 100 includes a first layer 110 with a first acoustic impedance, a second layer 120 with a second acoustic impedance, and a third layer 130 with a third acoustic impedance.
- the second layer 120 is in contact with the first layer 110 and the third layer 130 .
- the first acoustic impedance and the third acoustic impedance are at least one thousand times the second acoustic impedance.
- the first layer 110 , the second layer 120 and the third layer 130 are configured to reduce application of the energy 12 , 12 to the non-targeted region 30 of the body.
- the undesired energy 12 comprises ultrasound energy 12 , or comprises a combination of ultrasound energy 12 and at least one other energy.
- the method also includes applying energy 12 from a transducer to tissue proximate the upper eyelid 420 and the lower eyelid 430 .
- the method can further include applying the energy 12 , 12 from a transducer to perform a cosmetic enhancement procedure, such as, for example, a face lift, a rhinoplasty procedure, or a blepharoplasty procedure.
- a method of shielding an eye from ultrasound energy in a cosmetic enhancement procedure to the area around the eye includes the steps of positioning a shield 100 between a portion of the eye, and a ultrasound source then applying ultrasound energy from the ultrasonic transducer to target tissue proximate to the eye, and shielding the portion of the eye from the ultrasound energy.
- the shield 100 comprises a plurality of layers having a plurality of acoustic impedances, wherein at least one of the plurality of layers comprises an acoustic impendence of at least 10,000 times greater than an acoustic impendence of an adjacent layer.
- the plurality of layers comprise a first layer comprising a first acoustic impedance, a second layer in contact with the first layer, and comprising a second acoustic impedance being at least ten thousand times less than the first acoustic impedance, and a third layer comprising a third material in contact with the second layer and comprising a third acoustic impedance being at least ten thousand times greater than the second acoustic impedance.
- the method can include the step of applying a second energy to the target tissue proximate to the eye; and shielding the portion of the eye from the second energy.
- the second energy is a photon-based energy.
- a source of the second energy is a laser.
- a shield 100 includes material with an impedance that is similar to, or not significantly different from a tissue impedance. In one embodiment, a shield 100 material does not have a large impedance when compared to tissue. In one embodiment, a shield 100 material is matched to tissue so reflections of energy 12 are not immediately created that may cause a secondary lesion to form or add to the already distributed energy at the focus from the forward propagation of the energy 12 from a procedure system 10 . This material although matched to tissue, or in one embodiment, water, would ‘catch’ the impinging acoustic energy 12 and have a high enough attenuation to stop it before it hits the eye or other tissue.
- a shield 100 has a specific heat that is high enough such that the temperature rise of such a material upon absorbing energy 12 would be reduced, or minimal.
- a shield is configured to reach not more than a maximum temperature when energy is directed to the shield.
- a maximum temperature of a shield is 60° C., 50° C., 45° C., 43° C., 40° C., or less.
- a method of shielding a non-targeted region of a body from an emission of energy includes the steps of positioning a shield 100 between a non-targeted region of the body a source of emission of energy, emitting the energy into target tissue proximate to the non-targeted region of the body, and blocking the energy transmission from the non-targeted region of the body.
- the shield 100 comprises at least two adjacent layers comprising acoustic impedance differing by a factor of at least 10,000.
- the method can include the step of cosmetically enhancing a portion of the target tissue.
- the energy is ultrasonic energy and at least one other energy.
- the at least one other energy comprises a photon-based energy.
- the method can include applying energy from an ultrasonic transducer to target tissue proximate the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid.
- the method can include applying energy from an ultrasonic transducer for blepharoplasty.
- a shield 100 configured for selectively protecting tissue from at least two energy sources, comprising a first layer, which comprises a first material with a first impedance and a second layer in contact with and adjacent to the first layer, the second layer comprises a second material with a second impedance.
- the first impedance is at least ten thousand times greater than the second impedance.
- the first layer and the second layer are configured to reduce transmission to a non-target region in a body of a subject, and at least one of the first layer and the second layer is configured to at least one of the at least two energy sources.
- at least two energy sources are an ultrasound energy source and a photon-based energy source.
- at least one of the first layer and the second layer is configured to block a photon-based energy.
- one of the first layer and the second layer is opaque to a photon-based energy.
- a shield 100 is attached to the procedure system 10 ensure proper alignment for a procedure.
- the shield 100 can be attached, locked, temporarily connected, adhered, interfaced, and/or aligned with the procedure system 10 .
- a shield 100 can comprise highly absorptive materials with a reasonably high specific heat and/or thermally conductive and non-thermally conductive layers. In some embodiments, a shield 100 uses reflection to redirect energy 12 . In some embodiments, a shield 100 absorbs the energy 12 and converts it to another form. In one embodiment, a shield 100 absorbs the energy 12 and converts it to heat. In one embodiment, a shield 100 material may have an absorption coefficient of nearly 50 dB per cm at 5 MHz. Although absorption can attenuate the energy beam 12 , one challenge is controlling the temperature rise in the shield 100 upon absorption of part of the energy.
- the rise in temperature can be mitigated by choosing materials with high specific heats or diverting the heating that occurs in the acoustic block. If not dissipated properly, the shield 100 material may heat up, causing pain, discomfort, damage, and/or burns to a tissue.
- a shield 100 comprises thermally conductive materials that pulls the heat away from the tissue surface and dissipate the heat away from the main part of the shield 100 .
- a multilayer design can comprise thermally conductive materials to remove heat from the shield 100 .
- a multilayer design can comprise thermally insulative materials to reduce the transmission of heat from the shield 100 to tissue.
- the shield 100 is configured for placing under an eyelid 420 , 430 .
- the shield may be round, oval, elliptical, or oblong.
- the shield in some embodiments, has a width of about 5 mm to about 20 mm, a length of about 5 mm to about 20 mm, and a thickness of about 0.2 mm to about 3 mm. Other dimension measurements are also used within the eye 400 .
- the shield 100 is dimensioned to shield only portions of the eye 400 , and can be shaped and dimensioned similar to a contact lens.
- the shield 100 is dimensioned to shield the entire eye 400 .
- the shield 100 may or may not be configured to contact the eye 400 .
- the shield can be coated with (or otherwise contain) lubricating drops or other features that enhance patient comfort.
- the shield 100 can have a length and/or width that is between about 2 cm-48 cm, or larger.
- Shield 100 shapes can further include rectangular, square, triangular or can have an amorphous appearance.
- the layered materials disclosed herein can be used to construct protective clothing-like constructs (including, but not limited to, vests and aprons).
- the shield 100 is configured for blocking or redirecting post-focal energy 12 from reaching a non-target region 30 .
- the shield 100 is configured to re-radiate the energy 12 and create a focus from a secondary reflection.
- a shield 100 is configured to re-radiate the energy 12 and create a focus from a secondary reflection with one or more surface features 170 .
- a surface feature 170 is a facet.
- a surface feature 170 is a contour.
- the shape and/or material of a surface feature 170 redirects energy 12 and focuses and/or disperses the energy 12 away from the non-target region 30 .
- a concave surface feature 170 redirects energy 12 to a focus in a location directed away from a non-target region 30 . In one embodiment, a convex surface feature 170 redirects energy 12 to a focus in a location directed away from a non-target region 30 . In various embodiments, two or more surface features 170 can be positioned or aligned in such a way to further disperse or redirect energy 12 .
- a shield 100 has a surface finish configured for high reflection and/or scattering coefficients. In some embodiments, a shield 100 has a surface finish that increases the reflection coefficient by producing air pockets between the shield 100 and tissue. In one embodiment, an eye shield 100 has a surface finish with one or more features 170 that increase the reflection coefficient by producing air pockets between the eye shield and eye lid as well as the eye shield and eye ball.
- a partially focused wave or plane wave radiation from the procedure system 10 would reflect off one or more features 170 of the shield 100 and focus at a location different from the non-target region 30 . In one embodiment, a partially focused wave or plane wave radiation from the procedure system 10 would reflect off one or more features 170 of the shield 100 and focus at a target tissue 20 . In one embodiment, use of reflected energy off a shield 100 can significantly reduce the blocking requirements of a shield 100 . In one embodiment, a partially focused wave or plane wave radiation from the procedure system 10 would reflect off one or more features 170 of an eye shield 100 and focus at a target tissue 20 in an intended depth in an eyelid. In one embodiment, post focal energy is directed toward the device 10 and not the patient. In one embodiment, post focal energy is directed away from a non-target region 30 . In one embodiment, post focal energy is directed toward target tissue 20 .
- FIGS. 9A-10D various embodiments of shields 100 with a plurality of features 170 can be used to improve scattering, attenuation and/or overall blocking ability.
- concave and/or convex features 170 are on one, two, or more sides of a shield 100 .
- features 170 can be in the same or different planes.
- FIGS. 9A-9D illustrate an embodiment with a plurality of features 170 in the same plane, such that the cross section shows features 170 on two or more sides of a shield 100 that are aligned in a same plane (e.g. a plane that is parallel to the cross-sectional view).
- FIG. 9A-9D illustrate an embodiment with a plurality of features 170 in the same plane, such that the cross section shows features 170 on two or more sides of a shield 100 that are aligned in a same plane (e.g. a plane that is parallel to the cross-sectional view).
- FIG. 9A illustrates one embodiment of a shield 100 with a plurality of concave features 170 .
- FIG. 9B illustrates one embodiment of a shield 100 with a plurality of convex features 170 .
- FIG. 9C illustrates one embodiment of a shield 100 with a plurality of concave and convex features 170 arranged in an in-phase configuration.
- FIG. 9D illustrates one embodiment of a shield 100 with a plurality of concave and convex features 170 arranged in an out-of-phase configuration.
- FIGS. 10A-10D illustrate an embodiment with a plurality of features 170 in different planes, such that the cross section shows features 170 and 172 on two or more sides of a shield 100 that are not aligned in a same plane (e.g. features 170 and 172 are not in the same plane that is parallel to the cross-sectional view).
- FIG. 10A illustrates one embodiment of a shield 100 with a plurality of concave features 170 that are in a first plane, and a plurarlity of concave features 172 that are in a second plane, the second plane different from the first plane.
- FIG. 10B illustrates one embodiment of a shield 100 with a plurality of convex features 170 , 172 .
- FIG. 10A illustrates one embodiment of a shield 100 with a plurality of convex features 170 , 172 .
- FIG. 10C illustrates one embodiment of a shield 100 with a plurality of concave and convex features 170 , 172 arranged in an in-phase configuration.
