US20100254850A1

US20100254850A1 - Ceracon forging of l12 aluminum alloys

Info

Publication number: US20100254850A1
Application number: US12/419,677
Authority: US
Inventors: Awadh B. Pandey
Original assignee: United Technologies Corp
Current assignee: Raytheon Technologies Corp
Priority date: 2009-04-07
Filing date: 2009-04-07
Publication date: 2010-10-07
Also published as: EP2239071A2; EP2239071A3

Abstract

A method for producing high strength aluminum alloy consolidated billets containing L1₂dispersoids by Ceracon forging is disclosed. The method comprises forming an aluminum alloy powder compact preform containing L1₂dispersoid forming elements therein and encompassing the preform in a flowable pressure transmitting medium in a die in a hydraulic press. The die, pressure transmitting medium and preform are then heated and the preform is forged by applying pressure to the pressure transmitting medium by the ram of the hydraulic press. The unequal axial and radial strain resulting from this type of forging results in improved mechanical properties of L1₂aluminum alloys.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is related to the following co-pending applications that were filed on Dec. 9, 2008 herewith and are assigned to the same assignee: CONVERSION PROCESS FOR HEAT TREATABLE L1₂ALUMINUM ALLOYS, Ser. No. 12/316,020; A METHOD FOR FORMING HIGH STRENGTH ALUMINUM ALLOYS CONTAINING L1₂INTERMETALLIC DISPERSOIDS, Ser. No. 12/316,046; and A METHOD FOR PRODUCING HIGH STRENGTH ALUMINUM ALLOY POWDER CONTAINING L1₂INTERMETALLIC DISPERSOIDS, Ser. No. 12/316,047.
This application is also related to the following co-pending applications that were filed on Apr. 18, 2008, and are assigned to the same assignee: L1₂ALUMINUM ALLOYS WITH BIMODAL AND TRIMODAL DISTRIBUTION, Ser. No. 12/148,395; DISPERSION STRENGTHENED L1₂ALUMINUM ALLOYS, Ser. No. 12/148,432; HEAT TREATABLE L1₂ALUMINUM ALLOYS, Ser. No. 12/148,383; HIGH STRENGTH L1₂ALUMINUM ALLOYS, Ser. No. 12/148,394; HIGH STRENGTH L1₂ALUMINUM ALLOYS, Ser. No. 12/148,382; HEAT TREATABLE L1₂ALUMINUM ALLOYS, Ser. No. 12/148,396; HIGH STRENGTH L1₂ALUMINUM ALLOYS, Ser. No. 12/148,387; HIGH STRENGTH ALUMINUM ALLOYS WITH L1₂PRECIPITATES, Ser. No. 12/148,426; HIGH STRENGTH L1₂ALUMINUM ALLOYS, Ser. No. 12/148,459; and L1₂STRENGTHENED AMORPHOUS ALUMINUM ALLOYS, Ser. No. 12/148,458.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates generally to aluminum alloys and more specifically to a method for forming high strength aluminum alloy billets having L1₂dispersoids therein.
The combination of high strength, ductility, and fracture toughness, as well as low density, make aluminum alloys natural candidates for aerospace and space applications. However, their use is typically limited to temperatures below about 300° F. (149° C.) since most aluminum alloys start to lose strength in that temperature range as a result of coarsening of strengthening precipitates.
The development of aluminum alloys with improved elevated temperature mechanical properties is a continuing process. Some attempts have included aluminum-iron and aluminum-chromium based alloys such as Al—Fe—Ce, Al—Fe—V—Si, Al—Fe—Ce—W, and Al—Cr—Zr—Mn that contain incoherent dispersoids. These alloys, however, also lose strength at elevated temperatures due to particle coarsening. In addition, these alloys exhibit ductility and fracture toughness values lower than other commercially available aluminum alloys.
Other attempts have included the development of mechanically alloyed Al—Mg and Al—Ti alloys containing ceramic dispersoids. These alloys exhibit improved high temperature strength due to the particle dispersion, but the ductility and fracture toughness are not improved.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,248,453 owned by the assignee of the present invention discloses aluminum alloys strengthened by dispersed Al₃X L1₂intermetallic phases where X is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Er, Lu, Yb, Tm, and Lu. The Al₃X particles are coherent with the aluminum alloy matrix and are resistant to coarsening at elevated temperatures. The improved mechanical properties of the disclosed dispersion strengthened L1₂aluminum alloys are stable up to 572° F. (300° C.). U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0269437 Al also owned commonly discloses a high strength aluminum alloy that contains scandium and other elements that is strengthened by L1₂dispersoids.
L1₂strengthened aluminum alloys have high strength and improved fatigue properties compared to commercially available aluminum alloys. Fine grain size results in improved mechanical properties of materials. Hall-Petch strengthening has been known for decades where strength increases as grain size decreases. An optimum grain size for optimum strength is in the nano range of about 30 to 100 nm. These alloys also have lower ductility.

SUMMARY

The present invention is a method for forming aluminum alloy billets with high strength and acceptable fracture toughness. In embodiments, the alloys have coherent L1₂Al₃X dispersoids where X is at least one first element selected from scandium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium, and at least one second element selected from gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, and niobium. The balance is substantially aluminum containing at least one alloying element selected from silicon, magnesium, lithium, copper, zinc, and nickel.
The alloys are formed by encompassing a powder preform of an aluminum alloy body containing L1₂dispersoid forming elements in a heated, flowable pressure transmitting medium, and rapidly compressing the powder to consolidate the perform to form the billet. Use of graphite or a ceramic as the pressure transfer medium causes a non-isostatic pressure field to form in the chamber. During consolidation, the powder preform undergoes an axial compression that exceeds radial expansion. The resulting shear strain cleans the surface oxide from the particles and increases metal-to-metal contact improving forging density.
This method is known in the industry as Ceracon forging. It has not been attempted using aluminum alloy containing L1₂dispersoids. Examples of the Ceracon forging process are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,667,497, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0147520 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,097,807 and are included in their entirety by reference.
The compression takes place in a closed container and results in billets of aluminum alloy containing L1₂dispersoids with a density of essentially 100%.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an aluminum scandium phase diagram.

