US20080087868A1

US20080087868A1 - Battery paste material and method

Info

Publication number: US20080087868A1
Application number: US11/907,133
Authority: US
Inventors: Ralph Petersen; Ross Henning
Original assignee: Johnson Controls Technology Co
Current assignee: Johnson Controls Technology Co
Priority date: 2003-10-21
Filing date: 2007-10-09
Publication date: 2008-04-17
Also published as: JP2007509484A; CN1894810A; EP1680827B1; CN100527486C; KR20060086434A; ATE527709T1; MXPA06004510A; JP4505464B2; BRPI0415854A; EP1680827A1; US7517370B2; US20070269592A1; KR20080031531A; BRPI0415854B1; WO2005043651A1; KR100828275B1

Abstract

A method of making a battery plate includes mixing particles of tetrabasic lead sulfate with leady oxide to form a paste material. The particles having an average spherical particle diameter of less than approximately 2.5 micrometers. The method also includes providing at least a portion of the paste material on a battery grid curing the battery grid and paste material at a temperature of less than approximately 48 degrees Celsius to produce a battery plate having a cured paste thereon.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/576,427 and also claims the benefit of and priority to the following applications: International Patent Application No. PCT/US2004/034710 filed Oct. 21, 2004 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/512,951, filed Oct. 21, 2003. The aforementioned patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates generally to the field of batteries (e.g., lead-acid batteries such as automotive starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) batteries; industrial batteries; commercial batteries; and marine batteries). More specifically, the present invention relates to materials for use in active materials for batteries and methods of making such materials.
Positive and negative plates or grids utilized in lead-acid batteries are made of lead or a lead alloy, and include a plurality of wires coupled to a plurality of nodes (e.g., a battery plate may include a frame comprising four sides with a lug or current collector extending from one of the sides and a network of wires or grid elements interconnected with a plurality of nodes).
At least a portion of the positive grids or plates have a material (e.g., a paste) applied thereto. The paste typically comprises lead oxide (PbO). The active material may also include one or both of tetrabasic lead sulfate (4PbO.PbSO₄) (often abbreviated as “4BS”) and tribasic lead sulfate (3PbO.PbSO₄.H2O) (often abbreviated as “3BS”). According to an exemplary embodiment, an active material may comprise approximately 40% PbO and 60% 4BS. According to other exemplary embodiments, the active material may have a different composition (e.g., the active material may include between approximately 10% and 100% 4BS, etc.). The tetrabasic lead sulfate and tribasic lead sulfate may be provided in the form of individual crystals that are mixed into the lead oxide paste material. According to an exemplary embodiment, tetrabasic lead sulfate and tribasic lead sulfate may be provided by adding acid to a paste mix under appropriate mixing and plate curing conditions.
The positive plates having paste applied thereto are cured or dried to remove excess liquid in the paste and assembled into a battery (e.g., positive and negative plates are provided with a separator between them in a battery container, after which acid (e.g., sulfuric acid) is introduced into the battery). During curing, the tetrabasic lead sulfate and/or tribasic lead sulfate crystals grow or increase in size.
During battery formation (e.g., providing an initial charge to the battery), the components of the paste are converted to an active material such as lead dioxide (PbO₂) on the positive plates and sponge lead (Pb) on the negative plates. According to an exemplary embodiment, a sulfation reaction proceeds as acid is added to the battery according to the formula:
PbO+H₂SO₄═PbSO₄+H₂O
During formation, according to an exemplary embodiment, the reactions at the positive and negative plates proceed according to the following formulae:

