US20070154973A1 - Hygiene Monitoring - Google Patents

Hygiene Monitoring Download PDF

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US20070154973A1
US20070154973A1 US11/715,215 US71521507A US2007154973A1 US 20070154973 A1 US20070154973 A1 US 20070154973A1 US 71521507 A US71521507 A US 71521507A US 2007154973 A1 US2007154973 A1 US 2007154973A1
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glucose
phosphate
reagent
test
sample
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Steven Saul
Cheryl Francisco
Robert Markovsky
Stanley Charm
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Charm Sciences Inc
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Charm Sciences Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/02—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving viable microorganisms
    • C12Q1/22—Testing for sterility conditions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/34—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving hydrolase
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/34—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving hydrolase
    • C12Q1/42—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving hydrolase involving phosphatase
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/48—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving transferase
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/54—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving glucose or galactose
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/52—Use of compounds or compositions for colorimetric, spectrophotometric or fluorometric investigation, e.g. use of reagent paper and including single- and multilayer analytical elements
    • G01N33/521—Single-layer analytical elements
    • G01N33/523—Single-layer analytical elements the element being adapted for a specific analyte

Definitions

  • Cleanliness in industrial and health care settings is critical.
  • the surfaces of equipment used for food handling, storage, or processing are major sources of microbial contamination. Such contamination can lead to decreased shelf life of products and, if pathogens are present, transmission of disease. Microbial colonies develop rapidly. Continuous monitoring of surfaces, e.g., hygiene monitoring, can help protect against the spread of disease.
  • microbial culturing was used to determine the presence of microorganisms.
  • culturing is time consuming and, therefore, the necessary “real time” feedback to sanitation and food preparation personnel is not available.
  • food exposed to surfaces which were later found to contain potentially harmful microorganisms could enter the food supply.
  • Lateral-flow chromatographic test strips have been used for a variety of diagnostic purposes.
  • the test described herein utilizes a lateral-flow test strip to provide a means for rapid, sensitive, user-friendly, hygiene monitoring of surfaces. Material swabbed from a surface can be detected by reactions involving the pathways described herein.
  • Biofilms are created when microorganisms land on a surface and attach to its microscopic cracks and crevices. Almost immediately, the organism begins to produce a polysaccharide-like material which in hours acts as a glue to stick bacteria and viruses to the surface. Biofilms are more resistant to routine sanitizing techniques than are their free-living counterparts. It is, therefore, critical to generate rapid results, preferably within a few minutes.
  • Food residues on surfaces are nutrients for rapid growth of microorganisms and the potentially resultant biofilm. Such food residues are also a source of cross-contamination to other food products later exposed to the same contact surface. Therefore, proper hygiene monitoring of a surface should include detection of a broad range of contaminants, including both biofilms and residual food.
  • POCKETSWAB- (POCKETSWAB- is a registered trademark of Charm Sciences, Inc. of Lawrence, Mass.), which rapidly and efficiently detects ATP on surfaces.
  • the POCKETSWAB- apparatus detects ATP through the reaction of luciferin and luciferase, which, in the presence of ATP, emits light. Light emission is measured using a luminometer. It is desired, and the primary object of this invention, to provide a rapid, visual test for hygiene monitoring, and thereby avoid the need for a luminometer or other reader.
  • It is an object of this invention is to provide a broad-spectrum test to rapidly monitor the hygiene of a surface by detecting a variety of organic and inorganic materials, food residues and microorganisms.
  • a new and improved user friendly, broad spectrum, test apparatus, system and method adapted to provide a visual determination of surface contamination is the object of the current invention.
  • the purpose of the test is to rapidly—within one minute—detect the presence of certain biological materials that are indicators of improper or inadequate sanitation and cleanliness.
  • Test results are qualitative; a positive result indicates presence of residue and need to clean.
  • the invention comprises a method for the rapid, calorimetric determination of hygiene monitoring of surface contamination, which method comprises adding to a sample containing phosphate a phosphorylase enzyme and a carbohydrate substrate to provide a reaction product of free glucose and phosphate bound to a saccharide; and detecting said free glucose in a colorimetric reaction as a measure of surface contamination.
  • Phosphorylases are enzymes that help catalyze cleavage of a bond by orthophosphate. In the case of maltose, maltose phosphorylase cleaves the carbon-oxygen linkage between glucose molecules to produce glucose and glucose-1-phosphate.
  • a phosphorylase enzyme such as maltose phosphorylase, and carbohydrate substrate, such as maltose, react with phosphate from the sample to produce ⁇ -D-glucose and ⁇ -D-glucose-1-phosphate.
  • the invention also comprises a method for the rapid, colorimetric determination of hygiene monitoring comprising adding to a sample containing phosphate maltose and maltose phosphorylase and detecting the amount of glucose or phosphate in a calorimetric reaction as a measure of surface contamination.
  • FIG. 1 is a reaction scheme that is utilized for general hygiene monitoring
  • FIG. 2 is a reaction scheme that may be utilized when sensitivity to animal tissue is of particular importance
  • FIG. 3A is a schematic view of the VERICLEENTM swab removed from the test device
  • FIG. 3B is a side perspective, see-through view of the VERICLEENTM swab
  • FIG. 4 is a side perspective view of the VERICLEENTM test strip within the optional blister package with the package covering pulled partially back to expose the wetting solution and capillary-flow test strip;
  • FIG. 5 is a side perspective view of the VERICLEENTM test strip including a space or gap to prevent diffusion of color reagents;
  • FIG. 6 is a side perspective view of the wetting-agent dispenser attached to a test strip container.
  • FIG. 7 is perspective view of the VERICLEENTM test strip.
  • the purpose of the rapid, one-step, assay test for hygiene monitoring is to detect rapidly (within one minute, preferably within 2 minutes) the presence of biological material as an indicator of sanitation and cleanliness.
  • the two materials detected, within the same single service test, are glucose and phosphate.
  • Glucose is detected directly.
  • Phosphate is detected indirectly by the reaction of maltose phosphorylase with maltose to produce glucose.
  • Enzymes are added to the assay system to increase the assay spectrum by converting biological material to glucose or phosphate.
  • Materials are stablilized, purified to remove phosphate, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), glucose, and glucosidase, and placed in a POCKETSWAB® or lateral-flow test strip format, both of which are single assay formats that permit an easy testing format and rapid analysis.
  • Inorganic phosphate is ubiquitous in nature. It is involved in energy metabolism and activation reactions in plants, animals, and microorganisms. Inorganic phosphate is an important component in many compounds and, as a major biological mineral, it is present alone in significant amounts. Phosphates are used extensively in the food industry, including also as additives in dairy products, cereals, meats, and soft drinks.
  • carbohydrates including sugars
  • carbohydrates are present in and on biological materials in significant amounts.
  • glucose is present in blood, fruits, and honey.
  • Acid phosphatase is endogenous to certain animal tissue, and alkaline phosphatase is present in feces.
  • alkaline phosphatase is present in feces.
  • the detection of phosphate, phosphatase, and glucose are markers of contamination.
  • Other carbohydrates, including sugars can be converted to glucose for detection.
  • lactose a milk sugar
  • Sucrose which is used in processed foods and is found in cane sugar, fruits, and as invert sugar in processed foods, can be converted to glucose by sucrase or invertase.
  • the test utilizes several reaction pathways for the detection of biological material.
  • the primary detection pathway uses maltose and maltose phosphorylase for the detection of phosphate. Phosphate present in the sample reacts with maltose and maltose phosphorylase to convert maltose into glucose and glucose-1-phosphate. The glucose formed is detected calorimetrically by methods well known in the art.
  • the test also uses additional pathways to increase sensitivity. These additional pathways result in increased formation of either or both phosphate and glucose.
  • the test strip consists of nitrocellulose adhesively bound to a polystyrene backing, with one end having a sample pad absorbent area in fluid-flow contact with the nitrocellulose, and the other end having optionally attached to it, or incorporated into it, a container of a surface-wetting reagent.
  • the container of surface-wetting agent can also be incorporated into the test strip packaging.
  • the wetting reagent container can be in the form of, for example, a burstable pouch or peel-top container.
  • reagents providing biochemical pathways for the conversion of common surface biological material to glucose or phosphate. Also located within the test strip are reagents for the calorimetric detection of glucose. All reagents are stabilized, purified to remove phosphate, ATP, ADP, glucose, and glucosidase, and either sprayed onto the lateral-flow test strip, incorporated into the absorbent pad, or mixed with wetting solution.
  • test strip preferably at the end opposite the sample-absorbing end, there can be included a positive control area for use in comparison of the color change and to confirm that adequate sample flow occurred.
  • reagents for three (optionally, four or five or more) separate pathways comprise reagents for three (optionally, four or five or more) separate pathways.
