US20080047823A1 - Method of forming a chemical composition - Google Patents
Method of forming a chemical composition Download PDFInfo
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- US20080047823A1 US20080047823A1 US11/849,442 US84944207A US2008047823A1 US 20080047823 A1 US20080047823 A1 US 20080047823A1 US 84944207 A US84944207 A US 84944207A US 2008047823 A1 US2008047823 A1 US 2008047823A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J7/00—Apparatus for generating gases
- B01J7/02—Apparatus for generating gases by wet methods
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/06—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents
- C01B3/065—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents from a hydride
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B6/00—Hydrides of metals including fully or partially hydrided metals, alloys or intermetallic compounds ; Compounds containing at least one metal-hydrogen bond, e.g. (GeH3)2S, SiH GeH; Monoborane or diborane; Addition complexes thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B6/00—Hydrides of metals including fully or partially hydrided metals, alloys or intermetallic compounds ; Compounds containing at least one metal-hydrogen bond, e.g. (GeH3)2S, SiH GeH; Monoborane or diborane; Addition complexes thereof
- C01B6/06—Hydrides of aluminium, gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin, lead, arsenic, antimony, bismuth or polonium; Monoborane; Diborane; Addition complexes thereof
- C01B6/10—Monoborane; Diborane; Addition complexes thereof
- C01B6/13—Addition complexes of monoborane or diborane, e.g. with phosphine, arsine or hydrazine
- C01B6/15—Metal borohydrides; Addition complexes thereof
- C01B6/17—Preparation from boron or inorganic compounds containing boron and oxygen
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
A method of forming a chemical composition such as a chemical hydride is described and which includes the steps of selecting a composition having chemical bonds and which is capable of forming a chemical hydride; providing a source of hydrogen; and exposing the selected composition to an amount of ionizing radiation to encourage the changing of the chemical bonds of the selected composition, and chemically reacting the selected composition with the source of hydrogen to facilitate the formation of a chemical hydride.
Description
- This Application is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/685,370, entitled A METHOD OF FORMING A CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, filed on Oct. 13, 2003.
- The United States Government has certain rights in the following invention pursuant to Contract No. DE-AC07-99ID13727 and Contract No. DE-AC07-05ID14517 between the United States Department of Energy and Battelle Energy Alliance, LLC.
- The present invention relates to a method of forming a chemical composition, and more specifically to a method of forming a chemical hydride and which utilizes an amount of an ionizing radiation which facilitates the weakening, breaking or rearrangement of the chemical bonds of a selected composition to facilitate the formation of a chemical hydride.
- Various environmentally friendly technologies for powering assorted overland vehicles are currently under investigation. Legislative initiatives such as in the state of California which mandates the introduction of environmentally friendly vehicles powered by electricity are currently being addressed and manufacturers are seeking solutions to meet this mandate. Electric cars and hydrogen powered vehicles are currently under development by a number of different companies. Emerging as one of the most significant hurdles to the introduction of such technology is the problem of storing a fuel, such as hydrogen, which then may be either consumed by the vehicle in an internal combustion engine or utilized by a fuel cell which will provide electrical power to energize the motors utilized to power the vehicle.
- Investigators and other researchers in this area of technology have long understood that hydrogen, as a fuel, is difficult to store and dispense. Still further, and in the case of fuel cell powered overland vehicles, it has been long recognized that fuel cells, powered by hydrogen, are not quick to adapt to changing load demands as might be experienced when a vehicle accelerates. Consequently, investigators have considered various hybrid electric powered vehicles which include various charge storage devices such as batteries. This solution has not been entirely satisfactory because, in the case of batteries, these devices have relatively low energy densities. Still further, in order to store a sufficient amount of hydrogen for use in a vehicle, whether the hydrogen is utilized by a fuel cell to produce electricity, or burned in an internal combustion engine, extremely high gas pressures must be employed. Recently, researchers have begun to investigate the use of various hydride chemistries to store increasing amounts of hydrogen for use with various overland vehicle platforms as well as fixed plant applications.
- Hydride chemistry, as it is currently understood, appears promising as a potential storage medium for relatively large volumes of hydrogen. Hydrides store energy in a chemical form and also have the advantage of being recyclable in a subsequent chemical reaction by exposing the same to electrical power and a catalyst. One particularly promising hydride is sodium borohydride. When appropriately reacted, sodium borohydride releases hydrogen for use by a fuel cell, or an internal combustion motor. The borohydride is converted in this chemical reaction to borate. The expended borate can be converted back to sodium borohydride in a subsequent high temperature pressurized electrolysis process. However, the current chemical process to convert the borate back to sodium borohydride is costly, energy intensive and inefficient. Consequently, the existing process is not economically viable in view of the current costs of commercially available fossil fuels.