Positive Plate

PbSO₄+2H₂O═PbO₂+H₂SO₄+2H⁺+2e−
PbO+H₂O═PbO₂+2H⁺+2e−

Negative Plate

PbSO₄+2H⁺+2e−=Pb+H₂SO₄
PbO+2H⁺+2e−=Pb+H₂O

Overall Reaction

2PbSO₄+2H₂O═PbO₂+Pb+2H₂SO₄
2PbO═PbO₂+Pb
Cured positive plates containing tetrabasic lead sulfate as a component of the paste applied thereto may provide improved deep discharge cycle life as compared to cured positive plates utilizing tribasic lead sulfate as a component in the paste. B. Culpin has provided a review of 4BS positive plate chemistry and its benefits in J. Power Sources, 25, p. 305-311 (1989).
Another potential advantageous feature is that improved discharge capacity of positive plates utilizing tetrabasic lead sulfate may be obtained as compared to plates utilizing tribasic lead sulfate. For example, batteries produced using tetrabasic lead sulfate positive plate technology have been shown to yield up to approximately 20% improvements in reserve capacity (where reserve capacity is defined as the number of minutes at a 25 ampere discharge at 80° F. until a battery voltage is reduced to 10.5 volts).
Tetrabasic lead sulfate is conventionally provided having a crystal thickness of between approximately 10 and 20 micrometers and a length of between approximately 60 and 90 micrometers. One difficulty with using such tetrabasic lead sulfate is that the crystal size may not be optimum for allowing conversion of the paste materials into lead dioxide during the formation process. Another difficulty is that the use of such tetrabasic lead sulfate requires that the positive plates undergo a high temperature steam cure for approximately 1 hour or more.
One detrimental effect of the use of conventional tetrabasic lead sulfate crystals is that plates utilizing such crystals may exhibit incomplete formation (i.e., not all tetrabasic lead sulfate is converted to lead dioxide active material during initial charging). Accordingly, batteries produced with such plates may require follow-up boost charging to complete the formation process. The large crystals, coupled with incomplete formation, also may result in warpage of the formed positive plates.
Another difficulty in utilizing tetrabasic lead sulfate chemistry is that the paste mixing process and/or the plate curing step must be performed at elevated temperatures of at least 70° C. and more typically exceeding 80° C. Such elevated temperatures may not desirable for such manufacturing processes, and may result in increased manufacturing cost and decreased manufacturing efficiency.
There is thus a need to provide an improved method for producing tetrabasic lead sulfate materials for use in battery paste. There is also a need to provide a battery paste having tetrabasic lead sulfate with an optimum crystal size to enable relatively efficient conversion of the tetrabasic lead sulfate into lead dioxide active material. There is further a need to provide a relatively efficient and cost-effective method of producing battery paste for use in lead-acid batteries. There is further a need to provide a method for producing materials for use in battery paste that decrease the material requirements for production of a battery without sacrificing battery performance or cycle life and without reducing manufacturing efficiency. These and other needs may be met by one or more of the exemplary embodiments described herein.

SUMMARY

The present invention relates to a method of making a battery plate that includes mixing particles of tetrabasic lead sulfate with leady oxide to form a paste material. The particles have an average spherical particle diameter of less than approximately 2.5 micrometers. The method also includes providing at least a portion of the paste material on a battery grid curing the battery grid and paste material at a temperature of less than approximately 48 degrees Celsius to produce a battery plate having a cured paste thereon.
The present invention also relates to a method of making a plate for a battery that includes mixing particles of tetrabasic lead sulfate having an average spherical particle diameter of less than approximately 2 micrometers with leady oxide to form a paste. The method also includes coating at least a portion of a battery grid with the paste and heating the battery grid and paste material at a temperature of less than approximately 48 degrees Celsius to produce a battery plate having a cured paste thereon.
The present invention also relates to a method of making a battery that includes adding tetrabasic lead sulfate particles having an average spherical particle diameter of less than approximately 2.5 micrometers to leady oxide to form a paste material. The method also includes providing at least a portion of the paste material on a battery grid and curing the battery grid and paste material at a temperature of less than approximately 48 degrees Celsius to form a battery plate having a cured paste thereon. The method also includes providing the battery plate in a container to produce a battery and charging the battery.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a 2000× magnification scanning electron micrograph of a conventional positive plate utilizing a tribasic lead sulfate chemistry (i.e., without the use of tetrabasic lead sulfate) which had been cured at a low temperature of 46° C. for 16 hrs at 95% humidity.
FIG. 2 shows a 2000× magnification scanning electron micrograph of a positive plate which had been cured under the same low temperature conditions as for the plate shown in FIG. 1, but which utilized a paste mix with 1 wt % of a tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystal additive.
FIG. 3 shows a 2000× magnification scanning electron micrograph of a positive plate having larger sized tetrabasic lead sulfate crystals which was made using high temperature curing (approximately 100° C.) without the benefit of a tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystal additive.
FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating a theoretical quantitative prediction of percent tetrabasic lead sulfate conversion in low temperature cured plates versus seed crystal spherical diameter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

