US20070047511A1 - Continuously adjustable bandwidth discrete-time phase-locked loop - Google Patents
Continuously adjustable bandwidth discrete-time phase-locked loop Download PDFInfo
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- US20070047511A1 US20070047511A1 US11/590,449 US59044906A US2007047511A1 US 20070047511 A1 US20070047511 A1 US 20070047511A1 US 59044906 A US59044906 A US 59044906A US 2007047511 A1 US2007047511 A1 US 2007047511A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
- H04B1/707—Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
- H04B1/7073—Synchronisation aspects
- H04B1/7085—Synchronisation aspects using a code tracking loop, e.g. a delay-locked loop
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
- H04B1/707—Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/0014—Carrier regulation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/18—Phase-modulated carrier systems, i.e. using phase-shift keying
- H04L27/22—Demodulator circuits; Receiver circuits
- H04L27/233—Demodulator circuits; Receiver circuits using non-coherent demodulation
- H04L27/2332—Demodulator circuits; Receiver circuits using non-coherent demodulation using a non-coherent carrier
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
- H04B1/707—Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
- H04B1/7097—Interference-related aspects
- H04B1/711—Interference-related aspects the interference being multi-path interference
- H04B1/7115—Constructive combining of multi-path signals, i.e. RAKE receivers
- H04B1/7117—Selection, re-selection, allocation or re-allocation of paths to fingers, e.g. timing offset control of allocated fingers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/0014—Carrier regulation
- H04L2027/0044—Control loops for carrier regulation
- H04L2027/0053—Closed loops
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/0014—Carrier regulation
- H04L2027/0044—Control loops for carrier regulation
- H04L2027/0053—Closed loops
- H04L2027/0055—Closed loops single phase
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/0014—Carrier regulation
- H04L2027/0044—Control loops for carrier regulation
- H04L2027/0063—Elements of loops
- H04L2027/0069—Loop filters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/0014—Carrier regulation
- H04L2027/0044—Control loops for carrier regulation
- H04L2027/0071—Control of loops
- H04L2027/0079—Switching between loops
- H04L2027/0081—Switching between loops between loops of different bandwidths
Definitions
- This invention is generally directed to wireless digital communication systems. More particularly, the invention is directed to a code division multiple access (CDMA) receiver having a continuously adjustable bandwidth phase-locked loop for accurately determining the carrier frequency of a received signal.
- CDMA code division multiple access
- B-CDMATM communication systems have shown promise in the effort to provide more efficient utilization of the RF spectrum, particularly Broadband Code Division Multiple AccessTM or (B-CDMATM) communication systems.
- B-CDMATM communication systems permit many communications to be transmitted over the same bandwidth, thereby greatly increasing the capacity of the RF spectrum.
- an information signal at the transmitter is mixed with a pseudorandom “spreading code” which spreads the information signal across the entire communicating bandwidth.
- the spread signal is upconverted to an RF signal for transmission.
- a receiver having the same pseudorandom spreading code, receives the transmitted RF signal and mixes the received signal with an RF sinusoidal signal generated at the receiver by a first-stage local oscillator (LO) to downconvert the spread spectrum signal.
- LO local oscillator
- the spreaded information signal is subsequently mixed with the pseudorandom spreading code, which has also been locally generated, to obtain the original information signal.
- a receiver In order to detect the information embedded in a received signal, a receiver must know the exact pseudorandom spreading code that was used to spread the signal. All signals which are not encoded with the pseudorandum code of the receiver appear as background noise to the receiver. Accordingly, as the number of users that are communicating within the operating range of a particular base station increases, the amount of background noise also increases, making it difficult for receivers to properly detect and receive signals.
- the transmitter may increase the power of the transmitted signal, but this will increase the noise as seen by other receivers. Therefore, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio of a received signal without requiring a corresponding increase in the transmission power of the signal is desirable.
- One way to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of a received signal is to ensure that the first stage local oscillator (LO) at the receiver is at the same frequency as the received RF carrier signal. If there is a slight frequency offset, the offset will manifest itself in the baseband section of the receiver as a phase error on the decoded QPSK symbol, resulting in a degradation of the quality of the communication.
- LO local oscillator
- the continuously adjusted-bandwidth phase-locked loop (PLL) of the present invention is used by a B-CDMATM receiver to correct for any deviation, or offset, that may exist between the received radio frequency (RF) carrier signal and the frequency of the first stage LO that converts the received RF carrier signal to an intermediate frequency (IF).
- the PLL in the receiver includes a filter with an adjustable bandwidth. A wider bandwidth is used during initial acquisition of the received signal. After the PLL has acquired the received carrier signal using the wider bandwidth, the bandwidth of the filter is gradually narrowed to provide a low steady-state error. Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide an improved CDMA receiver which corrects for any offset that may exist between the received RF carrier signal and the frequency of the first stage LO.
- FIG. 1 is a communication network embodying the present invention
- FIG. 2 shows propagation of signals between a base station and a plurality of subscriber units
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the PLL implemented in a programmable digital signal processor within the receiver section;
- FIG. 4 is a detailed block diagram of a rake receiver used in accordance with the teachings of the present inventor
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the continuously adjustable bandwidth PLL in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram of the mapping of polar and Cartesian coordinates
- FIG. 7 is a look-up table utilized to implement the arctangent analyzer
- FIG. 8 is the preferred embodiment of a look-up table utilized to implement the arctangent analyzer
- FIG. 9 is a block diagram of the PLL filter comprising a lag filter and a lead filter in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a block diagram of the bandwidth control section
- FIG. 11 illustrates the transfer function utilized in the bandwidth calculation unit
- FIG. 12A is a signal diagram of the carrier offset frequency estimate provided by the output of the lag filter
- FIG. 12B is a signal diagram of the phase correction in degrees provided by the output of the lead filter
- FIG. 12C is a signal diagram of the bandwidth control signal versus time
- FIG. 12D is a signal diagram of the dynamic bandwidth versus time
- FIG. 13 is a flow diagram of the method of adjusting the PLL bandwidth in accordance with the present invention.
- the communication network 2 generally comprises one or more base stations 4 , each of which is in wireless communication with a plurality of subscriber units 6 , which may be fixed or mobile. Each subscriber unit 6 communicates with either the closest base station 4 or the base station 4 which provides the strongest communication signal.
- the base stations 4 also communicate with a base station controller 8 , which coordinates communications among base stations 4 .
- the communication network 2 may also be connected to a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 9 , wherein the base station controller 8 also coordinates communications between the base stations 4 and the PSTN 9 .
- PSTN public switched telephone network
- each base station 4 communicates with the base station controller 8 over a wireless link, although a land line may also be provided. A land line is particularly applicable when a base station 4 is in close proximity to the base station controller 8 .