- FIG. 10D illustrates one embodiment of a shield 100 with a plurality of concave and convex features 170 , 172 arranged in an out-of-phase configuration. As indicated by the broken lines in the illustrations at FIGS. 10A-10D , certain features 170 and 172 are not in the same plane.
- FIG. 11 illustrates various embodiments of a shield from a top view showing a number of features 170 and 172 that are arranged in various configurations such that certain features 170 are in different alignments from other features 172 .
- one or more features 170 on a shield 100 reduce or prevent acoustic coupling.
- the size of a feature 170 would be on the order of a wavelength to produce a scattering effect.
- each feature 170 acts more like a specular reflector.
- features 170 may exist on one side, two, three, four, or more sides of the shield 100 .
- the size, density and pattern of features 170 can be varied depending on the reflectivity requirements, wavelength used, and the possibility of moisture/water ingress into the pockets during treatment.
- a shield 100 can include one or more features 170 that reduce and/or prevent moisture or water ingress during a procedure.
- various embodiments of feature 170 patterns can be aligned, it is also contemplated to have embodiments with random modifications to the surface finish that would also help increase the scattering or reduction of energy 12 transmission with respect to a non-target region 30 .
- a shield 100 can de-focus an energy beam 12 that exits the shield 100 .
- a shield 100 comprises defocusing materials that further and more rapidly spread the energy 12 .
- a top layer of the shield 100 may also be used to increase the overall spread of the reflection away from the non-target region 30 .
- a shield 100 acts as an acoustic transmission line.
- a shield 100 can use one or more materials that do not have a significant difference in impedance to tissue and still reduce acoustic transmission to safe levels.
- the input impedance is given as:
- Z L is the load impedance
- a shield 100 has a thickness (l) that is a multiple of half a wavelength and the input impedance is just Z L which is the acoustic impedance of tissue. In this case, it is as though the acoustic transmission line or shield 100 is not even present.
- a shield 100 has a thickness (l) is half a wavelength. In this case, the input impedance is:
- Z L is the load impedance
- Z 0 is the characteristic impedance of the transmission line.
- the characteristic impedance is roughly a factor of 2 different than water (e.g. 3 MRayls)
- the input impedance may be much higher, depending on the frequency and thickness.
- an embodiment of a shield is made of epoxy with an input effective impedance is 6 MRayls.
- the reflection coefficient is 60%, which is higher than the 33% predicted if the 3 MRayls was semi-infinite.
- FIG. 12 illustrates one embodiment of a shield 100 with an energy diversion device 230 that is configured to remove or dissipate energy 12 , 12 that is absorbed by the shield 100 .
- acoustic energy 12 that is absorbed by the shield 100 is converted to heat. This heat can raise the temperature of the shield 100 , causing discomfort or damage to any surrounding tissue.
- the shield 100 includes an absorbing material with a high heat capacity, such that more energy is needed to raise the temperature of the absorbing material.
- a shield 100 reduces the thermal conductivity to surrounding tissue by absorbing energy 12 with a high heat capacity, or by routing the heat away from the tissue through an energy diversion device 230 .
- the energy diversion device 230 is a heat conduit, a coolant channel, a heat exchanger, and/or a fluid circuit configured to draw excess heat or energy from the shield 100 and surrounding tissue.
- acoustic energy 12 that is absorbed by the shield 100 is converted to electrical energy. In some embodiments, acoustic energy 12 that is absorbed by the shield 100 is converted to electrical energy through a piezoelectric effect. In one embodiment, the shield 100 includes a piezoelectric sensor configured to absorb energy 12 and convert it in to an electrical signal. In various embodiments, the energy diversion device 230 is an electrical circuit.
- a shield 100 includes one or more acoustic sensors (piezoelectric) that may be used to give confirmation to a physician that energy 12 is being properly blocked, reduced, targeted, or aligned with the shield 100 with respect to target tissue 20 and/or a non-target region 30 .
- an acoustic sensor is a piezoelectric sensor.
- one or more thermocouples may be added to and/or embedded in the shield 100 to monitor temperature, shield performance, heating, and/or proper positioning of the shield 100 with respect to target tissue 20 and/or a non-target region 30 .
- a shield 100 can combine features or characteristics of any of the embodiments disclosed herein.
- the shield 100 was constructed of a multi-layer stack of stainless steel, air, and stainless steel with a total thickness 1.40 mm.
- the shield 100 had a first layer 110 made of first material 115 stainless steel, a second layer 120 made of second material 125 air, and a third layer 130 made of third material 135 stainless steel.
- the purpose of the experiment was to quantify the residual level of acoustic power that could pass from a superficial ultrasound transducer through a multi-layered stainless steel layers into a non-target region 30 with sensors to measure ultrasonic transmission.
- Two different ultrasonic transducers were utilized in the respective ultrasonic procedure systems 310 , a 7.5 MHz-3.0 mm focal depth ultrasonic transducer and a 10.5 MHz-2.0 mm focal depth ultrasonic transducer.
- the shield 100 was mounted 0.5 mm away from the surface of the respective ultrasonic transducer 310 with hot melt adhesive at the periphery of the shield 100 . Power with and without the shield 100 was measured three times and averaged.
- experimental hydrophone measurements revealed attenuation of over 56 dB down with the multi-layer shield 100 in place.
- the ultrasonic transducers 310 were placed facing upward in a degassed water bath at room temperature. The entire apparatus was slightly inclined so that any air bubbles in the ultrasonic transducers 310 stay out of the acoustic path.
- a Dapco needle hydrophone mounted in a 3-axis micrometer adjustable stage was used to monitor intensity.
- a FET probe and narrowband (300 Hz) spectrum analyzer were used to measure the hydrophone voltage. The FET probe had a gain of ⁇ 20 dB. Dynamic range was limited to ⁇ 56 dB.
- the peak intensity was located by iteratively adjusting the XYZ stage.
- the shield 100 was then placed between one ultrasonic transducer 310 at a time and the hydrophone. Fine adjustments were then made to hydrophone position to relocate the highest intensity.
- the shield 100 was able to block 100% of acoustic energy. In other embodiments of the invention, the shield 100 blocks at least 99%, 95%, 90%, 80%, 70% or 50% of undesired energy (including, but not limited to, ultrasound energy).
Abstract
Acoustic shielding system and method for protecting and shielding non-targeted regions or tissues that are not intended to be treated by ultrasonic procedures from acoustic energy using a shield. In some embodiments, the shield comprises multiple layers made of one or more materials with one or more acoustic impedances. In some embodiments a multilayered shield includes materials with relatively different acoustic impedance levels. In some embodiments, the shield includes active components such as energy diversion devices, heating, cooling, monitoring, and/or sensing. In some embodiments, the shield is configured to protect an eye, mouth, nose or ear while allowing the ultrasound to treat the surrounding tissue. One embodiment of an eye shield is configured to fit under at least one eyelid and over a portion of the eye.
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/291,312, filed on Nov. 8, 2011, which claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/411,251 filed on Nov. 8, 2010, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Any and all applications for which a foreign or domestic priority claim is identified in the Application Data Sheet as filed with the present application are hereby incorporated by reference under 37 CFR 1.57.
- 1. Field
- Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to systems and methods for performing various treatments and/or imaging procedures safely and effectively by focusing on targeted tissue while shielding or protecting a non-targeted region. Cosmetic eye shields are provided in several embodiments.
- 2. Description of the Related Art
- In certain instances, eye shields can protect a patient's eyes during various surgical procedures in which scalpels, electro-cauterizers or lasers are used to carry out the surgical procedures. Some eye shields protect the eyes from direct exposure to intense light from a light source during eye surgery, or from electron beams during electron beam treatment of eyelid tumors. However, such shields generally do not sufficiently protect the eyes, other non-target regions, such as, tissues, body parts, organs, medical devices, or medical implants from acoustic energy during an ultrasound treatment or imaging procedure.
- In several embodiments, the invention comprises a shield for use in energy-based therapeutic or imaging applications, in which the shield reduces energy transmission to non-target regions. Non-target regions include, but are not limited to, tissue and synthetic implants. In some embodiments, therapeutic ultrasound treatment (e.g., cosmetic enhancement) and/or imaging procedures are intended to affect targeted tissue. While the acoustic energy of ultrasound treatment or imaging procedures may be highly focused and localized in the targeted tissues or parts of the body often there exists residual acoustic energy levels beyond the focal point or outside the treatment or imaging region during these procedures. In some embodiments, it is necessary or desirable to protect or shield certain tissues, parts of the body, organs, medical devices, and/or medical implants not intended to be treated and/or imaged from acoustic energy during these ultrasound procedures. In various embodiments, acoustic transmission can be reduced by a shield through reflection, absorption, and/or diffraction. For example, according to one embodiment, it is desirable to protect the eyes from high levels of acoustic energy if a patient is undergoing enhancement procedures on, near, or around the eyelids.
- There is a need for devices and procedures for protecting certain tissues, body parts, organs, medical devices, and/or medical implants from high levels of acoustic energy during an ultrasound treatment (e.g., cosmetic enhancement) and/or imaging procedure while permitting intended procedures on targeted tissue. In addition, there is a need for devices and procedures that meet the regulatory requirements for protection from unintended ultrasound exposure.
- In various embodiments, a shield for protecting part of a subject's body from undesired exposure to acoustic energy is provided. In various embodiments, a shield can block, reduce, eliminate, redirect, absorb, convert, reflect, diffract, deflect, divert, disperse and/or reroute acoustic energy. In some embodiments, a shield is configured to protect an eye from exposure to acoustic energy. In some embodiments, a shield is configured to protect tissue from heating of the shield in absorbing or deflecting acoustic energy. In various embodiments, a shield is configured to address a thermal component of shielding acoustic energy. For example, in one embodiment, acoustic energy is blocked by a shield that absorbs some of the acoustic energy. In one embodiment, the shield reflects some or none of the acoustic energy. In some embodiments, acoustic energy may be converted to heat or electrical energy through a piezoelectric effect. In some embodiments, the shield includes an absorbing material with a high heat capacity, such that more energy is needed to raise the temperature of the absorber. In various embodiments, a shield reduces the thermal conductivity to surrounding tissue by absorbing with a high heat capacity, or by routing the heat away from the tissue through an energy diversion device. In some embodiments, the energy diversion device is an energy dispersion device, an electrical circuit, a heat conduit, a coolant channel, a heat exchanger, and/or a fluid configured to draw excess heat or energy from a shield. In some embodiments, a shield is configured for protecting tissue from undesired exposure to acoustic energy. In some embodiments, a shield is configured for protecting tissue from undesired exposure to acoustic energy as well as the potential heat generated from the acoustic energy.
