US20130343086A1 - Light guides and backlight systems incorporating light redirectors at varying densities - Google Patents
Light guides and backlight systems incorporating light redirectors at varying densities Download PDFInfo
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- US20130343086A1 US20130343086A1 US14/012,120 US201314012120A US2013343086A1 US 20130343086 A1 US20130343086 A1 US 20130343086A1 US 201314012120 A US201314012120 A US 201314012120A US 2013343086 A1 US2013343086 A1 US 2013343086A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
- G02B6/0035—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
- G02B6/0036—2-D arrangement of prisms, protrusions, indentations or roughened surfaces
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0013—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide
- G02B6/0015—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
- G02B6/0018—Redirecting means on the surface of the light guide
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
- G02B6/0035—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
- G02B6/0038—Linear indentations or grooves, e.g. arc-shaped grooves or meandering grooves, extending over the full length or width of the light guide
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
- G02B6/005—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided by one optical element, or plurality thereof, placed on the light output side of the light guide
- G02B6/0055—Reflecting element, sheet or layer
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
- G02B6/0058—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide varying in density, size, shape or depth along the light guide
- G02B6/0061—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide varying in density, size, shape or depth along the light guide to provide homogeneous light output intensity
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0065—Manufacturing aspects; Material aspects
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0066—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form characterised by the light source being coupled to the light guide
- G02B6/0068—Arrangements of plural sources, e.g. multi-colour light sources
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0013—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide
- G02B6/0015—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
- G02B6/002—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it by shaping at least a portion of the light guide, e.g. with collimating, focussing or diverging surfaces
- G02B6/0021—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it by shaping at least a portion of the light guide, e.g. with collimating, focussing or diverging surfaces for housing at least a part of the light source, e.g. by forming holes or recesses
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Planar Illumination Modules (AREA)
Abstract
Light guides and backlight systems are disclosed that include one or more groups of geometric light redirectors whose arrangement and/or orientation across the surface of a light guide varies to improve light emission uniformity and to reduce visual artifacts.
Description
- This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/570,840, filed on Aug. 9, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13,164,469, filed on Jun. 20, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,262,274, issued on Sep. 11, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/973,187, filed on Oct. 5, 2007, now Abandoned, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/853,409, filed on Oct. 20, 2006; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/930,855, filed on May 18, 2007, both of which are now Expired. The entirety of each of these applications is incorporated herein by reference.
- The displays of many portable devices rely on backlights to provide their illumination. Viewers of these displays desire uniform light emission across the surface of a display with as few visual artifacts as possible. As screens become larger, multiple spatially separated light sources are used to illuminate the backlight. Such illumination schemes increase the challenge of providing artifact free, uniform light emission from a display.
- There is a need in the art for a backlight providing improved light emission uniformity, with limited visual artifacts, particularly when multiple, spatially separated light sources are employed to illuminate the backlight. According to one aspect, the invention relates to a light guide of display. The light guide includes a front surface, a rear surface, and at least one edge separating the front and rear surfaces. The light guide includes a first light introduction position on an edge of the light guide through which a light source introduces light into the light guide. The light guide also has a second light introduction position, either on the same or on a different edge, through which a second light source introduces light into the light guide. The first light introduction position is spatially separated from the second light introduction position.
- The light guide also includes a plurality of geometric light redirectors, also referred to herein as deflectors. The light redirectors may have triangular, trapezoidal, trapezial, cylindrical, rounded, or other defined geometric cross section. In one implementation, at least some of the light redirectors have dimensions that are smaller than 500 microns. The light redirectors are distributed amongst three regions of either the front or rear surfaces of the light guide. A first region includes light redirectors predominantly, if not solely, from a first group of light redirectors. The second region includes light redirectors predominantly, if not solely from a second group of light redirectors. The third region includes light redirectors from both groups.
- Light redirectors in the first group substantially face the first light introduction position. That is, a front face of a light redirector in the first group is substantially perpendicular (e.g., within plus or minus 20 degrees of perpendicular) to a line connecting the light redirector, for example from the center of its front face, to the first light introduction position. Light redirectors in the second group similarly substantially face the second light introduction position. The light redirectors in each group may vary in size, shape, and angle relative to the line connecting the light redirector to its corresponding light introduction position. The light redirectors may increase in height with distance from the corresponding light introduction position.
- In one embodiment, the light guide also includes a plurality of light sources. At least one light source is associated with each light introduction position. The light source might be white or colored. A single light source may include multiple colored lamps. The lamps may be, for example, light emitting diodes.
- In another aspect, the invention relates to a light guide of a display that includes a plurality of geometric light redirectors that face a light introduction position on an edge of the light guide. The density of the plurality of light redirectors, beginning at a first distance along a direction radially extending from the light introduction position, gradually decreases as the distance increases. In addition, the light redirectors may increase in height with in relation to their respective distances from the light introduction position. The density may decrease substantially continuously or in a step wise fashion. In one implementation, the direction in which the density of the light redirectors gradually decreases is at least partially towards a second light introduction position on an edge of the light guide.