- the base station controller 8 performs several functions. Primarily, the base station controller 8 provides all of the operations, administrative and maintenance (OA&M) signaling associated with establishing and maintaining all of the wireless communications between the subscriber units 6 , the base stations 4 , and the base station controller 8 .
- the base station controller 8 also provides an interface between the wireless communication system 2 and the PSTN 9 . This interface includes multiplexing and demultiplexing of the communication signals that enter and leave the system 2 via the base station controller 8 .
- the wireless communication system 2 is shown employing antennas to transmit RF signals, one skilled in the art should recognize that communications may be accomplished via microwave or satellite uplinks. Additionally, the functions of the base station controller 8 may be combined with a base station 4 to form a “master base station”.
- a two-way communication channel 11 comprises a signal transmitted 13 (Tx) from the base station 4 to the subscriber unit 6 and a signal received 15 (Rx) by the base station 4 from the subscriber unit 6 .
- the signaling between the base station 4 and the subscriber units 6 includes the transmission of a pilot signal 17 .
- the pilot signal 17 is a spreading code which carries no data bits.
- the pilot signal 17 is used for subscriber unit 6 acquisition and synchronization, as well as for determining the parameters of the adaptive matched filter used in the data receiver.
- the subscriber unit 6 must acquire the pilot signal 17 transmitted by the base station 4 before it can receive or transmit any data. Acquisition is the process whereby the subscriber unit 6 aligns its locally generated spreading code with the received pilot signal 17 . The subscriber unit 6 searches through all of the possible phases of the received pilot signal 17 until it detects the correct phase, (the beginning of the pilot signal 17 ).
- the PLL 10 in accordance with the present invention acts upon the transmitted pilot signal 17 , which is an auxiliary signal transmitted from the base station 4 to all subscriber units 6 and from subscriber units 6 to the base station 4 which is not used as a traffic channel to transmit any voice or data information.
- the signal 17 is used: 1) to provide synchronization of the locally generated pseudorandom code with the transmitted pseudorandom code; and 2) as a transmission power reference during initial power ramp-up of the subscriber unit 6 .
- the pilot signal 17 is utilized to provide synchronization of the locally generated pseudorandom code with the transmitted pseudorandom code.
- the pilot signal 17 is additionally used in both the base station 4 and the subscriber unit 6 to determine the difference between the frequency of the received RF carrier signal and the first stage LO that downconverts the received RF carrier signal to IF.
- the CDMA pilot signal 17 is a sequence of pseudorandom complex numbers which are modulated by a constant complex pilot value having a magnitude of one and phase of zero.
- the advantage of using the pilot signal 17 is that the transmitted despread value is known to the subscriber unit 6 . This can be used by the PLL 10 in the subscriber unit 6 to estimate and correct for phase error due to RF carrier signal offset.
- the difference in the frequency of the received RF carrier signal and the first stage LO can be generally attributed to two sources: 1) component mismatches; and 2) RF distortion.
- Component mismatches between the transmitter oscillator 4 and the receiver oscillator 6 may cause slightly different oscillator outputs. These component mismatches can be further exacerbated by local environmental conditions, such as the heating or cooling of electronic components, which may cause performance changes in the components.
- RF distortion doppler effects caused by the motion of the subscriber unit 6 , the base station 4 or a multipath reflector may cause the RF carrier to become distorted during transmission. This may result in a RF carrier offset.
- the PLL 10 is implemented in a programmable digital signal processor within the digital receiver section 20 to provide flexibility in system architecture.
- the pilot signal 17 is received via the antenna 60 and is processed by the analog receiver section 61 , which includes an RF downconverter 63 and an analog-to-digital section 65 .
- the downconverted and digitized pilot signal 17 is then processed by the digital receiver section 20 which includes a pilot rake receiver 40 , the PLL 10 , and a data receiver 42 .
- the pilot signal 17 enters the rake receiver 40 for despreading.
- the PLL monitors the output from the pilot rake receiver 40 , which comprises the despread pilot signal 30 , to estimate and correct for a phase error due to RF carrier offset, thereby providing acceptable speech quality.
- the pilot rake receiver 40 operates on the pilot signal 17 to build a receiver filter.
- the receiver filter compensates for channel distortion due to multipath effects.
- the filter parameters 45 are forwarded from the pilot rake receiver 40 to the data receiver 42 which constructs the receiver filter in accordance with those parameters 45 . Accordingly, when a data signal enters the data receiver 42 , the data receiver 42 is able to compensate for channel distortion due to multipath effects and output a more accurate information signal 44 .
- the rake receiver 40 is shown in greater detail in FIG. 4 .
- the rake receiver 40 provides an estimate of the complex impulse response, having real and imaginary components, of the channel over which the pilot signal 17 is transmitted.
- the rake receiver 40 has a plurality of independent rake elements 80 . 1 , 80 . 2 , 80 .i, wherein the input to each rake element 80 . 1 , 80 . 2 , 80 .i is a delayed and despread replica 100 of the received pilot signal 17 .
- the amount of delay 84 between adjacent rake elements 80 . 1 , 80 . 2 , 80 .i is one chip.
- the delayed replicas 100 of the pilot signal 17 are created without delay lines by using a mixer 88 , 90 , 92 to correlate the received pilot signal 17 with the locally generated pilot pseudonoise code 86 , offset by the appropriate amount of chips 84 .
- the rake receiver 40 produces N noisy estimates of the sampled impulse response of the channel of the received pilot signal 17 , at evenly spaced intervals, where N is the number of rake elements 80 . 1 , 80 . 2 , 80 .i.
- the low pass filter on each rake element 80 . 1 , 80 . 2 , 80 .i smoothes each corresponding sample impulse response estimate.
- the complex conjugates of each smoothed sampled impulse response estimate are used as the weights on the channel-matching filter. This serves to remove the signal distortion from the received pilot signal 17 and data signals 46 that occur due to multipath effects in the channel.
- the pilot rake receiver 40 and the PLL 10 operate in conjunction with one another in the receiver section 20 .
- the PLL 10 requires a despread pilot signal 30 with the distortion effects due to multipath removed. This is accomplished by the adaptive matched filter obtained from using the channel-impulse-response estimate provided by the pilot rake receiver 40 .
- the pilot rake receiver 40 and the data receiver 42 cannot operate effectively unless the received pilot signal 17 and the data signals 46 have been corrected for phase error due to RF carrier signal offset.
- the phase error correction signal 50 is provided by the PLL 10 to the pilot rake receiver 40 and data receiver 42 . Optimal performance of the receiver 20 will not occur until the pilot rake receiver 40 and the PLL 10 have reached a mutually satisfactory equilibrium point.
- the operation of the data receiver 42 is well known to those of skill in the art.
- the PLL 10 comprises a mixer 110 , a normalizing unit 112 , an arctangent analyzer 114 , a PLL filter 116 , a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 118 , and a bandwidth control section 120 .