  • Phosphate can exist in free form on a surface or as phosphate in ADP or ATP.
  • the phosphate component of ATP/ADP can be liberated by apyrase.
  • Apyrase contains ADPase and ATPase activity and, therefore, converts ATP or ADP to AMP and phosphate.
  • the liberated phosphate and the endogenous phosphate are detected by the reaction of maltose with phosphate and maltose phosphorylase to produce glucose and glucose-1-phosphate.
  • the glucose formed from the reaction of maltose with phosphate in the presence of maltose phosphorylase is detected as described in Pathway 3.
  • Carbohydrates including sugars, are present in and on biological materials in significant amounts. Many sugars can be converted to glucose for detection. For example, lactose, a milk sugar, can be converted to glucose by ⁇ -galactosidase. Sucrose, which is used in processed foods and is found in cane sugar, fruits, and as invert sugar in processed foods, can be converted to glucose by sucrase or invertase. The glucose formed by these reactions is detected as described in Pathway 3.
  • Reactions for the calorimetric detection of glucose are well known in the art. For example, ⁇ -D-glucose+O 2 +H 2 O are converted by glucose oxidase to D-glucono- ⁇ -lactone+H 2 O 2 .
  • the hydrogen peroxide formed from the above reaction combined with a peroxidase enzyme, such as horseradish peroxidase, converts a colorless substrate to a dye that is readily visible.
  • a mutarotase may be included to enhance sensitivity by converting ⁇ -D-glucose associated with phosphorylation to ⁇ -D-glucose to react with the glucose oxidase.
  • Glucose-phosphate such as glucose-1-phosphate formed by the reaction of maltose with phosphate and maltose phosphorylase, Pathway 1 B, or present otherwise in the sample, can be cleaved by phosphatase, for example, acid phosphatase, to produce both glucose and phosphate.
  • phosphatase for example, acid phosphatase
  • Providing phosphatase as a test reagent therefore, increases test sensitivity.
  • Glucose-phosphate for example, glucose-6-phosphate
  • glucose-6-phosphate can be provide as a test reagent for detection of phosphatase. If phosphatase is present in the sample, glucose-6-phosphate will be cleaved to produce glucose and phosphate for detection, as previously described.
  • Test results described herein were generated using the following test ingredients incorporated into a single-service device similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,675, issued Oct. 27, 1998; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,453, issued Oct. 12, 1999 (TEST APPARATUS, SYSTEM ANVD METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF TEST SAMPLES). It should be noted that prior to use, all reagents must be verified as free from glucose and phosphate contamination; otherwise, they must be purified using dialysis, de-salting, enzyme treatment, or other appropriate method.
  • Substrate composition :
  • All 3 reagents are first lyophilized separately in a stabilizing buffer, then optionally combined in a cellulose tablet formation.
  • All enzymes are lyophilized separately, then optionally combined in a cellulose tablet formulation.
  • Solids includes fruits, vegetables, ice cream, meats, bread, and flour
  • Liquids includes orange juice, milk, eggs, and soda
  • the invention also comprises a method for increasing the above-described hygiene monitoring test sensitivity to phosphate, through a cycling reaction.
  • Phosphatase for example acid phosphatase, which is included as a test reagent and may be present in the sample, cleaves bound phosphate, such as glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate into its component, glucose and phosphate which both will be detected within the assay system.
  • Glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate may be from the sample and also, in the case of glucose-1-phosphate, generated as a reaction product of the carbohydrate substrate with phosphate in the presence of an appropriate enzyme as previously described.
  • the reaction product glucose-1-phosphate is broken down by phosphatase to produce more glucose for the color change reaction and more phosphate to combine with the carbohydrate substrate as previously described.
  • the invention also comprises a way to release phosphate and glucose from various commonly found surface contaminants such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), biofilms, carbohydrates, microbes, and phosphatase.
  • a method for releasing phosphate and glucose from such contaminants includes using enzymes such as phosphatase, for example apyrase and glucose phosphatase, and enzymes, such as hydrolytic enzymes, to breakdown carbohydrates comprised of more than one saccharide (complex carbohydrates) to release the glucose component, for example the breakdown of lactose by ⁇ -galactosidase, the breakdown of sucrose by invertase and the breakdown of starch by amylase.
  • a method for releasing various molecules such as ATP, ADP and glucose from microbes includes the use of lysing reagents.
  • a mutarotase may be included to enhance sensitivity by converting ⁇ -D-glucose associated with phosphorylation to ⁇ -D-glucose to react with the glucose oxidase.
  • a separate embodiment of the invention includes additional way to detect phosphatase.
  • Such methods may be included within the assay system in circumstances where detection of phosphatase is relatively more important than increasing test sensitivity to phosphate, for example when detection of animal tissue, such as muscle or blood, is relatively more important compared to the general increase sensitivity to phosphate.
  • Methods for detecting phosphatase include providing glucose-6-phosphate or glucose-1-phosphate as a test reagent. Phosphatase present in the sample will cleave, for example glucose-6-phosphate, into is components glucose and phosphate.
  • the invention involves a method for the rapid, colorimetric determination of hygiene monitoring of surface contamination, which method comprises: adding a phosphorylase enzyme and carbohydrate substrate to a sample containing phosphate to create a reaction product of free glucose and phosphate bound to a saccharide; cleaving free phosphate from said bound phosphate; cleaving free glucose from complex carbohydrates; releasing or extracting intracellular phosphate; and changing the interconversion of ⁇ -D-glucose to ⁇ -D-glucose, wherein free glucose is detected in a calorimetric reaction as a measure of surface contamination.
  • the invention also involves a method for the rapid, colorimetric determination of hygiene monitoring of surface contamination including contamination with phosphate and phosphatase, which method comprises: adding a phosphorylase enzyme and a carbohydrate substrate to a sample containing phosphate to create a reaction product of free glucose and phosphate bound to a saccharide; cleaving free phosphate from bound phosphate; cleaving free glucose from complex carbohydrates; releasing intracellular phosphate; and catalyzing the interconversion of ⁇ -D-glucose to ⁇ -D-glucose, wherein free glucose is detected in a calorimetric reaction as a measure of surface contamination.
  • the invention also comprises a device for rapid, colorimetric hygiene monitoring, which test device comprises: a capillary-flow test strip having two ends, the test strip includes at a first end, a liquid sample absorbing material; reagents for conversion of biological material to glucose, such as by providing multiple biochemical pathways; and reagents for the calorimetric detection of glucose, wherein a liquid sample from a material is absorbed onto the first end and flows by capillary action to contact reagents providing biochemical pathways for conversion of biological material to glucose and calorimetric detection of glucose.
  • the invention also comprises a device for rapid, calorimetric hygiene monitoring having one or more reaction zones, included on or in a capillary membrane, comprising reagents for conversion of biological materials to glucose and phosphate and reagents which, in the presence of phosphate and an appropriate enzyme, convert certain biological materials to glucose; and reagents for the calorimetric detection of glucose, wherein a liquid sample from a material is absorbed onto the first end and flows by capillary action through the test strip containing reagents, which produces a visually detectable readout in the presence of glucose.
  • the invention also comprises a device for hygiene monitoring, by detecting biological material in a test sample from or on a material, which test device comprises: a swab to collect the test sample and a niblet comprising separate, swab-puncturable, membrane compartments for one or more reagents and a solution; an enzyme reagent composition, preferably in tablet form, comprising glucose oxidase, horseradish peroxidase, maltose phosphorylase, apyrase, ⁇ -galactosidase and phosphatase; a substrate reagent composition, preferably in tablet form, comprising 4-aminoantipyrene, mutarotase, EHSPT (the Trinder's reagent TOOS), and maltose; and a liquid reagent comprising a buffering solution and lysing solution, wherein the sample is contacted sequentially with the liquid reagent, enzyme reagent, and substrate reagent and a color change
  • test apparatus of certain embodiments of the invention is in the format of the POCKETSWAB®, which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,453, issued Oct. 12, 1999 (TEST APPARATUS, SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF TEST SAMPLES); U.S. Pat. No. 5,985,675, issued Nov. 16, 1999 (TEST DEVICE FOR DETECTION OF AN ANALYTE); and U.S. Pat. No. 6,180,395, issued Jan. 30, 2001 (REAGENT CHAMBER FOR TEST APPARATUS AND TEST APPARATUS), which are incorporated herein in their entirety.
  • the apparatus incorporates a foam-tipped, or other absorbent-type swab or wand for sample uptake from the surface to be monitored.
  • the swab may be premoistened with a wetting solution.
  • the swab After sample uptake onto the swab, the swab is used to puncture a series of “niblets” releasing and activating the necessary reagents.
  • the term “niblet” refers to a reagent chamber in the form of a cylinder containing reagents and sealed on both ends with a probe puncturable membrane.