- A method of forming a chemical composition which avoids the shortcomings attendant with the prior art practices and methods utilized heretofore is the subject matter of the present application.
- One aspect of the present invention is to provide a method for forming a chemical composition such as a hydride, and which includes selecting a composition having chemical bonds and which is capable of forming a chemical hydride; providing a source of hydrogen; and exposing the selected composition to an amount of ionizing photonic radiation to weaken the chemical bonds of the selected composition, and chemically reacts the selected composition with the source of hydrogen to facilitate the formation of a chemical hydride.
- Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a method of forming a borohydride, which includes providing a source of borate; mixing the source of borate with a liquid, such as water, to form a solution; exposing the solution of borate and water to an amount of ionizing radiation to facilitate the formation of borohydride; and precipitating or concentrating the borohydride from the solution of water and borate previously exposed to the ionizing radiation.
- Yet still further another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of forming a borohydride, and which includes, providing a source of a recyclable borate which has chemical bonds, and which is safe to handle and store; providing a catalyst which is combined with a source of water; mixing the source of borate with the catalyst, and the source of water, to form a resulting solution; increasing the temperature and pressure of the resulting solution; exposing the resulting solution to an amount of ionizing radiation which weakens and/or breaks the chemical bonds of the borate to a degree which facilitates, in combination with the catalyst, the production of a borohydride; and precipitating or concentrating the borohydride so formed from the remaining solution.
- These and other aspects of the present invention will be discussed in greater detail hereinafter.
- Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the following accompanying drawings.
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FIG. 1 is a greatly simplified schematic representation of an arrangement for practicing the present invention. - This disclosure of the invention is submitted in furtherance of the constitutional purposes of the U.S. Patent Laws “to promote the progress of science and useful arts” (Article 1, Section 8).
- A method of forming a chemical composition such as a chemical hydride of the present invention is best understood by a study of the arrangement in
FIG. 1 . As shown therein, one arrangement for practicing thepresent invention 10 includes providing afirst container 11 which encloses a source offluid 12 which may be homogeneous, or a mixture of other compositions. Thefluid 12 provides a source of hydrogen which will be utilized in the present method. As described hereinafter, the source of thefluid 12 will be described as a source of water which is later combined with various other compositions in order to provide a resulting solution which is used in thepresent method 10. The source of the fluid orwater 12 is coupled in fluid flowing relation relative to a fluid passageway orconduit 13 which has afirst end 14 which is coupled in fluid flowing relation relative to thefirst container 11, and an opposite distal orsecond end 15 which is coupled with another assembly which will be discussed in greater detail hereinafter. - A second container which is generally indicated by the
numeral 20 is provided and is operable to supply a source of acatalyst 21 which is combined or otherwise mixed with the source of the fluid (or water) 12. The source of thecatalyst 21 which may be in a solid, or liquid form is coupled by way of a conduit orother passageway 22 with theconduit 13 such that the source of thecatalyst 21 can be suspended, mixed, or otherwise combined with the source of thefluid 12 which is traveling therein. The chemical catalyst which is provided is selected to improve the reaction rates and efficiency of the method as will be described in greater detail below. Various nickel based catalysts may be utilized. Other catalysts that may be of particular value are those catalysts which are operable to weaken or otherwise break carbon-oxygen bonds or which assist in capturing and/or tying up oxygen which may be freed up during subsequent chemical reaction as will be described below. Catalysts that are particularly desirable include those which would facilitate the formation of a resulting chemical hydride as will be discussed in greater detail below. - Referring still to the drawing, a
third container 30 is provided. The third container is operable to enclose or dispense a composition having chemical bonds which are capable of forming a chemical hydride. The passageway orconduit 32 couples thethird container 30 in fluid flowing relation relative to the fluid passageway orconduit 13. This conduit orpassageway 32 provides a pathway or course of travel by which thecomposition 31 may pass into the fluid stream traveling in theconduit 13 and thereby be mixed with same. Thecomposition 31 may be in a solid (granular) or a liquid form, and other devices may be employed which are operable to meter thecomposition 31 from theenclosure 30 so that it is appropriately mixed and combined with water, or another source of thefluid 12 and/or thecatalyst 21. As should be appreciated from a study of the drawings, the relative locations of where thefluid 12,catalyst 21, andcomposition 31 are provided to thepassageway 13, or otherwise mixed together may vary based upon the nature of the composition that is being employed to form the resulting chemical hydride. Therefore, the drawing as shown is illustrative of only one arrangement by which the present method can be practiced. Theselected composition 31 may comprise one or more elements selected from the periodic table of elements and