- the mixer 110 receives its input from the pilot rake receiver 40 .
- the signal output from the rake receiver 40 is the despread pilot signal 30 which has been processed to correct channel distortion due to multipath effects. This signal 30 is mixed with a “correction signal” 50 to produce a complex error signal 122 .
- the bandwidth of the PLL filter 116 is adjusted by the bandwidth control section 120 to provide a revised correction signal 50 to the mixer 110 , the rake receiver 40 , and the data receiver 42 . This process is repeated until the complex error signal 122 output from the mixer 122 is at a minimum. It is desired to have the complex error signal 122 as small as possible; ideally it should be zero.
- the despread pilot signal 17 is a known complex number that has zero phase.
- This complex number can be represented in two forms as shown in FIG. 6 : 1) Cartesian form; and 2) polar form.
- Cartesian form the real part is referred to as the in-phase component, (I-component), and the imaginary part is referred to as the quadrature component, (Q-component).
- the polar form includes a magnitude (m) and a phase angle ( ⁇ ).
- ⁇ tan ⁇ 1 ( Q/I ) Equation (1)
- m ⁇ square root over ( I 2 +Q 2 ) ⁇ Equation (2)
- the complex error signal 122 is processed by the normalizing unit 112 , which will be described in greater detail hereinafter.
- the normalized signal 124 is then input into the arctangent analyzer 114 .
- the arctangent analyzer 114 analyzes the normalized signal 124 , which is in Cartesian coordinate form, using an 8I-by-8Q arctangent processor to determine the phase ⁇ of the complex number.
- the arctangent analyzer 114 uses the Cartesian I and Q components which are mapped to provide the phase ⁇ of the complex number.
- the size and complexity of lookup table 152 implemented within the arctangent analyzer 114 grows as the range of the values input into the arctangent analyzer 114 increases. Thus, if a wide range of values is permitted to be input into the arctangent analyzer 114 , the arctangent function increases in complexity and the lookup table 152 dramatically increases in size. Accordingly, in order to keep the implementation as simple as possible, the complex error signal 122 is normalized by the normalizing unit 112 prior to being input into the arctangent analyzer 114 .
- the normalizing unit 112 receives the complex error signal 122 from the mixer 110 and performs a “pseudonormalization” by dividing by the complex error signal 122 by the component, (I or Q), having the larger magnitude. Thus, the magnitude of the number output to the arctangent analyzer 114 will be between 1.0 and 1.414.
- true normalization is performed, in which the normalizing unit 112 determines the magnitude of the complex error signal 122 , then divides the error signal 122 by the magnitude.
- the signal 124 output from the normalizing unit 112 would be complex number with a magnitude of 1 and a phase angle which must be determined by the arctangent analyzer 114 .
- pseudonormalizing the complex error signal 122 is not as optimal as normalization, pseudonormalization requires much less processing power and may be preferred in certain implementations where processing power is at a premium.
- pseudonormalizing results in a complex number between 1.0 and 1.414
- performing a pseudonormalization on the complex error signal 122 causes the resulting signal 124 to fall within a smaller input range of the domain of the lookup table 152 .
- the size of the lookup table 152 is limited to 64 bins, with resolution that is sufficient for the desired PLL performance.
- the output from the arctangent analyzer 114 is a quantized phase angle of the complex error signal 122 . Since the pilot signal 17 is transmitted with zero phase angle, it is desired to adjust the quantized phase error signal 126 to have an angle of zero degrees, (a phase of zero).
- the bandwidth control section 120 continually monitors the quantized phase error signal 126 and generates a control signal 130 to control the bandwidth of the PLL filter 116 based on the quantized phase error signal 126 . As will be explained in detail hereinafter, as the quantized phase error signal 126 approaches zero, the bandwidth of the PLL filter 116 decreases.
- the quantized phase error signal 126 is provided to two sections of the PLL 10 : 1) the PLL filter 116 ; and 2) the bandwidth control section 120 .
- the bandwidth of the PLL filter 116 is continuously adjustable.
- the PLL filter 116 has a wider bandwidth when the quantized phase error signal 126 is large, and a narrow bandwidth when the quantized phase error signal 126 is small.
- the bandwidth of the PLL filter 116 is selectively and continuously controlled by the bandwidth control section 120 to provide a small steady-state PLL error.
- the bandwidth of the PLL filter 116 is narrowed, the high frequency components of the quantized phase error signal 126 are filtered out. Thus, by eliminating high frequency components, rapid variations in the quantized phase error signal 126 are eliminated and the output signal is smoothed.
- filters with wide bandwidths are generally used for initial tracking and locking onto a signal.
- the PLL filter 116 comprises a lag filter 140 and a lead filter 142 .
- the lag filter 140 receives two inputs: 1) the bandwidth control signal 130 from the bandwidth control section 120 ; and 2) the quantized phase error signal 126 output from the arctangent analyzer 114 .
- H ( s ) ⁇ 0 ⁇ h ( t ) e ⁇ st dt, Equation (4)
- the lag filter 140 interrogates the quantized phase error signal 126 and generates an estimate of the RF carrier offset 144 .
- the RF carrier offset 144 is input into the lead filter 142 which integrates the RF carrier offset 144 to determine an error voltage 128 corresponding to the phase error.
- the output of the PLL filter 116 which is input into the VCO 118 , is the error voltage 128 .
- the VCO 118 outputs a corresponding correction signal 50 to the mixer 110 , the pilot rake receiver 40 and the data receiver 42 .
- the bandwidth control section 120 will be explained in further detail with reference to FIG. 10 .
- the bandwidth control section 120 estimates the variance of the quantized phase error signal 126 and converts this into a dynamic bandwidth.
- the bandwidth control section 120 comprises four processing units: a squaring unit 160 , a (leaky) integrator unit 162 , a bandwidth calculation unit 164 and a sample/hold unit 168 .
- the squaring unit 160 squares the quantized phase error signal 126 .
- the integrator 162 which is a first order low-pass filter, then integrates and smoothes the squared signal 170 .
- the squaring unit 160 and the integrator 162 act together to estimate the standard deviation (squared), or variance, 172 of the quantized phase error signal 126 . This value 172 is then input into the bandwidth calculation unit 164 .
- the bandwidth calculation unit 164 determines the desired bandwidth of the PLL filter 116 based upon the input value 172 .
- the operation of the bandwidth calculation unit 164 will be explained in detail with reference to FIG. 11 .
- the bandwidth calculation unit 164 utilizes a select transfer function 180 to correlate the input signal 172 to a desired output bandwidth 174 .
- the transfer function is defined by four parameters: 1) BW HI —the widest bandwidth value; 2) BW LO —the narrowest bandwidth; 3) Y HI —the highest value of the variance of the quantized phase error; and 4) Y LO —the lowest value of the variance of the quantized phase error.
