US20090050314A1 - Surface improvement for erosion resistance - Google Patents
Surface improvement for erosion resistance Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20090050314A1 US20090050314A1 US11/657,992 US65799207A US2009050314A1 US 20090050314 A1 US20090050314 A1 US 20090050314A1 US 65799207 A US65799207 A US 65799207A US 2009050314 A1 US2009050314 A1 US 2009050314A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- tool
- crb
- downhole
- sic
- surface improvement
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/34—Laser welding for purposes other than joining
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/20—Bonding
- B23K26/32—Bonding taking account of the properties of the material involved
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
- B23K35/0222—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
- B23K35/0244—Powders, particles or spheres; Preforms made therefrom
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/32—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C
- B23K35/327—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C comprising refractory compounds, e.g. carbides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
- B23K35/3601—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest with inorganic compounds as principal constituents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
- C23C24/10—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat with intermediate formation of a liquid phase in the layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C30/00—Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process
- C23C30/005—Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process on hard metal substrates
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
- E21B17/10—Wear protectors; Centralising devices, e.g. stabilisers
- E21B17/1085—Wear protectors; Blast joints; Hard facing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/50—Inorganic material, e.g. metals, not provided for in B23K2103/02 – B23K2103/26
Definitions
- the field of this invention is surface improvements of parts of downhole tools that are subject to wear and erosion from fluid flow, including heavily laden fluids such as slurry, and more particularly to surface improvements applied with lasers.
- the wear resistant surfaces were made from hard materials that resisted the erosive effects of the slurry flow. In some applications the wear surfaces were applied over a support surface and upon sufficient wear the remainder of the surface could be removed and replaced. These sacrificial liners were expensive to apply and replace and the present invention addresses the problem of economically increasing the life of components subjected to erosive forces due to slurry flows or high velocity gas flows downhole.
- a technique called Laser Induced Surface Improvement (LISI) has been used to clad a surface with a metal coating and a binder that are alloyed to the surface using a laser. These techniques have been developed at the University of Tennessee with cooperation from the General Motors Corporation and have resulted in patents principally targeted to the automotive industry.
- the present invention seeks to apply this technique to downhole applications where erosion is a problem as an improvement to the existing technology of putting a hard surface in the wear zones.
- the technique of laser induced surface improvement is used for tool surfaces in downhole tools that experience erosion from slurry or high velocity flows.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a multi-port sub with the coating placed on it using the LISI technique.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a circulation sub 10 that has a central passage 12 and one or more lateral outlets 14 .
- a coating 16 is adhered to the surfaces that define the outlet 14 .
- the wall of passage 12 can also be coated.
- Another downhole application is cross-over subs where gravel slurry goes from the tubing into the surrounding annulus. That flow can damage the ports or the opposing casing or control lines in the wall of the tool.
- Other applications involve sliding sleeves, frac nipples, seal bore surfaces, chokes and washout tools, to illustrate a few examples.
- the LISI process improves surface properties such as hardness, wear resistance or corrosion resistance.
- the technique calls for application of a coating layer that is melted to the substrate so that the chemical composition or/and the microstructure of the substrate are altered.
- the underlying surface is preferably sand blasted, washed and then dried.
- a precursor which is a suspension of powder materials in a water soluble binder is prepared and sprayed on the surfaces to be treated in a thickness of about 50-150 ⁇ m and preferably less than 200 ⁇ m and then dried.
- the laser is then applied to unite the coating and the substrate.
- the surfaces coated can be flat, inner diameters or outer diameters, for example.
- the new surface after laser application can be sand blasted or left in its original state. Optionally, it can be textured on a steel substrate.
- Some of the advantages of the LISI process are control of thickness and dilution of the layer secured by the process, an ability to focus on specifically targeted surfaces, the creation of a property modification of the surface, an environmentally friendly process with efficient material use, a broad range of substrates and reinforcement materials that can be integrated with them, rather small heat affected zones (under 10 microns) and a metallurgical bond so that the risk of delaminating is not present.
- the affected surface is hard, thick and dense while being metallurgically bonded while minimally damaging the underlying material.
- the process is flexible allowing for targeting of specific surfaces and options on coating selection such as WC, ZrO 2 , TiN or CrB 2 .
- coating selection such as WC, ZrO 2 , TiN or CrB 2 .