- In some embodiments, a multi-layered eye shield is configured for protecting a subject's eye from undesired exposure to acoustic energy. In some embodiments, the shield comprises at least a first layer, a second layer and a third layer. In one embodiment, the first and third layers are stainless steel, and the second (middle) layer is air. The first and third layers can be the same material or can be made of different materials. The middle layer and the outer layers have differential acoustic impedances in several embodiments. In various embodiments, the acoustic impedance ratio between two adjacent layers of the shield is at least 1,000:1, or 10,000:1, 50:000:1, or 100,000:1, or 250,000:1, or, 500,000:1, or 1,000,000:1, or 10,000,000:1, or approaching infinity, or infinite.
- In one embodiment, the invention comprises a biocompatible shield that is configured to be sufficiently thin to fit under a patient's eyelids to protect the patient's eyes from high levels of acoustic energy while allowing the patient's eyelids or other tissues surrounding the eyes to be affected as intended during a cosmetic enhancement and/or imaging procedure. In various embodiments, a biocompatible shield is configured for use in protecting the eye from ultrasound energy during a blepharoplasty procedure. In various embodiments, the biocompatible shield may include one or more manipulation devices, handles, pinch grip, levers, suction devices, magnetic handles, or other similar gripping devices to aid in the placement and removal of the biocompatible shield from the patient's eyes. In various embodiments, the manipulation device is coupled, permanently coupled, temporarily coupled, and/or removably coupled to the shield. In one embodiment the manipulation device includes a tool that is detachable from the shield.
- In some embodiments, the invention comprises a shield for protecting other body parts from ultrasonic exposure. Accordingly, several embodiments of the present invention provide an acoustic shielding system and a method for protecting and shielding certain tissues from levels of acoustic energy. In various embodiments, the acoustic shielding system includes a biocompatible shield interposed between an acoustic treatment system and non-target tissue that is not intended to be treated in order to shield the non-target tissue from acoustic energy.
- A shield, according to one embodiment, comprises materials that provide high attenuation and/or acoustic impedance. In some embodiments, shields are made of materials that provide different or significantly different levels of attenuation and/or acoustic impedance. In various embodiments, shield materials have a reflection coefficient, wherein a reflection coefficient of 100% corresponds to complete reflection of energy, or 100% reflection. In various embodiments, shield materials have a reflection coefficient that is in a range of 10-100%, 25-100%, 50-100%, 60-100%, 65-100%, 70-100%, 75-100%, 80-100%, 85-100%, 90-100%, 95-100% or more. In some embodiments, the shields, and procedures thereof, may be configured to protect certain tissues, body parts, organs, medical devices, and/or medical implants from non-invasive or minimally invasive procedures employing energy, such as, for example, acoustic, ultrasound, laser, radiation, thermal, cryogenic, electron beam, photon-based, magnetic resonance or combinations thereof.
- In several embodiments of the invention, one or more shields are used in non-invasive or minimally invasive procedures involving one or more of ultrasound, fluoroscopy, radiation (e.g., microwave) light, lasers, electricity, magnetic (e.g., magnetism, magnetic resonance) heating, and cooling. In one embodiment, one or more shields are used to shield a non-target region from the combined use of ultrasound energy and photon-based energy. In several embodiments, one or more shields are used to shield a non-target region from the combined use of ultrasound energy and at least one other energy, applied simultaneously or individually. For example, one or more shields may be used in procedures using combinations of ultrasound and laser, ultrasound and IPL (intense pulse light), ultrasound and radiofrequency, or ultrasound and magnetic energy. In one embodiment, non-metallic shields are used when procedures employ radiofrequency or magnetic energy (alone, together or in combination with ultrasound). In some embodiments, a shield is configured to shield non-target regions from at least one of two (or more) energy sources. For example, in combined therapies, a shield may shield against both ultrasound and photon-based energy, or may shield only ultrasound energy and not photon-based energy. In some embodiments of the invention, one or more shields, as disclosed herein, are used for focusing, reflecting and/or concentrating energy. The energy may comprise one or more of ultrasound, fluoroscopy, radiation, light, laser, photon-based, electricity, magnetic, heating, or cooling energy. In one embodiment, a shield is used to reflect energy (for example, for imaging and/or therapy procedures) into body cavities or tortuous pathways where direct application of the energy may be difficult or undesired. One or more shields may also be used to concentrate energy. In one embodiment, the shield comprises one or more concave or curved surfaces configured for concentrating energy. In some embodiments, one or more shields are provided to focus ultrasound energy, photon-based energy or a combination of the two energies to a target region.
- In various embodiments, the biocompatible shield includes multiple layers and/or materials. In one embodiment, one or more layers of material are air. In one embodiment, one or more layers of material are separated by a layer of air. In one embodiment, one or more layers include a vacuum or near vacuum. In various embodiments, the biocompatible shield includes a plurality of layers, multiple shields and/or components.
- In various embodiments, a shield configured for selectively protecting a non-target region from acoustic energy includes a first layer and a second layer. The first layer includes at least a first material with a first acoustic impedance. The second layer is in contact with and adjacent to the first layer. The second layer includes at least a second material with a second acoustic impedance. In one embodiment, the first acoustic impedance is at least ten times the second acoustic impedance. In one embodiment, the first layer and the second layer are configured to reduce acoustic transmission to a non-target region in a body of a patient.
- In one embodiment, the shield includes one or more surface features configured for a high reflection coefficient. In one embodiment, one or more features produce an air pocket between the shield and tissue. In one embodiment, one or more features include a concave, a convex, or both concave and convex features.
- In various embodiments, the shield configured for selectively protecting tissue from acoustic energy can also include a third layer with at least a third material in contact with and adjacent to the second layer. The third material has a third acoustic impedance. In one embodiment, the third acoustic impedance is at least ten thousand times the second acoustic impedance. In various embodiments, the first acoustic impedance is at least one hundred times, at least one thousand times, at least fifty thousand times, and/or at least one hundred thousand times, the second acoustic impedance. In some embodiments, the shield is made at least partially of stainless steel. In some embodiments, the second layer is sealed between the first layer and the third layer. In one embodiment, the first layer is stainless steel, the second layer is air, and the third layer is stainless steel. In another embodiment, the first layer is stainless steel, the second layer is a partial vacuum, and the third layer is stainless steel.
- In some embodiments, the shield is configured to fit over a portion of an eye and underneath at least one eyelid. In one embodiment, a therapeutic substance, which can at least one of protect the eye and facilitate in keeping the eye moist, is coated on the layer in contact with the eye. In one embodiment, the shield comprises a source of a saline solution, which can facilitate in keeping the eye moist. In one embodiment, the shield includes an optional manipulation device to aid in the insertion and removal of the shield from the body of a patient.
- In various embodiments, an eye shield is configured for selectively protecting the eye from acoustic energy applied to surrounding tissue. The eye shield includes a first, second and third layer. The first layer is made of a first material with a first acoustic impedance. The second layer is in contact with and adjacent to the first layer. The second layer is made of a second material with a second acoustic impedance. In one embodiment, the first acoustic impedance is at least ten thousand times the second acoustic impedance. The third layer is made of a third material in contact with and adjacent to the second layer. The third material has a third acoustic impedance. In one embodiment, the third acoustic impedance is at least ten thousand times the second acoustic impedance. In various embodiments, the first layer, the second layer and the third layer are configured to be positioned over eye and to reduce delivery acoustic energy to the eye.
- In one embodiment, a method of shielding the eye from an emission of ultrasound energy in a cosmetic enhancement procedure to the area around an eye includes the steps of positioning a shield between an eyelid and an eye and applying ultrasound energy from a transducer to tissue proximate the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid. In some embodiments, the shield includes a first layer with a first material with a first acoustic impedance, a second layer with a second material with a second acoustic impedance, and a third layer with a third material having a third acoustic impedance. In some embodiments, the second layer is in contact with and adjacent to the first layer. In some embodiments, the third layer is in contact with and adjacent to the second layer. In various embodiments, the first acoustic impedance is at least ten, hundred, thousand, ten thousand, one hundred thousand or more times the second acoustic impedance. In various embodiments, the third acoustic impedance is at least ten, hundred, thousand, ten thousand, one hundred thousand or more times the second acoustic impedance. In some embodiments, the first layer, the second layer and the third layer are configured to reduce acoustic transmission to the eye.
- In one embodiment, a method of shielding a non-targeted region of a body from undesired emission of energy includes the steps of positioning a shield between a non-targeted region of the body a source of the energy and applying the energy to tissue proximate the non-targeted region of the body. The shield includes a first layer with a first acoustic impedance, a second layer with a second acoustic impedance, and a third layer with a third acoustic impedance. The second layer is in contact with the first layer and the third layer. The first acoustic impedance and the third acoustic impedance are at least one thousand times the second acoustic impedance. The first layer, the second layer and the third layer are configured to reduce application of the energy to the non-targeted region of the body. In various embodiments, the undesired energy comprises ultrasound energy, or comprises a combination of ultrasound energy and at least one other energy. In one embodiment, the method also includes applying energy from a transducer to tissue proximate the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid. In one embodiment, the method can further include applying the energy from a transducer to perform a cosmetic enhancement procedure, such as, for example, a face lift, a rhinoplasty procedure, or a blepharoplasty procedure.
- Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the description provided herein. It should be understood that the description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the embodiments disclosed herein.