- BW HI is selected to produce the shortest initial lock-on time; typically 1000 Hz.
- BW LO is selected to provide the required PLL steady state error. Typically, 100 Hz provides 5 degree steady state error, which is acceptable for the present invention.
- Y HI and Y LO depend upon the input signal-to-noise ratio and the particular architecture and application. An initial estimate for Y LO typically is obtained by operating the PLL 10 in an “ideal” mode (the PLL produces a perfect correction for each sample). An initial estimate for Y HI is typically obtained by operating the PLL in the “worst case” mode (the PLL produces a random correction for each sample).
- the transfer function 180 comprises a linear portion 182 which correlates the input value 172 with the desired output bandwidth 174 . It is preferable to limit the linear portion 182 of the transfer function 180 to a range of phase error input values 172 and bandwidth output values 174 in order to simplify the operation of the transfer function unit 164 .
- the transfer function 180 will provide a desired bandwidth output 174 of B.
- the bandwidth calculation unit 164 may be implemented by a microprocessor which would dynamically calculate the bandwidth. Additionally, the microprocessor may be dynamically updated with different transfer functions depending upon the conditions of the system and the RF channel.
- the bandwidth calculation unit 164 outputs the new bandwidth of the PLL filter 116 .
- the sampled bandwidth 130 from the sample/hold unit 168 is input to the PLL filter 116 .
- FIG. 12A shows the carrier offset frequency estimate (in Hertz) provided by the output of the lag filter 144 as a function of time in seconds.
- the average of the frequency estimate quickly reaches the true value of 7000 Hz, but since the bandwidth is wide, the estimate is still noisy. As the bandwidth begins to narrow, the frequency estimate becomes less noisy. At 0.02 seconds, the bandwidth has narrowed significantly, and there is very little noise in the frequency estimate.
- FIG. 12B shows the phase correction (in degrees) provided by the output of the lead filter 142 as a function of time (in seconds). This correction varies widely until initial lock-on of the PLL 10 at 0.01 seconds. Since the bandwidth is still wide at this point, the correction varies. As the bandwidth is narrowed, the variation in the correction is reduced. At 0.02 seconds, the bandwidth has narrowed significantly and the variation is minimized.
- FIG. 12C shows the bandwidth control signal (in Radians 2 ) as a function of time (in seconds), which is a measure of the variance of the phase error.
- the variance begins to decrease which, in turn, causes the dynamic bandwidth to narrow (see FIG. 12D ).
- the variance continues to decrease as the PLL 10 improves its ability to estimate phase correction.
- FIG. 12D shows the dynamic bandwidth (in Hertz) as a function of time (in seconds).
- the bandwidth is near its maximum of 1000 Hz up until initial lock-on of the PLL 10 at around 0.01 seconds. With lock-on, phase error is reduced, causing the bandwidth to begin narrowing. The bandwidth approaches it minimum of 100 Hz as the phase error continues to be reduced.
- the process for determining the amount of phase error, determining an appropriate PLL 10 bandwidth, adjusting the PLL 10 bandwidth and controlling the VCO 118 to provide an updated correction signal 50 is summarized in FIG. 13 .
- the pilot signal 17 After the pilot signal 17 has been received (step 200 ) by the pilot rake receiver 40 , the pilot signal 17 is despread (step 202 ) and corrected for channel distortion due to multipath reflections (step 204 ).
- a complex error signal is produced (step 206 ) and the error signal is normalized (step 208 ) prior to quantizing the phase of the error signal (step 210 ).
- the bandwidth control section 120 estimates the variance of the phase error (step 214 ) and determines the desired PLL bandwidth to produce a correction signal (step 216 ).
- the PLL filter 116 provides an estimate of the offset of the RF carrier signal and the phase error due to the carrier signal offset (step 212 ) and provides a correction signal (step 218 ) to the pilot rake receiver 40 and the data receiver 42 . In this manner, the bandwidth of the PLL filter 116 is continuously adjusted and refined as the magnitude of the error signal 126 output from the arctangent analyzer 114 decreases.
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Abstract
A user equipment which receives a CDMA communication signal that is wirelessly transmitted includes a system for correcting phase errors in an information signal which has been transmitted. The correction system comprises circuitry for generating a correction signal and for combining the correction signal with the information signal to produce a corrected information signal. An analyzer analyzes the phase of the corrected information signal and generates an error signal based on the deviation of the analyzed phase from a reference phase. A bandwidth controller recursively adjusts the phase of the corrected information signal such that the phase of said corrected information signal is substantially equal to said reference phase. The bandwidth controller selects a bandwidth within an adjustable range based on the error signal, estimates an offset based on the error signal, and modifies the correction signal using the offset.
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/175,924, filed Jul. 6, 2005, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/643,792, filed Aug. 19, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,940,875, issued Sep. 6, 2005, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/558,686, filed Apr. 24, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,608,826, issued Aug. 19, 2003 which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/871,109, filed Jun. 9, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,055,231, issued Apr. 25, 2000, which in turn claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/037,914, filed Mar. 12, 1997 which are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth.
- This invention is generally directed to wireless digital communication systems. More particularly, the invention is directed to a code division multiple access (CDMA) receiver having a continuously adjustable bandwidth phase-locked loop for accurately determining the carrier frequency of a received signal.
- Over the last decade consumers have become accustomed to the convenience of wireless communication systems. This has resulted in a tremendous increase in the demand for wireless telephones, wireless data transmission and wireless access to the World Wide Web. Since the amount of available RF spectrum is fixed, the need to utilize the RF spectrum more efficiently has become paramount.
- CDMA communication systems have shown promise in the effort to provide more efficient utilization of the RF spectrum, particularly Broadband Code Division Multiple Access™ or (B-CDMA™) communication systems. B-CDMA™ communication systems permit many communications to be transmitted over the same bandwidth, thereby greatly increasing the capacity of the RF spectrum. In a B-CDMA™ communication system, an information signal at the transmitter is mixed with a pseudorandom “spreading code” which spreads the information signal across the entire communicating bandwidth. The spread signal is upconverted to an RF signal for transmission. A receiver, having the same pseudorandom spreading code, receives the transmitted RF signal and mixes the received signal with an RF sinusoidal signal generated at the receiver by a first-stage local oscillator (LO) to downconvert the spread spectrum signal. The spreaded information signal is subsequently mixed with the pseudorandom spreading code, which has also been locally generated, to obtain the original information signal.
- In order to detect the information embedded in a received signal, a receiver must know the exact pseudorandom spreading code that was used to spread the signal. All signals which are not encoded with the pseudorandum code of the receiver appear as background noise to the receiver. Accordingly, as the number of users that are communicating within the operating range of a particular base station increases, the amount of background noise also increases, making it difficult for receivers to properly detect and receive signals. The transmitter may increase the power of the transmitted signal, but this will increase the noise as seen by other receivers. Therefore, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio of a received signal without requiring a corresponding increase in the transmission power of the signal is desirable.