FIG. 2 is an aluminum erbium phase diagram.

FIG. 3 is an aluminum thulium phase diagram.

FIG. 4 is an aluminum ytterbium phase diagram.

FIG. 5 is an aluminum lutetium phase diagram.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a vertical gas atomizer.

FIG. 7 is a scanning electron micrograph of the gas atomized inventive L1₂aluminum alloy powder.

FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the processing steps to consolidate L1₂aluminum alloy powder.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating non-isostatic forging.

FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the processing steps to Ceracon forge an L1₂aluminum alloy powder preform.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

1. L1₂Aluminum Alloys

The alloy products of this invention are formed from aluminum based alloys with high strength and fracture toughness for applications at temperatures from about −420° F. (−251 ° C.) up to about 650° F. (343° C.). The aluminum alloy comprises a solid solution of aluminum and at least one element selected from silicon, magnesium, lithium, copper, zinc, and nickel strengthened by L1₂coherent precipitates where X is at least one first element selected from scandium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium, and at least one second element selected from gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, and niobium.
The aluminum silicon system is a simple eutectic alloy system with a eutectic reaction at 12.5 weight percent silicon and 1077° F. (577° C.). There is little solubility of silicon in aluminum at temperatures up to 930° F. (500° C.) and none of aluminum in silicon. However, the solubility can be extended significantly by utilizing rapid solidification techniques
The binary aluminum magnesium system is a simple eutectic at 36 weight percent magnesium and 842° F. (450° C.). There is complete solubility of magnesium and aluminum in the rapidly solidified inventive alloys discussed herein
The binary aluminum lithium system is a simple eutectic at 8 weight percent lithium and 1105° (596° C.). The equilibrium solubility of 4 weight percent lithium can be extended significantly by rapid solidification techniques. There can be complete solubility of lithium in the rapid solidified inventive alloys discussed herein.
The binary aluminum copper system is a simple eutectic at 32 weight percent copper and 1018° F. (548° C.). There can be complete solubility of copper in the rapidly solidified inventive alloys discussed herein.
The aluminum zinc binary system is a eutectic alloy system involving a monotectoid reaction and a miscibility gap in the solid state. There is a eutectic reaction at 94 weight percent zinc and 718° F. (381° C.). Zinc has maximum solid solubility of 83.1 weight percent in aluminum at 717.8° F. (381° C.) which can be extended by rapid solidification processes. Decomposition of the super saturated solid solution of zinc in aluminum gives rise to spherical and ellipsoidal GP zones which are coherent with the matrix and act to strengthen the alloy.
The aluminum nickel binary system is a simple eutectic at 5.7 weight percent nickel and 1183.8° F. (639.9° C.). There is little solubility of nickel in aluminum. However, the solubility can be extended significantly by utilizing rapid solidification processes. The equilibrium phase in the aluminum nickel eutectic system is L1₂intermetallic Al₃Ni.
In the aluminum based alloys disclosed herein, scandium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium are potent strengtheners that have low diffusivity and low solubility in aluminum. All these elements form equilibrium Al₃X intermetallic dispersoids where X is at least one of scandium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium, that have an L1₂structure that is an ordered face centered cubic structure with the X atoms located at the corners and aluminum atoms located on the cube faces of the unit cell.
Scandium forms Al₃Sc dispersoids that are fine and coherent with the aluminum matrix. Lattice parameters of aluminum and Al₃Sc are very close (0.405 nm and 0.410 nm respectively), indicating that there is minimal or no driving force for causing growth of the Al₃Sc dispersoids. This low interfacial energy makes the Al₃Sc dispersoids thermally stable and resistant to coarsening up to temperatures as high as about 842° F. (450° C.). Additions of magnesium in aluminum increase the lattice parameter of the aluminum matrix, and decrease the lattice parameter mismatch further increasing the resistance of the Al₃Sc to coarsening. Additions of zinc, copper, lithium, silicon, and nickel provide solid solution and precipitation strengthening in the aluminum alloys. In the alloys of this invention these Al₃Sc dispersoids are made stronger and more resistant to coarsening at elevated temperatures by adding suitable alloying elements such as gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, niobium, or combinations thereof, that enter Al₃Sc in solution.
Erbium forms Al₃Er dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that are fine and coherent with the aluminum matrix. The lattice parameters of aluminum and Al₃Er are close (0.405 nm and 0.417 nm respectively), indicating there is minimal driving force for causing growth of the Al₃Er dispersoids. This low interfacial energy makes the Al₃Er dispersoids thermally stable and resistant to coarsening up to temperatures as high as about 842° F. (450° C.). Additions of magnesium in aluminum increase the lattice parameter of the aluminum matrix, and decrease the lattice parameter mismatch further increasing the resistance of the Al₃Er to coarsening. Additions of zinc, copper, lithium, silicon, and nickel provide solid solution and precipitation strengthening in the aluminum alloys. In the alloys of this invention, these Al₃Er dispersoids are made stronger and more resistant to coarsening at elevated temperatures by adding suitable alloying elements such as gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, niobium, or combinations thereof that enter Al₃Er in solution.