which have an atomic number of greater than 2 and which forms a resulting chemical hydride having at least about 3 weight percent of hydrogen. It would also be advantageous, in a commercial environment, to select acomposition 31 which can be safely handled, stored, and transported for use in remote locations. The method of forming a chemical composition such as a chemical hydride includes providing acomposition 31 such as borate, mixing the source of borate with afluid 12, such as water, (a source of hydrogen) to form a solution; and thereafter exposing the solution of borate and the fluid to an amount of ionizing radiation which may be derived from numerous sources including nuclear sources to facilitate the formation of a resulting borohydride; and precipitating or concentrating the borohydride from the solution of water and borate previously exposed to the ionizing radiation. The step of exposing the solution of the borate and the fluid and precipitating or concentrating the borohydride from the solution of the fluid and borate will be discussed in the paragraphs below. - Positioned therealong the fluid passageway or
conduit 13, and downstream relative to thefirst container 11,second container 20 andthird container 30 is a heater assembly which is generally indicated by thenumeral 40. The heater assembly is operable to impart heat energy to the solution formed from the source offluid 12,catalyst 21, andcomposition 31. As should be understood, higher temperatures increase the reaction rate of the solution. As a general matter, these temperatures will normally be kept at or above 0 degrees C. in those situations where the resulting chemical hydride to be prepared comprises a borohydride. The solution formed from the source offluid 12,catalyst 21, andcomposition 31 then travels from theheater 40 to a charging pump which is generally indicated by the numeral 50. The charging pump increases the fluid pressure of same. Increased fluid pressures may be required to keep the resulting mixture formed of the source offluid 12,catalyst 21, andcomposition 31 liquid, if the resulting temperatures imparted to same, and which are required for the resulting chemical reaction to proceed quickly, are above the boiling point of the solution or mixture that has been formed. As will be appreciated, in some situations, a chargingpump 50 may be completely eliminated from the arrangement of practicing the methodology shown atnumeral 10. Once the mixture of the fluid as described is pumped up to a given pressure, it proceeds along thefluid passageway 13 to thedistal end 15 thereof. - A
fourth container 60 is provided and which has afirst end 61 and an oppositesecond end 62. The fourth container defines acavity 63 which is operable to safely contain a plurality of spent or radiating nuclear rods, or other products derived therefrom, which are generally indicated by the numeral 64. These rods or other derivedproducts 64 are operable to provide ionizing radiation which may include electromagnetic, photonic, and combinations of the foregoing, and which are operable to provide a means for radiolysis of the chemical bonds of the solution containing thecomposition 31 and which is capable of forming a hydride. Thecavity 63 may further be filled with other materials which otherwise support or enclose the plurality of rods or other derivedproducts 64. Afluid manifold 70 is disposed inside thecavity 60 and is coupled in fluid flowing relation relative to thesecond end 15 of thefluid passageway 13. The manifold 70 is further coupled to a plurality ofconduits 71 which are directed along the length of thefourth container 60, and in adjacent relation relative to the plurality of spentnuclear rods 64. The plurality ofconduits 71 exit thereafter through thesecond end 62 of the fourth container and are coupled in fluid flowing relation to a fluid passageway orconduit 72 which has afirst end 73 and an oppositesecond end 74. - Referring still to the drawing, a
fifth container 80 is provided. The fifth container has afirst end 81, and an oppositesecond end 82. The fifth container defines aninternal cavity 83 which is operable to receive the solution or mixture formed of the source offluid 12,catalyst 21, and thecomposition 31 which is capable of forming a chemical hydride and which has previously passed through thecavity 63 which is defined by the fourth container. As earlier discussed, themethod 10 of the present invention includes exposing the selectedcomposition 31 to an amount of ionizing radiation to weaken, break, and/or facilitate the rearrangement of the chemical bonds of the selectedcomposition 31 and chemically react the selected composition, with a source of hydrogen, and which is provided by the source offluid 12, to facilitate the formation of a resulting chemical hydride. In themethodology 10 as disclosed in the present application, the method of the present invention further includes, after the step of providing a source of hydrogen, such as would be supplied through the source offluid 12, and before exposing the selectedcomposition 31 to an amount of ionizing radiation, providing acatalyst 21 which encourages the selectedcomposition 31 to form the chemical hydride. On those occasions where the selectedcomposition 31 includes the element of oxygen, the methodology further includes a step of exposing the selected composition to an amount of ionizing radiation which weakens the chemical bonds of the oxygen and facilitates the release of the oxygen from the selectedcomposition 31. - The fluid passageway or