- The drawings described herein are for illustration purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure in any way. Embodiments of the present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings wherein:
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FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a shielding system according to various embodiments of the present invention. -
FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a shield with more than one layer according to various embodiments of the present invention. -
FIG. 3 is a table listing relative acoustic impedance of some materials compared to the acoustic impedance of air. -
FIG. 4 is a schematic, partial cross-sectional side view of a multi-layered eye shield configured to fit over the eye and underneath the eyelids with an optional manipulation device according to one embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 5 is a schematic, perspective view of the multi-layered eye shield ofFIG. 4 . -
FIG. 6A is a schematic front view of an eye shield with an optional removable manipulation device according to one embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 6B is a schematic, partial cross-sectional side view of the eye shield ofFIG. 6A . -
FIG. 7A is a schematic front view of an eye shield with an optional removable manipulation device according to one embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 7B is a schematic, partial cross-sectional side view of the eye shield ofFIG. 7A . -
FIG. 8A is a schematic front view of an eye shield with an optional removable manipulation device according to one embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 8B is a schematic, partial cross-sectional side view of the eye shield ofFIG. 8A . -
FIGS. 9A-9D are schematic, cross-sectional side views of shields according to embodiments of the present invention. -
FIGS. 10A-10D are schematic, cross-sectional side views of shields according to embodiments of the present invention. -
FIG. 11 is a schematic, front view of a shield according to various embodiments of the present invention. -
FIG. 12 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a shielding system with an energy diversion device according to various embodiments of the present invention. -
FIG. 13 is a schematic block diagram illustrating an experimental setup used to measure acoustic power transmission through an embodiment of a shield. -
FIG. 14 is a chart illustrating results from the experiment setup inFIG. 13 . - The following description sets forth examples of embodiments, and is not intended to limit the present invention or its teachings, applications, or uses thereof. It should be understood that throughout the drawings, corresponding reference numerals indicate like or corresponding parts and features. The description of specific examples indicated in various embodiments of the present invention are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention disclosed herein. Moreover, recitation of multiple embodiments having stated features is not intended to exclude other embodiments having additional features or other embodiments incorporating different combinations of the stated features. Further, features in one embodiment (such as in one figure) may be combined with descriptions (and figures) of other embodiments.
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FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of the invention in which ashield 100 is configured to reduce or eliminate exposure ofnon-target region 30 fromenergy 12 emitted from aprocedure system 10 intended fortarget tissue 20. In various embodiments, theshield 100 is biocompatible and configured to shield and/or protect tissues, body parts, organs, medical devices, implants, and/or material in the body of a patient that are not intended to be treated, enhanced, and/or imaged during various procedures. In various embodiments, aprocedure system 10 configured to emitenergy 12 to affecttarget tissue 20. In various embodiments, aprocedure system 10 is any one or more of a cosmetic enhancement system, a medical system, a sensor system, a diagnostic system, an imaging system, a visualization system, a monitoring system, a treatment system, or combinations thereof. In various embodiments, aprocedure system 10 can include, but is not limited to, ultrasound, fluoroscopy, laser, radiation, heating, cooling, electron beam, photon, magnetic resonance, magnetic, electric, focusing, concentrating, reflecting x-ray, and/or orthoscopic devices, systems or methods. - In various embodiments, a
procedure system 10 can include at least one source that can provide ultrasound energy, photon based energy, thermal energy, RF energy, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, aprocedure system 10 can include a source that can provide ultrasound energy and a source that can provide a photon-based energy. In one embodiment, the source that can provide a photon-based energy can be a laser. Photon-based energy can be provided by various sources, such as, for example, a laser, intense pulsed light (“IPL”), an infrared source, an ultraviolet source, light emitting diodes (“LED”), or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, aprocedure system 10 can focus energy provided by the source to one or more depths within targetedtissue 20. In one embodiment, theprocedure system 10 is an ultrasound system. In various embodiments, theprocedure system 10 is an ultrasound system configured for imaging, visualization, sensing, monitoring, enhancing, and/or treatingtarget tissue 20. In some embodiments, theprocedure system 10 is configured for at least one of cosmetic enhancement and imaging oftarget tissue 20. In some embodiments, theprocedure system 10 is configured for inducing a bio-effect to at least a portion oftarget tissue 20. - In various embodiments,
target tissue 20 is tissue intended to be acted upon by emittedenergy 12 from theprocedure system 10. In various embodiments,target tissue 20 is, but is not limited to, any of skin, eyelids, eye lash, eye brow, caruncula lacrimalis, crow's feet, wrinkles, acne, sebaceous glands, eye, nose, mouth, tongue, teeth, gums, ears, brain, face, cheek, chin, jowls, neck, body, heart, lungs, ribs, abdomen, stomach, liver, kidneys, uterus, breast, prostrate, testicles, glands, thyroid glands, sweat glands, internal organs, hair, muscle, bone, ligaments, cartilage, fat, fat labuli, cellulite, subcutaneous tissue, implanted tissue, an implanted organ, lymphoid, a tumor, a cyst, an absence, or a portion of a nerve, or any combination thereof. In various embodiments, the emittedenergy 12 from theprocedure system 10 is partially or completely absorbed, reflected, refracted, converted or transmitted by or throughtarget tissue 20. In some embodiments, the emittedenergy 12 from theprocedure system 10 can ablate a portion oftarget tissue 20. In some embodiments, the emittedenergy 12 from theprocedure system 10 can coagulate a portion oftarget tissue 20. In various embodiments, the emittedenergy 12 from theprocedure system 10 produces at least one of a thermal and a mechanical effect intarget tissue 20. For example, a thermal effect can be creating a lesion in a portion oftarget tissue 20. For example, a mechanical effect can be cavitation. In some embodiments, the emittedenergy 12 from theprocedure system 10 can produce a bio-effect, such as, for example, increase blood perfusion to targettissue 20, induce collagen production in a portion oftarget tissue 20, minimize wrinkles above or in a portion oftarget tissue 20, rejuvenate skin above or in a portion oftarget tissue 20, or increase metabolization of fat in a portion oftarget tissue 20. - In various embodiments, the emitted
energy 12 from theprocedure system 10 can be applied to targettissue 20 in a non-invasive manner, or a minimally invasive manner, or combinations of both. A non-invasive manner can include applying the emittedenergy 12 from a source from a surface abovetarget tissue 20 and not damaging tissue between the surface and thetarget tissue 20. A minimally invasive manner can include applying the emittedenergy 12 from a source below a surface abovetarget tissue 20. A minimally invasive manner can include, a source coupled to or integrated with for example, a tool or catheter used in at least one of an endoscopic, a laparoscopic, and an orthoscopic procedures. - As shown schematically in
FIG. 1 , in one embodiment, ashield 100 can be placed between aprocedure system 10 and atarget tissue 20. In some embodiments, ashield 100 is configured to reflect someenergy 12 back toward thetarget tissue 20. In one embodiment,target tissue 20 is intended for treatment withenergy 12 directly form theprocedure system 10 and reflectedenergy 12 from theshield 100 can be reduced or minimized with a material or structure as a part of, or separate from,shield 100. In one embodiment, ashield 100 may comprise a material or structure configured to block reflections ofenergy 12. In one embodiment, ashield 100 may have a separate material or structure configured to block reflections ofenergy 12 that is placed between theshield 100 andtarget tissue 20 and/ornon-target region 30. - In various embodiments,
non-target region 30 is not intended to be acted upon the emittedenergy 12 from theprocedure system 10. In various embodiments,non-target region 30 is any non-targeted tissue. In various embodiments,non-target region 30 is, but is not limited to, any of skin, eyelids, eye lash, eye brow, caruncula lacrimalis, crow's feet, wrinkles, eye, nose, mouth, tongue, teeth, gums, ears, brain, face, cheek, chin, jowls, neck, body, heart, lungs, ribs, abdomen, stomach, liver, kidneys, uterus, testicles, prostate, breast, glands, thyroid glands, sweat glands, internal organs, hair, muscle, bone, ligaments, cartilage, fat, fat labuli, cellulite, subcutaneous tissue, implanted tissue, an implanted organ, lymphoid, a tumor, a cyst, an absence, a portion of a nerve, an implant, a medical device, or any combination thereof. - In various embodiments,
non-target region 30 is not a tissue. For example, thenon-target region 30 may be an implant or material, such as for example, a pace maker, a hearing aid, dentures, a glucose monitor, a drug delivery system, a crown, a filling, a prosthetic body part, a stent, a screw, a plate, or any other such medical device, material or implant. For example, iftarget tissue 20 is a portion of a lung, a pace maker can be anon-target region 30, which can be protected from emittedenergy 12 byshield 100 to prevent interference with and/or damage to the pace maker. - For example, in one embodiment, one or
more shields 100 are used to protectnon-target region 30 while ultrasound energy (or other energy, alone or combined with ultrasound energy) is applied to joints or muscles. One ormore shields 100 may also be used to protectnon-target region 30 ultrasound energy (or other energy, alone or combined with ultrasound energy) is applied to malignant or benign tumors. In one embodiment, application of energy to a tumor for imaging or therapeutic purposes is performed in conjunction with at least one shield positioned inside the body, in order to partially, substantially, or fully protect healthy tissue innon-target region 30 from the application of energy. One ormore shields 100 may also be used to protect tissue during application of ultrasound energy (or other energy, alone or combined with ultrasound) to the oral, nasal or respiratory tracts. Theshield 100 can be positioned inside the body or on an exterior surface of the body. In one embodiment, theshield 100 does not directly contact the body. In various embodiments, theshield 100 can to partially, substantially, or fully protect healthy tissue innon-target region 30. - In various embodiments, at least one
shield 100 is configured to at least partially reduce, or completely eliminate emittedenergy 12 from aprocedure system 10 contacting or affecting anon-target region 30. In various embodiments, ashield 100 at least partially reflects, refracts, converts, cancels, and/or absorbs emittedenergy 12. In accordance with various embodiments, systems and methods for tissue and/or implant shielding are configured to shield and/or protect certain tissues from high levels of acoustic energy during targeted ultrasound treatment and/or imaging procedures. In various embodiments, a shield can reduce energy transmission to an area of tissue to protect tissue from damage or to meet a regulatory threshold on energy transmission limits to a tissue, soft tissue, eye, etc. In various embodiments, a shield is configured to limit energy transmission to a tissue to a maximum of 1 watt per square centimeter (1000 mW/cm2), 100 mW/cm2, 90 mW/cm2, 80 mW/cm2, 70 mW/cm2, 60 mW/cm2, 50 mW/cm2, 45 mW/cm2, 40 mW/cm2, 30 mW/cm2, 25 mW/cm2, 20 mW/cm2, 10 mW/cm2, 5 mW/cm2 or less. In one embodiment, abiocompatible shield 100 is interposed between theprocedure system 10 andnon-target region 30. In some embodiments, theprocedure system 10 is an ultrasound cosmetic enhancement and/or imaging system. In some embodiments, theprocedure system 10 is an ultrasound treatment and/or imaging system. - In several embodiments, one or more shields are used to protect non-target regions during application of ultrasound energy or other energy (alone or in combination with ultrasound energy) to a