- One way to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of a received signal is to ensure that the first stage local oscillator (LO) at the receiver is at the same frequency as the received RF carrier signal. If there is a slight frequency offset, the offset will manifest itself in the baseband section of the receiver as a phase error on the decoded QPSK symbol, resulting in a degradation of the quality of the communication.
- Accordingly, it is critical to properly detect the frequency of the received RF carrier signal in order to optimize the quality of the received signal.
- The continuously adjusted-bandwidth phase-locked loop (PLL) of the present invention is used by a B-CDMA™ receiver to correct for any deviation, or offset, that may exist between the received radio frequency (RF) carrier signal and the frequency of the first stage LO that converts the received RF carrier signal to an intermediate frequency (IF). The PLL in the receiver includes a filter with an adjustable bandwidth. A wider bandwidth is used during initial acquisition of the received signal. After the PLL has acquired the received carrier signal using the wider bandwidth, the bandwidth of the filter is gradually narrowed to provide a low steady-state error. Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide an improved CDMA receiver which corrects for any offset that may exist between the received RF carrier signal and the frequency of the first stage LO.
- Other objects and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art after reading the detailed description of a presently preferred embodiment.
-
FIG. 1 is a communication network embodying the present invention; -
FIG. 2 shows propagation of signals between a base station and a plurality of subscriber units; -
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the PLL implemented in a programmable digital signal processor within the receiver section; -
FIG. 4 is a detailed block diagram of a rake receiver used in accordance with the teachings of the present inventor; -
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the continuously adjustable bandwidth PLL in accordance with the present invention; -
FIG. 6 is a diagram of the mapping of polar and Cartesian coordinates; -
FIG. 7 is a look-up table utilized to implement the arctangent analyzer; -
FIG. 8 is the preferred embodiment of a look-up table utilized to implement the arctangent analyzer; -
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of the PLL filter comprising a lag filter and a lead filter in accordance with the present invention; -
FIG. 10 is a block diagram of the bandwidth control section; -
FIG. 11 illustrates the transfer function utilized in the bandwidth calculation unit; -
FIG. 12A is a signal diagram of the carrier offset frequency estimate provided by the output of the lag filter; -
FIG. 12B is a signal diagram of the phase correction in degrees provided by the output of the lead filter; -
FIG. 12C is a signal diagram of the bandwidth control signal versus time; -
FIG. 12D is a signal diagram of the dynamic bandwidth versus time; and -
FIG. 13 is a flow diagram of the method of adjusting the PLL bandwidth in accordance with the present invention. - The preferred embodiment will be described with reference to the drawing figures wherein like numerals represent like elements throughout.
- A
communication network 2 embodying the present invention is shown inFIG. 1 . Thecommunication network 2 generally comprises one ormore base stations 4, each of which is in wireless communication with a plurality ofsubscriber units 6, which may be fixed or mobile. Eachsubscriber unit 6 communicates with either theclosest base station 4 or thebase station 4 which provides the strongest communication signal. Thebase stations 4 also communicate with abase station controller 8, which coordinates communications amongbase stations 4. Thecommunication network 2 may also be connected to a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 9, wherein thebase station controller 8 also coordinates communications between thebase stations 4 and thePSTN 9. Preferably, eachbase station 4 communicates with thebase station controller 8 over a wireless link, although a land line may also be provided. A land line is particularly applicable when abase station 4 is in close proximity to thebase station controller 8. - The
base station controller 8 performs several functions. Primarily, thebase station controller 8 provides all of the operations, administrative and maintenance (OA&M) signaling associated with establishing and maintaining all of the wireless communications between thesubscriber units 6, thebase stations 4, and thebase station controller 8. Thebase station controller 8 also provides an interface between thewireless communication system 2 and thePSTN 9. This interface includes multiplexing and demultiplexing of the communication signals that enter and leave thesystem 2 via thebase station controller 8. Although thewireless communication system 2 is shown employing antennas to transmit RF signals, one skilled in the art should recognize that communications may be accomplished via microwave or satellite uplinks. Additionally, the functions of thebase station controller 8 may be combined with abase station 4 to form a “master base station”. - Referring to
FIG. 2 , the propagation of signals between abase station 4 and a plurality ofsubscriber units 6 is shown. A two-way communication channel 11 comprises a signal transmitted 13 (Tx) from thebase station 4 to thesubscriber unit 6 and a signal received 15 (Rx) by thebase station 4 from thesubscriber unit 6. The signaling between thebase station 4 and thesubscriber units 6 includes the transmission of apilot signal 17. Thepilot signal 17 is a spreading code which carries no data bits. Thepilot signal 17 is used forsubscriber unit 6 acquisition and synchronization, as well as for determining the parameters of the adaptive matched filter used in the data receiver. - The
subscriber unit 6 must acquire thepilot signal 17 transmitted by thebase station 4 before it can receive or transmit any data. Acquisition is the process whereby thesubscriber unit 6 aligns its locally generated spreading code with the receivedpilot signal 17. Thesubscriber unit 6 searches through all of the possible phases of the receivedpilot signal 17 until it detects the correct phase, (the beginning of the pilot signal 17). - The
PLL 10 in accordance with the present invention acts upon the transmittedpilot signal 17, which is an auxiliary signal transmitted from thebase station 4 to allsubscriber units 6 and fromsubscriber units 6 to thebase station 4 which is not used as a traffic channel to transmit any voice or data information. With respect to thesubscriber units 6, thesignal 17 is used: 1) to provide synchronization of the locally generated pseudorandom code with the transmitted pseudorandom code; and 2) as a transmission power reference during initial power ramp-up of thesubscriber unit 6. With respect to thebase station 4, thepilot signal 17 is utilized to provide synchronization of the locally generated pseudorandom code with the transmitted pseudorandom code. In accordance with the present invention, thepilot signal 17 is additionally used in both thebase station 4 and thesubscriber unit 6 to determine the difference between the frequency of the received RF carrier signal and the first stage LO that downconverts the received RF carrier signal to IF. - The