conduit 72 couples thefifth container 80 with thefourth container 60. Once received in thecavity 83 of thefifth container 80, the resulting solution or mixture formed of the fluid 12,catalyst 21, andcomposition 31 is exposed to an electrical field which is imparted to the solution by way of ananode 84, and acathode 85. The anode and the cathode are disposed in a substantially fixed location and in a submerged orientation relative to the fluid or mixture that is contained therein. A source ofelectrical power 90 is coupled by way of a pair ofelectrical conduits 91 to the respective anode and cathode. The electrical power provided to the anode and cathode results in an electrical field being created through the mixture. For example, in that situation where the resulting solution received within thecavity 83 is formed of a source offluid 12, such as water, a source ofcatalyst 21, and a composition which contains borate to form a resultingborate solution 93, the resulting electrical field can be applied to theborate solution 93 to force ions to move apart within the solution. Still further, appropriate materials may be selected to coat the anode andcathode - A
sixth container 100 is provided and which defines aninternal cavity 101. Theinternal cavity 101 is coupled in fluid flowing relation relative to thecavity 83 defined by thefifth container 80. Theborate solution 93 which has been exposed to the electrical field supplied by the anode andcathode fluid passageway 102 into thecavity 101. Once received within the cavity, theprevious borate solution 93 which has now chemically reacted in an appropriate fashion in order to provide the resultingchemical hydride 103 is received therein and thechemical hydride 103 is precipitated and/or concentrated from the resulting solution and thereafter collected for use from thecavity 101. The precipitation may be accomplished by various means well known in the art. - The operation of the described methodology of the present invention is believed to be readily apparent and is briefly summarized at this point.
- Referring again to the drawing, an arrangement for practicing a method of forming a chemical hydride is shown, and which includes the steps of selecting a
composition 31 having chemical bonds and which is capable of forming a chemical hydride; providing a source of hydrogen, which may be provided by way of a source offluid 12; and exposing the selectedcomposition 31 to an amount of ionizing radiation which facilitates the changing of the chemical bonds of the selectedcomposition 31, and chemically reacting the selected composition with the source of hydrogen to facilitate the formation of a resultingchemical hydride 103. - More specifically, the
method 10 of the present invention may be useful in forming a borohydride, and which includes the steps of providing a source ofborate 31, and mixing the source ofborate 31, with a fluid 12, which may comprise water, to form asolution 83. The methodology further includes exposing the solution of borate and the fluid to an amount of ionizing radiation as provided by a plurality of rods orother products 64 derived therefrom to facilitate the formation ofborohydride 103; and precipitating and/or concentrating theborohydride 103 from the solution of water and borate previously exposed to the ionizing radiation. In the methodology described, the method may further include providing acatalyst 21 which encourages the borate (which represents the source of the composition having the bonds which are capable of forming a hydride 31) to form the resultingborohydride 103. In the methodology, as described above, before the step of precipitating and/or otherwise recovering theborohydride 103 from thesolution 93 which is formed of the fluid 21, and the composition 31 (which may include borate), and which was previously exposed to the ionizing nuclear radiation, the method further includes a step of applying a voltage to the solution of the borate andfluid 93. As discussed above, theborate 31 when combined with a fluid 21 which includes water, forms individual ions which move apart in the solution of the borate andfluid 93 when the voltage is applied to facilitate the formation of the resulting chemical hydride which may include aborohydride 103. In the methodology of the describedinvention 10, the ionizing radiation which facilitates the formation of a chemical hydride has a value of greater than about a microcurie per liter of the solution of the borate and the fluid 93. Themethodology 10 may further include the steps of increasing the temperature of the solution and thecomposition 31 to greater than about 10 degrees C., and further increasing the pressure by way of the chargingpump 50 on the source offluid 12 and thecomposition 31 to maintain the resulting solution in a liquid phase. - Therefore, the
methodology 10 of the present invention provides a convenient method of forming a chemical composition such as a borohydride and which includes providing a source ofrecyclable borate 31 which has chemical bonds and which is safe to handle and store; providing acatalyst 21 and which is combined with a source of water orother fluid 12; mixing thesource borate 31 with the catalyst and source of water to form a resultingsolution 93; increasing the temperature and pressure of the resulting solution by way of aheater assembly 40 and a chargingpump 50; exposing the resulting solution to an amount of ionizing radiation which encourages the changing of the chemical bonds of the borate to a degree and which facilitates, in combination with the catalyst, the production of a borohydride; and precipitating and/or concentrating theborohydride 103 so formed from the remaining solution. Themethod 10 of the present invention further includes, after the step of precipitating the borohydride, reacting the recovered borohydride in a second chemical reaction which releases hydrogen which is recovered and used as a fuel. In the arrangement as shown, theborohydride 103 which is produced has at least about 3 weight percent of hydrogen. - Therefore it will be seen that the method of the present invention overcomes many of the shortcomings of the prior art devices and practices utilized heretofore. The method further provides a convenient means whereby a suitable chemical hydride may be economically produced and which can be utilized to produce a useful gas, such as hydrogen, which may be used in overland vehicles, fuel cells and other similar assemblies.