  • the first niblet to contact the swab includes cofactors and buffering compounds to optimize subsequent reactions and antimicrobial or antifungal substance to prevent contamination.
  • the first niblet may additionally contain bacterial lysing reagents.
  • the swab is contacted with the material in the second niblet by, preferably, puncturing the membranes separating the first and second niblet, thereby causing reagents from the first niblet to flow into and mix with reagents in the second niblet.
  • the second niblet contains one or more reagents, preferably tablets, containing enzymes, substrates, and biochemicals. Certain embodiments include two tablets in the second niblet, generally referred to as the “substrate tablet” and the “enzyme tablet.”
  • the substrate reagent composition includes maltose, glucose-phosphates, such as glucose-1-phosphate or glucose-6-phosphate, TOOS and 4-aminoantipyrine
  • the enzyme reagent includes maltose phosphorylase, horseradish peroxidase, glucose oxidase, mutarotase, ⁇ -galactosidase and apyrase.
  • enzymes for converting other carbohydrates to glucose for example, amylase, sucrase (invertase) may be included.
  • glucose-6-phosphate is removed from the substrate reagent.
  • phosphatase is added to the enzyme reagent or substrate reagent. The added phosphatase will cleave the glucose-1-phosphate reaction product of maltose and phosphate to produce additional phosphate and glucose, thereby enhancing test sensitivity to phosphate through the additional cycling of the phosphate group, from the glucose-1-phosphate, to be combined with maltose and maltose phosphorylase.
  • reagents of particular embodiments are described as “tablets” or “liquid,” the reagents can be used in, and applied to, the test device in a variety of forms, which forms are prepared separately or in combination, including solid, liquid, powder, freeze-dried emulsion, suspension, tablet, or any other form known to those skilled in the art.
  • the test apparatus of certain other embodiments of the invention is in the format of a capillary-flow test strip.
  • the strip consists of a capillary-flow capillary membrane, for example, nitrocellulose membrane, adhesively bound to a backing, for example a polystyrene backing, with one end having a sample pad absorbent area in fluid flow contact with the membrane.
  • a container of a surface wetting reagent at the sample pad end, or the other end, the strip could have attached, or incorporated into the packaging, a container of a surface wetting reagent.
  • the container of surface-wetting agent may include a wetting solution.
  • the wetting solution container can be in the form of, for example, a burstable pouch or peel-top container within the test strip packaging.
  • the surface-wetting solution can be included in a bulk container, for example, a squeezable, plastic, dispenser bottle or spray bottle, which is attached at the end opposite the dispensing end, to a container within which capillary-flow strips are placed.
  • the wetting solution should, optimally, be pH neutral, food compatible and non-interfering.
  • the capillary-flow strip container is formed of a light-blocking material to protect the test strips. Applied to the test strip capillary membrane are reagents for the production of glucose and phosphate from common surface biological material and reagents for the calorimetric detection of glucose.
  • reagents are provided in two zones.
  • the two reagent zones are applied to the membrane portion of the test strip in fluid flow contact with the absorbent pad.
  • the reagents can be applied by spraying onto the strip.
  • the first reagent zone contains a carbohydrate substrate, for example, maltose and glucose-6-phosphate.
  • the first reagent zone contains the carbohydrate substrate and a phosphatase, for example, acid phosphatase.
  • the second reagent zone contains reagents for the calorimetric detection of glucose, for example, TOOS, glucose oxidase, mutarotase, horseradish peroxidase and 4-aminoantipyrene. Also included within the second reagent zone are enzymes, such as maltose phosphorylase and apyrase and one or more hydrolytic enzymes, such as ⁇ -galactosidase.
  • the reagents in this device are able to flow in the membrane reacting with the sample and each other.
  • Sufficient capillary-flow space is included beyond the second reagent zone for color reagents to change color in the presence of a target material and provide an easily read, visible result.
  • the space beyond the second reagent zone is sufficiently small to create a defined area for color change to occur. Color change begins at the end of the capillary membrane and spreads back.
  • Providing space between the second reagent zone and the end of the capillary membrane permits a wider, more visible line to develop.
  • At the end of the capillary membrane is an air gap to prevent reagent flow beyond the end of said membrane, a wetting solution for solubilizing surface food residue and penetrating biofilm.
  • All reagents are stabilized, purified to remove phosphates, glucose and maltose degrading enzymes, for example, glucosidase, and either sprayed onto the capillary-flow membrane or incorporated into the absorbent pad.
  • test apparatus system and method will be described for the purposes of illustration only in connection with a series of illustrative test apparatus and test method employing various test apparatus.
  • test apparatus system and methods
  • the lateral or capillary-flow strip consists of a nitrocellulose membrane onto which two regions, zones, or lines of reagents have been applied using appropriate manufacturing equipment, such as that made by BioDot, Inc.
  • the membrane is overlapped with an absorbent cellulose paper pad.
  • One region consists of all enzymes needed for the color reaction, the enzymes for release of phosphate and glucose, plus the two substrates necessary for color development. Prior to use, all enzymes must be purified to remove any sugar or phosphate contamination, for example, by desalting.
  • the second line contains a preparation of glucose-free maltose and purified acid phosphatase.
  • the nitrocellulose is mounted onto a polystyrene backing material and, optionally, packaged into a plastic, blister-type device. If packaged into a blister-type device the device, optionally, contains a bubble to which surface wetting agent is added; the bubble may be sealed with peelable foil.
  • the reagents applied to the capillary membrane are the same as those used as reagents or tablets for the swab-type assay. However, the amount of each component required per test is significantly lower for all reagents.
  • the approximate amount of each reagent and its corresponding amount used in the swab test are listed in Table 6, in an embodiment including glucose-6-phosphate and Table 7 in an embodiment including acid phosphatase.
  • Materials are stabilized, purified to remove phosphate, ATP, ADP, glucose and glucosidase, and placed in a POCKETSWAB® or capillary-flow membrane format, both of which are single assay formats that permit an easy testing and rapid analysis.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the general use reaction scheme of the invention, which is particularly useful when testing for a wide range of contaminants.
  • Maltose reacts with phosphate from the sample in the presence of maltose phosphorylase to form ⁇ -D-glucose and ⁇ -D-glucose-1-phosphate.
  • ⁇ -D-glucose forms color when combined with certain well-known reagents.
  • ⁇ -D-glucose naturally converts to ⁇ -D-glucose. The rate of natural conversion can be enhanced by mutarotase.
  • the ⁇ -D-glucose-1-phosphate in the presence of acid phosphatase (as a test reagent) is broken down into phosphate and ⁇ -D-glucose (Phosphatase from the sample will also break down ⁇ -D-glucose-1-phosphate.).
  • the glucose enters into the color reaction amplifying the color from the first glucose, and the phosphate reacts with more maltose (a test reagent) to generate more glucose and, ultimately, more phosphate and more color until the maltose reagent is depleted, or the reaction is otherwise inhibited.
  • the above-described cycling of phosphate produces a sensitive test for phosphate in the sample.
  • the reaction scheme also includes examples of conversion of common biological material to glucose and phosphate. Lysing reagents release ATP and ADP from microbes and apyrase cleaves the phosphate. Carbohydrates are hydrolized to release glucose for detection.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the reaction scheme particularly useful for detecting contamination from raw or partially-cooked meat products.
  • Glucose-6-phosphate (or alternatively glucose-1-phosphate) is added as a reagent to include an additional source of phosphate and glucose when acid phosphatase is present in the sample.
  • acid phosphatase is not a reagent and is, instead, supplied from the sample. If acid phosphatase is not present, the glucose-6-phosphate does not enter the reaction, and only phosphate from the sample generates glucose. Color is generated by the glucose.
  • FIGS. 3A & B illustrate the invention in the format of the swab-type device.
  • the swab 1 is removed from the body 3 , by gripping the swab handle 2 , and a 4′′ ⁇ 4′′ surface, for example, a food contact surface, is swabbed using the pre-moistened swab 1 .
  • the swab 1 is then reinserted into the body 3 and screwed longitudinally through the covering 9 of the microtube test unit 4 and through the covering 10 of the liquid reagent niblet 5 and into the tablet niblet 6 containing an enzyme tablet 7 and a substrate tablet 8 .
  • the liquid released to the bottom of the microtube test unit 4 turns purple within 60 seconds if the surface is “dirty,” for example, it has food residue contamination.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the invention in the capillary-flow strip-type device packaged within a blister package.
  • the blister package cover 12 is peeled back, and the surface-wetting solution is released from the container 11 onto the surface to be monitored. The user continues to peel back the covering 12 to expose the test strip 13 .