CDMA pilot signal 17 is a sequence of pseudorandom complex numbers which are modulated by a constant complex pilot value having a magnitude of one and phase of zero. The advantage of using thepilot signal 17 is that the transmitted despread value is known to thesubscriber unit 6. This can be used by thePLL 10 in thesubscriber unit 6 to estimate and correct for phase error due to RF carrier signal offset. - The difference in the frequency of the received RF carrier signal and the first stage LO can be generally attributed to two sources: 1) component mismatches; and 2) RF distortion. Component mismatches between the
transmitter oscillator 4 and thereceiver oscillator 6 may cause slightly different oscillator outputs. These component mismatches can be further exacerbated by local environmental conditions, such as the heating or cooling of electronic components, which may cause performance changes in the components. With respect to RF distortion, doppler effects caused by the motion of thesubscriber unit 6, thebase station 4 or a multipath reflector may cause the RF carrier to become distorted during transmission. This may result in a RF carrier offset. - Referring to
FIG. 3 , thePLL 10 is implemented in a programmable digital signal processor within thedigital receiver section 20 to provide flexibility in system architecture. Thepilot signal 17 is received via theantenna 60 and is processed by theanalog receiver section 61, which includes anRF downconverter 63 and an analog-to-digital section 65. The downconverted and digitizedpilot signal 17 is then processed by thedigital receiver section 20 which includes apilot rake receiver 40, thePLL 10, and adata receiver 42. Thepilot signal 17 enters therake receiver 40 for despreading. The PLL monitors the output from thepilot rake receiver 40, which comprises thedespread pilot signal 30, to estimate and correct for a phase error due to RF carrier offset, thereby providing acceptable speech quality. Thepilot rake receiver 40 operates on thepilot signal 17 to build a receiver filter. The receiver filter compensates for channel distortion due to multipath effects. Thefilter parameters 45 are forwarded from thepilot rake receiver 40 to thedata receiver 42 which constructs the receiver filter in accordance with thoseparameters 45. Accordingly, when a data signal enters thedata receiver 42, thedata receiver 42 is able to compensate for channel distortion due to multipath effects and output a moreaccurate information signal 44. - The
rake receiver 40 is shown in greater detail inFIG. 4 . Therake receiver 40 provides an estimate of the complex impulse response, having real and imaginary components, of the channel over which thepilot signal 17 is transmitted. Therake receiver 40 has a plurality of independent rake elements 80.1, 80.2, 80.i, wherein the input to each rake element 80.1, 80.2, 80.i is a delayed anddespread replica 100 of the receivedpilot signal 17. The amount ofdelay 84 between adjacent rake elements 80.1, 80.2, 80.i is one chip. The delayedreplicas 100 of thepilot signal 17 are created without delay lines by using amixer pilot signal 17 with the locally generatedpilot pseudonoise code 86, offset by the appropriate amount ofchips 84. - Each rake element 80.1, 80.2, 80.i performs an open loop estimation of the value of the impulse response of the RF channel, which can be represented as h (t), at the point t=T*i, where T is the length of a chip. Thus, the
rake receiver 40 produces N noisy estimates of the sampled impulse response of the channel of the receivedpilot signal 17, at evenly spaced intervals, where N is the number of rake elements 80.1, 80.2, 80.i. The low pass filter on each rake element 80.1, 80.2, 80.i smoothes each corresponding sample impulse response estimate. The complex conjugates of each smoothed sampled impulse response estimate are used as the weights on the channel-matching filter. This serves to remove the signal distortion from the receivedpilot signal 17 and data signals 46 that occur due to multipath effects in the channel. - The
pilot rake receiver 40 and thePLL 10 operate in conjunction with one another in thereceiver section 20. In order for thePLL 10 to perform optimally, it requires adespread pilot signal 30 with the distortion effects due to multipath removed. This is accomplished by the adaptive matched filter obtained from using the channel-impulse-response estimate provided by thepilot rake receiver 40. Thepilot rake receiver 40 and thedata receiver 42 cannot operate effectively unless the receivedpilot signal 17 and the data signals 46 have been corrected for phase error due to RF carrier signal offset. The phaseerror correction signal 50 is provided by thePLL 10 to thepilot rake receiver 40 anddata receiver 42. Optimal performance of thereceiver 20 will not occur until thepilot rake receiver 40 and thePLL 10 have reached a mutually satisfactory equilibrium point. The operation of thedata receiver 42 is well known to those of skill in the art. - Referring to
FIG. 5 , the continuously adjusted-bandwidth PLL 10 in accordance with the present invention is shown. ThePLL 10 comprises amixer 110, a normalizingunit 112, anarctangent analyzer 114, aPLL filter 116, a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 118, and abandwidth control section 120. Themixer 110 receives its input from thepilot rake receiver 40. The signal output from therake receiver 40 is thedespread pilot signal 30 which has been processed to correct channel distortion due to multipath effects. Thissignal 30 is mixed with a “correction signal” 50 to produce acomplex error signal 122. In accordance with the present invention, the bandwidth of thePLL filter 116 is adjusted by thebandwidth control section 120 to provide a revisedcorrection signal 50 to themixer 110, therake receiver 40, and thedata receiver 42. This process is repeated until thecomplex error signal 122 output from themixer 122 is at a minimum. It is desired to have thecomplex error signal 122 as small as possible; ideally it should be zero. - The
despread pilot signal 17 is a known complex number that has zero phase. This complex number can be represented in two forms as shown inFIG. 6 : 1) Cartesian form; and 2) polar form. In Cartesian form, the real part is referred to as the in-phase component, (I-component), and the imaginary part is referred to as the quadrature component, (Q-component). The polar form includes a magnitude (m) and a phase angle (φ). To convert from Cartesian to polar form, the following equations are used:
φ=tan−1(Q/I) Equation (1)
m=√{square root over (I 2 +Q 2)} Equation (2) - Referring back to
FIG. 5 , thecomplex error signal 122 is processed by the normalizingunit 112, which will be described in greater detail hereinafter. The normalizedsignal 124 is then input into thearctangent analyzer 114. Thearctangent analyzer 114 analyzes the normalizedsignal 124, which is in Cartesian coordinate form, using an 8I-by-8Q arctangent processor to determine the phase φ of the complex number. Thearctangent analyzer 114 uses the Cartesian I and Q components which are mapped to provide the phase φ of the complex number. Although this function may be implemented in real time using a microprocessor with associated memory, it would require a high-speed processor and a large amount of memory to accurately calculate. -
Equations FIG. 7 may be implemented. The phase φ for any I and Q component pair may be obtained from the lookup table 150. For example, if I=8.8 and Q=10.1, the values would first be quantized into the integers I=9 and Q=10, resulting in a phase value φ20 from the lookup table 150. Thearctangent analyzer 114 is preferably implemented with a lookup table 152 having eight I bins and eight Q bins, covering a range of possible I and Q values between −1.4 and +1.4, as shown inFIG. 8 . For example, if I=−0.8 and Q=0.9, the lookup table 152 will return a phase value of φ55. - The size and complexity of lookup table 152 implemented within the