target tissue 20. For example, one or more shields may be positioned inside the body to protect the liver, while endoscopic energy (e.g., ultrasound) is applied to the kidney. In one embodiment, at least one shield is coupled to a therapeutic delivery (or imaging) catheter. In some embodiments, the shield and the energy device are delivered in an integrated device. In other embodiments, the shield and energy device are delivered separately. Catheter-based percutaneous delivery systems to deliver one or more shields are provided in some embodiments. - In several embodiments, one or more shields are positioned inside a patient's body to partially or fully protect
non-target region 30 tissue from energy exposure during a medical and/or cosmetic enhancement procedure ontarget tissue 20. In other embodiments, one or more shields are positioned to protect the practitioner (e.g., the doctor or the esthetician, or the procedure system operator) from energy exposure. For example, shields can be positioned to offer protection from the energy without contacting the practitioner, or may be positioned to contact the practitioner (e.g., flexible shielding material may be incorporated in protective coverings or gloves). - A shield according to several embodiments herein can block at least 25%, 50% 75%, 90% or 95% of energy from reaching the shielded area, such as, for example, at least a portion of
non-target region 30. In one embodiment, the shield fully blocks all of the energy from reaching the shielded area. - One or more shields according to several embodiments herein are used not to shield regions from energy, but to concentrate, focus or direct energy into
target tissue 20. In some embodiments, a single shield or multiple shields are provided to simultaneously shield certainnon-target regions 30 while focusing energy intotarget tissue 20. One or more shields according to several embodiments herein are configured to convert energy from one form to another. One or more shields according to several embodiments herein are configured to re-radiate energy. One or more shields according to several embodiments herein are configured to re-radiate energy and create a focus from a secondary reflection. - As illustrated in
FIG. 2 , in accordance with various embodiments of ashield 100, theshield 100 includes one or more layers, such as, any oflayer material shield 100 may comprise one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, more than ten, twenty, fifty, less than one-hundred, one-hundred, or more than a hundred layers. In various embodiments, the layers can be made of the same material or a combination of different materials. As illustrated inFIG. 2 , in various embodiments, theshield 100 can comprise afirst layer 110 made offirst material 115 that is adjacent and connected to asecond layer 120 made ofsecond material 125. In one embodiment, theshield 100 can comprise athird layer 130 made ofthird material 135 that is adjacent and connected to asecond layer 120 made ofsecond material 125. In various embodiments, theshield 100 can comprise any number of additional adjacent, connectedlayers 150 made of any number ofmaterials 155 are also present, depending on the total number of layers in theshield 100. In various embodiments, thelayers first layer 110 contacts athird layer 130, with asecond layer 120 in between. In one embodiment, asecond layer 120 can be sealed between afirst layer 110 and athird layer 130. In various embodiments, thelayers different materials - In various embodiments, the one or
more layers more materials more layers more layers more layers more layers more layers - In various embodiments, the
shield 100 can be made of, but is not limited to, various biocompatible materials and/or non-biocompatible materials. In various embodiments, any onematerial material materials material material material material - In some embodiments, the
shield 100 is made at least partially of stainless steel. In some embodiments, thesecond layer 120 is sealed between thefirst layer 110 and thethird layer 130. In one embodiment, thefirst layer 110 is stainless steel, thesecond layer 120 is air, and thethird layer 130 is stainless steel. In another embodiment, thefirst layer 110 is stainless steel, thesecond layer 120 is a partial vacuum, and thethird layer 130 is stainless steel. In one embodiment, thefirst layer 110 is ceramic, thesecond layer 120 is air, and thethird layer 130 is ceramic. In another embodiment, thefirst layer 110 is ceramic, thesecond layer 120 is a partial vacuum, and thethird layer 130 is ceramic. These ceramic embodiments of theshield 100 can protect and/or shieldnon-target region 30 from a combination of emissions of two or more different types of energy, such as for example, but limited to, ultrasound energy and RF energy, or photon-based and RF energy, or ultrasound energy and photon-based energy. - In various embodiments, the
shield 100 can be configured for one-time use, reuse, configure to be sterilizable, autoclavable, and/or washable. In one embodiment, theshield 100 can include a coating, such as, for example, an anti-bacterial coating. In one embodiment, theshield 100 can include a surface finish, such as, for example, a reflective surface, a smooth surface, a pitted surface, a sandblasted surface, a patterned surface, a surface with pockets, a surface with concave features, a surface with convex features, or other surface finishes. In some embodiments, theshield 100 can comprise a combination of metallic and non-metallic materials. For example, theshield 100 can comprise any number of metallic layers and a non-metallic layer is in contact with the patient to reduce or substantially eliminate transfer of thermal energy, and/or RF energy to tissue of the patient in contact with the shield. In one embodiment, theshield 100 is enabled for active cooling. In one embodiment, theshield 100 is enabled for active heating. In one embodiment, theshield 100 is configured with absorptive materials to absorb the energy and convert it to heat. In one embodiment, ashield 100 comprises thermally conductive materials that pulls the heat away from the tissue surface and dissipate the heat away from the main part of theshield 100. In one embodiment, a multilayer design can comprise thermally conductive materials to remove heat from theshield 100. In one embodiment, a multilayer design can comprise thermally insulative materials to keep heat away from tissue. In one embodiment, theshield 100 is enabled for both active cooling and active heating. Active cooling of theshield 100 can protectnon-target region 30 from thermal energy and/or heating ofshield 100 by emittedenergy 12. - In one embodiment,
materials materials materials materials materials - In various embodiments, the acoustic impedance of the
shield 100 is configured to reduce or eliminate transmission of ultrasound energy to anon-target region 30. Acoustic impedance is a material property Z with units (M×L̂−2×T̂−1; N×s/m̂3; or Pa×s/m). Acoustic impedance is the product of material density multiplied by the longitudinal wave speed, or sound speed in the material: -
Z=ρ×V - where ρ is the density of the medium (M×L̂−3; kg/m̂3), and
- where V is the longitudinal wave speed or sound speed (L×T̂−1; m/s).
- When ultrasound energy travels between two or
more materials wave energy 12 can be transformed into another form. For example, when a longitudinal wave hits an interface at an angle, some of the energy can cause particle movement in the transverse direction to start a shear (transverse) wave. Mode conversion occurs when a wave encounters an interface between materials of different acoustic impedances and the incident angle is not normal to the interface. A mode conversion occurs every time a wave encounters an interface at an angle, resulting in reflection or refraction of ultrasound energy between two ormore layers more materials more materials shield 100, the more theshield 100 protects or diverts emittedenergy 12 fromnon-target region 30. - The characteristic acoustic impedance of air at room temperature is about 420 Pa×s/m. By comparison the sound speed and density of water are much higher, resulting in an acoustic impedance of roughly 1.5 MPa×s/m, about 3,400-3,700 times higher than air. While air has an impedance of roughly 420 Pa×s/m, various relative acoustic impedance levels can be calculated with respect to air. Acoustic impedance levels can be calculated for any material, but to illustrate differences in acoustic impedance levels,
FIG. 3 lists acoustic impedance of various materials in relative terms on a scale normalized to the acoustic impedance of air. As illustrated inFIG. 3 , water has an acoustic impedance that is roughly 3,700 times higher than air. Aluminum has an acoustic impedance that is roughly 42,000 times higher than air. Glass has an acoustic impedance that is roughly 47,000 times higher than air. Gold has an acoustic impedance that is roughly 156,500 times higher than air. Polyethylene has an acoustic impedance that is roughly 4,250 times higher than air. Silver has an acoustic impedance that is roughly 95,000 times higher than air. Steel has an acoustic impedance that is roughly 115,000 times higher than air. Stainless steel has an acoustic impedance that is roughly 113,500 times higher than air. Tungsten has an acoustic impedance that is roughly 252,000 times higher than air. In some embodiments, theshield 100 comprises one or more adjacent layers of materials that have an acoustic impedance that differ by a magnitude of at least 1,000. In some embodiments, theshield 100 comprises one or more adjacent layers of materials that have an acoustic impedance that differ by a magnitude of at least 10,000. In some embodiments, theshield 100 comprises one or more adjacent layers of materials that have an acoustic impedance that differ by a magnitude of at least 100,000. Air is used in some embodiments, but not used in others. In some embodiments, theshield 100 comprises one or more adjacent layers of materials that have an acoustic impedance that differ by a magnitude of at least 250,000. In some embodiments, theshield 100 comprises one or more adjacent layers of materials that have an acoustic impedance that differ by a magnitude of at least 1,000,000. For example, theshield 100 may comprise one or more adjacent layers of stainless steel and polyethylene. In various embodiments, the shield can comprise any one or combination of the materials listed atFIG. 3 . - A vacuum, or lack of material or lack of air, can have an acoustic impedance level that approaches zero. Thus, the relative difference between any material when compared to air is further increased when compared to the near zero acoustic impedance of a vacuum. In one embodiment, one or more layers of the shield has an acoustic impedance, as normalized to the acoustic impedance of air, of zero, less than 1, less than about 10, less than about 100, or less than about 1,000. In some embodiments, the
shield 100 comprises one or more adjacent layers of materials that have an acoustic impedance that differ by a magnitude of at least 10,000,000. In some embodiments, theshield 100 comprises one or more adjacent layers of materials that have an acoustic impedance that differ by a magnitude approaching infinity. In some embodiments, theshield 100 comprises one or more adjacent layers of materials that have an acoustic impedance that differ by a magnitude that is infinite. - In various embodiments,
materials shield 100. In one embodiment,materials more material layers shield 100. In various embodiments, the relative difference of acoustic impedance values between any twomaterials adjacent materials - In various embodiments, one or
more layers more layers more layers more layers more layers shield 100, which can communicated to theprocedure system 10 or communicated by a scale or numerical display on theshield 100. In various embodiments, one ormore layers more layers - In accordance with various embodiments, a