  • FIG. 5 is a side perspective view of the VERICLEENTM test strip. While handling area 14 the absorbent pad 15 is used to swab the surface to be monitored. The sample is absorbed onto sample pad 15 and flows by capillary action through the first reagent zone 19 , to the second reagent zone 20 (Reagent zones 19 and 20 are depicted for illustration.). In the preferred embodiment, reagent zones 19 and 20 are slightly visible or invisible. Sample flow stops at the end of the capillary membrane 18 . Positive results are reflected in color change zone 17 . Color change begins to form at the end of the capillary membrane 18 and spreads back.
  • a gap 21 is included sufficiently wide to prevent unwanted diffusion of color into the cover 22 of the backing 23 , which cover 22 and backing 23 combined make up the handling area 14 .
  • Reagent zones 19 and 20 contain reagents depicted in the reaction scheme of either FIG. 1 or FIG. 2 , depending on the requirements of the user.
  • FIG. 6 is a side perspective view of the wetting-agent dispenser 24 attached to a light-blocking test strip container 25 .
  • FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention containing a strip of nitrocellulose adhesively bound to a polystyrene support. Various reagents are sprayed and dried onto the nitrocellulose in a series of discreet zones. FIG. 7 contains seven such spaced-apart zones as follows:
  • Zone 1 , 48 is comprised of apyrase and ⁇ -galactosidase.
  • Apyrase cleaves any ATP/ADP liberating phosphate that will flow in the solution along the test strip to Zone 2 .
  • ⁇ -galactosidase converts lactose to glucose.
  • Zone 2 , 46 comprises maltose for reaction with phosphate, in the presence of the maltose phosphorylase to produce glucose.
  • Zone 3 , 44 is comprised of maltose phosphorylase.
  • Zone 4 , 42 is comprised of glucose oxidase for oxidation of glucose in a reaction that yields peroxide.
  • Zone 5 , 40 is comprised of EHSPT [N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3-sulfo-propyl)-n-toluidine], commonly referred to as TOOS;
  • Zone 6 , 30 is comprised of 4-aminoantipyrine;
  • Zone 7 , 36 is comprised of horseradish peroxidase.
  • Zones 5 , 6 , and 7 , 40 , 30 , and 36 respectively comprise reagents which, in the presence of peroxide, produce a color precipitate which can be observed visually.
  • the wetting reagent is released onto the surface to be tested or absorbed onto the absorbent pad 15 .
  • the sample pad 15 is used to swab the surface to be tested. Wetting the surface will suspend in the liquid some of the material to be detected. Material to be detected will be absorbed by the strip upon swabbing the wet surface. The liquid absorbed onto the strip will then flow laterally on the strip.
  • the reactants in the zones are resolubilized and react with the analyte(s) in the sample as described above. Color formation in the horseradish peroxidase 36 reaction zone indicates a positive sample, while no color indicates a clean sample.

Abstract

A test device for hygiene monitoring by detecting glucose as an indication of the presence of biological material.

Description

    REFERENCE TO PRIOR APPLICATIONS
  • The present application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/343,582, filed Aug. 1, 2003, which claims the benefit of International Application PCT/US01/24054, filed Aug. 1, 2001; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/222,365, filed Aug. 1, 2000; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/228,369, filed Aug. 28, 2000; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/267,173, filed Feb. 8, 2001; the contents of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Cleanliness in industrial and health care settings is critical. The surfaces of equipment used for food handling, storage, or processing are major sources of microbial contamination. Such contamination can lead to decreased shelf life of products and, if pathogens are present, transmission of disease. Microbial colonies develop rapidly. Continuous monitoring of surfaces, e.g., hygiene monitoring, can help protect against the spread of disease.
  • Historically, microbial culturing was used to determine the presence of microorganisms. However, culturing is time consuming and, therefore, the necessary “real time” feedback to sanitation and food preparation personnel is not available. As a result, food exposed to surfaces which were later found to contain potentially harmful microorganisms could enter the food supply.
  • Lateral-flow chromatographic test strips have been used for a variety of diagnostic purposes. The test described herein utilizes a lateral-flow test strip to provide a means for rapid, sensitive, user-friendly, hygiene monitoring of surfaces. Material swabbed from a surface can be detected by reactions involving the pathways described herein.
  • Recent attention has focused on the problems of biofilms. Biofilms are created when microorganisms land on a surface and attach to its microscopic cracks and crevices. Almost immediately, the organism begins to produce a polysaccharide-like material which in hours acts as a glue to stick bacteria and viruses to the surface. Biofilms are more resistant to routine sanitizing techniques than are their free-living counterparts. It is, therefore, critical to generate rapid results, preferably within a few minutes.
  • Food residues on surfaces are nutrients for rapid growth of microorganisms and the potentially resultant biofilm. Such food residues are also a source of cross-contamination to other food products later exposed to the same contact surface. Therefore, proper hygiene monitoring of a surface should include detection of a broad range of contaminants, including both biofilms and residual food.
  • During the 1990s various rapid and efficient test methods and apparatuses were developed for the detection of contamination on surfaces. Such methods do not detect microbes directly but instead detect markers, such as ATP, which are indicative of either the presence of microbes or the existence of residual food contamination of a surface.
  • One such apparatus is the POCKETSWAB-(POCKETSWAB- is a registered trademark of Charm Sciences, Inc. of Lawrence, Mass.), which rapidly and efficiently detects ATP on surfaces. The POCKETSWAB- apparatus detects ATP through the reaction of luciferin and luciferase, which, in the presence of ATP, emits light. Light emission is measured using a luminometer. It is desired, and the primary object of this invention, to provide a rapid, visual test for hygiene monitoring, and thereby avoid the need for a luminometer or other reader.
  • There are various tests available in the field which provide a rapid and visual result, thereby reflecting the degree of surface cleanliness. Such tests are of interest for use in, for example, restaurants and supermarkets, where an instrument for reading results would not be acceptable, either because of the large volume needed or because they could not be secured, or lack ease of use.
  • One such test is marketed by Celsis International, PLC of Cambridge, United Kingdom, under the trademark Spotcheckä. The SPOTCHECK™ employs a cyclic “comproproportionation” reaction to detect ATP (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,043,047, issued Mar. 28, 2000, and PCT International Publication No. WO 00/36139, published Jun. 22, 2000).
  • One example of a method for detection of inorganic phosphate is described by N. Conrath et al, “A novel enzyme sensor for the determination of inorganic phosphate”, Analytica Chimica Acta 309 (195) 47-52 (1995), which is incorporated herein by this reference. That method, however, requires skilled laboratory personnel, is time consuming and requires equipment.
  • It is an object of this invention is to provide a broad-spectrum test to rapidly monitor the hygiene of a surface by detecting a variety of organic and inorganic materials, food residues and microorganisms.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • A new and improved user friendly, broad spectrum, test apparatus, system and method adapted to provide a visual determination of surface contamination is the object of the current invention. The purpose of the test is to rapidly—within one minute—detect the presence of certain biological materials that are indicators of improper or inadequate sanitation and cleanliness. Test results are qualitative; a positive result indicates presence of residue and need to clean.
  • The invention comprises a method for the rapid, calorimetric determination of hygiene monitoring of surface contamination, which method comprises adding to a sample containing phosphate a phosphorylase enzyme and a carbohydrate substrate to provide a reaction product of free glucose and phosphate bound to a saccharide; and detecting said free glucose in a colorimetric reaction as a measure of surface contamination. Phosphorylases are enzymes that help catalyze cleavage of a bond by orthophosphate. In the case of maltose, maltose phosphorylase cleaves the carbon-oxygen linkage between glucose molecules to produce glucose and glucose-1-phosphate. That is, a phosphorylase enzyme such as maltose phosphorylase, and carbohydrate substrate, such as maltose, react with phosphate from the sample to produce α-D-glucose and β-D-glucose-1-phosphate.
  • The invention also comprises a method for the rapid, colorimetric determination of hygiene monitoring comprising adding to a sample containing phosphate maltose and maltose phosphorylase and detecting the amount of glucose or phosphate in a calorimetric reaction as a measure of surface contamination.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1 is a reaction scheme that is utilized for general hygiene monitoring;
  • FIG. 2 is a reaction scheme that may be utilized when sensitivity to animal tissue is of particular importance;
  • FIG. 3A is a schematic view of the VERICLEEN™ swab removed from the test device;
  • FIG. 3B is a side perspective, see-through view of the VERICLEEN™ swab;
  • FIG. 4 is a side perspective view of the VERICLEEN™ test strip within the optional blister package with the package covering pulled partially back to expose the wetting solution and capillary-flow test strip;
  • FIG. 5 is a side perspective view of the VERICLEEN™ test strip including a space or gap to prevent diffusion of color reagents;
  • FIG. 6 is a side perspective view of the wetting-agent dispenser attached to a test strip container; and
  • FIG. 7 is perspective view of the VERICLEEN™ test strip.
    • DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
  • The purpose of the rapid, one-step, assay test for hygiene monitoring is to detect rapidly (within one minute, preferably within 2 minutes) the presence of biological material as an indicator of sanitation and cleanliness. The two materials detected, within the same single service test, are glucose and phosphate. Glucose is detected directly. Phosphate is detected indirectly by the reaction of maltose phosphorylase with maltose to produce glucose.
  • Enzymes are added to the assay system to increase the assay spectrum by converting biological material to glucose or phosphate. Materials are stablilized, purified to remove phosphate, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), glucose, and glucosidase, and placed in a POCKETSWAB® or lateral-flow test strip format, both of which are single assay formats that permit an easy testing format and rapid analysis.
  • Inorganic phosphate is ubiquitous in nature. It is involved in energy metabolism and activation reactions in plants, animals, and microorganisms. Inorganic phosphate is an important component in many compounds and, as a major biological mineral, it is present alone in significant amounts. Phosphates are used extensively in the food industry, including also as additives in dairy products, cereals, meats, and soft drinks.
  • Similarly, carbohydrates, including sugars, are present in and on biological materials in significant amounts. For example, glucose is present in blood, fruits, and honey. Acid phosphatase is endogenous to certain animal tissue, and alkaline phosphatase is present in feces. The detection of phosphate, phosphatase, and glucose are markers of contamination. Other carbohydrates, including sugars, can be converted to glucose for detection. For example, lactose, a milk sugar, can be converted to glucose by β-galactosidase. Sucrose, which is used in processed foods and is found in cane sugar, fruits, and as invert sugar in processed foods, can be converted to glucose by sucrase or invertase.
  • The test utilizes several reaction pathways for the detection of biological material. The primary detection pathway uses maltose and maltose phosphorylase for the detection of phosphate. Phosphate present in the sample reacts with maltose and maltose phosphorylase to convert maltose into glucose and glucose-1-phosphate. The glucose formed is detected calorimetrically by methods well known in the art. The test also uses additional pathways to increase sensitivity. These additional pathways result in increased formation of either or both phosphate and glucose.
  • The test strip consists of nitrocellulose adhesively bound to a polystyrene backing, with one end having a sample pad absorbent area in fluid-flow contact with the nitrocellulose, and the other end having optionally attached to it, or incorporated into it, a container of a surface-wetting reagent. The container of surface-wetting agent can also be incorporated into the test strip packaging. The wetting reagent container can be in the form of, for example, a burstable pouch or peel-top container.
  • Within the test strip are reagents providing biochemical pathways for the conversion of common surface biological material to glucose or phosphate. Also located within the test strip are reagents for the calorimetric detection of glucose. All reagents are stabilized, purified to remove phosphate, ATP, ADP, glucose, and glucosidase, and either sprayed onto the lateral-flow test strip, incorporated into the absorbent pad, or mixed with wetting solution.
  • Also within the test strip, preferably at the end opposite the sample-absorbing end, there can be included a positive control area for use in comparison of the color change and to confirm that adequate sample flow occurred.
  • Various embodiments comprise reagents for three (optionally, four or five or more) separate pathways.
  • Pathway 1:
  • A. Using apyrase to convert ADP and ATP to phosphate; and
  • B. Using maltose phosphorylase to convert phosphate and maltose to glucose and glucose-1-phosphate.
  • Phosphate can exist in free form on a surface or as phosphate in ADP or ATP. The phosphate component of ATP/ADP can be liberated by apyrase. Apyrase contains ADPase and ATPase activity and, therefore, converts ATP or ADP to AMP and phosphate. The liberated phosphate and the endogenous phosphate are detected by the reaction of maltose with phosphate and maltose phosphorylase to produce glucose and glucose-1-phosphate. The glucose formed from the reaction of maltose with phosphate in the presence of maltose phosphorylase is detected as described in Pathway 3.
  • Pathway 2: Sugar Conversion to Glucose
  • Carbohydrates, including sugars, are present in and on biological materials in significant amounts. Many sugars can be converted to glucose for detection. For example, lactose, a milk sugar, can be converted to glucose by β-galactosidase. Sucrose, which is used in processed foods and is found in cane sugar, fruits, and as invert sugar in processed foods, can be converted to glucose by sucrase or invertase. The glucose formed by these reactions is detected as described in Pathway 3.
  • Pathway 3: Detection of Glucose
  • Reactions for the calorimetric detection of glucose are well known in the art. For example, β-D-glucose+O2+H2O are converted by glucose oxidase to D-glucono-δ-lactone+H2O2. The hydrogen peroxide formed from the above reaction, combined with a peroxidase enzyme, such as horseradish peroxidase, converts a colorless substrate to a dye that is readily visible. A mutarotase may be included to enhance sensitivity by converting α-D-glucose associated with phosphorylation to β-D-glucose to react with the glucose oxidase.
  • Other Pathways:
  • A: Glucose-phosphate, such as glucose-1-phosphate formed by the reaction of maltose with phosphate and maltose phosphorylase, Pathway 1 B, or present otherwise in the sample, can be cleaved by phosphatase, for example, acid phosphatase, to produce both glucose and phosphate. Providing phosphatase as a test reagent, therefore, increases test sensitivity.
  • B: In certain environments, detection of phosphatase is important. Glucose-phosphate, for example, glucose-6-phosphate, can be provide as a test reagent for detection of phosphatase. If phosphatase is present in the sample, glucose-6-phosphate will be cleaved to produce glucose and phosphate for detection, as previously described.
  • Sensitivity
  • The following test results compare Charm Sciences, Inc.'s POCKETSWAB®, read on both Charm Sciences, Inc.'s LUMINATOR® and Firefly instruments, with this new one-step assay test, referred to as the VERICLEEN™ test (VERICLEEN™ is a trademark of Charm Sciences, Inc. of Lawrence, Mass.). The VERICLEEN™ swabs, which do not require a reader, compares favorably to the POCKETSWAB®, which requires a reader.
  • Test Ingredients
  • Test results described herein were generated using the following test ingredients incorporated into a single-service device similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,675, issued Oct. 27, 1998; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,453, issued Oct. 12, 1999 (TEST APPARATUS, SYSTEM ANVD METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF TEST SAMPLES). It should be noted that prior to use, all reagents must be verified as free from glucose and phosphate contamination; otherwise, they must be purified using dialysis, de-salting, enzyme treatment, or other appropriate method.
    • EXAMPLE 1
  • Substrate composition:
      • Maltose (approximately 470 μg)
      • EHSPT (approximately 125 μg)
      • 4-aminoantipyrine (approximately 62 μg)
  • All 3 reagents are first lyophilized separately in a stabilizing buffer, then optionally combined in a cellulose tablet formation.
    • EXAMPLE 2
  • Enzyme composition:
      • Maltose phosphorylase (approximately 1.5 units)
      • Horseradish peroxidase (approximately 5 units)
      • Glucose oxidase (approximately 12.5 units)
      • β-galactosidase (approximately 1 unit)
      • Apyrase (approximately 1.7 units)
  • All enzymes are lyophilized separately, then optionally combined in a cellulose tablet formulation.
    • EXAMPLE 3
  • Liquid niblet:
      • Sterile deionized water with 1 mM CaCl2 and preservative.
    Comparison of Charm Sciences, Inc.'s VERICLEEN™ vs. POCKETSWAB®
  • Sample Preparation:
  • Solids: includes fruits, vegetables, ice cream, meats, bread, and flour
      • 20% extract: 2 grams food+8 mL deionized water; pound with tissue masher for 30 seconds; let solids settle
      • prepare all dilutions from the 20% extract in deionized water
  • Liquids: includes orange juice, milk, eggs, and soda
      • product “as is” is 100% extract
      • prepare all dilutions from the 100% extract in deionized water
  • Assay:
      • 1. Inject 50 μL extract directly into swab;
      • 2. Activate swab device by twisting;
      • 3. For PKS assay, count immediately on the Firefly analyzer; and
      • 4. For VERICLEEN™, set time counting up; note time when purple color appears.