- In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.
Claims (10)
1. A method of forming a chemical hydride, comprising;
selecting a composition having chemical bonds and which is capable of forming a chemical hydride;
providing a source of hydrogen; and
exposing the selected composition to an amount of ionizing photonic radiation which facilitates the changing of the chemical bonds of the selected composition, and chemically reacting the selected composition with the source of hydrogen to facilitate the formation of a chemical hydride.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 , and further comprising;
after the step of providing a source of hydrogen, and before exposing the selected composition to an amount of ionizing radiation; providing a catalyst which encourages the selected composition to form the chemical hydride.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1 , and wherein the selected composition comprises one or more elements selected from the periodic table of elements and which has an atomic number of greater than about 2.
4. A method as claimed in claim 1 , and wherein the selected composition comprises one or more elements selected from the periodic table and which forms a resulting chemical hydride having at least about 3 weight percent of hydrogen.
5. A method as claimed in claim 1 , and wherein the step of providing a source hydrogen comprises combining the selected composition with a source of water.
6. A method as claimed in claim 1 , and wherein the selected composition includes oxygen, and wherein the step of exposing the selected composition to an amount of ionizing radiation changes the chemical bonds of the composition and facilitates the release of the oxygen from the selected composition.
7. A method as claimed in claim 1 , and wherein the selected composition forms a resulting chemical hydride which will chemically react, when combined with water, to release hydrogen for use as a fuel.
8. A method as claimed in claim 1 , and wherein the selected composition forms a resulting chemical hydride which will chemically react, when combined with water, and in the presence of a catalyst to release hydrogen for use as a fuel.
9. A method as claimed in claim 8 , and wherein the selected compound is borate, and ionizing radiation is derived from a nuclear power source.
10. A method as claimed in claim 1 , and wherein the chemical hydride is safe to handle and store.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US11/849,442 US20080047823A1 (en) | 2003-10-13 | 2007-09-04 | Method of forming a chemical composition |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/685,370 US7279077B2 (en) | 2003-10-13 | 2003-10-13 | Method of forming a chemical composition |
US11/849,442 US20080047823A1 (en) | 2003-10-13 | 2007-09-04 | Method of forming a chemical composition |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US10/685,370 Division US7279077B2 (en) | 2003-10-13 | 2003-10-13 | Method of forming a chemical composition |
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US20080047823A1 true US20080047823A1 (en) | 2008-02-28 |
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US10/685,370 Expired - Fee Related US7279077B2 (en) | 2003-10-13 | 2003-10-13 | Method of forming a chemical composition |
US11/849,442 Abandoned US20080047823A1 (en) | 2003-10-13 | 2007-09-04 | Method of forming a chemical composition |
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Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US20110011728A1 (en) * | 2009-07-15 | 2011-01-20 | Sackinger William M | System and method for conversion of molecular weights of fluids |
US20110011727A1 (en) * | 2009-07-15 | 2011-01-20 | Sackinger William M | System and method for conversion of molecular weights of fluids |
ES2625692T3 (en) * | 2010-07-01 | 2017-07-20 | Advanced Fusion Systems Llc | Method and system to induce chemical reactions by X-ray irradiation |
US8685281B2 (en) | 2011-07-21 | 2014-04-01 | Battelle Energy Alliance Llc | System and process for the production of syngas and fuel gasses |
US9216401B2 (en) | 2011-07-21 | 2015-12-22 | Battelle Energy Alliance Llc | Bell column downtube, reactors utilizing same and related methods |
US9187325B2 (en) | 2011-07-21 | 2015-11-17 | Battelle Energy Alliance Llc | Molten salt rolling bubble column, reactors utilizing same and related methods |
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- 2003-10-13 US US10/685,370 patent/US7279077B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2007
- 2007-09-04 US US11/849,442 patent/US20080047823A1/en not_active Abandoned
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US20050077170A1 (en) | 2005-04-14 |
US7279077B2 (en) | 2007-10-09 |
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