shield 100 is configured to protect and/or shield variousnon-target regions 30, such as body parts, tissues, organs, implants, medical devices, and/or material in situ in the patient's body from high levels of acoustic energy during ultrasound treatment (e.g., cosmetic enhancement), and/or imaging procedures with an ultrasound transducer that are intended for affectingtarget tissue 20 with the transmission ofultrasound energy 12. In some embodiments, theshield 100 is configured to fit over a procedure recipient's eye, mouth, nose, ear or other body part to protect and/or shield thenon-target region 30 from high levels of acoustic energy during an ultrasound treatment and/or imaging procedure intended to treat, enhance, and/or image tissues surrounding the orifices. In some embodiments, theshield 100 is configured to protect and/or shieldnon-target region 30 from ultrasound energy and a photon based energy emitted during a cosmetic enhancement procedure. For example, theshield 100 can be positioned to protect and/or shieldnon-target region 30 from energy emitted by an ultrasound transducer and energy emitted by a laser. - As illustrated at
FIG. 4 , in accordance with various embodiments, ashield 100 is configured to protect anon-target region 30 that is aneye 400. In some embodiments, theshield 100 is configured to fit over aneye 400 to shield and/or protect theeye 400 from potentially damaging levels of acoustic energy during therapeutic ultrasound treatment (e.g., cosmetic enhancement) and/or imaging procedures intended to treat, and/or enhance, and/or imagecertain target tissues 20, or body parts, organs, implants, and/or material in situ in the body of a procedure recipient, such as a treatment recipient or patient. Theeye 400 includes acornea 410 that projects outward in a dome shape from the roughly spherical shape of theeye 400. Theupper eyelid 420 andlower eyelid 430 are positioned around theeye 400. In various embodiments, thetarget tissue 20 can be theupper eyelid 420, thelower eyelid 430, or any region on, near or around the upper orlower eyelids upper eyelid 420 andlower eyelid 430 are closed, they at least partially enclose or surround theeye 400. A caruncula lacrimalis (not illustrated) is positioned between the eye and nose, and can be recognized as a soft tissue bulge between theupper eyelid 420 andlower eyelid 430 near the nose. Various muscles and tendons (not illustrated) are located around theeye 400. - In one embodiment, the
shield 100 is configured to fit over aneye 400 and is sufficiently thin to fit under anupper eyelid 420, alower eyelid 430, or both. In one embodiment, theshield 100 is configured to cover and/or contact a portion of aneye 400. In one embodiment, theshield 100 is configured to cover and/or contact a portion or thewhole cornea 410. In one embodiment, theshield 100 is configured with one or more domes orindentations 112 in one or more layers to create a space and/or cavity over a portion of and/or theentire cornea 410. In one embodiment, theshield 100 is configured to cover and/or contact a portion of the sclera, or white part of theeye 400. In one embodiment, theshield 100 comprises a medicant, such as for example, a medicant, which can numb at least a portion of theeye 400, a medicant, which can protect a portion of theeye 400, a medicant, which can maintain and/or increase moisture in theeye 400, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, theshield 100 comprises a source of saline solution in communication with a portion of theeye 400. - In various embodiments, the
shield 100 is configured to be rigid, stiff, pliable, compliant, moldable, and/or flexible. In various embodiments, theshield 100 is configured to be gas permeable and/or gas impermeable. In various embodiments, theshield 100 is configured to fit the only the right eye or only the left eye and/or both eyes. In various embodiments, theshield 100 is configured to fit with theupper eyelid 420, alower eyelid 430, caruncula lacrimalis, tendons and/or muscles around theeye 400. - In various embodiments, the
shield 100 includes one ormore layers shield 100 includes ananterior surface 102 in contact with theupper eyelid 420, thelower eyelid 430, or both. In various embodiments, theshield 100 includes aposterior surface 104 adjacent theeye 400. In various embodiments, theshield 100 includes one ormore edges 106. In some embodiments, one ormore shield 100surfaces edges 106 are polished. In various embodiments, theshield 100 may comprise one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, more than ten, twenty, fifty, less than one-hundred, one-hundred, or more layers, each layer made of a material. In one embodiment, theposterior surface 104 comprises a medicant, such as for example, a medicant that numbs at least a portion of theeye 400, a medicant that maintains and/or increase moisture in theeye 400, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, theposterior surface 104 comprises a source of saline solution in communication with a portion of theeye 400. In one embodiment, theposterior surface 104 can be hydrophilic. In one embodiment, theposterior surface 104 comprises a video display. In one embodiment, theanterior surface 102 comprises a display configured to communicate a condition of theshield 100. -
FIGS. 5 , 6A and 6B, 7A and 7B, and 8A and 8B illustrate various embodiments of ashield 100. In one embodiment,shield 100 comprises or consists of afirst layer 110 made of afirst material 115, which is adjacent and connected to asecond layer 120 made ofsecond material 125. In one embodiment, the shield comprises athird layer 130 made ofthird material 135, which is adjacent and connected to asecond layer 120 made ofsecond material 125. In various embodiments, theshield 100 can comprise any number of additional adjacent, connectedlayers 150 made of any number ofmaterials 155 are also present, depending on the total number of layers in theshield 100. In various embodiments, thelayers first layer 110 contacts athird layer 130, with asecond layer 120 in between. In one embodiment, afirst layer 110 contacts athird layer 130, with asecond layer 120 in between along one ormore edges 106. In one embodiment, asecond layer 120 can be sealed between afirst layer 110 and athird layer 130. Thelayers different materials - In one embodiment, the
shield 100 comprises two or more layers configured as a contact lens for covering the cornea. In one embodiment, theshield 100 comprises two or more layers configured as a large contact lens for covering the cornea and at least a portion of the sclera. In one embodiment, theshield 100 comprises two or more layers configured as a contact lens for covering the cornea and the visible sclera when theeyelids eye 400. In one embodiment, theshield 100 is gas permeable. - In one optional embodiment, the
shield 100 includes amanipulation device 162. In various embodiments, themanipulation device 162 is permanently, temporarily, or removably attachable to theanterior surface 102 of an outer layer. In various embodiments, themanipulation device 162 is configured to assist in placement, implantation, movement, and/or removal of theshield 100 from the body. In various embodiments, themanipulation device 162 is a handle and/or other similar gripping device to aid in the placement and removal of theshield 100. In one embodiment, themanipulation device 162 is selectively attachable and detachable to theshield 100 at amanipulation device interface 160. - In various embodiments, the
manipulation device 162 is be positioned anywhere on theshield 100. In various embodiments, themanipulation device 162 is positioned near or against thelower eyelid 430 below thecornea 410, enabling theupper eyelid 420 to close with minimal engagement with themanipulation device 162, thereby reducing potential movement of theshield 100. In various embodiments, themanipulation device 162 is configured to be placed and/or removed using suction type devices, fingers and/or tweezers, a latch, a lock, a thread, a snap fit, a peg, a lever, an interface, magnetism, adhesive, hook and loop, or other attachment means or mechanism. In various embodiments, themanipulation device 162 is configured to be removable or detachable. In various embodiments, theshield 100 optionally includes one or more small relief holes, channels and/or grooves to aid in the placement and/or removal of theshield 100 from theeye 400. Theshield 100 can also be configured to have a detachablemanipulation device interface 160. - In accordance with one embodiment for a method of protecting and/or shielding a
non-target region 30 fromacoustic energy 12 during a procedure, the method includes interposing ashield 100 between anultrasound procedure system 310 and thenon-target region 30 that is not intended to be enhanced and/or treated and/or imaged by ultrasound and/or various other treatment and/or imaging procedures. In one embodiment, theultrasound procedure system 310 emitsultrasound energy 12 to affect atarget tissue 20. In one embodiment, theshield 100 is removed once theultrasound procedure system 310 completes its emission ofultrasound energy 12 to affect thetarget tissue 20. - In various embodiments, a method of shielding the
eye 400 from an emission ofultrasound energy 12 in a cosmetic enhancement procedure to the area around aneye 400 includes the steps of positioning ashield 100 between aneyelid eye 400 and applyingultrasound energy 12 from a transducer to tissue proximate theupper eyelid 420 and thelower eyelid 430. In some embodiments, theshield 100 includes afirst layer 110 with afirst material 115 with a first acoustic impedance, asecond layer 120 with asecond material 125 with a second acoustic impedance, and athird layer 130 with athird material 135 having a third acoustic impedance. In some embodiments, thesecond layer 120 is in contact with and adjacent to thefirst layer 110. In some embodiments, thethird layer 130 is in contact with and adjacent to thesecond layer 120. In various embodiments, the first acoustic impedance is at least ten, hundred, thousand, ten thousand, one hundred thousand or more times the second acoustic impedance. In various embodiments, the third acoustic impedance is at least ten, hundred, thousand, ten thousand, one hundred thousand or more times the second acoustic impedance. In some embodiments, the first layer, the second layer and the third layer are configured to reduce acoustic transmission to theeye 400. - In various embodiments, a method of shielding a
non-targeted region 30 of a body from undesired emission ofenergy shield 100 between anon-targeted region 30 of the body a source of theenergy energy non-targeted region 30 of the body. In one embodiment, theshield 100 includes afirst layer 110 with a first acoustic impedance, asecond layer 120 with a second acoustic impedance, and athird layer 130 with a third acoustic impedance. Thesecond layer 120 is in contact with thefirst layer 110 and thethird layer 130. The first acoustic impedance and the third acoustic impedance are at least one thousand times the second acoustic impedance. Thefirst layer 110, thesecond layer 120 and thethird layer 130 are configured to reduce application of theenergy non-targeted region 30 of the body. In various embodiments, theundesired energy 12 comprisesultrasound energy 12, or comprises a combination ofultrasound energy 12 and at least one other energy. In one embodiment, the method also includes applyingenergy 12 from a transducer to tissue proximate theupper eyelid 420 and thelower eyelid 430. In one embodiment, the method can further include applying theenergy - In various embodiments, a method of shielding an eye from ultrasound energy in a cosmetic enhancement procedure to the area around the eye, includes the steps of positioning a
shield 100 between a portion of the eye, and a ultrasound source then applying ultrasound energy from the ultrasonic transducer to target tissue proximate to the eye, and shielding the portion of the eye from the ultrasound energy. In one embodiment, theshield 100 comprises a plurality of layers having a plurality of acoustic impedances, wherein at least one of the plurality of layers comprises an acoustic impendence of at least 10,000 times greater than an acoustic impendence of an adjacent layer. In one embodiment, the plurality of layers comprise a first layer comprising a first acoustic impedance, a second layer in contact with the first layer, and comprising a second acoustic impedance being at least ten thousand times less than the first acoustic impedance, and a third layer comprising a third material in contact with the second layer and comprising a third acoustic impedance being at least ten thousand times greater than the second acoustic impedance. In one embodiment, the method can include the step of applying a second energy to the target tissue proximate to the eye; and shielding the portion of the eye from the second energy. In one embodiment, the second energy is a photon-based energy. In one embodiment, a source of the second energy is a laser. - In one embodiment, a