  • Blank testing:
  • run swab devices without removing swab
    POCKETSWAB ® Blanks
    Firefly RLU
    Reading VERICLEEN ™ Blanks
    0 color development after 6
    minutes
    0 color development after
    5.5 minutes
    0 color development after
    6 minutes
  • TABLE 1
    Extract POCKETSWAB ® VERICLEEN ™
    Fruits and Concen- Firefly RLU Result (DNR = did not
    Vegtables tration Reading run)
    Celery 20%  265187 DNR
    Celery
    5% 74256 DNR
    Celery
    1% 19918 DNR
    Celery 0.1%   2943 purple in
    30 seconds
    Cucumber
    20%  270914 DNR
    Cucumber
    5% 57434 DNR
    Cucumber
    1% 41790 purple in
    20 seconds
    Cucumber 0.1%   2965 purple in
    2.5 seconds
    Carrot
    20%  311245 purple in
    15 seconds
    Carrot
    5% 67449 purple in
    30 seconds
    Carrot
    1% 10318 DNR
    Carrot 0.1%   205 purple in
    60 seconds
    Lettuce
    20%  130230 DNR
    Lettuce
    5% 30816 DNR
    Lettuce
    1% 4689 purple in
    30 seconds
    Lettuce 0.1%   0 purple in
    2 minutes
    Apple
    20%  735903 DNR
    Apple
    5% 162292 DNR
    Apple
    1% 60205 DNR
    Apple 0.1%   2747 purple in
    15 seconds
    Orange 5% 3108565 DNR
    (fresh 1% 872245 DNR
    squeezed 0.1%   120521 DNR
    juice) 0.01%   23387 purple in
    40 seconds
    Orange 5% 3264303 DNR
    Juice
    1% 819838 DNR
    (pasteurized) 0.1%   145470 DNR
    Orange Juice 0.01%   4961 purple in
    (pasteurized) 60 seconds
  • TABLE 2
    POCKETSWAB ® VERICLEEN ™
    Dairy Extract Firefly RLU Result (DNR = did
    Products Concentration Reading not run)
    Raw Milk 5% 50081 DNR
    Raw Milk
    1% 29572 DNR
    Raw Milk 0.1%   13732 purple in
    45 seconds
    Raw Milk 0.01%   1547 purple in
    4 minutes
    Pasteurized 50%  213870 purple in
    Milk 45 seconds
    Pasteurized 5% 35594 pale purple in
    Milk 4 minutes
    Pasteurized 1% 6074 DNR
    Milk
    Pasteurized 0.1%   0 DNR
    Milk
    Whole egg
    5% 2714 DNR
    beaten
    Whole egg 1% 0 DNR
    beaten
    Whole egg 0.1%   0 purple in
    beaten 30 seconds
    Whole egg 0.01%   0 purple in
    beaten 45 seconds
    Soft serve 20%  47594 purple in
    ice cream 30 seconds
    Soft serve 5% 10241 purple in
    ice cream 45 seconds
    Soft serve 1% 0 purple in
    ice cream 2 minutes
    Soft serve 0.1%   0 purple in
    ice cream 3.5 minutes
  • TABLE 3
    Extract POCKETSWAB ® VERICLEEN ™
    Concen- Firefly RLU Result (DNR = did
    Meats tration Reading not run)
    Raw Ground Beef 20%  279489 DNR
    Raw Ground Beef 5% 31154 DNR
    Raw Ground Beef 1% 3543 DNR
    Raw Ground Beef 0.1%   0 purple in 20
    seconds
    Cooked Ground 20%  831281 DNR
    Beef
    Cooked Ground 5% 3629780 DNR
    Beef
    Cooked Ground 1% 4773347 purple in 30
    Beef seconds
    Cooked Ground 0.1%   1305347 purple in
    Beef 4 minutes
    Raw chicken 20%  457994 DNR
    breast
    Raw chicken 5% 43972 DNR
    breast
    Raw chicken 1% 0 purple in
    Breast 60 seconds
    Raw chicken 0.1%   0 purple in
    breast 1.5 seconds
    Cooked chicken 20%  694045 DNR
    breast
    Cooked chicken 5% 3825860 purple in
    breast 45 seconds
    Cooked chicken 1% 4457393 Negative at
    breast 4 minutes
    Cooked chicken 0.1%   1730583 DNR
    breast
  • TABLE 4
    POCKETSWAB ® VERICLEEN ™
    Extract Firefly RLU Result (DNR = did
    Grains Concentration Reading not run)
    White flour 20%  DNR
    White flour
    5% purple in
    20 seconds
    White flour 1% purple in
    30 seconds
    White flour 0.1%   purple in
    2 minutes
    White bread
    20%  DNR
    White bread
    5% DNR
    White bread
    1% DNR
    White bread 0.1%   purple in
    50 seconds
  • TABLE 5
    POCKETSWAB ® VERICLEEN ™
    Extract Firefly RLU Result (DNR = did
    Soft Drinks Concentration Reading not run)
    Coke 5% 0 DNR
    Coke
    1% purple in
    30 seconds
    Coke 0.1%   purple in
    60 seconds
    Coke 0.01%   pale purple at
    4 minutes
    Sprite
    5% 0 purple in
    20 seconds
    Sprite
    1% DNR
    Sprite 0.1%   purple in
    60 seconds
    Sprite 0.01%   DNR
  • The invention also comprises a method for increasing the above-described hygiene monitoring test sensitivity to phosphate, through a cycling reaction. Phosphatase, for example acid phosphatase, which is included as a test reagent and may be present in the sample, cleaves bound phosphate, such as glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate into its component, glucose and phosphate which both will be detected within the assay system. Glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate may be from the sample and also, in the case of glucose-1-phosphate, generated as a reaction product of the carbohydrate substrate with phosphate in the presence of an appropriate enzyme as previously described. The reaction product glucose-1-phosphate is broken down by phosphatase to produce more glucose for the color change reaction and more phosphate to combine with the carbohydrate substrate as previously described.
  • The invention also comprises a way to release phosphate and glucose from various commonly found surface contaminants such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), biofilms, carbohydrates, microbes, and phosphatase. A method for releasing phosphate and glucose from such contaminants includes using enzymes such as phosphatase, for example apyrase and glucose phosphatase, and enzymes, such as hydrolytic enzymes, to breakdown carbohydrates comprised of more than one saccharide (complex carbohydrates) to release the glucose component, for example the breakdown of lactose by β-galactosidase, the breakdown of sucrose by invertase and the breakdown of starch by amylase. A method for releasing various molecules such as ATP, ADP and glucose from microbes includes the use of lysing reagents. A mutarotase may be included to enhance sensitivity by converting α-D-glucose associated with phosphorylation to β-D-glucose to react with the glucose oxidase.
  • The presence of acid phosphatase on a surface is indicative of contamination with certain animal tissue. A separate embodiment of the invention includes additional way to detect phosphatase. Such methods may be included within the assay system in circumstances where detection of phosphatase is relatively more important than increasing test sensitivity to phosphate, for example when detection of animal tissue, such as muscle or blood, is relatively more important compared to the general increase sensitivity to phosphate. However, the above-described methods for increasing test sensitivity to phosphate, by providing phosphatase as a reagent, cannot practically be combined with the methods for detecting phosphatase in a sample. Methods for detecting phosphatase include providing glucose-6-phosphate or glucose-1-phosphate as a test reagent. Phosphatase present in the sample will cleave, for example glucose-6-phosphate, into is components glucose and phosphate.
  • The invention involves a method for the rapid, colorimetric determination of hygiene monitoring of surface contamination, which method comprises: adding a phosphorylase enzyme and carbohydrate substrate to a sample containing phosphate to create a reaction product of free glucose and phosphate bound to a saccharide; cleaving free phosphate from said bound phosphate; cleaving free glucose from complex carbohydrates; releasing or extracting intracellular phosphate; and changing the interconversion of α-D-glucose to β-D-glucose, wherein free glucose is detected in a calorimetric reaction as a measure of surface contamination.
  • The invention also involves a method for the rapid, colorimetric determination of hygiene monitoring of surface contamination including contamination with phosphate and phosphatase, which method comprises: adding a phosphorylase enzyme and a carbohydrate substrate to a sample containing phosphate to create a reaction product of free glucose and phosphate bound to a saccharide; cleaving free phosphate from bound phosphate; cleaving free glucose from complex carbohydrates; releasing intracellular phosphate; and catalyzing the interconversion of α-D-glucose to β-D-glucose, wherein free glucose is detected in a calorimetric reaction as a measure of surface contamination.
  • The invention also comprises a device for rapid, colorimetric hygiene monitoring, which test device comprises: a capillary-flow test strip having two ends, the test strip includes at a first end, a liquid sample absorbing material; reagents for conversion of biological material to glucose, such as by providing multiple biochemical pathways; and reagents for the calorimetric detection of glucose, wherein a liquid sample from a material is absorbed onto the first end and flows by capillary action to contact reagents providing biochemical pathways for conversion of biological material to glucose and calorimetric detection of glucose.
  • The invention also comprises a device for rapid, calorimetric hygiene monitoring having one or more reaction zones, included on or in a capillary membrane, comprising reagents for conversion of biological materials to glucose and phosphate and reagents which, in the presence of phosphate and an appropriate enzyme, convert certain biological materials to glucose; and reagents for the calorimetric detection of glucose, wherein a liquid sample from a material is absorbed onto the first end and flows by capillary action through the test strip containing reagents, which produces a visually detectable readout in the presence of glucose.