- In another aspect, the invention relates to a light guide of a display having a front surface, a rear surface, and first, second, and third edges separating the front and rear surfaces. Distributed across one of the front surface and the rear surface are a plurality of first geometric light redirectors, each having a front face substantially perpendicular to a line connecting the front face to a light introduction position on the first edge, and a plurality of second geometric light redirectors, each having a front face oriented at least partially towards the second edge or third edge. The light redirectors may increase in height with in relation to their respective distances from the light introduction position.
- Reflective surfaces directed towards an interior of the light guide are positioned proximate the second and third edges and.
- The foregoing discussion will be understood more readily from the following detailed description of the invention with reference to the following drawings:
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FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a first backlight system, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention. -
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a second backlight system, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention. -
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a third backlight system, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention. -
FIG. 4 is a top view of a fourth backlight system, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention. -
FIG. 5 is a top view of a fifth backlight system, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention. -
FIG. 6A is a top view of a sixth backlight system, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention. -
FIG. 6B is a density contour map indicating the density of one of two populations of light redirectors in the sixth backlight system, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention. -
FIG. 7 is a top view of a sixth backlight system, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention. -
FIG. 8 is a top view of a seventh backlight system, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention. - To provide an overall understanding of the invention, certain illustrative embodiments will now be described, including backlights and backlight systems for providing illumination for a display. However, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the backlights and backlight systems described herein may be adapted and modified as is appropriate for the application being addressed and that the systems and methods described herein may be employed in other suitable applications, and that such other additions and modifications will not depart from the scope hereof.
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FIG. 1 illustrates abacklight system 101 that is useful in conjunction with a number of optical illumination devices, including liquid crystal displays or mechanical light modulator displays and/or architectural lighting devices. Thebacklight system 101 includes alight guide plate 125, made of a transparent material, that accepts light from a plurality oflamps 122, disposed along one edge of the light guide plate. Thebacklight system 101 is capable of redirecting light vertically, or in a direction normal to the plane of the light guide plate 125 (i.e. along the z-axis) and toward a spatial light modulator and/or a toward a viewer of the optical device. The spatial light modulator (not shown) can include an array of light modulators or pixels for forming an image from the light emanating out of thebacklight system 101. - In addition to the
lamps 122, thebacklight system 101 includescollimator structures 124. Light rays, such aslight rays 128, exiting thelamps 122, are reflected from the sides of thecollimators 124 and then enter thelight guide 125 substantially collimated with respect to the x-axis. The divergence of the ray's exiting the curved reflectors can be controlled within +/−50 degrees and in some cases into a divergence as narrow as +/−20 degrees. - The
light guide 125 includes an array of geometric light redirectors, also referred to asdeflectors 130, formed on the bottom surface oflight guide 125. The deflectors serve to re-direct light out of its trajectory in the x-y plane and into directions more closely aligned with the normal or z-axis of the backlight. In some cases, where thedeflectors 130 are coated with a metal film, thedeflectors 130 re-direct light by means of reflection from the metal surface. Inlight guide 125, however, the deflectors are formed from indentations or protuberances in the molded bottom surface oflight guide 125. The light reflections occur by means of partial or total internal reflection at the interface between the plasticlight guide 125 and the outside air. - The
deflectors 130 are 3-dimensional shapes formed from the indentations in or protuberances from the surface oflight guide plate 125. The cross section through the narrow dimension of thedeflector 130 is a trapezoid, i.e. each deflector has a flat top that is substantially parallel to the surface oflight guide plate 125. The cross section ofdeflector 130 along the longer axis is also a trapezoid. - All of the
deflectors 130 are arranged with their long axes parallel to the y-axis. Each deflector has a front face whose normal lies in the x-z plane. The angle of the front face with respect to the x-axis is chosen to maximize the amount of light, as exemplified byrays 128, that can be extracted from the light guide plate and directed substantially along the z-axis or toward the viewer. Thedeflector 130 has an aspect ratio in length to width greater than 2:1, in some cases greater than 20:1 - The
deflectors 130 are arranged with unequal spacing in the light guide 105. The closer spacing (or higher density of deflectors 130) at distances further from thelamps 122 helps to improve the uniformity of the luminous intensity of the light emitted out of the top surface of the light guide. AlthoughFIG. 1 shows the deflectors arranged in rows with more or less regular spacing between deflectors in a row, it is often advantageous to randomize the position or vary the spacings betweendeflectors 130 in a local area, in order to avoid illumination artifacts in the display. In some embodiments the size and shape of thedeflectors 130 is varied as a function of position in thelight guide plate 125. In other embodiments a variety of orientation angles is provided for the geometriclight redirectors 130. For instance, while on average thedeflectors 130 will have the surface normal of their front face lying in the x-z plane, a plurality ofdeflectors 130 could also be tilted so that their surface normals are directed slightly to the right or to the left of the x-z plane. - While the