According to an exemplary embodiment, a process or method of manufacturing positive plates or grids utilizing tetrabasic lead sulfate as a component of the battery paste (e.g., along with PbO) provides a savings in positive plate materials (e.g., between 4 and 8%), with little or no loss in lead acid battery performance or cycle life and little or no decline in manufacturing productivity.
According to an exemplary embodiment, the process allows paste mixing temperatures of less than 60° C. and curing temperatures of less than 46° C. to be utilized. Such temperatures are significantly lower than temperatures used for conventional tetrabasic lead sulfate plate chemistry manufacturing processes, which may range from approximately 70° to 80° or higher.
According to an exemplary embodiment, finely ground or milled tetrabasic lead sulfate particles at a loading level of approximately 1 wt % are added to leady oxide in an otherwise standard paste mixing process. According to an exemplary embodiment, the particles have an average spherical particle diameter of less than approximately 2.5 micrometers (μm) (i.e., the particles are generally spherical and have a particle diameter of less than approximately 2.5 micrometers). According to an exemplary embodiment, the particles have an average spherical particle diameter of up to approximately 2 micrometers. According to an exemplary embodiment, the particles have an average spherical particle diameter of approximately 1 micrometer. According to an exemplary embodiment, the particles have an average spherical particle diameter of approximately 2 micrometers. According to an exemplary embodiment, the particles have an average spherical particle diameter of between approximately 1 and 2 micrometers. According to other exemplary embodiments, the particles may have a different average spherical particle diameter (e.g., 2 micrometers or greater).
Following curing of the battery paste at a relatively low temperature, the particles will grow through nucleation and grain growth to sizes smaller than would be possible using conventional high temperature curing (e.g., between approximately 2 and 5 micrometers thick (preferably approximately 3 micrometers thick) and between approximately 20 and 30 micrometers long). Following the curing step, which causes growth of the tetrabasic lead sulfate crystals, the tetrabasic lead sulfate crystals comprise between approximately 50 and 60% by weight of the cured paste. According to other exemplary embodiments, a higher or lower acid content in the paste may be used to obtain levels of tetrabasic lead sulfate that are between approximately 10% and 100% by weight of the cured plate. According to still other exemplary embodiments, the total weight of tetrabasic lead sulfate may also vary based on the amount of tetrabasic lead sulfate particles utilized.
One advantageous feature of utilizing relatively finely ground tetrabasic lead sulfate particles or “seed crystals” is that greater than approximately 90% of all PbSO₄may be converted into tetrabasic lead sulfate. No further curing process (e.g., a steam curing process) is required. In contrast, conventional tetrabasic lead sulfate production methods may require the use of a steam curing process, which adds an additional step to the manufacturing process.
The tetrabasic lead sulfate particles or “seed crystals” catalyze the full conversion of all tribasic lead sulfate chemistry into tetrabasic lead sulfate at a curing temperature of between approximately 46° and 48° C., provided that the humidity is maintained at approximately 95%. According to other exemplary embodiments, the humidity may be maintained at a different level (e.g., between approximately 80 and 100%). One advantageous feature of utilizing such temperatures is that lower manufacturing temperatures require less energy and avoid the higher costs associated with the use of warpage resistant fiber filled plastic stacking boards to hold the plates during the curing process. Further, high temperature paste mixing processes may require more expensive process equipment (e.g., vacuum-cooled paste mixers).