  • The invention also comprises a device for hygiene monitoring, by detecting biological material in a test sample from or on a material, which test device comprises: a swab to collect the test sample and a niblet comprising separate, swab-puncturable, membrane compartments for one or more reagents and a solution; an enzyme reagent composition, preferably in tablet form, comprising glucose oxidase, horseradish peroxidase, maltose phosphorylase, apyrase, β-galactosidase and phosphatase; a substrate reagent composition, preferably in tablet form, comprising 4-aminoantipyrene, mutarotase, EHSPT (the Trinder's reagent TOOS), and maltose; and a liquid reagent comprising a buffering solution and lysing solution, wherein the sample is contacted sequentially with the liquid reagent, enzyme reagent, and substrate reagent and a color change or lack thereof is observed as a measure of hygiene.
  • The test apparatus of certain embodiments of the invention is in the format of the POCKETSWAB®, which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,453, issued Oct. 12, 1999 (TEST APPARATUS, SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF TEST SAMPLES); U.S. Pat. No. 5,985,675, issued Nov. 16, 1999 (TEST DEVICE FOR DETECTION OF AN ANALYTE); and U.S. Pat. No. 6,180,395, issued Jan. 30, 2001 (REAGENT CHAMBER FOR TEST APPARATUS AND TEST APPARATUS), which are incorporated herein in their entirety. In these embodiments, the apparatus incorporates a foam-tipped, or other absorbent-type swab or wand for sample uptake from the surface to be monitored. The swab may be premoistened with a wetting solution.
  • After sample uptake onto the swab, the swab is used to puncture a series of “niblets” releasing and activating the necessary reagents. The term “niblet” refers to a reagent chamber in the form of a cylinder containing reagents and sealed on both ends with a probe puncturable membrane.
  • In certain embodiments, the first niblet to contact the swab includes cofactors and buffering compounds to optimize subsequent reactions and antimicrobial or antifungal substance to prevent contamination. In other embodiments, the first niblet may additionally contain bacterial lysing reagents.
  • After the swab is contacted with the first reagent niblet, the swab is contacted with the material in the second niblet by, preferably, puncturing the membranes separating the first and second niblet, thereby causing reagents from the first niblet to flow into and mix with reagents in the second niblet. The second niblet contains one or more reagents, preferably tablets, containing enzymes, substrates, and biochemicals. Certain embodiments include two tablets in the second niblet, generally referred to as the “substrate tablet” and the “enzyme tablet.”
  • In some embodiments, the substrate reagent composition includes maltose, glucose-phosphates, such as glucose-1-phosphate or glucose-6-phosphate, TOOS and 4-aminoantipyrine, and the enzyme reagent includes maltose phosphorylase, horseradish peroxidase, glucose oxidase, mutarotase, β-galactosidase and apyrase. In other embodiments, enzymes for converting other carbohydrates to glucose, for example, amylase, sucrase (invertase) may be included.
  • In another embodiment, glucose-6-phosphate is removed from the substrate reagent. Such an embodiment will be less sensitive to sample phosphatase. Instead, phosphatase is added to the enzyme reagent or substrate reagent. The added phosphatase will cleave the glucose-1-phosphate reaction product of maltose and phosphate to produce additional phosphate and glucose, thereby enhancing test sensitivity to phosphate through the additional cycling of the phosphate group, from the glucose-1-phosphate, to be combined with maltose and maltose phosphorylase. It will be appreciated that although the reagents of particular embodiments are described as “tablets” or “liquid,” the reagents can be used in, and applied to, the test device in a variety of forms, which forms are prepared separately or in combination, including solid, liquid, powder, freeze-dried emulsion, suspension, tablet, or any other form known to those skilled in the art.
  • The test apparatus of certain other embodiments of the invention is in the format of a capillary-flow test strip. The strip consists of a capillary-flow capillary membrane, for example, nitrocellulose membrane, adhesively bound to a backing, for example a polystyrene backing, with one end having a sample pad absorbent area in fluid flow contact with the membrane. Optionally, at the sample pad end, or the other end, the strip could have attached, or incorporated into the packaging, a container of a surface wetting reagent. The container of surface-wetting agent may include a wetting solution. The wetting solution container can be in the form of, for example, a burstable pouch or peel-top container within the test strip packaging. Alternatively, the surface-wetting solution can be included in a bulk container, for example, a squeezable, plastic, dispenser bottle or spray bottle, which is attached at the end opposite the dispensing end, to a container within which capillary-flow strips are placed. The wetting solution should, optimally, be pH neutral, food compatible and non-interfering. The capillary-flow strip container is formed of a light-blocking material to protect the test strips. Applied to the test strip capillary membrane are reagents for the production of glucose and phosphate from common surface biological material and reagents for the calorimetric detection of glucose.
  • In one example of the capillary-flow strip, reagents are provided in two zones. The two reagent zones are applied to the membrane portion of the test strip in fluid flow contact with the absorbent pad. Optionally, the reagents can be applied by spraying onto the strip. In one embodiment, the first reagent zone contains a carbohydrate substrate, for example, maltose and glucose-6-phosphate. In an alternative embodiment, the first reagent zone contains the carbohydrate substrate and a phosphatase, for example, acid phosphatase. The second reagent zone contains reagents for the calorimetric detection of glucose, for example, TOOS, glucose oxidase, mutarotase, horseradish peroxidase and 4-aminoantipyrene. Also included within the second reagent zone are enzymes, such as maltose phosphorylase and apyrase and one or more hydrolytic enzymes, such as β-galactosidase.
  • The reagents in this device are able to flow in the membrane reacting with the sample and each other. Sufficient capillary-flow space is included beyond the second reagent zone for color reagents to change color in the presence of a target material and provide an easily read, visible result. The space beyond the second reagent zone is sufficiently small to create a defined area for color change to occur. Color change begins at the end of the capillary membrane and spreads back. Providing space between the second reagent zone and the end of the capillary membrane permits a wider, more visible line to develop. At the end of the capillary membrane is an air gap to prevent reagent flow beyond the end of said membrane, a wetting solution for solubilizing surface food residue and penetrating biofilm.
  • All reagents are stabilized, purified to remove phosphates, glucose and maltose degrading enzymes, for example, glucosidase, and either sprayed onto the capillary-flow membrane or incorporated into the absorbent pad.
  • The test apparatus system and method will be described for the purposes of illustration only in connection with a series of illustrative test apparatus and test method employing various test apparatus. However, it is recognized that those persons skilled in the art may make various modifications, changes, additions, and improvements to the test apparatus, system and methods without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
    • EXAMPLE 4
  • The lateral or capillary-flow strip consists of a nitrocellulose membrane onto which two regions, zones, or lines of reagents have been applied using appropriate manufacturing equipment, such as that made by BioDot, Inc. Optionally, the membrane is overlapped with an absorbent cellulose paper pad. One region consists of all enzymes needed for the color reaction, the enzymes for release of phosphate and glucose, plus the two substrates necessary for color development. Prior to use, all enzymes must be purified to remove any sugar or phosphate contamination, for example, by desalting. The second line contains a preparation of glucose-free maltose and purified acid phosphatase. The nitrocellulose is mounted onto a polystyrene backing material and, optionally, packaged into a plastic, blister-type device. If packaged into a blister-type device the device, optionally, contains a bubble to which surface wetting agent is added; the bubble may be sealed with peelable foil.
  • The reagents applied to the capillary membrane are the same as those used as reagents or tablets for the swab-type assay. However, the amount of each component required per test is significantly lower for all reagents. The approximate amount of each reagent and its corresponding amount used in the swab test are listed in Table 6, in an embodiment including glucose-6-phosphate and Table 7 in an embodiment including acid phosphatase.
  • Results generated with the embodiment described in Table 6 are listed in Appendix 1.