deflectors 130 inbacklight system 101 are formed in the rear surface oflight guide 125, other embodiments are possible where the deflectors can be formed in the top surface of the light guide. Alternate shapes for the geometriclight redirectors 130 are known in the art including, without limitation, triangular prism structures, hexagonal prism structures, rhombohedral prism structures, curved or domed shapes, including cylindrical structures, as well as triangular prisms that include rounded corners or edges. For each of the these alternate shapes a front face can be identified on the geometric light redirector which possesses a particular orientation with respect to thelamps 122. As opposed to the use of paint dots, which are used in some backlight designs to scatter light into random directions, the front face of a geometric light redirector is designed to scatter light from a lamp into a particular set of directions. - The
backlight system 201 ofFIG. 2 is another example of a backlight for distributing light from a lamp uniformly throughout a planar light guide and re-directing such light toward a viewer. Thebacklight system 201 includes a plurality oflamps 202, and alight guide plate 205. Thelight guide 205 includes an array ofdeflectors 210. Thedeflectors 210 are long and curved indentations in or protuberances from the bottom surface oflight guide plate 205. In cross section, thedeflectors 210 are triangular in shape. Optionally, the bottom surface of thelight guide plate 205 is coated with or positioned proximate to a reflective metal surface. Thedeflectors 210 are arranged along the bottom oflight guide plate 205 along a series of concentric circles. Light rays such aslight rays lamp 202 in a radial direction within the x-y plane, generally perpendicular to the orientation of the deflector circles 210. After reflection fromdeflectors 210 thelight rays light guide 205, and towards the viewer. The density of placement ofdeflectors 210, or the spacing between concentric rings, is also varied as a function of distance from thelamp 202 in order to improve the uniformity of the emitted light. - The
backlight system 201 is capable of controlling the divergence of light emitted from the top surface of thebacklight system 201 to a cone angle of +/−50 degrees, in some cases as narrow as +/−20 degrees. The control of angles is achieved by substantially matching the arrangement of thedeflectors 210 to the radiation pattern of thelamps 202. The long axes ofdeflectors 210 are oriented perpendicular to the rays (or radial vectors) that emanate from thelamps 202. Expressed another way: the normals to the deflecting surfaces fromdeflectors 210 are contained within a plane that includes the z axis and the radial vectors fromlamps 202. Expressed in still another way, the deflecting surfaces of thedeflectors 210 intersect the bottom surface of thelight guide 205 at lines referred to herein as the “intersection lines.” The intersection lines are oriented perpendicular to lines that emanate radially from thelamp 202. - The
backlight system 351 ofFIG. 3 is another example of a backlight for distributing light from a lamp in a substantially uniform fashion throughout a planar light guide and re-directing such light toward a viewer. Thebacklight system 351 includeslamps 352, alight guide plate 355 and an array ofdeflectors 360. Optionally, the bottom surface of thelight guide plate 355 is coated with or positioned proximate to a reflective metal surface. Thedeflectors 360 have prismatic shapes similar todeflectors 130, except that thedeflectors 360 have a triangular cross section. The segmented or 3-dimensional deflectors 360 are placed along and oriented generally parallel to the circumference of series of circles. The segmented deflectors do not need to be perfectly parallel to the circumferential direction; instead they can have a randomized placement about an average orientation along the circumferential direction. The density of thedeflectors 360 varies as a function of distance from thelamps 352. The closer spacing betweendeflectors 360 at distances further from thelamps 352 helps to ensure the uniformity of the emitted light - The
backlight system 400 ofFIG. 4 is another example of a backlight in which 3-dimensional control of emitted light is established by incorporation of light redirectors arranged in a radial pattern. Thebacklight system 400 includes twolamps light guide plate 405, and a plurality ofdeflectors 410. Optionally, the bottom surface of thelight guide plate 405 is coated with or positioned proximate to a reflective metal surface. The 3-dimensional shape ofdeflectors 410 is not shown inFIG. 4 , but they are understood to possess either a trapezoidal cross section, as indeflectors 130, or a triangular cross section as indeflectors 360, or any of the cross sections for deflectors described within U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/528,191, described further below and incorporated herein by reference, including, for example, rounded, cylindrical, trapezoidal, or other regular geometric shapes. The long axis of eachdeflector 410 need not be straight, as shown inFIG. 4 , but can also be curved, for instance to match the circumference of a circle centered on one of thelamps - In U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/528,191, a display including an array of light modulators, a light guide, and front-facing and rear-facing reflective surfaces was described. The light guide includes a plurality of geometric light redirection centers to extract light from the backlight.
- In one embodiment described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/528,191, the light modulators are MEMS-based light modulators, for example, shutters, which selectively interfere with light that passes through corresponding apertures in the rear-facing reflective layer. The array of light modulators defines a display surface. The display plane is preferably substantially planar. The light guide includes a front surface and a rear surface. In one embodiment, between about 50% to about 95% of the area of the rear surface of the light guide is substantially parallel to the display surface. In one particular embodiment, at least 50% of the area of the rear surface of the light guide is substantially parallel to the display surface. In another embodiment, at least 60% of the area of the rear surface of the light guide is substantially parallel to the display surface. In still another embodiment at least 70% of the area of the rear surface of the light guide is substantially parallel to the display surface. In a further embodiment at least 80% of the area of the rear surface of the light guide is substantially parallel to the display surface. In yet another embodiment, at least 80% of the area of the rear surface of the light guide is substantially parallel to the display surface.