shield 100 includes material with an impedance that is similar to, or not significantly different from a tissue impedance. In one embodiment, ashield 100 material does not have a large impedance when compared to tissue. In one embodiment, ashield 100 material is matched to tissue so reflections ofenergy 12 are not immediately created that may cause a secondary lesion to form or add to the already distributed energy at the focus from the forward propagation of theenergy 12 from aprocedure system 10. This material although matched to tissue, or in one embodiment, water, would ‘catch’ the impingingacoustic energy 12 and have a high enough attenuation to stop it before it hits the eye or other tissue. In one embodiment, ashield 100 has a specific heat that is high enough such that the temperature rise of such a material upon absorbingenergy 12 would be reduced, or minimal. In various embodiments, a shield is configured to reach not more than a maximum temperature when energy is directed to the shield. In some embodiments, a maximum temperature of a shield is 60° C., 50° C., 45° C., 43° C., 40° C., or less. - In various embodiments, a method of shielding a non-targeted region of a body from an emission of energy includes the steps of positioning a
shield 100 between a non-targeted region of the body a source of emission of energy, emitting the energy into target tissue proximate to the non-targeted region of the body, and blocking the energy transmission from the non-targeted region of the body. In one embodiment, theshield 100 comprises at least two adjacent layers comprising acoustic impedance differing by a factor of at least 10,000. In one embodiment, the method can include the step of cosmetically enhancing a portion of the target tissue. In one embodiment, the energy is ultrasonic energy and at least one other energy. In one embodiment, the at least one other energy comprises a photon-based energy. In one embodiment, the method can include applying energy from an ultrasonic transducer to target tissue proximate the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid. In one embodiment, the method can include applying energy from an ultrasonic transducer for blepharoplasty. - In various embodiments, a
shield 100 configured for selectively protecting tissue from at least two energy sources, comprising a first layer, which comprises a first material with a first impedance and a second layer in contact with and adjacent to the first layer, the second layer comprises a second material with a second impedance. In one embodiment, the first impedance is at least ten thousand times greater than the second impedance. In one embodiment, the first layer and the second layer are configured to reduce transmission to a non-target region in a body of a subject, and at least one of the first layer and the second layer is configured to at least one of the at least two energy sources. In one embodiment, at least two energy sources are an ultrasound energy source and a photon-based energy source. In one embodiment, at least one of the first layer and the second layer is configured to block a photon-based energy. In one embodiment, one of the first layer and the second layer is opaque to a photon-based energy. - In one embodiment, a
shield 100 is attached to theprocedure system 10 ensure proper alignment for a procedure. In various embodiments, theshield 100 can be attached, locked, temporarily connected, adhered, interfaced, and/or aligned with theprocedure system 10. - In various embodiments, a
shield 100 can comprise highly absorptive materials with a reasonably high specific heat and/or thermally conductive and non-thermally conductive layers. In some embodiments, ashield 100 uses reflection to redirectenergy 12. In some embodiments, ashield 100 absorbs theenergy 12 and converts it to another form. In one embodiment, ashield 100 absorbs theenergy 12 and converts it to heat. In one embodiment, ashield 100 material may have an absorption coefficient of nearly 50 dB per cm at 5 MHz. Although absorption can attenuate theenergy beam 12, one challenge is controlling the temperature rise in theshield 100 upon absorption of part of the energy. In various embodiments, the rise in temperature can be mitigated by choosing materials with high specific heats or diverting the heating that occurs in the acoustic block. If not dissipated properly, theshield 100 material may heat up, causing pain, discomfort, damage, and/or burns to a tissue. In one embodiment, ashield 100 comprises thermally conductive materials that pulls the heat away from the tissue surface and dissipate the heat away from the main part of theshield 100. In one embodiment, a multilayer design can comprise thermally conductive materials to remove heat from theshield 100. In one embodiment, a multilayer design can comprise thermally insulative materials to reduce the transmission of heat from theshield 100 to tissue. - In several embodiments of the invention, the
shield 100 is configured for placing under aneyelid eye 400. In one embodiment, theshield 100 is dimensioned to shield only portions of theeye 400, and can be shaped and dimensioned similar to a contact lens. In yet other embodiments, theshield 100 is dimensioned to shield theentire eye 400. Theshield 100 may or may not be configured to contact theeye 400. For ocular embodiments, the shield can be coated with (or otherwise contain) lubricating drops or other features that enhance patient comfort. - In non-ocular embodiments, dimensions are adapted to the target area. For example, the
shield 100 can have a length and/or width that is between about 2 cm-48 cm, or larger.Shield 100 shapes can further include rectangular, square, triangular or can have an amorphous appearance. In some embodiments, the layered materials disclosed herein can be used to construct protective clothing-like constructs (including, but not limited to, vests and aprons). - In some embodiments, the
shield 100 is configured for blocking or redirectingpost-focal energy 12 from reaching anon-target region 30. In some embodiments, theshield 100 is configured to re-radiate theenergy 12 and create a focus from a secondary reflection. In some embodiments, ashield 100 is configured to re-radiate theenergy 12 and create a focus from a secondary reflection with one or more surface features 170. In one embodiment, asurface feature 170 is a facet. In one embodiment, asurface feature 170 is a contour. In various embodiments, the shape and/or material of asurface feature 170 redirectsenergy 12 and focuses and/or disperses theenergy 12 away from thenon-target region 30. In one embodiment, aconcave surface feature 170 redirectsenergy 12 to a focus in a location directed away from anon-target region 30. In one embodiment, aconvex surface feature 170 redirectsenergy 12 to a focus in a location directed away from anon-target region 30. In various embodiments, two or more surface features 170 can be positioned or aligned in such a way to further disperse or redirectenergy 12. - In some embodiments, a
shield 100 has a surface finish configured for high reflection and/or scattering coefficients. In some embodiments, ashield 100 has a surface finish that increases the reflection coefficient by producing air pockets between theshield 100 and tissue. In one embodiment, aneye shield 100 has a surface finish with one ormore features 170 that increase the reflection coefficient by producing air pockets between the eye shield and eye lid as well as the eye shield and eye ball. - In one embodiment, a partially focused wave or plane wave radiation from the
procedure system 10 would reflect off one ormore features 170 of theshield 100 and focus at a location different from thenon-target region 30. In one embodiment, a partially focused wave or plane wave radiation from theprocedure system 10 would reflect off one ormore features 170 of theshield 100 and focus at atarget tissue 20. In one embodiment, use of reflected energy off ashield 100 can significantly reduce the blocking requirements of ashield 100. In one embodiment, a partially focused wave or plane wave radiation from theprocedure system 10 would reflect off one ormore features 170 of aneye shield 100 and focus at atarget tissue 20 in an intended depth in an eyelid. In one embodiment, post focal energy is directed toward thedevice 10 and not the patient. In one embodiment, post focal energy is directed away from anon-target region 30. In one embodiment, post focal energy is directed towardtarget tissue 20. - As shown in
FIGS. 9A-10D , various embodiments ofshields 100 with a plurality offeatures 170 can be used to improve scattering, attenuation and/or overall blocking ability. In some embodiments, concave and/orconvex features 170 are on one, two, or more sides of ashield 100. In some embodiments, features 170 can be in the same or different planes.FIGS. 9A-9D illustrate an embodiment with a plurality offeatures 170 in the same plane, such that the cross section shows features 170 on two or more sides of ashield 100 that are aligned in a same plane (e.g. a plane that is parallel to the cross-sectional view).FIG. 9A illustrates one embodiment of ashield 100 with a plurality ofconcave features 170.FIG. 9B illustrates one embodiment of ashield 100 with a plurality ofconvex features 170.FIG. 9C illustrates one embodiment of ashield 100 with a plurality of concave andconvex features 170 arranged in an in-phase configuration.FIG. 9D illustrates one embodiment of ashield 100 with a plurality of concave andconvex features 170 arranged in an out-of-phase configuration. -
FIGS. 10A-10D illustrate an embodiment with a plurality offeatures 170 in different planes, such that the cross section showsfeatures shield 100 that are not aligned in a same plane (e.g. features 170 and 172 are not in the same plane that is parallel to the cross-sectional view).FIG. 10A illustrates one embodiment of ashield 100 with a plurality ofconcave features 170 that are in a first plane, and a plurarlity ofconcave features 172 that are in a second plane, the second plane different from the first plane.FIG. 10B illustrates one embodiment of ashield 100 with a plurality ofconvex features FIG. 10C illustrates one embodiment of ashield 100 with a plurality of concave andconvex features FIG. 10D illustrates one embodiment of ashield 100 with a plurality of concave andconvex features FIGS. 10A-10D ,certain features -
FIG. 11 illustrates various embodiments of a shield from a top view showing a number offeatures certain features 170 are in different alignments fromother features 172. - In some embodiments, one or
more features 170 on ashield 100 reduce or prevent acoustic coupling. In some embodiments, the size of afeature 170 would be on the order of a wavelength to produce a scattering effect. In some embodiments, if the size of thefeature 170 is larger than a wavelength, then each feature 170 acts more like a specular reflector. In various embodiments, features 170 may exist on one side, two, three, four, or more sides of theshield 100. The size, density and pattern offeatures 170 can be varied depending on the reflectivity requirements, wavelength used, and the possibility of moisture/water ingress into the pockets during treatment. In one embodiment, ashield 100 can include one ormore features 170 that reduce and/or prevent moisture or water ingress during a procedure. Although various embodiments offeature 170 patterns can be aligned, it is also contemplated to have embodiments with random modifications to the surface finish that would also help increase the scattering or reduction ofenergy 12 transmission with respect to anon-target region 30. - In various embodiments, a
shield 100 can de-focus anenergy beam 12 that exits theshield 100. In one embodiment, ashield 100 comprises defocusing materials that further and more rapidly spread theenergy 12. In one embodiment, ifenergy 12 is focused prior to the reflection off of theshield 100, then a top layer of theshield 100 may also be used to increase the overall spread of the reflection away from thenon-target region 30. - In one embodiment, a
shield 100 acts as an acoustic transmission line. In some embodiments, ashield 100 can use one or more materials that do not have a significant difference in impedance to tissue and still reduce acoustic transmission to safe levels. In one embodiment, for ashield 100 that approximates a lossless acoustic transmission line, the input impedance is given as: -
- or
- Zin(l)=Z0×((ZL+jZ0 tan(β1))/(Z0+jZL tan(β1))
- where ZL is the load impedance
- where Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the transmission line
- where β is 2π/λ and
- where l is the thickness of the shield.