    TABLE 6
    Amount per Test
    in
    Capillary Flow Amount per Test
    Reagent Membrane in Swab Test
    TOOS 930 ng 125 mg
    4-aminoantipyrine 460 ng 63 mg
    Maltose
    2 mg 470 mg
    Maltose phosphorylase 0.06 units 1.5 units
    Glucose oxidase 0.5 units 12.5 units
    Horseradish peroxidase 0.2 units 5 units
    β-galactosidase 0.04 units 0.8 units
    Glucose-6-phosphate 10 mg 100 mg
    Apyrase 0.2 units 1.5 units

    Appendix 1
    • Test Data
  • I. Assay in which solution of food product is allowed to
    air dry onto countertop then rehydrated with wetting
    solution and wiped with test strip
    Time to Color
    Food Concentration Change (s)
    Beef 2% 16, 15
    Chicken 5% 10, 7 
    Fish 5% 20, 23
    Ketchup 1% 3, 2
    Milk 10% 35, 37
    Orange juice 2% 4, 3
    Egg 2% 4, 5
  • II. Assay in which wet solution of food product is wiped
    from plastic surface with test strip
    Time to Color
    Food Concentration Change (s)
    Beef 2%  8, 10
    Chicken 5% 8, 7
    Fish 5% 9, 8
    Ketchup 1% 2, 2
    Milk 10% 30, 32
    Orange juice 2% 2, 3
    Egg 2% 5, 5
  • TABLE 7
    Amount per Test
    in
    Capillary-Flow Amount per Test
    Component Membrane in Swab Test
    Glucose oxidase 0.7 units 12.5 units
    Horseradish peroxidase 0.3 units 5 units
    β-galactosidase 0.06 units 1 units
    Maltose phosphorylase 0.09 units 3 units
    Apyrase 0.3 units 5 units
    Acid phosphatase 0.01 units 0.1 units
    Maltose 4 mg 1400 mg
    4-aminoantipyrene 700 ng 63 mg
    N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy- 1400 ng 125 mg
    3-sulfopropyl)-m-
    toluidine
  • Materials are stabilized, purified to remove phosphate, ATP, ADP, glucose and glucosidase, and placed in a POCKETSWAB® or capillary-flow membrane format, both of which are single assay formats that permit an easy testing and rapid analysis.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the general use reaction scheme of the invention, which is particularly useful when testing for a wide range of contaminants. Maltose reacts with phosphate from the sample in the presence of maltose phosphorylase to form α-D-glucose and β-D-glucose-1-phosphate. β-D-glucose forms color when combined with certain well-known reagents. α-D-glucose naturally converts to β-D-glucose. The rate of natural conversion can be enhanced by mutarotase. The β-D-glucose-1-phosphate in the presence of acid phosphatase (as a test reagent) is broken down into phosphate and β-D-glucose (Phosphatase from the sample will also break down β-D-glucose-1-phosphate.). The glucose enters into the color reaction amplifying the color from the first glucose, and the phosphate reacts with more maltose (a test reagent) to generate more glucose and, ultimately, more phosphate and more color until the maltose reagent is depleted, or the reaction is otherwise inhibited. The above-described cycling of phosphate produces a sensitive test for phosphate in the sample. The reaction scheme also includes examples of conversion of common biological material to glucose and phosphate. Lysing reagents release ATP and ADP from microbes and apyrase cleaves the phosphate. Carbohydrates are hydrolized to release glucose for detection.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the reaction scheme particularly useful for detecting contamination from raw or partially-cooked meat products. Glucose-6-phosphate (or alternatively glucose-1-phosphate) is added as a reagent to include an additional source of phosphate and glucose when acid phosphatase is present in the sample. In the embodiment represented by said reaction scheme, acid phosphatase is not a reagent and is, instead, supplied from the sample. If acid phosphatase is not present, the glucose-6-phosphate does not enter the reaction, and only phosphate from the sample generates glucose. Color is generated by the glucose.
  • FIGS. 3A & B illustrate the invention in the format of the swab-type device. In use of the swab-type device of the invention, the swab 1 is removed from the body 3, by gripping the swab handle 2, and a 4″×4″ surface, for example, a food contact surface, is swabbed using the pre-moistened swab 1. The swab 1 is then reinserted into the body 3 and screwed longitudinally through the covering 9 of the microtube test unit 4 and through the covering 10 of the liquid reagent niblet 5 and into the tablet niblet 6 containing an enzyme tablet 7 and a substrate tablet 8. The liquid released to the bottom of the microtube test unit 4 turns purple within 60 seconds if the surface is “dirty,” for example, it has food residue contamination.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the invention in the capillary-flow strip-type device packaged within a blister package. In use of the capillary-flow strip test-type device of the invention, the blister package cover 12 is peeled back, and the surface-wetting solution is released from the container 11 onto the surface to be monitored. The user continues to peel back the covering 12 to expose the test strip 13.
  • FIG. 5 is a side perspective view of the VERICLEEN™ test strip. While handling area 14 the absorbent pad 15 is used to swab the surface to be monitored. The sample is absorbed onto sample pad 15 and flows by capillary action through the first reagent zone 19, to the second reagent zone 20 ( Reagent zones 19 and 20 are depicted for illustration.). In the preferred embodiment, reagent zones 19 and 20 are slightly visible or invisible. Sample flow stops at the end of the capillary membrane 18. Positive results are reflected in color change zone 17. Color change begins to form at the end of the capillary membrane 18 and spreads back. A gap 21 is included sufficiently wide to prevent unwanted diffusion of color into the cover 22 of the backing 23, which cover 22 and backing 23 combined make up the handling area 14. Line development at the top of the capillary membrane, within approximately one minute, indicates presence of residue and need to clean. All valid tests will change color after approximately five minutes. Reagent zones 19 and 20 contain reagents depicted in the reaction scheme of either FIG. 1 or FIG. 2, depending on the requirements of the user.
  • FIG. 6 is a side perspective view of the wetting-agent dispenser 24 attached to a light-blocking test strip container 25.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention containing a strip of nitrocellulose adhesively bound to a polystyrene support. Various reagents are sprayed and dried onto the nitrocellulose in a series of discreet zones. FIG. 7 contains seven such spaced-apart zones as follows:
  • Zone 1, 48, is comprised of apyrase and β-galactosidase. Apyrase cleaves any ATP/ADP liberating phosphate that will flow in the solution along the test strip to Zone 2. β-galactosidase converts lactose to glucose. Zone 2, 46, comprises maltose for reaction with phosphate, in the presence of the maltose phosphorylase to produce glucose. Zone 3, 44, is comprised of maltose phosphorylase. Zone 4, 42, is comprised of glucose oxidase for oxidation of glucose in a reaction that yields peroxide. Zone 5, 40, is comprised of EHSPT [N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3-sulfo-propyl)-n-toluidine], commonly referred to as TOOS; Zone 6, 30, is comprised of 4-aminoantipyrine; and Zone 7, 36, is comprised of horseradish peroxidase. Zones 5, 6, and 7, 40, 30, and 36, respectively comprise reagents which, in the presence of peroxide, produce a color precipitate which can be observed visually.
  • It is also possible to combine the seven zones described above into fewer zones, for example, three zones, containing multiple reagents per zone.
  • In operation, the wetting reagent is released onto the surface to be tested or absorbed onto the absorbent pad 15. Holding the strip at the finger-hold area 32, the sample pad 15 is used to swab the surface to be tested. Wetting the surface will suspend in the liquid some of the material to be detected. Material to be detected will be absorbed by the strip upon swabbing the wet surface. The liquid absorbed onto the strip will then flow laterally on the strip. Upon contact with a fluid-analyte, the reactants in the zones are resolubilized and react with the analyte(s) in the sample as described above. Color formation in the horseradish peroxidase 36 reaction zone indicates a positive sample, while no color indicates a clean sample.

Claims (21)

1. A device for detecting biological material in a sample, which device comprises:
a) a material for receiving said sample;
b) a reagent for converting said biological material to glucose; and
c) a reagent for the colorimetric detection of said glucose.
2. The device of claim 1 wherein said reagent for converting biological material to glucose comprises an enzyme.
3. The device of claim 1, wherein the said reagent for converting biological material to glucose and the reagent for the colorimetric detection of glucose are provided to a user on one or more zones on a lateral flow test strip.
4. The device of claim 1, further comprising a sealed compartment containing a surface wetting agent.
5. The device of claim 1 wherein said material for receiving a sample comprises a swab.
6. The device of claim 1 further comprising one or more separate, swab-puncturable, membrane compartments enclosing the reagent for converting the biological material to glucose and the reagent for the calorimetric detection of glucose.
7. The device of claim 1 wherein said biological material comprises a carbohydrate.
8. The device of claim 1 wherein said biological material comprises lactose.
9. The device of claim 2 wherein said enzyme comprises β-galactosidase.
10. The device of claim 7 wherein said carbohydrate comprises one or more sugars.
11. The device of claim 7, wherein said carbohydrate comprises one or more complex carbohydrates.
12. The device of claim 7, wherein said carbohydrate comprises lactose.
13. The device of claim 2, wherein said enzyme comprises a hydrolytic enzyme.
14. The device of claim 2, wherein said enzyme comprises invertase.
15. The device of claim 2, wherein said enzyme comprises amylase.
16. The device of claim 2, wherein said enzyme comprises cellulase.
17. The device of claim 2, wherein said enzyme comprises sucrase.
18. The device of claim 1, wherein said reagent for the calorimetric detection of glucose comprises glucose oxidase.
19. The device of claim 1, wherein said reagent for the calorimetric detection of glucose comprises peroxidase.
20. The device of claim 1 wherein the sample is from a surface.
21. The device of claim 1 wherein the sample is from a surface of an inanimate object.
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