- The geometric light redirectors are also referred to herein as extraction centers, extraction structures, and deflectors. The light redirectors' function is to extract light out of the light guide and toward the viewer. In one embodiment, the light redirectors are prismatic in shape. Alternatively, the light redirectors are round, curved, trapezoidal, elliptical. The surfaces of the light redirectors are preferably smooth. The light redirectors are capable of extracting light wherein a higher-than-random percentage of light is directed towards the reflective aperture layer within a pre-determined range of angles.
- In some embodiments, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/528,191, the light directors have a front surface facing a lamp and a rear surface facing away from the lamp. The area of the footprint of the front face of a redirector onto the front-facing reflective surface may be greater than the area of a similar footprint of the rear face of the redirector. Alternatively, the areas of the footprints of the front and rear surfaces of the light redirectors are equal. In addition, the packing density of the light redirectors in the light guide may vary as a function of the light redirectors' distance from the lamp.
- The rear-facing reflective layer (also referred to as the reflective aperture layer), as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/528,191, includes a plurality of apertures and is positioned in front of the light guide, i.e., between the light guide and an intended viewer. The rear-facing reflective layer is preferably positioned behind the light modulators. In one embodiment, the rear-facing reflective layer is formed from the deposition of a metal on the front surface of the light guide. The rear-facing reflective layer may also be formed from a dielectric mirror or from a thin film stack that includes both dielectric and metal layers. The rear-facing reflective layer preferably reflects light specularly with a reflectivity in the range of 90 to 98%.
- The front-facing reflective layer, in one embodiment (also referred to herein as a back-reflector or back-reflective surface), as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/528,191, is substantially parallel to the display surface. That is, it is preferably at an angle of less than about 10 degrees to the display surface. In one embodiment, the front-facing reflective layer is parallel to the display surface. In one implementation, the front-facing reflective layer is a metal deposited on the rear surface of the light guide. The front-facing reflective layer may also be formed from a dielectric mirror or from a thin film stack that includes both dielectric and metal layers. Alternatively, the front-facing reflective layer is separated from the light guide by an air gap. The front-facing reflective layer, in one embodiment reflects light specularly. It preferably has a reflectivity in the range of 90 to 98%.
- Such displays concentrate emitted light within a range of angles about an axis normal to the display plane (referred to as the “display normal”). For example, light can be concentrated such that a higher-than-random percentage of light reflected off of the rear-facing reflective surface towards the front-facing reflective layer at angles within a useful range of angles about the display normal is redirected towards the reflective aperture layer at angles also within the range of useful angles about the display normal. The range of useful angles, in various embodiments ranges from about 20 degrees to about 40 degrees from the display normal. For example, in one embodiment, the useful range of angles includes angles within 20 degrees of the display normal. In another embodiment, the useful range of angles includes angles within 30 degrees of the display normal. In still a further embodiment, the useful range of angles includes angles within 40 degrees of the display normal.
- In one embodiment, at least 50% of the light reflected off the rear-facing reflective layer at an angle within the useful range of angles exits the light guide at an angle also within the useful range of angles. In another embodiment, at least 70% of the light reflected off the rear-facing reflective layer at an angle within the useful range of angles exits the light guide at an angle also within the useful range of angles. In a further embodiment, at least 90% of the light reflected off the rear-facing reflective layer at an angle within the useful range of angles exits the light guide at an angle also within the useful range of angles.
- As described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/528,191, this ability to redirect light received at a useful angle back at a useful angle is referred to herein as conical reflectance. More particularly, conical reflectance is defined as the ability of a backlight or illumination system to receive an incoming cone of light within a pre-determined range of angles (measured with respect to an incident axis) and then re-emit or reflect that light along an equivalent exit axis where the integrated intensity (or radiant power) of the exit light, measured about the exit axis over the same pre-determined range of angles, is greater than a specified fraction of the integrated incident light. The incoming cone of light preferably illuminates an area of the backlight at least 2 mm in diameter and the radiant power is preferably determined by integrating reflected light over a similar or larger area.
- Each of the
deflectors 410 possess a front face at least partially directed toward one of two positions (referred to as a “light introduction position”) 406 and 407 on theedge 408 of thelight guide plate 405 through which one of thelamps light guide plate 405. The normal to the front face of adeflector 410 lies in a plane that contains both the normal to the top surface of the light guide and a line substantially connecting the center of the front face of the deflector to one of the light introduction positions 406 or 407. Similarly, the front faces of thedeflectors 410 intersect the bottom surface of the light guide at a line referred to herein as the “intersection line”. Eachdeflector 410 is oriented such that its intersection line is substantially perpendicular to a line connecting the midpoint of the intersection line to a correspondinglight introduction position deflectors 410 possess both a long axis and a short axis. The long axis is oriented in a direction substantially parallel to the intersection line. In other words, similar tobacklight system 351, the deflectors are generally arranged along the circumference of circles which are centered on one or the other of thelamps - Two groups or distinct populations of
deflectors 410, A and B, can be identified within thebacklight system 400. One population of deflectors, A—on the left side ofbacklight 400, is oriented so that their front faces are at least partially directed toward thelamp 402 and the correspondinglight introduction position 406 on theedge 408 of thelight guide plate 405. The other population of deflectors, B—on the right side ofbacklight 400, is oriented so that their front faces are at least partially directed toward thelamp 403 and the correspondinglight introduction position 407 on theedge 408 of thelight guide plate 405. - Both populations of deflectors, A and B, include
deflectors 410 with differences in size, shape, orientation, and/or spacing. In some cases the variations within a population are systematic by design. For instance in some embodiments thedeflectors 410 are intentionally made taller or wider as the distance increases between thedeflectors 410 and thelamp deflectors 410 is increased (i.e., the spacing between deflectors is decreased) as the distance increases between thedeflectors 410 and thelamp - In other cases an irregular or random variation in
deflector 410 shape or orientation is provided within each of thedeflector 410 populations A and B. For instance the faces of thedeflectors 410 in population A may be distributed within a range of angles, with respect tolamp 402 andlight introduction position 406 where only a median face angle is directed substantially toward thelamp 402 andlight introduction position 406. Thedeflectors 410 within population A have a distribution of face angles that are somewhat greater than or less than the median angle, for instance within a range that is plus or minus 10 degrees or plus or minus 20 degrees. The positions of thedeflectors 410 can also be randomized, within the constraints of a given localaverage deflector 410 density, so as to avoid any fixed or repetitive patterns which might detract from the image quality of the display. - The
backlight system 500 ofFIG. 5 is another example of a backlight in which 3-dimensional control of emitted light is established by incorporation of light redirectors arranged in radial patterns. Thebacklight system 500 includes twolamps light guide plate 505, and a plurality ofdeflectors 510. Optionally, the bottom surface of thelight guide plate 505 is coated with or positioned proximate to a reflective metal surface. Thedeflectors 510 may have trapezoidal cross sections, triangular cross sections, or any of the deflector cross sections described above. - Each of the
deflectors 510 possess a front face substantially directed toward one of two positions (referred to as a “light introduction position”) 506 and 507 on theedge 508 of thelight guide plate 505 through which one of thelamps light guide plate 505. The normal to the front face of adeflector 510 lies in a plane that contains both the normal to the top surface of thelight guide plate 505 and a line substantially connecting the center of the front face of the deflector to one of thelamps light introduction position light guide plate 505. Thedeflectors 510 possess both a long axis and a short axis. The deflectors are arranged such that the long axis is substantially perpendicular to a ray of light emanating from one of eitherlamp backlight system 351, the deflectors are generally arranged along the circumference of circles which are centered on one or the other of thelamps - Two groups or distinct populations of
deflectors 510, A and B, can be identified within thebacklight system 500. One population, A, of deflectors is oriented so that their front faces are directed substantially toward thelamp 502 and the correspondinglight introduction position 506 on the edge of thelight guide plate 505. For example, the deflector shown at the terminus oflight ray 511 belongs to population A. The other population ofdeflectors 510, B, is oriented so that their front faces are directed substantially toward thelamp 503 and the correspondinglight introduction position 507. For example, the deflector shown at the terminus oflight ray 512 belongs to population B. By contrast to backlight 400, however, the deflector populations A and B inbacklight 500 are not strictly grouped or segregated by location into one of either the left side or right side of the backlight. Instead the populations A and B are intermixed. Most but not all of thedeflectors 510 in population A are located on the side of the backlight nearest to thelight introduction position 506. Most, but not all of population B are located on the side of the backlight nearest to thelight introduction position 507. In the central region of the backlight referred to as a mingling region, deflectors can be found oriented toward either of thelamps deflectors 510 from each of the populations A and B. - The populations of
deflectors 510, A and B, can includedeflectors 510 having differences in size, shape, orientation, or spacing. As described above, some of these variations can be systematic, as when the size of adeflector 510 varies as a function of its position relative to an associated lamp or light introduction position. Alternatively, the variations can be irregular, as when the face angles or the density ofdeflectors 510 in a population is allowed to be distributed about some mean value. - The
backlight system 600 ofFIG. 6A is another example of a backlight in which 3-dimensional control of emitted light is established by means of radial deflector patterns. Thebacklight system 600 includes twolamps light guide plate 605, and a plurality ofdeflectors FIG. 6A . Instead, the positions of thedeflectors 610 are indicated by triangles, and the position ofdeflectors 611 are indicated by squares.FIG. 6A thus illustrates the relative position and density of each group ofdeflectors light guide plate 605. Optionally, the bottom surface of thelight guide plate 605 is coated with or positioned proximate to a reflective metal surface. - The