One advantageous feature of using small tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystals is that the required amount of tetrabasic lead sulfate is reduced, which thus reduces the cost of this paste mix additive. According to an exemplary embodiment, each tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystal develops into a single cured tetrabasic lead sulfate crystal. The greater the number of seed crystals, the greater the number of cured crystals. Because there are a greater number of seed crystals, the final cured crystals have a smaller size than those produced using conventional processes (e.g., the growth of each of the seed crystals into the larger, cured crystals is constrained due to the number of seed crystals provided). The relatively small cured crystal sizes may be produced regardless of curing temperature.
The tetrabasic lead sulfate particles are produced by jet milling larger particles of tetrabasic lead sulfate to obtain an average spherical particle diameter of between approximately 1 and 2 micrometers. According to an exemplary embodiment, a Fluid Energy Aljet Model 8 Micro-Jet Grinding System (manufactured by Fluid Energy Aljet of Telford, Pa.) may be utilized to produce tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystals or particles having reduced spherical particle diameters (e.g., between approximately 1 and 2 micrometers). According to other exemplary embodiments, other types of jet mills or other milling or grinding equipment may be used. According to other exemplary embodiments, other methods of producing tetrabasic lead sulfate particles having particle sizes smaller than those conventionally used may also be utilized.
According to other exemplary embodiments, the average tetrabasic lead sulfate spherical particle size may differ. For example, the average particle size and loading levels may vary to optimize the conversion of tetrabasic lead sulfate to lead dioxide during the formation process. According to one embodiment, the spherical particle diameter of the tetrabasic lead sulfate particles may range between approximately 2 and 5 micrometers. According to another exemplary embodiment, the tetrabasic lead sulfate particles may be provided with a plurality of particle sizes (e.g., approximately 10% of the tetrabasic lead sulfate particles have average spherical particle diameters of between approximately 10 and 20 micrometers, and 90% of the tetrabasic lead sulfate particles have a spherical particle diameter of approximately 1 micrometer). The particular mixture of particle sizes may vary according to various considerations. According to another exemplary embodiment, the amount of loading of the paste with tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystals may range between approximately 0.5% and 10.0% by weight. Other loading amounts may also be used according to other exemplary embodiments.
One advantageous feature of the use of tetrabasic lead sulfate particles having reduced sizes is that the tetrabasic lead sulfate crystals result in a cured tetrabasic lead sulfate crystal size that is small enough to provide relatively efficient conversion to lead dioxide positive active material in the first charge of the lead acid battery (commonly referred to as the formation process).
FIG. 1 shows a 2000× magnification scanning electron micrograph of a conventional positive plate utilizing a tribasic lead sulfate chemistry (i.e., without the use of tetrabasic lead sulfate) which had been cured at a low temperature of 46° C. for 16 hrs at 95% humidity. The small crystalline structure illustrated in the micrograph is characteristic of conventional tribasic lead sulfate chemistry, as was confirmed by x-ray diffraction and thermal gravimetric analysis (J. Materials Science Letters, Vol. 11, pp 369-372 (1992)).
In contrast, FIG. 2 shows a scanning electron micrograph at the same 2000× magnification of a plate which had been cured under the same low temperature conditions as for the plate shown in FIG. 1, but which utilized a paste mix with 1 wt % of a tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystal additive. The use of tetrabasic lead sulfate crystals according to an exemplary embodiment provides larger 2-3 micrometer thick crystals. Such cured crystal size is desirable since such crystals are optimally sized to convert to lead dioxide during the battery formation process, while at the same time yielding life and performance improvements over tribasic lead sulfate plate chemistry. X-ray diffraction and thermal gravimetric analyses confirmed that more than 90% of the PbSO₄present in the plate had been converted into the tetrabasic lead sulfate crystalline form.