Thulium forms metastable Al₃Tm dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that are fine and coherent with the aluminum matrix. The lattice parameters of aluminum and Al₃Tm are close (0.405 nm and 0.420 nm respectively), indicating there is minimal driving force for causing growth of the Al₃Tm dispersoids. This low interfacial energy makes the Al₃Tm dispersoids thermally stable and resistant to coarsening up to temperatures as high as about 842° F. (450° C.). Additions of magnesium in aluminum increase the lattice parameter of the aluminum matrix, and decrease the lattice parameter mismatch further increasing the resistance of the Al₃Tm to coarsening. Additions of zinc, copper, lithium, silicon, and nickel provide solid solution and precipitation strengthening in the aluminum alloys. In the alloys of this invention these Al₃Tm dispersoids are made stronger and more resistant to coarsening at elevated temperatures by adding suitable alloying elements such as gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, niobium, or combinations thereof that enter Al₃Tm in solution.
Ytterbium forms Al₃Yb dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that are fine and coherent with the aluminum matrix. The lattice parameters of Al and Al₃Yb are close (0.405 nm and 0.420 nm respectively), indicating there is minimal driving force for causing growth of the Al₃Yb dispersoids. This low interfacial energy makes the Al₃Yb dispersoids thermally stable and resistant to coarsening up to temperatures as high as about 842° F. (450° C.). Additions of magnesium in aluminum increase the lattice parameter of the aluminum matrix, and decrease the lattice parameter mismatch further increasing the resistance of the Al₃Yb to coarsening. Additions of zinc, copper, lithium, silicon, and nickel provide solid solution and precipitation strengthening in the aluminum alloys. In the alloys of this invention, these Al₃Yb dispersoids are made stronger and more resistant to coarsening at elevated temperatures by adding suitable alloying elements such as gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, niobium, or combinations thereof that enter Al₃Yb in solution.
Lutetium forms Al₃Lu dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that are fine and coherent with the aluminum matrix. The lattice parameters of Al and Al₃Lu are close (0.405 nm and 0.419 nm respectively), indicating there is minimal driving force for causing growth of the Al₃Lu dispersoids. This low interfacial energy makes the Al₃Lu dispersoids thermally stable and resistant to coarsening up to temperatures as high as about 842° F. (450° C.). Additions of magnesium in aluminum increase the lattice parameter of the aluminum matrix, and decrease the lattice parameter mismatch further increasing the resistance of the Al₃Lu to coarsening. Additions of zinc, copper, lithium, silicon, and nickel provide solid solution and precipitation strengthening in the aluminum alloys. In the alloys of this invention, these Al₃Lu dispersoids are made stronger and more resistant to coarsening at elevated temperatures by adding suitable alloying elements such as gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, niobium, or mixtures thereof that enter Al₃Lu in solution.
Gadolinium forms metastable Al₃Gd dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that are stable up to temperatures as high as about 842° F. (450° C.) due to their low diffusivity in aluminum. The Al₃Gd dispersoids have a D0₁₉structure in the equilibrium condition. Despite its large atomic size, gadolinium has fairly high solubility in the Al₃X intermetallic dispersoids (where X is scandium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium or lutetium). Gadolinium can substitute for the X atoms in Al₃X intermetallic, thereby forming an ordered L1₂phase which results in improved thermal and structural stability.
Yttrium forms metastable Al₃Y dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that have an L1₂structure in the metastable condition and a D0₁₉structure in the equilibrium condition. The metastable Al₃Y dispersoids have a low diffusion coefficient which makes them thermally stable and highly resistant to coarsening. Yttrium has a high solubility in the Al₃X intermetallic dispersoids allowing large amounts of yttrium to substitute for X in the Al₃X L1₂dispersoids which results in improved thermal and structural stability.
Zirconium forms Al₃Zr dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that have an L1₂structure in the metastable condition and D0₂₃structure in the equilibrium condition. The metastable Al₃Zr dispersoids have a low diffusion coefficient which makes them thermally stable and highly resistant to coarsening. Zirconium has a high solubility in the Al₃X dispersoids allowing large amounts of zirconium to substitute for X in the Al₃X dispersoids, which results in improved thermal and structural stability.
Titanium forms Al₃Ti dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that have an L1₂structure in the metastable condition and DO₂₂structure in the equilibrium condition. The metastable Al₃Ti despersoids have a low diffusion coefficient which makes them thermally stable and highly resistant to coarsening. Titanium has a high solubility in the Al₃X dispersoids allowing large amounts of titanium to substitute for X in the Al₃X dispersoids, which result in improved thermal and structural stability.
Hafnium forms metastable Al₃Hf dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that have an L1₂structure in the metastable condition and a D0₂₃structure in the equilibrium condition. The Al₃Hf dispersoids have a low diffusion coefficient, which makes them thermally stable and highly resistant to coarsening. Hafnium has a high solubility in the Al₃X dispersoids allowing large amounts of hafnium to substitute for scandium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium in the above mentioned Al₃X dispersoids, which results in stronger and more thermally stable dispersoids.
Niobium forms metastable Al₃Nb dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that have an L1₂structure in the metastable condition and a D0₂₂structure in the equilibrium condition. Niobium has a lower solubility in the Al₃X dispersoids than hafnium or yttrium, allowing relatively lower amounts of niobium than hafnium or yttrium to substitute for X in the Al₃X dispersoids. Nonetheless, niobium can be very effective in slowing down the coarsening kinetics of the Al₃X dispersoids because the Al₃Nb dispersoids are thermally stable. The substitution of niobium for X in the above mentioned Al₃X dispersoids results in stronger and more thermally stable dispersoids.
Al₃X L1₂precipitates improve elevated temperature mechanical properties in aluminum alloys for two reasons. First, the precipitates are ordered intermetallic compounds. As a result, when the particles are sheared by glide dislocations during deformation, the dislocations separate into two partial dislocations separated by an anti-phase boundary on the glide plane. The energy to create the anti-phase boundary is the origin of the strengthening. Second, the cubic L1₂crystal structure and lattice parameter of the precipitates are closely matched to the aluminum solid solution matrix. This results in a lattice coherency at the precipitate/matrix boundary that resists coarsening. The lack of an interphase boundary results in a low driving force for particle growth and resulting elevated temperature stability. Alloying elements in solid solution in the dispersed strengthening particles and in the aluminum matrix that tend to decrease the lattice mismatch between the matrix and particles will tend to increase the strengthening and elevated temperature stability of the alloy.
L1₂phase strengthened aluminum alloys are important structural materials because of their excellent mechanical properties and the stability of these properties at elevated temperature due to the resistance of the coherent dispersoids in the microstructure to particle coarsening. The mechanical properties are optimized by maintaining a high volume fraction of L1₂dispersoids in the microstructure. The L1₂dispersoid concentration following aging scales as the amount of L1₂phase forming elements in solid solution in the aluminum alloy following quenching. Examples of L1₂phase forming elements include but are not limited to Sc, Er, Th, Yb, and Lu. The concentration of alloying elements in solid solution in alloys cooled from the melt is directly proportional to the cooling rate. Exemplary aluminum alloys for the bimodal system alloys of this invention include, but are not limited to (in weight percent unless otherwise specified):
about Al—M-(0.1-4)Sc-(0.1-20)Gd;
about Al—M-(0.1-20)Er-(0.1-20)Gd;
about Al—M-(0.1-15)Tm-(0.1-20)Gd;
about Al—M-(0.1-25)Yb-(0.1-20)Gd;
about Al—M-(0.1-25)Lu-(0.1-20)Gd;
about Al—M-(0.1-4)Sc-(0.1-20)Y;
about Al—M-(0.1-20)Er-(0.1-20)Y;
about Al—M-(0.1-15)Tm-(0.1-20)Y;
about Al—M-(0.1-25)Yb-(0.1-20)Y;
about Al—M-(0.1-25)Lu-(0.1-20)Y;
about Al—M-(0.1-4)Sc-(0.05-4)Zr;
about Al—M-(0.1-20)Er-(0.05-4)Zr;
about Al—M-(0.1-15)Tm-(0.05-4)Zr;
about Al—M-(0.1-25)Yb-(0.05-4)Zr;
about Al—M-(0.1-25)Lu-(0.05-4)Zr;
about Al—M-(0.1-4)Sc-(0.05-10)Ti;
about Al—M-(0.1-20)Er-(0.05-10)Ti;
about Al—M-(0.1-15)Tm-(0.05-10)Ti;
about Al—M-(0.1-25)Yb-(0.05-10)Ti;
about Al—M-(0.1-25)Lu-(0.05-10)Ti;
about Al—M-(0.1-4)Sc-(0.05-10)Hf;
about Al—M-(0.1-20)Er-(0.05-10)Hf;
about Al—M-(0.1-15)Tm-(0.05-10)Hf;
about Al—M-(0.1-25)Yb-(0.05-10)Hf;
about Al—M-(0.1-25)Lu-(0.05-10)Hf;
about Al—M-(0.1-4)Sc-(0.05-5)Nb;
about Al—M-(0.1-20)Er-(0.05-5)Nb;
about Al—M-(0.1-15)Tm-(0.05-5)Nb;
about Al—M-(0.1-25)Yb-(0.05-5)Nb; and
about Al—M-(0.1-25)Lu-(0.05-5)Nb.
M is at least one of about (4-25) weight percent silicon, (1-8) weight percent magnesium, (0.5-3) weight percent lithium, (0.2-6.5) weight percent copper, (3-12) weight percent zinc, and (1-12) weight percent nickel.
The amount of silicon present in the fine grain matrix of this invention if any may vary from about 4 to about 25 weight percent, more preferably from about 4 to about 18 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 5 to about 11 weight percent.
The amount of magnesium present in the fine grain matrix of this invention if any may vary from about 1 to about 8 weight percent, more preferably from about 3 to about 7.5 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 4 to about 6.5 weight percent.
The amount of lithium present in the fine grain matrix of this invention if any may vary from about 0.5 to about 3 weight percent, more preferably from about 1 to about 2.5 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 1 to about 2 weight percent.
The amount of copper present in the fine grain matrix of this invention if any may vary from about 0.2 to about 6.5 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.5 to about 5.0 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 2 to about 4.5 weight percent.
The amount of zinc present in the fine grain matrix of this invention if any may vary from about 3 to about 12 weight percent, more preferably from about 4 to about 10 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 5 to about 9 weight percent.
The amount of nickel present in the fine grain matrix of this invention if any may vary from about 1 to about 12 weight percent, more preferably from about 2 to about 10 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 4 to about 10 weight percent.
The amount of scandium present in the fine grain matrix of this invention if any may vary from 0.1 to about 4 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 3 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.2 to about 2.5 weight percent. The Al—Sc phase diagram shown in FIG. 1 indicates a eutectic reaction at about 0.5 weight percent scandium at about 1219° F. (659° C.) resulting in a solid solution of scandium and aluminum and Al₃Sc dispersoids. Aluminum alloys with less than 0.5 weight percent scandium can be quenched from the melt to retain scandium in solid solution that may precipitate as dispersed L1₂intermetallic Al₃Sc following an aging treatment. Alloys with scandium in excess of the eutectic composition (hypereutectic alloys) can only retain scandium in solid solution by rapid solidification processing (RSP) where cooling rates are in excess of about 10³° C./second.
The amount of erbium present in the fine grain matrix of this invention, if any, may vary from about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.3 to about 15 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.5 to about 10 weight percent. The Al—Er phase diagram shown in FIG. 2 indicates a eutectic reaction at about 6 weight percent erbium at about 1211° F. (655° C.). Aluminum alloys with less than about 6 weight percent erbium can be quenched from the melt to retain erbium in solid solutions that may precipitate as dispersed L1₂intermetallic Al₃Er following an aging treatment. Alloys with erbium in excess of the eutectic composition can only retain erbium in solid solution by rapid solidification processing (RSP) where cooling rates are in excess of about 10³° C./second.
The amount of thulium present in the alloys of this invention, if any, may vary from about 0.1 to about 15 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.2 to about 10 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.4 to about 6 weight percent. The Al—Tm phase diagram shown in FIG. 3 indicates a eutectic reaction at about 10 weight percent thulium at about 1193° F. (645° C.). Thulium forms metastable Al₃Tm dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that have an L1₂structure in the equilibrium condition. The Al₃Tm dispersoids have a low diffusion coefficient which makes them thermally stable and highly resistant to coarsening. Aluminum alloys with less than 10 weight percent thulium can be quenched from the melt to retain thulium in solid solution that may precipitate as dispersed metastable L1₂intermetallic Al₃Tm following an aging treatment. Alloys with thulium in excess of the eutectic composition can only retain Tm in solid solution by rapid solidification processing (RSP) where cooling rates are in excess of about 10³° C./second.
The amount of ytterbium present in the alloys of this invention, if any, may vary from about 0.1 to about 25 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.3 to about 20 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.4 to about 10 weight percent. The Al—Yb phase diagram shown in FIG. 4 indicates a eutectic reaction at about 21 weight percent ytterbium at about 1157° F. (625° C.). Aluminum alloys with less than about 21 weight percent ytterbium can be quenched from the melt to retain ytterbium in solid solution that may precipitate as dispersed L1₂intermetallic Al₃Yb following an aging treatment. Alloys with ytterbium in excess of the eutectic composition can only retain ytterbium in solid solution by rapid solidification processing (RSP) where cooling rates are in excess of about 10³° C./second.
The amount of lutetium present in the alloys of this invention, if any, may vary from about 0.1 to about 25 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.3 to about 20 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.4 to about 10 weight percent. The Al—Lu phase diagram shown in FIG. 5 indicates a eutectic reaction at about 11.7 weight percent Lu at about 1202° F. (650° C.). Aluminum alloys with less than about 11.7 weight percent lutetium can be quenched from the melt to retain Lu in solid solution that may precipitate as dispersed L1₂intermetallic Al₃Lu following an aging treatment. Alloys with Lu in excess of the eutectic composition can only retain Lu in solid solution by rapid solidification processing (RSP) where cooling rates are in excess of about 10³° C./second.
The amount of gadolinium present in the alloys of this invention, if any, may vary from about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.3 to about 15 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.5 to about 10 weight percent.
The amount of yttrium present in the alloys of this invention, if any, may vary from about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.3 to about 15 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.5 to about 10 weight percent.
The amount of zirconium present in the alloys of this invention, if any, may vary from about 0.05 to about 4 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 3 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.3 to about 2 weight percent.
The amount of titanium present in the alloys of this invention, if any, may vary from about 0.05 to about 10 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.2 to about 8 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.4 to about 4 weight percent.
The amount of hafnium present in the alloys of this invention, if any, may vary from about 0.05 to about 10 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.2 to about 8 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.4 to about 5 weight percent.
The amount of niobium present in the alloys of this invention, if any, may vary from about 0.05 to about 5 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 3 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.2 to about 2 weight percent.
In order to have the best properties for the fine grain matrix of this invention, it is desirable to limit the amount of other elements. Specific elements that should be reduced or eliminated include no more than about 0.1 weight percent iron, 0.1 weight percent chromium, 0.1 weight percent manganese, 0.1 weight percent vanadium, and 0.1 weight percent cobalt. The total quantity of additional elements should not exceed about 1% by weight, including the above listed impurities and other elements.

2. Ceracon Forging of L1₂Aluminum Alloys

It is advantageous to form L1₂strengthened aluminum alloy product from powder. The major reason is that the rapid cooling rate experienced during powder formation from the melt results in high supersaturation of intermetallic L1₂phase forming elements in the powder. The high supersaturation leads to a maximum amount of the strengthening phase dispersed throughout the structure in the final consolidated part.
The highest cooling rates observed in commercially viable processes are achieved by gas atomization of molten metals to produce powder. Gas atomization is a two fluid process wherein a stream of molten metal is disintegrated by a high velocity gas stream. The end result is that the particles of molten metal eventually become spherical due to surface tension and finely solidify in powder form. Heat from the liquid droplets is transferred to the atomization gas by convection. The solidification rates, depending on the gas and the surrounding environment, can be very high and can exceed 10⁶° C./second. Cooling rates greater than 10³° C./second are typically specified to ensure supersaturation of alloying elements in gas atomized L1₂aluminum alloy powder in the inventive process described herein.
A schematic of typical vertical gas atomizer 100 is shown in FIG. 6A. FIG. 6A is taken from R. Germain, Powder Metallurgy Science Second Edition MPIF (1994) (chapter 3, p. 101) and is incorporated herein by reference. Vacuum or inert gas induction melter 102 is positioned at the top of free flight chamber 104. Vacuum induction melter 102 contains melt 106 which flows by gravity or gas overpressure through nozzle 108. A close up view of nozzle 108 is shown in FIG. 6B. Melt 106 enters nozzle 108 and flows downward till it meets high pressure gas stream from gas source 110 where it is transformed into a spray of droplets. The droplets eventually become spherical due to surface tension and rapidly solidify into spherical powder 112 which collects in collection chamber 114. The gas recirculates through cyclone collector 116 which collects fine powder 118 before returning to the input gas stream. As can be seen from FIG. 6A, the surroundings to which the melt and eventual powder are exposed are completely controlled.
There are many effective nozzle designs known in the art to produce spherical metal powder. Nozzle designs with short gas-to-melt separation distances produce finer powders. Confined nozzle designs where gas meets the molten stream at a short distance just after it leaves the atomization nozzle are preferred for the production of the inventive L1₂aluminum alloy powders disclosed herein. Higher superheat temperatures cause lower melt viscosity and longer cooling times. Both result in smaller spherical particles.
A large number of processing parameters are associated with gas atomization that affect the final product. Examples include melt superheat, gas pressure, metal flow rate, gas type, and gas purity. In gas atomization, the particle size is related to the energy input to the metal. Higher gas pressures, higher superheat temperatures and lower metal flow rates result in smaller particle sizes. Higher gas pressures provide higher gas velocities for a given atomization nozzle design.
To maintain purity, inert gases are used, such as helium, argon, and nitrogen. Helium is preferred for rapid solidification because the high heat transfer coefficient of the gas leads to high quenching rates and high supersaturation of alloying elements.
Lower metal flow rates and higher gas flow rates favor production of finer powders. The particle size of gas atomized melts typically has a log normal distribution. An example of spherical L1₂aluminum alloy powder is shown in the scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of FIG. 7.
Oxygen and hydrogen in the powder can degrade the mechanical properties of the final part. It is preferred to limit the oxygen in the L1₂alloy powder to about 1 ppm to 2000 ppm. Oxygen is intentionally introduced as a component of the helium gas during atomization. A thin oxide coating on the L1₂aluminum powder is beneficial for two reasons. First, the coating prevents agglomeration by contact sintering and secondly, the coating inhibits the chance of explosion of the powder. A controlled amount of oxygen is important in order to provide good ductility and fracture toughness in the final consolidated material. Hydrogen content in the powder is controlled by ensuring the dew point of the helium gas is low. A dew point of about minus 50° F. (minus 45.5° C.) to minus 100° F. (minus 73.3° C.) is preferred.
In preparation for final processing, the powder is classified according to size by sieving. To prepare the powder for sieving, if the powder has zero percent oxygen content, the powder may be exposed to nitrogen gas which passivates the powder surface and prevents agglomeration. Finer powder sizes result in improved mechanical properties of the end product. While minus 325 mesh (about 45 microns) powder can be used, minus 450 mesh (about 30 microns) powder is a preferred size in order to provide good mechanical properties in the end product. During the atomization process, powder is collected in collection chambers in order to prevent oxidation of the powder. Collection chambers are used at the bottom of atomization chamber 104 as well as at the bottom of cyclone collector 116. The powder is transported and stored in the collection chambers also. Collection chambers are maintained under positive pressure with nitrogen gas which prevents oxidation of the powder.
The process of consolidating the inventive alloy powders into useful forms is schematically illustrated in FIG. 8. L1₂aluminum alloy powders 210 are first classified according to size by sieving (step 220). Fine particle sizes are required for optimum mechanical properties in the final part. Next, the classified powders are blended (step 230) in order to maintain microstructural homogeneity in the final part. Blending is necessary because different atomization batches produce powders with varying particle size distributions. Other benefits of blending will be discussed later. Powders may be optionally cryomilled (step 240) to minimize grain size and improve strength. Cryomilling is carried out in a high-energy ball mill under liquid nitrogen, and offers several benefits that will be discussed later.
The sieved, blended and (optionally) cryomilled powders are then put in a can (step 250) and vacuum degassed (step 260). Following vacuum degassing, the can is sealed (step 270) under vacuum and forged (step 280) to produce a densified preform. Finally, the preform is Ceracon forged (step 290) to produce a product with improved mechanical properties useful for subsequent service as a high temperature L1₂strengthened aluminum alloy. Non-isostatic Ceracon forging will be described later.
Sieving (step 220) is a critical step in consolidation because the final mechanical properties relate directly to the particle size. Finer particle size results in finer L1₂particle dispersion and finer grain size. Optimum mechanical properties have been observed with −450 mesh (30 micron) powder. Sieving (step 220) also limits the defect size in the powder. Before sieving, the powder is passivated with nitrogen gas in order to prevent agglomeration. Ultrasonic sieving is preferred for its efficiency.
Blending (step 230) is another critical step in the consolidation process because it results in improved uniformity of particle size distribution. Gas atomized L1₂aluminum alloy powder generally exhibits a bimodal particle size distribution and cross blending of separate powder batches tends to homogenize the particle size distribution. Blending (step 230) is also necessary when separate metal and/or ceramic powders are added to the L1₂base powder to form bimodal and trimodal consolidated alloy microstructures.
Cryomilling (step 240) can be used to refine the grain size of gas atomized L1₂aluminum alloy powder as well as the final consolidated alloy microstructure. Cryomilling is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,902,699, Fritzemeier et al. and in U.S. Pat. No. 7,344,675, Van Daam et al. and are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. Cryomilling involves high-energy ball milling under liquid nitrogen. The liquid nitrogen environment prevents oxidation and prevents frictional heating of the powder and the resulting grain coarsening. During the process, the powder particles are repeatedly sheared, fractured and cold welded which results in a severely deformed microstructure containing a high dislocation density that, with continued deformation, evolves into a cellular structure consisting of extremely small dislocation free grains separated by high angle grain boundaries with high dislocation density. The grain size of the cellular microstructure is typically less than 100 nm and the microstructure is considered a nanostructure.
In addition, the nitrogen environment results in the formation of nitride particles that reside at the grain boundaries and in the grain interiors and resist coarsening at higher temperatures. Stearic acid is preferably added to the powder charge to prevent excessive agglomeration and to promote fracturing and rewelding of the L1₂aluminum alloy particles during milling.
Following sieving (step 220), blending (step 230) and (optionally) cryomilling (Step 240), the powders are transferred to a can (step 250) where the powder is vacuum degassed (step 260) for about 12 hours to over 8 days at elevated temperatures. A temperature range of about 500° F. (260° C.) to about 900° F. (482° C.) is preferred and about 750° F. (399° C.) is more preferred. Dynamic degassing large amounts of powder are preferred to static degassing to expose all of the powder to a uniform temperature. Degassing removes the stearic acid lubricant as well as oxygen and hydrogen from the charge.
Following vacuum degassing (step 260), the vacuum line is crimped and welded shut. The powder is then consolidated into a dense preform by closed die forging or by quasi-isostatic forging (step 280).
An exemplary embodiment of this invention is to consolidate a canned L1₂aluminum alloy powder preform into a substantially 100% dense billet by a quasi-isostatic Ceracon-type forging process. The forging process consists of uniaxially pressing the canned powder preform or solid part perform in a cylindrical press, wherein the preform is surrounded by pressure transmitting medium during the forging. A schematic of quasi-isostatic forging equipment 300 is shown in FIG. 9. The equipment consists of cylindrical die 310 on base 320 with ram 325 inserted in dye cavity 330. Quasi-isostatic forging is carried out at elevated temperatures schematically illustrated by heating coils 340.
The steps to Ceracon forge an L1₂aluminum alloy powder preform are schematically illustrated in FIG. 10. First die 310 is (optionally) preheated (step 410). The preheat temperature is preferably about 40° F. (4.5° C.) to about 70° F. (21° C.) higher than the forging temperature to compensate for cooling that occurs during the loading process. Next, die 310 is partially filled with pressure transmitting medium (PTM) 360 (step 420). To minimize cooling during loading, the PTM can be (optionally) preheated, preferably to the same temperature as the die (step 450). Consolidated powder preform 350 is then inserted in die 310. Powder preform 350 can be (optionally) preheated, preferably to the same temperature as die 310 and PTM 360 (step 440). The remainder of die cavity 330 is then filled with PTM 360 (step 460). PTM 360 can be (optionally) heated (step 450). Ram 325 is then inserted in die 310 (step 470). Pressure 370 is applied to Ram 325 to accomplish quasi-isostatic Ceracon type forging.
One advantage of this process is that, if the preheating steps are followed, the run time is short. As a result, deleterious microstructural changes, such as grain and particle coarsening are minimized. Run times can be as short as a few minutes if automated loading and charging equipment is used. In addition, ductility and fracture toughness of L1₂based aluminum alloys can be improved significantly due to dynamic bimodal pressure generated during quasi-isostatic forging that breaks apart continuous powder surface oxide that prevent metal-metal bonding and randomly distributes them in the material.
During quasi-isostatic Ceracon type forging, the billet axially deforms about 30% and radially deforms about 10%. Strain rates from about 0.1 min⁻¹to about 6 min⁻¹at forging temperatures from about 400° F. (204° C.) to about 900° F. (482° C.) are preferred. Forging pressures from 50 ksi (345 MPa) to 150 ksi (1034 MPa) are preferred.
The pressure transmitting medium can consist of graphite or other carbon containing powders or ceramic powders or both. By proper fixturing and preheating the pressure transmitting medium and the work piece, densification during quasi-isostatic forging can be extremely rapid on the order of minutes.
The unequal actual and radial deformation of the powder is schematically illustrated by the dotted line outline of deformed can 352 in FIG. 9.
Quasi-isostatic forging of a 60 to 80 percent dense aluminum-7.5 weight percent magnesium powder preform by this technique resulted in about a 30 percent axial compression and about a 10 percent radial expansion as taught by Meeks III et al. U.S. Pat. No. 7,097,807 and included herein by reference. The quasi-isostatic forging deformation of L1₂aluminum alloy powder of this embodiment has beneficial effects on the microstructure and resulting properties of the consolidated billet. The nonuniform stress and resulting strain field in the powder during forging results in extensive shear deformation. The shear deformation deforms the powder, strips off the surface oxide from the L1₂alloy particles and redistributes it throughout the consolidated L1₂aluminum alloy powder forging as finely divided dispersoids. As a result, there is increased metal to metal contact during forging and resulting increased mechanical integrity. The redistributed surface oxide particles act as additional strengthening agents by resisting dislocation motion by Orowan strengthening.
In other embodiments, Ceracon type forging can be followed by hot isostatic pressing (HIP), forging, rolling and other deformation processing techniques.
To summarize, Ceracon type quasi-isostatic forging can be low cost and efficient. The pressure transmitting medium, as well as the vacuum sealed preform can be preheated prior to introduction of the perform into the forging chamber to minimize runtime. In addition, forging can be accomplished at high strain rates resulting in forging runs lasting less than a few minutes. The short run time results in an economical process that also further inhibits grain and L1₂particle growth in the billet during forging due to the limited time at temperature. The pressure transmitting medium can be reused and loading and unloading the preforms and resulting forgings can be an automated procedure.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A method for producing high strength aluminum alloy consolidated billets containing L1₂dispersoids, comprising the steps of:

forming an aluminum alloy powder containing L1₂dispersoid forming elements,

wherein the L1₂dispersoid forming elements form Al₃X dispersoids

wherein X is at least one first element selected from the group comprising:

about 0.1 to about 4.0 weight percent scandium, about 0.1 to about 20.0 weight percent erbium, about 0.1 to about 15.0 weight percent thulium, about 0.1 to about 25.0 weight percent ytterbium, and about 0.1 to about 25.0 weight percent lutetium;

at least one second element selected from the group comprising:

about 0.1 to about 20.0 weight percent gadolinium, about 0.1 to about 20.0 weight percent yttrium, about 0.05 to about 4.0 weight percent zirconium, about 0.05 to about 10.0 weight percent titanium, about 0.05 to about 10.0 weight percent hafnium, and about 0.05 to about 5.0 weight percent niobium; and

the balance substantially aluminum;

placing the powder in a container;

vacuum degassing the container at about 500° F. (260° C.) to about 900° F. (482° C.) for about 12 hours to about 8 days;

sealing the container;

creating a preform by compressing the container by closed die forging or by quasi-isostatic forging to consolidate the powder;

encompassing the aluminum alloy powder preform with a flowable pressure transmitting medium and heating the encompassed alloy powder; and

uniaxially compressing the medium to thereby consolidate the aluminum powder; and

removing the consolidated powder billet.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the forging temperature is from about 400° F. (204° C.) to about 900° F. (482° C.).

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the axial strain rate during compressing the medium is from about 0.1 min⁻¹to 6 min⁻¹.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein compressing the medium is at a pressure from about 50 Ksi (345 MPa) to about 150 Ksi (1034 MPa).

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the preform is vacuum sealed in an aluminum jacket.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the pressure transmitting medium comprises graphite or other carbon containing powders or ceramic powders or both.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the aluminum alloy powder contains at least one third element selected from the group consisting of silicon, magnesium, lithium, copper, zinc and nickel.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the third element comprises at least one of about 4 to about 25 weight percent silicon, about 1 to about 8 weight percent magnesium, about 0.5 to about 3 weight percent lithium, about 0.2 to about 6.5 weight percent copper, about 3 to about 12 weight percent zinc, and about 1 to about 12 weight percent nickel.

9. A high strength aluminum alloy consolidated billet containing L1₂dispersoids in an aluminum alloy matrix wherein:

the L1₂dispersoid forming elements form Al₃X dispersoids wherein X is at least

one first element selected from the group comprising:

at least one second element selected from the group comprising:

the balance substantially aluminum, wherein:

the aluminum alloy consolidated billet containing L1₂dispersoids is formed by the steps comprising:

placing the powder in a container;

sealing the container;

encompassing the aluminum alloy powder preform with a flowable pressure transmitting medium and heating the encompassed alloy powder and medium; and

removing the consolidated powder billet.

10. The alloy of claim 9, wherein the aluminum alloy powder contains at least one third element selected from the group consisting of silicon, magnesium, lithium, copper, zinc, and nickel.

11. The alloy of claim 10, wherein the third element comprises at least one of about 4 to about 25 weight percent silicon, about 1 to about 8 weight percent magnesium, about 0.5 to about 3 weight percent lithium, about 0.2 to about 6.5 weight percent copper, about 3 to about 12 weight percent zinc, and about 1 to about 12 weight percent nickel.

12. The alloy of claim 9, wherein the forging temperature is from about 400° F. (204° C.) to about 900° F. (482° C.).

13. The alloy of claim 9, wherein the axial strain rate during compressing the medium is from about 0.1 min⁻¹to 6 min⁻¹.

14. The alloy of claim 9, wherein compressing the medium is at a pressure from about 50 Ksi (345 MPa) to about 150 Ksi (1034 MPa).

15. The alloy of claim 9, wherein the pressure transmitting medium comprises graphite or other carbon containing powders or ceramic powders or both.

16. A high strength aluminum alloy consolidated billet containing L1₂dispersoids in an aluminum alloy matrix wherein:

one first element selected from the group comprising:

about 0.1 to about; 4.0 weight percent scandium, about 0.1 to about 20.0 weight percent erbium, about 0.1 to about 15.0 weight percent thulium, about 0.1 to about 25.0 weight percent ytterbium, and about 0.1 to about 25.0 weight percent lutetium;

at least one second element selected from the group comprising:

the balance substantially aluminum, wherein:

placing the powder in a container;

sealing the container;

uniaxially compressing the medium at an axial strain rate of from about 0.1 min⁻¹to about 6 min⁻¹at a pressure from about 50 KSi (345 MPa) to about 150 KSi (1034 MPa) to thereby consolidate the aluminum powder; and

removing the consolidated powder in a billet.

17. The high strength aluminum alloy consolidated billet of claim 16 wherein the aluminum alloy powder contains at least one third element selected from the group consisting of silicon, magnesium, lithium, copper, zinc, and nickel.

18. The high strength aluminum alloy consolidated billet of claim 16 wherein the third element comprises at least one of about 4 to about 25 weight percent silicon, about 1 to about 8 weight percent magnesium, about 0.5 to about 3 weight percent lithium, about 0.2 to about 6.5 weight percent copper, about 3 to about 12 weight percent zinc, and about 1 to about 12 weight percent nickel.

19. The high strength aluminum alloy consolidated billet of claim 16 wherein the forging temperature is from about 400° F. (204° C.) to about 900° F. (482° C.).

20. The high strength aluminum alloy consolidated billet of claim 16 wherein the pressure transmitting medium comprises graphite or other carbon containing powders or ceramic powders or both.