deflectors 610 can have trapezoidal cross sections, triangular cross sections, or any of the deflector cross sections described above. As inbacklight system deflectors lamps corresponding position 606 or 607 (referred to a light introduction position) on anedge 608 of thelight guide plate 605. The normal to the front face of adeflector lamps edge 608 of thelight guide plate 605. Similarly, the front faces of thedeflectors deflector light introduction position - The
deflectors deflectors lamp light guide plate 605 at a correspondinglight introduction position deflector 610 at about the center of its front face. Similar to backlight system 300, the long axis ofdeflectors lamps - Two groups or distinct populations of deflectors, A and B, exist within the
backlight system 600. The two groups are distinguished by the square and triangle symbols. One population, A, made up ofdeflectors 610, is oriented so that their front faces are directed substantially toward thelamp 602 or to its correspondinglight introduction position 606 on theedge 608 of thelight guide plate 605. The other population of deflectors, B, made up ofdeflectors 611, shown by the square symbols, is oriented so that their front faces are substantially directed toward thelamp 603 or its correspondinglight introduction position 607 on theedge 608 of thelight guide plate 605. The populations A and B are intermixed. - To illustrate the distribution of deflectors in
backlight 600, the backlight has been divided into 80 sections, labeled by rows (R1, R2, etc.) and columns (C1, C2, etc.). Thedeflectors lamp 602. For the most part onlydeflectors 610 from population A exist within section R1,C3, and their density is relatively low. - The section labeled R4,C1 is similarly populated primarily by
deflectors 610 from population A, but the density ofdeflectors 610 in section R4,C1 is substantially higher than those found in section R1,C3. - The total density of
deflectors populations - The total density of deflectors in section R4,C9 is similar to that in section R4,C10. In this case the section is populated primarily by
deflectors 611 of population B, associated withlamp 603. - Each of the sections along row R8 has a total density of deflectors that is higher than the total density of deflectors in row R4. However each of the sections along row R8 includes a mingling of
deflectors deflectors 610 of population A. In section R8,C10 a greater fraction is assigned todeflectors 611 or population B. And in section R8,C6 the deflectors are about equally divided between the populations A and B. -
FIG. 6B presents adensity contour map 650, which illustrates the spatial distribution throughoutlight guide plate 605 ofdeflectors 610, i.e., deflectors from population A, of thebacklight 600. The values associated with each contour are proportional to the number of population A deflectors per square millimeter within the contour. For instance, in one embodiment, the contour marked 10 corresponds to a density of 100 deflectors from population A per square millimeter while the contour marked 100 corresponds to density of 1000 deflectors per square millimeter. As shown in thedensity map 650, the highest density ofdeflectors 610 is found in the upper left hand corner, while the lowest density ofdeflectors 610 is found both immediately in front of thelamp 602 and in the lower right hand corner. For the most part, as one follows directional lines that emanate radially from thelamp 602 or its correspondinglight introduction position 606, the density ofdeflectors 610 increases as the distance from thelamp 602 orlight introduction position 606 increases. However for radial lines that pass into the right hand portion of thelight guide plate 605 where the light intensity becomes dominated by light radiated fromlamp 603, the density of deflectors in population A reaches a maximum value and then gradually or continuously decreases with distance from thelamp 602. - The
density contour map 650 illustrates only the distribution of deflectors from population A of thebacklight 600. A similar set of density contours exists, but is not shown, for the deflectors from population B. The density of deflectors from population B is highest near the upper right hand corner of thelight guide plate 605. - In another embodiment the variation in density may not be proportionally as large as the variation from 10 to 100 as shown in
FIG. 6B . Instead the deflector size may change continuously along with the density as a function of position within light guide. For instance the deflectors might be only 20 microns long in the region closest to thelamps - The
backlight systems lamps - In addition, in alternative embodiments backlight systems designed according to the principles described herein can include 3, 4, 5 or more lamps all spaced apart from one another. In some embodiments these lamps will be disposed along a single side of the light guide plate, In other embodiments these lamps will be disposed along two opposing sides of the light guide plate. Consistent with the descriptions of
backlights -
FIG. 7 is an illustrative embodiment of a a backlight system 700 including alight guide plate 705 and eight lamps 704 a-704 h (generally “lamps 704”). Lamps 704 a-704 d are positioned adjacent a first edge or side of thelight guide plate 705 proximate to respective light introduction positions on the first edge. Lamps 704 e-704 h are positioned adjacent a second, opposing edge or side of thelight guide plate 705 proximate to their own corresponding light introduction positions on the second edge. In alternative implementations, lamps may also be positioned adjacent the other two edges of thelight guide plate 705, as well. Optionally, the bottom surface of thelight guide plate 705 is coated with or positioned proximate to a reflective metal surface. - The
light guide plate 705 includes groups or populations of light redirectors or deflectors (not shown), such as those described above, that correspond to each lamp 704. A deflector is considered to correspond to a particular lamp 704 if its front face is oriented substantially perpendicular, e.g., with plus or minus 20 degrees of perpendicular, to a line connecting the center of the front face of the deflector to a particular lamp 704 or its corresponding light introduction position on the edge of thelight guide plate 705. - The various groups of deflectors are arranged on either the front or rear surface of the
light guide plate 705 differently in different regions of thelight guide plate 705. Some regions, referred to as single deflector regions 706 a-706 h, include only from one group or population. Single deflector regions 706 a, for example, includes only deflectors directed towards lamp 704 a. Single deflector regions 706 b includes only deflectors directed towards lamp 704 b. - Other regions, referred to as dual deflector mingling zones 708 a-708 k, include deflectors from two of the groups or populations. For example, dual deflector mingling zone 708 a includes deflectors directed towards lamps 704 a and 704 b. Dual deflector mingling zone 708 g includes deflectors directed towards lamps 704 and 704 e. Dual deflector mingling zone 708 h includes deflectors directed towards lamps 704 b and 704 f.