FIG. 3 shows a 2000× magnification scanning electron micrograph of a plate having larger sized tetrabasic lead sulfate crystals which was made using high temperature curing (approximately 100° C.) without the benefit of a milled tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystal additive. The plates were steam cured at a temperature of approximately 100° C. The much larger, approximately 10 micrometer thick tetrabasic lead sulfate are more difficult to convert into lead dioxide positive plate active material during subsequent battery formation processes. Such plates also show a greater tendency toward warpage during the formation process.
Use of tetrabasic lead sulfate “seed crystals” of nominal 1-2 micrometer spherical particle diameter provides a relatively simple and robust process which assures that the proper size and amount of tetrabasic lead sulfate seed material is in the plate during the subsequent, critical plate curing step.
The degree of conversion of PbSO₄into the desired tetrabasic lead sulfate chemistry is also critically controlled by tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystal particle size at the relatively low curing temperatures which would not otherwise create more tetrabasic lead sulfate crystals during curing. A theoretical quantitative prediction of percent tetrabasic lead sulfate conversion in low temperature cured plates versus seed crystal diameter is shown in FIG. 4. One assumption forming the basis of FIG. 4 is that low temperature cured tetrabasic lead sulfate crystals cannot grow larger than about 3 micrometers thick and 30 micrometers long. The number of these cured crystals determines the percent conversion to tetrabasic lead sulfate in the cured plates. Increasing the number of tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystals per unit weight of additive via particle size reduction increases the percent conversion of tetrabasic lead sulfate in the cured plate by creating greater number of nucleation sites to create greater numbers of cured tetrabasic lead sulfate crystals.
FIG. 4 shows that seed crystal spherical diameters need to be no larger than about 2 micrometers in diameter to assure full conversion to tetrabasic lead sulfate crystals in the curing process. Still smaller seed crystal sizes would more robustly ensure full conversion to tetrabasic lead sulfate at low curing temperatures and could enable the use of a smaller amount of seed crystal additive to reduce process costs.
The paste material utilizing tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystals yields improvements over conventional tetrabasic lead sulfate plate production by circumventing the need for an additional high temperature steam curing process. The method also generates optimally-sized post-cure tetrabasic lead sulfate crystals that are more efficiently converted to lead dioxide than possible using conventional tetrabasic lead sulfate plate production methods. The use of such seed crystals advantageously retains the benefits of tetrabasic lead sulfate plate chemistry such as a 5-15% increase in positive plate material utilization, improved discharge capacity stability during repetitive reserve capacity testing, and improved deep discharge cycle life.
Various advantageous features may be realized utilizing the teachings of the present application. For example, a method for producing or manufacturing battery plates utilizing tetrabasic lead sulfate paste chemistry in accordance with the teachings described herein may utilize lower temperatures than conventional methods. That is, low temperatures may be utilized to cure the battery paste once coated on a plate or grid.
Relatively small seed crystals of tetrabasic lead sulfate are used according to an exemplary embodiment to produce smaller crystals of tetrabasic lead sulfate after a curing operation than possible using conventional methods, while exhibiting a higher percentage of tetrabasic lead sulfate conversion to lead dioxide during a battery formation process than may be obtained using conventional manufacturing methods. Such a process may provide a relatively simple, robust, and cost effective means for making cured lead acid battery plates with relatively high percent conversion to optimally sized (2-5 micrometer thick) tetrabasic lead sulfate, which in turn can be relatively efficiently converted into lead dioxide active material during the battery formation process.
Other advantages may also be obtained. For example, active material paste weights may be reduced without degrading battery performance or cycle life and without significantly increasing manufacturing costs or decreasing manufacturing efficiency.
The following nonexclusive example illustrates features of the present invention:

EXAMPLE

Greater than 90 wt % purity tetrabasic lead sulfate (tribasic lead sulfate contaminant) was prepared in 60 lb lots in 50 gallons of hot aqueous slurries according to a procedure described by Biagetti and Weeks in the September 1970 issue of the Bell System Technical Journal. The dried material was jet milled to average volume based spherical particle diameters of 1 micrometer with a nominal standard deviation of 1 micrometers. Laser based particle size analyzers were used to quantitate all tetrabasic lead sulfate seed particle sizes.
The tetrabasic lead sulfate seed particles were added to a 2400 lb paste mix of conventional leady oxide to achieve a desired 1 wt % loading level (i.e., 24 lbs. of lead sulfate seeds were added to the mix). Normal state of the art mixing was then conducted via water additions, followed by the appropriate amount of 1.325 specific gravity sulfuric acid addition over a nominal 10 minute period to yield nominal peak mix temperatures of 60° C.
Machine pasted plates were then flash dried to a nominal moisture content of 10% and then subjected to 16 hours of curing at 46° C. and 95% humidity. The plates were then dried for a nominal 30 hours at 60° C. at low humidities not to exceed 50%. Conventional battery assembly and formations followed to make test batteries. Battery Council International (BCI) testing procedures and equipment were used to conduct performance and life testing of all batteries.
X-ray diffraction was used to confirm all tribasic lead sulfate and tetrabasic lead sulfate cured plate chemistries, while thermal gravimetric analysis was coupled with chemical sulfate analyses to quantitate these species according to the procedure described in the Journal of Material Sciences Letters, Vol 11, pp 369-372 (1992).
It is important to note that the various exemplary embodiments are illustrative only. Although only a few embodiments of the present inventions have been described in detail in this disclosure, those skilled in the art who review this disclosure will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible (e.g., variations in sizes, dimensions, structures, shapes and proportions of the various elements, values of parameters, etc.) without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of the subject matter recited herein. Other substitutions, modifications, changes and omissions may be made in the design, process parameters, material properties, operating conditions and other features of the preferred and other exemplary embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method of making a battery plate paste comprising the steps of:

mixing together water and lead oxide;

mixing sulfuric acid into the water and lead oxide mixture; and

reacting the mixture of water, lead oxide and sulfuric acid in the presence of tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystals to thereby form a paste material containing tetrabasic lead sulfate crystals.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of reducing the size of the tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystals.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the sulfuric acid is diluted.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the sulfuric acid is added over a 10 minute period.

5. The method of claim 3, further comprising the step of reducing the size of the tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystals.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystals are reduced in size by milling.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the lead oxide paste includes lead monoxide.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystals are loaded into the paste in the range of 0.5 to 10 percent by weight.

9. A method of making a battery paste comprising the step of reacting a mixture of:

water;

lead oxide; and

sulfuric acid;

in the presence of tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystals.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the mixture includes 0.1 to 10 percent loading of seed crystals.

11. A method of making a battery plate, comprising the steps of:

mixing tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystals with a paste mix to create a battery paste;

wherein the mixing step includes mixing lead oxide, sulfuric acid, and water in the presence of the tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystals; and

curing the battery paste.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystals have a particle size less than about 2.5 micrometers.

13. The method of claim 5, wherein the tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystals have a particle size of approximately 1 micrometers.

14. The method of claim 6, wherein the tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystals have a particle size between 2 to 5 micrometers.

15. The method of claim 9, wherein the tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystals have a particle size between 2 to 5 micrometers.

16. The method of claim 11, wherein the tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystals have a particle size between 2 to 5 micrometers.

17. The method of claim 11, wherein the step of mixing tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystals with a paste mix to create a battery paste comprises the step of adding the tetrabasic lead sulfate seed crystals to the paste mix at a loading level of approximately 0.5 to 10 percent.

18. A battery paste comprising:

a battery paste mix;

tetrabasic lead sulfate; and

an oxide.

19. The paste of claim 18, wherein the tetrabasic lead sulfate is loaded in the battery paste mix at a level of approximately 0.5 to 10 percent.

20. The paste of claim 18, wherein tetrabasic lead sulfate has a particle size between 2 to 5 micrometers.

21. The paste of claim 18, wherein the tetrabasic lead sulfate promotes the formation of more tetrabasic lead sulfate in the battery paste during paste mixing.

22. A battery paste comprising:

water;

lead oxide;

sulfuric acid; and

tetrabasic lead sulfate.

23. The battery paste of claim 22, wherein the tetrabasic lead sulfate is added to promote the formation of tetrabasic lead sulfate in the battery paste.

24. A battery plate made by the method of:

providing the battery paste of claim 22, wherein the battery paste is formed using tetrabasic seed crystals; and

curing the battery paste.

25. The battery paste of claim 22, wherein the battery paste is formed by adding tetrabasic lead sulfate particles to a paste mix.