- In one embodiment, a
shield 100 has a thickness (l) that is a multiple of half a wavelength and the input impedance is just ZL which is the acoustic impedance of tissue. In this case, it is as though the acoustic transmission line orshield 100 is not even present. In one embodiment, ashield 100 has a thickness (l) is half a wavelength. In this case, the input impedance is: -
- or
- Zin=Z0̂2/ZL
- where ZL is the load impedance and
- where Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the transmission line.
- In one embodiment, although the characteristic impedance is roughly a factor of 2 different than water (e.g. 3 MRayls), the input impedance may be much higher, depending on the frequency and thickness. In one example, an embodiment of a shield is made of epoxy with an input effective impedance is 6 MRayls. In this case, the reflection coefficient is 60%, which is higher than the 33% predicted if the 3 MRayls was semi-infinite.
-
FIG. 12 illustrates one embodiment of ashield 100 with anenergy diversion device 230 that is configured to remove or dissipateenergy shield 100. In some embodiments,acoustic energy 12 that is absorbed by theshield 100 is converted to heat. This heat can raise the temperature of theshield 100, causing discomfort or damage to any surrounding tissue. In some embodiments, theshield 100 includes an absorbing material with a high heat capacity, such that more energy is needed to raise the temperature of the absorbing material. In various embodiments, ashield 100 reduces the thermal conductivity to surrounding tissue by absorbingenergy 12 with a high heat capacity, or by routing the heat away from the tissue through anenergy diversion device 230. In various embodiments, theenergy diversion device 230 is a heat conduit, a coolant channel, a heat exchanger, and/or a fluid circuit configured to draw excess heat or energy from theshield 100 and surrounding tissue. - In some embodiments,
acoustic energy 12 that is absorbed by theshield 100 is converted to electrical energy. In some embodiments,acoustic energy 12 that is absorbed by theshield 100 is converted to electrical energy through a piezoelectric effect. In one embodiment, theshield 100 includes a piezoelectric sensor configured to absorbenergy 12 and convert it in to an electrical signal. In various embodiments, theenergy diversion device 230 is an electrical circuit. - In one embodiment, a
shield 100 includes one or more acoustic sensors (piezoelectric) that may be used to give confirmation to a physician thatenergy 12 is being properly blocked, reduced, targeted, or aligned with theshield 100 with respect to targettissue 20 and/or anon-target region 30. In one embodiment, an acoustic sensor is a piezoelectric sensor. In one embodiment, one or more thermocouples may be added to and/or embedded in theshield 100 to monitor temperature, shield performance, heating, and/or proper positioning of theshield 100 with respect to targettissue 20 and/or anon-target region 30. - In various embodiments, a
shield 100 can combine features or characteristics of any of the embodiments disclosed herein. - The following example is intended to be a non-limiting embodiment of the invention.
- As illustrated at
FIGS. 13 and 14 , it was experimentally verified that an embodiment of amulti-layered shield 100, which was placed between variousultrasound procedure systems 310—andnon-target region 30, reduced or eliminated the transmission of ultrasound waves 12 to anon-target region 30. In the experiment, theshield 100 was constructed of a multi-layer stack of stainless steel, air, and stainless steel with a total thickness 1.40 mm. Theshield 100 had afirst layer 110 made offirst material 115 stainless steel, asecond layer 120 made of second material 125 air, and athird layer 130 made ofthird material 135 stainless steel. The purpose of the experiment was to quantify the residual level of acoustic power that could pass from a superficial ultrasound transducer through a multi-layered stainless steel layers into anon-target region 30 with sensors to measure ultrasonic transmission. Two different ultrasonic transducers were utilized in the respectiveultrasonic procedure systems 310, a 7.5 MHz-3.0 mm focal depth ultrasonic transducer and a 10.5 MHz-2.0 mm focal depth ultrasonic transducer. Theshield 100 was mounted 0.5 mm away from the surface of the respectiveultrasonic transducer 310 with hot melt adhesive at the periphery of theshield 100. Power with and without theshield 100 was measured three times and averaged. - Two measurement methods were utilized: a hydrophone (measuring pressure) and radiation force balance (measuring acoustic power). In both cases emitted
energy 12 was measured with and without the stainlesssteel stack shield 100. Transmission loss was evaluated as the ratio of power with theshield 100 to without theshield 100. The results of the experiment summarized atFIG. 14 show acoustic power measurements with theshield 100 in both cases with both types of ultrasonic transducers having a residual power transmission of 0 watts, within measurement limits of 150 mW, representing over 100×attenuation (>20 dB) compared to the 16 watt incident power. Hydrophone measurements reveal extreme attenuation of over 56 dB down (2.5 parts per million) which is at the noise floor of measurements. Without themulti-layer shield 100 in place, 15.6 watts of acoustic power was transmitted to the sensor with the 7.5 MHz-3.0 mm focal depth ultrasonic transducer and 14.6 watts of acoustic power was transmitted to the sensor with the 10.5 MHz-2.0 mm focal depth ultrasonic transducer. - Additionally, as illustrated in
FIG. 14 , experimental hydrophone measurements revealed attenuation of over 56 dB down with themulti-layer shield 100 in place. Theultrasonic transducers 310 were placed facing upward in a degassed water bath at room temperature. The entire apparatus was slightly inclined so that any air bubbles in theultrasonic transducers 310 stay out of the acoustic path. A Dapco needle hydrophone mounted in a 3-axis micrometer adjustable stage was used to monitor intensity. A FET probe and narrowband (300 Hz) spectrum analyzer were used to measure the hydrophone voltage. The FET probe had a gain of −20 dB. Dynamic range was limited to −56 dB. With no interveningshield 100, the peak intensity was located by iteratively adjusting the XYZ stage. Theshield 100 was then placed between oneultrasonic transducer 310 at a time and the hydrophone. Fine adjustments were then made to hydrophone position to relocate the highest intensity. - In one embodiment, no power (0 watts or 0%) of the 15-16 watt incident power was detected, within the lower limit of measurement resolution (±0.15 watts). Thus, according to several embodiments of the invention, the
shield 100 was able to block 100% of acoustic energy. In other embodiments of the invention, theshield 100 blocks at least 99%, 95%, 90%, 80%, 70% or 50% of undesired energy (including, but not limited to, ultrasound energy). - Some embodiments and the examples described herein are examples and not intended to be limiting in describing the full scope of compositions and methods of these invention. Equivalent changes, modifications and variations of some embodiments, materials, compositions and methods can be made within the scope of the present invention, with substantially similar results.
Claims (20)
1. An eye shield configured for selectively protecting an eye from acoustic energy applied to surrounding tissue, the eye shield comprising:
a first layer comprising a first material with a first acoustic impedance;
a second layer in contact with and adjacent to the first layer, the second layer comprising a second material with a second acoustic impedance, the first acoustic impedance being at least ten times the second acoustic impedance; and
a third layer comprising a third material in contact with and adjacent to the second layer, the third material having a third acoustic impedance, the third acoustic impedance being at least ten times the second acoustic impedance.
2. The shield of claim 1 , wherein the first layer, the second layer and the third layer are configured to reduce acoustic transmission to the eye.
3. The shield of claim 1 , further an energy diversion device configured to remove or dissipate energy absorbed by the shield, the energy diversion device comprising at least one of the group consisting of a heat conduit, a coolant channel, a heat exchanger, a fluid circuit, and an electrical circuit.
4. The shield of claim 1 , further comprising a surface finish selected from the group consisting of a reflective surface, a smooth surface, a pitted surface, a sandblasted surface, a patterned surface, a surface with pockets, a surface with concave features, and a surface with convex features.
5. A biocompatible shield configured for selectively protecting tissue from at least two energy sources, comprising:
a first layer,
wherein the first layer comprises a first material with a first impedance; and
a second layer in contact with and adjacent to the first layer,
wherein the second layer comprises a second material with a second impedance,
wherein the first impedance is at least ten thousand times greater than the second impedance,
wherein the first layer and the second layer are configured to reduce transmission to a non-target region in a body of a subject, and
wherein at least one of the first layer and the second layer is configured to at least one of the at least two energy sources.
6. The shield of claim 5 , wherein the at least two energy sources comprise an ultrasound energy source and a photon-based energy source.
7. The shield of claim 5 , wherein at least one of the first layer and the second layer is configured to block a photon-based energy.
8. The shield of claim 5 , wherein one of the first layer and the second layer is opaque to a photon-based energy.
9. The shield of claim 5 , further an energy diversion device configured to remove or dissipate energy absorbed by the shield, the energy diversion device comprising at least one of the group consisting of a heat conduit, a coolant channel, a heat exchanger, a fluid circuit, and an electrical circuit.
10. The shield of claim 5 , further comprising a surface finish selected from the group consisting of a reflective surface, a smooth surface, a pitted surface, a sandblasted surface, a patterned surface, a surface with pockets, a surface with concave features, and a surface with convex features.
11. A method of shielding a non-targeted region of a body from an emission of energy, the method comprising:
positioning a shield between a non-targeted region of the body a source of emission of energy, the shield comprising at least two adjacent layers having a difference in acoustic impedance of a factor of at least 10,000;
emitting the energy into target tissue proximate to the non-targeted region of the body; and
blocking the energy transmission from the non-targeted region of the body
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the at least two adjacent layers comprise:
a first layer comprising a first acoustic impedance; and
a second layer in contact with the first layer, and comprising a second acoustic impedance being at least ten thousand times less than the first acoustic impedance.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the shield comprises:
a first layer comprising a first acoustic impedance;
a second layer in contact with the first layer, and comprising a second acoustic impedance being at least ten thousand times less than the first acoustic impedance; and
a third layer comprising a third material in contact with the second layer and comprising third acoustic impedance being at least ten thousand times greater than the second acoustic impedance.
14. The method of claim 11 , further comprising cosmetically enhancing a portion of the target tissue.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein the energy comprises ultrasonic energy and a second energy.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein said at least one other energy comprises a photon-based energy.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein a source of the second energy is a laser.
18. The method of claim 11 , further comprising applying energy from an ultrasonic transducer to target tissue proximate the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid.
19. The method of claim 11 , further comprising applying energy from an ultrasonic transducer for blepharoplasty.
20. The shield of claim 11 , further comprising dissipating energy from the shield wan an energy diversion device comprising at least one of the group consisting of a heat conduit, a coolant channel, a heat exchanger, a fluid circuit, and an electrical circuit.
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