- Quad deflector mingling regions 710 a-710 c include deflectors from four groups or populations. For example, Quad deflector mingling regions 710 a includes deflectors directed towards lamps 704 a, 704 b, 704 e, and 704 f.
- As with the deflectors described in relation to
FIG. 6 , the density of each group of deflectors varies to improve the uniformity of light emitted from thelight guide plate 705. For example, in one implementation, the density of a particular group of deflectors in a particular region increases in relation to distance form a lamp or light introduction position. Then, upon entering a new region, the density of deflectors in that group decreases while the density of another group of deflectors increases. Preferably, the changes in density are gradual, that is either continually changing or changing in a step-wise fashion. - The
backlight system 800 ofFIG. 8 is another example of a backlight in which 3-dimensional control of emitted light is established by incorporation of light redirectors arranged in radial patterns. Thebacklight system 800 includes twolamps light guide plate 805, and two types ofdeflectors light guide plate 805 is coated with or positioned proximate to a reflective metal surface. Thedeflectors - Each of the
deflectors 810 possess a front face substantially directed toward one of two positions (referred to as a “light introduction position”) 806 and 807 on theedge 808 of thelight guide plate 805 and through which one of thelamps light guide plate 805. Similar to backlight system 381, thedeflectors 810 are generally arranged along the circumference of circles which are centered on one or the other of thelamps - The
backlight 800 also comprises twoedges edge 808. Each of these edges is associated with a reflective surface that is capable of redirecting light back into thelight guide 805, which might otherwise escape from the light guide. In one case, this reflection is accomplished by means of total internal reflection from thesurfaces edges edges backlight 800 is accompanied by a metal enclosure with reflective surfaces, such that light escaping from thesurfaces surfaces - In contrast to the
deflectors 810, each of thedeflectors 809 is directed toward anedge light guide plate 805. In particular, each of the deflectors is oriented such that they intercept light from one of thelamps light guide plate 805. An exemplary reflected ray is shown asray 811. - The two populations of
deflectors deflector deflectors - In an alternate embodiment, the
deflectors 810 are not oriented radially with respect to the light introduction positions 806 and 807. Instead the backlight can include a larger number of lamps positioned along theedge 808, similar to the arrangement shown forbacklight system 101. As withdeflectors 130 inbacklight 101, thedeflectors 810 can be arranged along lines that are parallel to theedge 808 oflight guide 805. In some embodiments, a single linear light source, such as a fluorescent lamp, can be positioned along theedge 808, and thedeflectors 810 would then be oriented so that their faces are substantially perpendicular to theedge 808. In each of these embodiments, however, it is advantageous to include a second type of deflector, such asdeflectors 809, which are not oriented toward thelight introduction edge 808 of the light guide, but rather toward one of the other edges of the light guide so as to intercept reflections from those other edges. - In various implementations of the embodiments depicted and described above, in addition to the features already described, the height of the light redirectors may increase in relation to the distance from a corresponding light introduction position or lamp.
- The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The forgoing embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects illustrative, rather than limiting of the invention.
Claims (20)
1. A light guide comprising:
a front surface, a rear surface, and at least one edge separating the front and rear surfaces;
a first light introduction position on one of the at least one edge;
a second light introduction position on one of the at least one edge spaced away from the first light introduction position; and
a plurality of geometric light redirectors distributed amongst at least two regions of one of the front surface and the rear surface of the light guide, wherein a front face of each geometric light redirector intersects with the one of the front surface and the rear surface along an intersection line, the at least two regions including:
a first region including geometric light redirectors of a first group,
a second region including geometric light redirectors of a second group, wherein:
the intersection line of each geometric light redirector of the first group is substantially perpendicular to a line connecting a midpoint of the intersection line with the first light introduction position,
the intersection line of each geometric light redirector of the second group is substantially perpendicular to a line connecting a midpoint of the intersection line with the second light introduction position,
wherein a height of each light redirector of the first group of geometric light redirectors increases as distance from the first light introduction position increases, and
wherein a height of each light redirector of the second group of geometric light redirectors increases as distance from the second light introduction position increases.