- downhole tools can permit higher flow rates of streams that previously caused erosion such as gravel slurries or high velocity fluid flows.
Abstract
The technique of laser induced surface improvement is used for tool surfaces in downhole tools that experience erosion from slurry or high velocity flows.
Description
- The field of this invention is surface improvements of parts of downhole tools that are subject to wear and erosion from fluid flow, including heavily laden fluids such as slurry, and more particularly to surface improvements applied with lasers.
- There are many downhole operations that involve slurry flow or high velocity gas flow with entrained solids. Such flows tend to remove metal from parts and can cause them to fail to operate or, in extreme cases, sever parts that may need to be fished or milled out. One common procedure is gravel packing through a crossover. This entails pumping gravel slurry past several bends to get it out from tubing and into the annular space defined by a surrounding casing. The crossover passages can exhibit high wear from the gravel impacts at relatively high velocities. Downhole choke valves generally have a ported cage moving to align the port thereon with an opening in the choke housing. The onset of flow as such valves open brings a rush of high velocity gas through an initially small opening. Here again, this mode of operation can cause severe wear from the erosion of the high velocity gasses.
- In the past, the wear resistant surfaces were made from hard materials that resisted the erosive effects of the slurry flow. In some applications the wear surfaces were applied over a support surface and upon sufficient wear the remainder of the surface could be removed and replaced. These sacrificial liners were expensive to apply and replace and the present invention addresses the problem of economically increasing the life of components subjected to erosive forces due to slurry flows or high velocity gas flows downhole.
- A technique called Laser Induced Surface Improvement (LISI) has been used to clad a surface with a metal coating and a binder that are alloyed to the surface using a laser. These techniques have been developed at the University of Tennessee with cooperation from the General Motors Corporation and have resulted in patents principally targeted to the automotive industry. The present invention seeks to apply this technique to downhole applications where erosion is a problem as an improvement to the existing technology of putting a hard surface in the wear zones.
- Some patents that illustrate the LISI technique are U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,503,703; 5,961,861; 5,985,056; 6,016,227; 6,173,886; 6,223,137; 6,229,111; 6,284,067; 6,294,225; 6,299,707; 6,328,026; 6,350,326; 6,423,162; 6,497,985 and 6,660,692. These patents are all incorporated by reference as if fully set forth.
- The technique of laser induced surface improvement is used for tool surfaces in downhole tools that experience erosion from slurry or high velocity flows.
-
FIG. 1 illustrates a multi-port sub with the coating placed on it using the LISI technique. -
FIG. 1 illustrates acirculation sub 10 that has acentral passage 12 and one or morelateral outlets 14. Using the LISI process, acoating 16 is adhered to the surfaces that define theoutlet 14. Optionally, the wall ofpassage 12 can also be coated. - While a circulation sub is illustrated those skilled in the art will realize that other downhole tools that experience slurry flow that creates an erosion issue or high, velocity fluids can benefit from the wear coating adhered with the LISI process. The thickness and material selection can vary with the anticipated severity of the service and compatibility with fluids downhole.
- Another downhole application is cross-over subs where gravel slurry goes from the tubing into the surrounding annulus. That flow can damage the ports or the opposing casing or control lines in the wall of the tool. Other applications involve sliding sleeves, frac nipples, seal bore surfaces, chokes and washout tools, to illustrate a few examples.
- The LISI process improves surface properties such as hardness, wear resistance or corrosion resistance. In use the technique calls for application of a coating layer that is melted to the substrate so that the chemical composition or/and the microstructure of the substrate are altered. The underlying surface is preferably sand blasted, washed and then dried. A precursor which is a suspension of powder materials in a water soluble binder is prepared and sprayed on the surfaces to be treated in a thickness of about 50-150 μm and preferably less than 200 μm and then dried. The laser is then applied to unite the coating and the substrate. The surfaces coated can be flat, inner diameters or outer diameters, for example. The new surface after laser application can be sand blasted or left in its original state. Optionally, it can be textured on a steel substrate.
- Some of the advantages of the LISI process are control of thickness and dilution of the layer secured by the process, an ability to focus on specifically targeted surfaces, the creation of a property modification of the surface, an environmentally friendly process with efficient material use, a broad range of substrates and reinforcement materials that can be integrated with them, rather small heat affected zones (under 10 microns) and a metallurgical bond so that the risk of delaminating is not present.