arctangent analyzer 114 grows as the range of the values input into thearctangent analyzer 114 increases. Thus, if a wide range of values is permitted to be input into thearctangent analyzer 114, the arctangent function increases in complexity and the lookup table 152 dramatically increases in size. Accordingly, in order to keep the implementation as simple as possible, thecomplex error signal 122 is normalized by the normalizingunit 112 prior to being input into thearctangent analyzer 114. The normalizingunit 112 receives the complex error signal 122 from themixer 110 and performs a “pseudonormalization” by dividing by thecomplex error signal 122 by the component, (I or Q), having the larger magnitude. Thus, the magnitude of the number output to thearctangent analyzer 114 will be between 1.0 and 1.414. - Alternatively, true normalization is performed, in which the normalizing
unit 112 determines the magnitude of thecomplex error signal 122, then divides theerror signal 122 by the magnitude. Thesignal 124 output from the normalizingunit 112 would be complex number with a magnitude of 1 and a phase angle which must be determined by thearctangent analyzer 114. Although pseudonormalizing thecomplex error signal 122 is not as optimal as normalization, pseudonormalization requires much less processing power and may be preferred in certain implementations where processing power is at a premium. - Since pseudonormalizing results in a complex number between 1.0 and 1.414, performing a pseudonormalization on the
complex error signal 122 causes the resultingsignal 124 to fall within a smaller input range of the domain of the lookup table 152. Moreover, by quantizing the I and Q components into 8 bins each, the size of the lookup table 152 is limited to 64 bins, with resolution that is sufficient for the desired PLL performance. - The output from the
arctangent analyzer 114 is a quantized phase angle of thecomplex error signal 122. Since thepilot signal 17 is transmitted with zero phase angle, it is desired to adjust the quantizedphase error signal 126 to have an angle of zero degrees, (a phase of zero). Thebandwidth control section 120 continually monitors the quantizedphase error signal 126 and generates acontrol signal 130 to control the bandwidth of thePLL filter 116 based on the quantizedphase error signal 126. As will be explained in detail hereinafter, as the quantized phase error signal 126 approaches zero, the bandwidth of thePLL filter 116 decreases. - Referring back to
FIG. 5 , the quantizedphase error signal 126 is provided to two sections of the PLL 10: 1) thePLL filter 116; and 2) thebandwidth control section 120. With respect to thePLL filter 116, the bandwidth of thePLL filter 116 is continuously adjustable. ThePLL filter 116 has a wider bandwidth when the quantizedphase error signal 126 is large, and a narrow bandwidth when the quantizedphase error signal 126 is small. The bandwidth of thePLL filter 116 is selectively and continuously controlled by thebandwidth control section 120 to provide a small steady-state PLL error. - As the bandwidth of the
PLL filter 116 is narrowed, the high frequency components of the quantizedphase error signal 126 are filtered out. Thus, by eliminating high frequency components, rapid variations in the quantizedphase error signal 126 are eliminated and the output signal is smoothed. However, since a filter with a small bandwidth does not have the ability to track rapid variations in an input signal, filters with wide bandwidths are generally used for initial tracking and locking onto a signal. - Referring to
FIG. 9 , thePLL filter 116 comprises alag filter 140 and alead filter 142. Thelag filter 140 receives two inputs: 1) the bandwidth control signal 130 from thebandwidth control section 120; and 2) the quantizedphase error signal 126 output from thearctangent analyzer 114. Thelag filter 140 has a Laplace transformation of
H(s)=a+b/s Equation (3) - where s is the complex number that is used as the kernel for the Laplace transform:
H(s)=∫0 ∞ h(t)e −st dt, Equation (4) - and the coefficients a and b are both functions of the bandwidth (BW) as follows:
a=2√{square root over (2)}Π·BW, Equation (5)
b=(2Π·BW)2. Equation (6) - The
lag filter 140 interrogates the quantizedphase error signal 126 and generates an estimate of the RF carrier offset 144. The RF carrier offset 144 is input into thelead filter 142 which integrates the RF carrier offset 144 to determine anerror voltage 128 corresponding to the phase error. - The output of the
PLL filter 116, which is input into theVCO 118, is theerror voltage 128. In response to theerror voltage 128, theVCO 118 outputs acorresponding correction signal 50 to themixer 110, thepilot rake receiver 40 and thedata receiver 42. - The
bandwidth control section 120 will be explained in further detail with reference toFIG. 10 . Thebandwidth control section 120 estimates the variance of the quantizedphase error signal 126 and converts this into a dynamic bandwidth. - The
bandwidth control section 120 comprises four processing units: a squaringunit 160, a (leaky)integrator unit 162, abandwidth calculation unit 164 and a sample/hold unit 168. The squaringunit 160 squares the quantizedphase error signal 126. Theintegrator 162, which is a first order low-pass filter, then integrates and smoothes thesquared signal 170. The squaringunit 160 and theintegrator 162 act together to estimate the standard deviation (squared), or variance, 172 of the quantizedphase error signal 126. Thisvalue 172 is then input into thebandwidth calculation unit 164. - The
bandwidth calculation unit 164 determines the desired bandwidth of thePLL filter 116 based upon theinput value 172. The operation of thebandwidth calculation unit 164 will be explained in detail with reference toFIG. 11 . As shown, thebandwidth calculation unit 164 utilizes aselect transfer function 180 to correlate theinput signal 172 to a desiredoutput bandwidth 174. The transfer function is defined by four parameters: 1) BWHI—the widest bandwidth value; 2) BWLO—the narrowest bandwidth; 3) YHI—the highest value of the variance of the quantized phase error; and 4) YLO—the lowest value of the variance of the quantized phase error. BWHI is selected to produce the shortest initial lock-on time; typically 1000 Hz. The wider the bandwidth, the faster the initial lock-on period. However, if the bandwidth is too high, lock-on will never occur since the filter will attempt to track the noise. BWLO is selected to provide the required PLL steady state error. Typically, 100 Hz provides 5 degree steady state error, which is acceptable for the present invention. YHI and YLO depend upon the input signal-to-noise ratio and the particular architecture and application. An initial estimate for YLO typically is obtained by operating thePLL 10 in an “ideal” mode (the PLL produces a perfect correction for each sample). An initial estimate for YHI is typically obtained by operating the PLL in the “worst case” mode (the PLL produces a random correction for each sample). - Preferably, the
transfer function 180 comprises a linear portion 182 which correlates theinput value 172 with the desiredoutput bandwidth 174. It is preferable to limit the linear portion 182 of thetransfer function 180 to a range of phase error input values 172 andbandwidth output values 174 in order to simplify the operation of thetransfer function unit 164. For example, when the phaseerror input value 172 is A, thetransfer function 180 will provide a desiredbandwidth output 174 of B. Thebandwidth calculation unit 164 may be implemented by a microprocessor which would dynamically calculate the bandwidth. Additionally, the microprocessor may be dynamically updated with different transfer functions depending upon the conditions of the system and the RF channel. - The