2. The light guide of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of geometric light redirectors are distributed amongst three regions, wherein a third region includes geometric light redirectors of the first and second groups distributed substantially throughout.
3. The light guide of claim 1 , wherein the first light introduction position and the second light introduction position are on the same edge of the light guide.
4. The light guide of claim 1 , wherein the first light introduction position is on a first edge of the light guide and the second light introduction position is on a second edge of the light guide.
5. The light guide of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of light redirectors have a triangular cross-section or a trapezoidal cross-section.
6. The light guide of claim 1 , wherein the intersection line of at least one light redirector is curved.
7. The light guide of claim 1 , wherein the geometric light redirectors in the first group have at least one of varying shapes and varying dimensions.
8. The light guide of claim 1 , wherein substantially perpendicular includes being within plus or minus 20 degrees of perpendicular.
9. The light guide of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of geometric light redirectors in the first group have a varying density on the one of the front and rear surfaces and the density varies as a function of distance from the first light introduction position.
10. The light guide of claim 1 , further comprising a first light source positioned adjacent the first light introduction position and a second light source positioned adjacent the second light introduction position.
11. The light guide of claim 10 , wherein the first and second light sources include light emitting diodes.
12. The light guide of claim 10 , wherein the light emitting diodes include multi-colored light emitting diode modules.
13. The light guide of claim 1 , wherein the front face of at least one of the plurality of light redirectors has a dimension less than about 500 microns.
14. A light guide of a display comprising:
a front surface, a rear surface, and at least one edge separating the front and rear surfaces;
a first light introduction position on one of the at least one edge;
a plurality of geometric light redirectors distributed across the one of the front surface and the rear surface, wherein
the at least one edge includes first, second, and third edges separating the front and rear surfaces,
at least one of the first and second light introduction positions is on the first edge, and
a front face of each of a portion of the plurality of geometric light redirectors is oriented at least partially towards one of the second and third edges; and
reflective surfaces positioned proximate the second and third edges and directed towards an interior of the light guide.
15. The light guide of claim 14 , further comprising a second light introduction position on one of the at least one edge spaced away from the first light introduction position.
16. The light guide of claim 15 , wherein the plurality of geometric light redirectors are distributed amongst three regions of one of the front surface and the rear surface of the light guide, wherein a front face of each geometric light redirector intersects with the one of the front surface and the rear surface along an intersection line, the three regions including:
a first region including geometric light redirectors of a first group,
a second region including geometric light redirectors of a second group, and
a third region including geometric light redirectors of the first group distributed substantially throughout and geometric light redirectors of the second group distributed substantially throughout.
17. The light guide of claim 16 , wherein the intersection line of each geometric light redirector of the first group is substantially perpendicular to a line connecting a midpoint of the intersection line with the first light introduction position and wherein the intersection line of each geometric light redirector of the second group is substantially perpendicular to a line connecting a midpoint of the intersection line with the second light introduction position.
18. The light guide of claim 14 , wherein a height of each light redirector of the plurality of geometric light redirectors increases as distance from the first light introduction position increases.
19. A method of manufacturing a light guide, comprising:
providing the light guide, the light guide including a front surface, a rear surface, and at least one edge separating the front and rear surfaces;
forming a first light introduction position on one of the at least one edge;
forming a second light introduction position on at least one edge and spaced away from the first light introduction position; and
forming a plurality of geometric light redirectors on one of the front surface and the rear surface within the light guide, wherein:
a front face of each geometric light redirector intersects with the one of the front surface and the rear surface along an intersection line;
the plurality of geometric light redirectors are arranged to redirect light from at least one of the first and second light introduction positions toward the front surface;
the plurality of geometric light redirectors include a first group of geometric light redirectors, the intersection line of each geometric light redirector of the first group of light redirectors being substantially perpendicular to a line connecting a midpoint of the intersection line with the first light introduction position, wherein a height of each light redirector of the first group of geometric light redirectors increases as distance from the first light introduction position increases; and
the plurality of geometric light redirectors include a second group of geometric light redirectors, the intersection line of each geometric light redirector of the second group of light redirectors being substantially perpendicular to a line connecting a midpoint of the intersection line with the second light introduction position, wherein a height of each light redirector of the second group of geometric light redirectors increases as distance from the second light introduction position increases.
20. The method of manufacturing of claim 19 , further comprising forming a first region within the light guide wherein the geometric light redirectors associated with the first group and the geometric light redirectors associated with the second group are intermixed such that a line connecting a midpoint of the intersection line of at least one geometric light redirector of the first group with the first light introduction position intersects a line connecting a midpoint of the intersection line of at least one geometric light redirector of the second group with the second light introduction position.
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2080045A1 (en) | 2009-07-22 |
US20110242844A1 (en) | 2011-10-06 |
US20120300497A1 (en) | 2012-11-29 |
WO2008051362A1 (en) | 2008-05-02 |
US8262274B2 (en) | 2012-09-11 |
US20080094853A1 (en) | 2008-04-24 |
US8545084B2 (en) | 2013-10-01 |
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