- As a result of the LISI process the affected surface is hard, thick and dense while being metallurgically bonded while minimally damaging the underlying material. The process is flexible allowing for targeting of specific surfaces and options on coating selection such as WC, ZrO2, TiN or CrB2. There are a number of other material options including, but not limited to these carbides, ceramics, and oxides: CrB2, Cr3C2, TiB2, Nb2C, TiC, B4C, SiC, Mo2C, SiC, ZrB2, WC, WZrC, MoB, TiB2 or CrB2. After treatment with the LISI process, downhole tools can permit higher flow rates of streams that previously caused erosion such as gravel slurries or high velocity fluid flows.
- The above description is illustrative of the preferred embodiment and many modifications may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the invention whose scope is to be determined from the literal and equivalent scope of the claims below.
Claims (3)
1. A tool for use in erosive service downhole comprising a surface in contact with an erosive stream that is made more durable by an application of a precursor laser melted onto the surface.
2. The tool of claim 1 , wherein said surface comprises a part of a cross-over tool, a choke, a frac nipple, a seal bore, a washout tool, or other down-hole orifice where fluid flow erodes the orifice.
3. The tool of claim 1 , wherein said precursor comprises at least one of oxides, ceramics, nanoparticles, nitrides, silicides, and metals, such as: CrB2, Cr3C2, TiB2, Nb2C, TiC, B4C, SiC, Mo2C, SiC, ZrB2, WC, WZrC, MoB, TiB2 or CrB2.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/657,992 US20090050314A1 (en) | 2007-01-25 | 2007-01-25 | Surface improvement for erosion resistance |
PCT/US2007/087808 WO2008091458A1 (en) | 2007-01-25 | 2007-12-17 | Surface improvement for erosion resistance |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/657,992 US20090050314A1 (en) | 2007-01-25 | 2007-01-25 | Surface improvement for erosion resistance |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20090050314A1 true US20090050314A1 (en) | 2009-02-26 |
Family
ID=39356524
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/657,992 Abandoned US20090050314A1 (en) | 2007-01-25 | 2007-01-25 | Surface improvement for erosion resistance |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20090050314A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2008091458A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20120018141A1 (en) * | 2010-07-21 | 2012-01-26 | Hendrik John | Well tool having a nanoparticle reinforced metallic coating |
CN111377741A (en) * | 2018-12-25 | 2020-07-07 | 佳能株式会社 | Articles comprising silicon carbide and methods of making the same |
US11174709B2 (en) | 2017-12-08 | 2021-11-16 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Mechanical barriers for downhole degradation and debris control |
Citations (18)
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US5961861A (en) * | 1996-01-15 | 1999-10-05 | The University Of Tennessee Research Corporation | Apparatus for laser alloying induced improvement of surfaces |
US6016227A (en) * | 1998-07-31 | 2000-01-18 | The University Of Tennessee Research Corporation | Apparatus and method for producing an improved laser beam |
US6173866B1 (en) * | 2000-02-18 | 2001-01-16 | Lucian Taylor, Jr. | Wrist-carried water container apparatus |
US6209420B1 (en) * | 1994-03-16 | 2001-04-03 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Method of manufacturing bits, bit components and other articles of manufacture |
US6223137B1 (en) * | 1999-03-25 | 2001-04-24 | The University Of Tennessee Research Corporation | Method for marking, tracking, and managing hospital instruments |
US6229111B1 (en) * | 1999-10-13 | 2001-05-08 | The University Of Tennessee Research Corporation | Method for laser/plasma surface alloying |
US6284067B1 (en) * | 1999-07-02 | 2001-09-04 | The University Of Tennessee Research Corporation | Method for producing alloyed bands or strips on pistons for internal combustion engines |
US6294225B1 (en) * | 1999-05-10 | 2001-09-25 | The University Of Tennessee Research Corporation | Method for improving the wear and corrosion resistance of material transport trailer surfaces |
US6299707B1 (en) * | 1999-05-24 | 2001-10-09 | The University Of Tennessee Research Corporation | Method for increasing the wear resistance in an aluminum cylinder bore |
US6328026B1 (en) * | 1999-10-13 | 2001-12-11 | The University Of Tennessee Research Corporation | Method for increasing wear resistance in an engine cylinder bore and improved automotive engine |