bandwidth calculation unit 164 outputs the new bandwidth of thePLL filter 116. Thisbandwidth 174 is input into the sample/hold unit 168, which samples thebandwidth 174 and outputs a sampledbandwidth 130 to thePLL filter 116 every N symbols, where N is a predetermined number. A small value of N will provide better performance at the expense of increased processing. In the preferred embodiment, N=8. The sampledbandwidth 130 from the sample/hold unit 168 is input to thePLL filter 116. - As shown in the simulation results in FIGS. 12A-D, the use of a continuously
adjustable PLL 10 greatly improves the performance of thereceiver 20. All four plots present data from the same simulation run.FIG. 12A shows the carrier offset frequency estimate (in Hertz) provided by the output of thelag filter 144 as a function of time in seconds. At approximately 0.01 seconds, the average of the frequency estimate quickly reaches the true value of 7000 Hz, but since the bandwidth is wide, the estimate is still noisy. As the bandwidth begins to narrow, the frequency estimate becomes less noisy. At 0.02 seconds, the bandwidth has narrowed significantly, and there is very little noise in the frequency estimate. -
FIG. 12B shows the phase correction (in degrees) provided by the output of thelead filter 142 as a function of time (in seconds). This correction varies widely until initial lock-on of thePLL 10 at 0.01 seconds. Since the bandwidth is still wide at this point, the correction varies. As the bandwidth is narrowed, the variation in the correction is reduced. At 0.02 seconds, the bandwidth has narrowed significantly and the variation is minimized. -
FIG. 12C shows the bandwidth control signal (in Radians2) as a function of time (in seconds), which is a measure of the variance of the phase error. After initial lock-on of thePLL 10, the variance begins to decrease which, in turn, causes the dynamic bandwidth to narrow (seeFIG. 12D ). The variance continues to decrease as thePLL 10 improves its ability to estimate phase correction. -
FIG. 12D shows the dynamic bandwidth (in Hertz) as a function of time (in seconds). The bandwidth is near its maximum of 1000 Hz up until initial lock-on of thePLL 10 at around 0.01 seconds. With lock-on, phase error is reduced, causing the bandwidth to begin narrowing. The bandwidth approaches it minimum of 100 Hz as the phase error continues to be reduced. - The process for determining the amount of phase error, determining an
appropriate PLL 10 bandwidth, adjusting thePLL 10 bandwidth and controlling theVCO 118 to provide an updatedcorrection signal 50 is summarized inFIG. 13 . After thepilot signal 17 has been received (step 200) by thepilot rake receiver 40, thepilot signal 17 is despread (step 202) and corrected for channel distortion due to multipath reflections (step 204). A complex error signal is produced (step 206) and the error signal is normalized (step 208) prior to quantizing the phase of the error signal (step 210). Thebandwidth control section 120 estimates the variance of the phase error (step 214) and determines the desired PLL bandwidth to produce a correction signal (step 216). ThePLL filter 116 provides an estimate of the offset of the RF carrier signal and the phase error due to the carrier signal offset (step 212) and provides a correction signal (step 218) to thepilot rake receiver 40 and thedata receiver 42. In this manner, the bandwidth of thePLL filter 116 is continuously adjusted and refined as the magnitude of theerror signal 126 output from thearctangent analyzer 114 decreases. - Although the invention has been described in part by making detailed reference to certain specific embodiments, such detail is intended to be instructive rather than restrictive. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that many variations may be made in the structure and mode of operation without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as disclosed in the teachings herein. For example, the specific transfer function may be modified depending upon the RF channel to be analyzed and the current conditions of the system. Additionally, analysis of the quantized phase error signal may be performed using a different mathematical analysis while still providing a continuously updated PLL bandwidth signal. The analysis to be performed on the quantized phase error signal is typically a trade off between the amount of processing power required for the computational analysis versus the improvement in performance.
Claims (11)
1. A continuously adjusted-bandwidth phase-locked loop (PLL) for use in a CDMA receiver for correcting for deviation, or offset, that exists between a received radio frequency (RF) carrier signal and a frequency of a first stage local oscillator (LO), the PLL comprising:
a rake receiver for providing a despread pilot signal;
a mixer for mixing the despread pilot signal with a correction signal to produce a complex error signal;
a normalizing unit;
an arctangent analyzer for analyzing a signal provided by the normalizer to the determine a phase of the despread pilot signal and output a phase error signal;
a PLL filter;
voltage controlled oscillator for generating a local correction signal; and
a bandwidth controller for adjusting the bandwidth of the PLL filter to provide a revised correction signal to the mixer.
2. The PLL of claim 1 wherein the despread pilot signal is a complex number represented in Cartesian form.
3. The PLL of claim 1 wherein the despread pilot signal is a complex number represented in polar form including a magnitude and a phase angle.
4. The PLL of claim 1 wherein the arctangent analyzer and the normalizing unit are combined into a microprocessor.
5. The PLL of claim 1 wherein the arctangent analyzer uses a look-up table to determine the phase.
6. The PLL of claim 5 wherein the look-up table comprises a matrix of at least eight discrete in-phase component values by at least eight discrete quadrature component values.
7. The PLL of claim 1 wherein the normalizing unit receives a complex error signal from the mixer and performs a pseudo-normalization by dividing the complex error signal by either the imaginary or real component of the imaginary number.
8. The PLL of claim 1 wherein the normalizer performs true normalization, determines the magnitude of the complex error signal and divides the error signal by the magnitude.
9. The PLL of claim 1 wherein the bandwidth control unit comprises:
a squaring unit;
a leaky integrator unit;
a bandwidth calculation unit; and
a sample/hold unit.
10. The PLL of claim 1 wherein the bandwidth controller estimates an offset based on the phase error signal and determines the bandwidth adjustments based on the estimated offset.
11. The PLL of claim 1 wherein the voltage controlled oscillator implements bandwidth adjustments.
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US11/590,449 US20070047511A1 (en) | 1997-03-12 | 2006-10-30 | Continuously adjustable bandwidth discrete-time phase-locked loop |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US6608826B1 (en) | 2003-08-19 |
WO1998040991A1 (en) | 1998-09-17 |
DE69828589D1 (en) | 2005-02-17 |
ATE287171T1 (en) | 2005-01-15 |
DE69828589T2 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
ES2144985T1 (en) | 2000-07-01 |
HK1024365A1 (en) | 2000-10-05 |
US20040032842A1 (en) | 2004-02-19 |
US7145894B2 (en) | 2006-12-05 |
EP0966819A1 (en) | 1999-12-29 |
JP2001514831A (en) | 2001-09-11 |
US20050243790A1 (en) | 2005-11-03 |
DK0966819T3 (en) | 2005-05-23 |
US6055231A (en) | 2000-04-25 |
US6940875B2 (en) | 2005-09-06 |
JP3761587B2 (en) | 2006-03-29 |
DE966819T1 (en) | 2000-10-05 |
EP0966819B1 (en) | 2005-01-12 |
ES2144985T3 (en) | 2005-06-16 |
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