US6350326B1 (en) * | 1996-01-15 | 2002-02-26 | The University Of Tennessee Research Corporation | Method for practicing a feedback controlled laser induced surface modification |
US20020092808A1 (en) * | 2000-11-30 | 2002-07-18 | Lauritzen J. Eric | Apparatus for preventing erosion of wellbore components and method of fabricating same |
US6423162B1 (en) * | 1999-07-02 | 2002-07-23 | The University Of Tennesse Research Corporation | Method for producing decorative appearing bumper surfaces |
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US6660692B1 (en) * | 1999-06-17 | 2003-12-09 | Aventis Cropscience S.A. | Herbicidal compositions comprising picolinafen |
US6861612B2 (en) * | 2001-01-25 | 2005-03-01 | Jimmie Brooks Bolton | Methods for using a laser beam to apply wear-reducing material to tool joints |
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2007
- 2007-01-25 US US11/657,992 patent/US20090050314A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-12-17 WO PCT/US2007/087808 patent/WO2008091458A1/en active Application Filing
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US5503703A (en) * | 1994-01-10 | 1996-04-02 | Dahotre; Narendra B. | Laser bonding process |
US6209420B1 (en) * | 1994-03-16 | 2001-04-03 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Method of manufacturing bits, bit components and other articles of manufacture |
US6350326B1 (en) * | 1996-01-15 | 2002-02-26 | The University Of Tennessee Research Corporation | Method for practicing a feedback controlled laser induced surface modification |
US5961861A (en) * | 1996-01-15 | 1999-10-05 | The University Of Tennessee Research Corporation | Apparatus for laser alloying induced improvement of surfaces |
US5985056A (en) * | 1996-01-15 | 1999-11-16 | The University Of Tennessee Research Corporation | Method for laser induced improvement of surfaces |
US6016227A (en) * | 1998-07-31 | 2000-01-18 | The University Of Tennessee Research Corporation | Apparatus and method for producing an improved laser beam |
US6223137B1 (en) * | 1999-03-25 | 2001-04-24 | The University Of Tennessee Research Corporation | Method for marking, tracking, and managing hospital instruments |
US6294225B1 (en) * | 1999-05-10 | 2001-09-25 | The University Of Tennessee Research Corporation | Method for improving the wear and corrosion resistance of material transport trailer surfaces |
US6299707B1 (en) * | 1999-05-24 | 2001-10-09 | The University Of Tennessee Research Corporation | Method for increasing the wear resistance in an aluminum cylinder bore |
US6497985B2 (en) * | 1999-06-09 | 2002-12-24 | University Of Tennessee Research Corporation | Method for marking steel and aluminum alloys |
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US6328026B1 (en) * | 1999-10-13 | 2001-12-11 | The University Of Tennessee Research Corporation | Method for increasing wear resistance in an engine cylinder bore and improved automotive engine |
US6229111B1 (en) * | 1999-10-13 | 2001-05-08 | The University Of Tennessee Research Corporation | Method for laser/plasma surface alloying |
US6173866B1 (en) * | 2000-02-18 | 2001-01-16 | Lucian Taylor, Jr. | Wrist-carried water container apparatus |
US20020092808A1 (en) * | 2000-11-30 | 2002-07-18 | Lauritzen J. Eric | Apparatus for preventing erosion of wellbore components and method of fabricating same |
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Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20120018141A1 (en) * | 2010-07-21 | 2012-01-26 | Hendrik John | Well tool having a nanoparticle reinforced metallic coating |
US8919461B2 (en) * | 2010-07-21 | 2014-12-30 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Well tool having a nanoparticle reinforced metallic coating |
GB2495247B (en) * | 2010-07-21 | 2017-11-29 | Baker Hughes Inc | Well tool having a nanoparticle reinforced metallic coating |
US11174709B2 (en) | 2017-12-08 | 2021-11-16 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Mechanical barriers for downhole degradation and debris control |
CN111377741A (en) * | 2018-12-25 | 2020-07-07 | 佳能株式会社 | Articles comprising silicon carbide and methods of making the same |
CN111377741B (en) * | 2018-12-25 | 2023-09-05 | 佳能株式会社 | Articles including silicon carbide and methods of making the same |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2008091458A1 (en) | 2008-07-31 |
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Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |