US20070001433A1 - Head-protecting airbag and head-protecting airbag device - Google Patents
Head-protecting airbag and head-protecting airbag device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20070001433A1 US20070001433A1 US11/516,742 US51674206A US2007001433A1 US 20070001433 A1 US20070001433 A1 US 20070001433A1 US 51674206 A US51674206 A US 51674206A US 2007001433 A1 US2007001433 A1 US 2007001433A1
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- panel
- head
- air
- airbag
- chamber
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R21/00—Arrangements or fittings on vehicles for protecting or preventing injuries to occupants or pedestrians in case of accidents or other traffic risks
- B60R21/02—Occupant safety arrangements or fittings, e.g. crash pads
- B60R21/16—Inflatable occupant restraints or confinements designed to inflate upon impact or impending impact, e.g. air bags
- B60R21/23—Inflatable members
- B60R21/231—Inflatable members characterised by their shape, construction or spatial configuration
- B60R21/232—Curtain-type airbags deploying mainly in a vertical direction from their top edge
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R21/00—Arrangements or fittings on vehicles for protecting or preventing injuries to occupants or pedestrians in case of accidents or other traffic risks
- B60R2021/003—Arrangements or fittings on vehicles for protecting or preventing injuries to occupants or pedestrians in case of accidents or other traffic risks characterised by occupant or pedestian
- B60R2021/0039—Body parts of the occupant or pedestrian affected by the accident
- B60R2021/0048—Head
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R21/00—Arrangements or fittings on vehicles for protecting or preventing injuries to occupants or pedestrians in case of accidents or other traffic risks
- B60R21/02—Occupant safety arrangements or fittings, e.g. crash pads
- B60R21/16—Inflatable occupant restraints or confinements designed to inflate upon impact or impending impact, e.g. air bags
- B60R21/23—Inflatable members
- B60R21/231—Inflatable members characterised by their shape, construction or spatial configuration
- B60R21/233—Inflatable members characterised by their shape, construction or spatial configuration comprising a plurality of individual compartments; comprising two or more bag-like members, one within the other
- B60R2021/23316—Inner seams, e.g. creating separate compartments or used as tethering means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R21/00—Arrangements or fittings on vehicles for protecting or preventing injuries to occupants or pedestrians in case of accidents or other traffic risks
- B60R21/02—Occupant safety arrangements or fittings, e.g. crash pads
- B60R21/16—Inflatable occupant restraints or confinements designed to inflate upon impact or impending impact, e.g. air bags
- B60R21/23—Inflatable members
- B60R21/231—Inflatable members characterised by their shape, construction or spatial configuration
- B60R21/233—Inflatable members characterised by their shape, construction or spatial configuration comprising a plurality of individual compartments; comprising two or more bag-like members, one within the other
- B60R2021/23324—Inner walls crating separate compartments, e.g. communicating with vents
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Air Bags (AREA)
Abstract
A head-protecting airbag and a head-protecting airbag device that exhibit a gentle change in internal pressure of chambers and facilitate the adjustment of the internal pressure of a primary chamber. In the event of a side impact or rollover of a vehicle, a gas generator is activated to supply gas into a primary chamber, which is thus inflated. The airbag expands downward like a curtain and inflates between vehicle occupants and an in-vehicle lateral surface. If the cushion cells, upon receiving the head of an occupant, exhibit an internal pressure higher than a predetermined value, gas flows into a secondary chamber through the air-permeable panel.
Description
- The present application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/706,917 filed on Nov. 14, 2003.
- The present invention relates to an airbag for protecting the head of an occupant, and particularly to a head-protecting airbag which inflates over the side window of a side door inside a vehicle in the event of rollover or a side impact. The present invention also relates to a head-protecting airbag device including such a head-protecting airbag.
- Airbags for protecting the heads of vehicle occupants are installed near the corners between the roof and the lateral surfaces inside the vehicle. These airbags are inflated over the window of a side door by gas introduced through a gas inlet.
- Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2001-328503 (incorporated by reference herein) discloses an airbag having a primary chamber and a secondary chamber. In the airbag according to this Japanese Unexamined Patent, gas discharged from a gas generator is introduced into the primary chamber. When the internal pressure of the primary chamber reaches a predetermined value, a tear seam breaks to transfer the gas from the primary chamber into the secondary chamber.
- As shown in
FIG. 7 of Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2001-328503, the internal pressure of the chambers changes suddenly when the tear seam breaks. - Accordingly, there remains a need for a head-protecting airbag and a head-protecting airbag device that exhibit a gentle change in internal pressure of the chambers and facilitate the adjustment of the internal pressure of the primary chamber.
- According to an embodiment of the present invention, an airbag for protecting the head of an occupant in a vehicle is provided. The head-protecting airbag is inflatable over an in-vehicle lateral surface. The head-protecting airbag includes at least one primary chamber which is inflated by gas discharged from a gas generator and a secondary chamber which is inflated by gas transferred from the primary chamber. The primary chamber is separated from the secondary chamber by an air-permeable panel, through which gas in the primary chamber is introduced to the secondary chamber, thereby inflating the secondary chamber.
- According to another embodiment of the present invention, a head-protecting airbag device is provided. The head-protecting airbag device includes a head-protecting airbag as described above and gas generating means for generating gas to inflate the head-protecting airbag.
- The head-protecting airbag described above inflates as follows. The primary chamber inflates and then gas passing through the air-permeable panel flows into the secondary chamber, which is thus inflated. The internal pressure of the chambers changes gently, since the secondary chamber is inflated by gas which has passed through the air-permeable panel. Furthermore, the internal pressure of the primary chamber can easily be adjusted by selecting the air permeability of the air-permeable panel.
- An airbag according to one embodiment of the present invention includes a first panel, a second panel, and the foregoing air-permeable panel disposed between the first panel and the second panel. Between the first panel and the air-permeable panel is formed at least one primary chamber. Between the second panel and the air-permeable panel is formed a secondary chamber. According to this aspect, the airbag abruptly inflates over an in-vehicle lateral surface with a lower thickness during inflation, followed by the inflation of the secondary chamber.
- In this structure, at least one portion, but other than the periphery, of the air-permeable panel may be connected to the first panel. This limits the inflation thickness of the primary chamber.
- An airbag according to another embodiment of the present invention includes a first panel adjacent to the vehicle body, a second panel adjacent to an occupant, and the foregoing air-permeable panel that connects the first panel to the second panel. The airbag has a primary chamber above the air-permeable panel and a secondary chamber below the air-permeable panel. In this airbag having the above-described structure, the air-permeable panel restrains the protrusion of the second panel, thereby limiting the thickness of the airbag during inflation.
- As described above, the present invention provides a head-protecting airbag and a head-protecting airbag device that exhibit a gentle change in internal pressure of chambers and facilitate the adjustment of the internal pressure of a primary chamber.
- It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention claimed.
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FIG. 1 is a front view of a head-protecting airbag according to an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 2 (a) is a cross sectional view of the head-protecting airbag taken along line A-A inFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 2 (b) is a cross sectional view of the head-protecting airbag taken along line B-B inFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view of the head-protecting airbag inFIGS. 1 and 2 showing the airbag supporting the head of an occupant. -
FIG. 4 (a) is a cross sectional view of a head-protecting airbag according to an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 4 (b) is a cross sectional view of the head-protecting airbag ofFIG. 4 (a) showing the airbag supporting the head of an occupant. -
FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of a head-protecting airbag according to an embodiment of the present invention. - Embodiments according to the present invention will be described with reference to the attached drawings. In the description below, the longitudinal direction is identical to that of a vehicle in which the head-protecting airbag is mounted, and the vertical direction is identical to that of the head-protecting airbag in an expanded state inside the vehicle.
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FIG. 1 is a front view of a head-protecting airbag according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b) are sectional views taken along lines A-A and B-B, respectively, inFIG. 1 .FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the head-protecting airbag in typical operation when it receives a load. - The head-protecting airbag 1 (may be referred to as the airbag hereinafter) extends along a lateral edge of the roof of a vehicle from the A pillar to the C pillar. In the event of a side impact or rollover of the vehicle, the
airbag 1 inflates to expand over an in-vehicle lateral surface like a curtain, thus receiving the heads of occupants in the front seat and the rear seat. Consequently, theairbag 1 prevents the heads of the occupants from bumping against the in-vehicle lateral surface or from being thrown out of an open window. - The
airbag 1 includes two panels of substantially the same shape, one facing the in-vehicle lateral surface or vehicle body and the other facing the vehicle cabin. The panel adjacent to the vehicle body is afirst panel 11, and the panel adjacent to the occupants or cabin is asecond panel 12. Theairbag 1 further includes an air-permeable panel 10 between thefirst panel 11 and thesecond panel 12. Thepanels portions panels portions portions gas inlet 20;cushion cells permeable panel 10 also has substantially the same shape as thepanels - The linear connected
portion 13 extends around the peripheries of thepanels ends 13 e of the linear connectedportion 13 extend substantially in parallel to each other in the middles of the upper sides of thepanels gas inlet 20 between thepanels cushion cell 21 longitudinally extends between thepanels portion 13, and thecushion cell 24 longitudinally extends between thepanels portion 13. The front part (left part inFIG. 1 ) of the linear connectedportion 13 extends in a substantially C-shape to form thecushion cell 23 between thepanels - The linear connected
portion 14 extends in a larger U-shape in the front half of theairbag 1, whereas the linear connectedportion 15 extends in a smaller U-shape inside the linear connectedportion 14. - The linear connected
portion 16 extends in a substantially rectangular shape in the middle in the longitudinal direction of theairbag 1. The linear connectedportion 17 extends in a substantially J-shape in the rear part of theairbag 1. The lower end (rear end) of the linear connectedportion 17 connects to the linear connectedportion 13. Thepanels connected portions - The upper ends of the linear
connected portions connected portions connected portions panels panels connected portions portion 16 are disposed below the upper side of the linear connectedportion 13 by a predetermined distance to form thecushion cell 21 between thepanels cushion cell 21 is surrounded by the circularconnected portions portion 16; the upper side portion of the linear connectedportion 13; thepanel 10; and thepanel 11. - The
cushion cells panels cushion cell 21 formed thereabove. Thecushion cell 22 is formed between the front end portion of the linear connectedportion 14 and the front part of the linear connectedportion 13, thecushion cell 25 is formed between the linearconnected portions cushion cell 26 is formed inside the linear connectedportion 15. Thecushion cell 27 is formed between the rear part of the linear connectedportion 14 and the front part of the linear connectedportion 16. Thecushion cell 28 is formed between the rear part of the linear connectedportion 16 and the linear connectedportion 17. Thecushion cell 29 is formed between the linear connectedportion 17 and the rear part of the linear connectedportion 13. - The
cushion cell 24 is defined by thepanels connected portions portion 13. Thecushion cell 24 merges with thecushion cells - The
secondary chamber 58 is defined by the second panel 12 (cushion chamber) and the air-permeable panel 10. - The
panels connected portions 50 in the front periphery and the upper periphery of theairbag 1. The major parts of the linearconnected portions 50 extend in parallel to the peripheral edges of thepanels connected portions 50 extend substantially perpendicular to the peripheral edges to form the linearconnected portions 51 connecting to the peripheral edges of thepanels connected portions 51 is provided aninsertion hole 52 for fittings such as bolts and rivets. Theairbag 1 is secured to the vehicle body with bolts through these insertion holes 52. - The
airbag 1 is disposed such that its front end is adjacent to the A pillar, its rear end is adjacent to the C pillar, and its upper side is adjacent to the lateral edge of the roof. Theairbag 1 is disposed in a folded state inside a holder (not shown) for theairbag 1 on the vehicle body, so as to extend in an elongated manner along the longitudinal direction of the vehicle. Thegas inlet 20 is connected to a gas tube or a gas generator. - The
airbag 1 folded in the holder on the vehicle body is covered with a covering such as a pillar trim piece or a roof trim piece. This covering is forced open by the inflatingairbag 1 to allow theairbag 1 to expand into the vehicle cabin. - The operation of a head-protecting airbag device including the above-described
airbag 1 will now be described. - In the event of a side impact or rollover of a vehicle, the gas generator is activated to supply gas into the
cushion cells airbag 1. The inflatingairbag 1 forcibly pushes the covering open and expands downward like a curtain over the in-vehicle lateral surface between the vehicle occupants and the in-vehicle lateral surface. In this case, thecushion cells panels secondary chamber 58 between thepanels permeable panel 10. Consequently, theairbag 1 prevents the occupants from bumping directly against the pillars or the window glass or from being thrown out of an open window. - According to the head-protecting
airbag 1, the air permeability of the air-permeable panel 10 can be properly determined so that when the internal pressure of theinflated cushion cells FIG. 3 , gas in the primary chamber (thecushion cell 29 inFIG. 3 ) starts to flow into thesecondary chamber 58. Thus, the impact of the head of the occupant can be absorbed satisfactorily. - In the
airbag 1 described above, gas flows from the primary chamber cell group into thesecondary chamber 58 through the air-permeable panel 10. Such gas, however, does not leak out of theairbag 1. Therefore, the internal pressure of thecushion cells airbag 1 to function as a head protector of the occupants for an extended period of time. - While the
airbag 1 shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 has thesecondary chamber 58 adjacent to the occupant, thesecondary chamber 58 may be adjacent to the vehicle body as with a head-protectingairbag 1′ shown inFIG. 4 .FIG. 4 (a) is a sectional view corresponding toFIG. 2 (a) showing theinflated airbag 1, andFIG. 4 (b) is a sectional view corresponding toFIG. 3 showing theairbag 1 receiving the head H of an occupant. - The
airbag 1′ also includes thefirst panel 11 adjacent to the vehicle body, thesecond panel 12 adjacent to the occupants, and the air-permeable panel 10 between thefirst panel 11 and thesecond panel 12. Thepanels connected portions panels connected portions connected portions gas inlet 20; thecushion cells FIG. 4 shows only thepanels connected portions cushion cells panels connected portions connected portions cushion cells cushion chamber 58 in the same manner as with theairbag 1 shown in FIGS. 1 to 3. Thecushion cells airbag 1′ are arranged as shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, but are defined between thepanels airbag 1′ are also as shown in FIGS. 1 to 3. - According to a head-protecting airbag device including the above-described
airbag 1′, in the event of a side-on collision or roll-over of a vehicle, the gas generator is activated to supply gas into thecushion cells airbag 1′, thus inflating theairbag 1′. The inflatingairbag 1′ forcibly pushes the covering open and expands downward like a curtain over the in-vehicle lateral surface between the vehicle occupants and the in-vehicle lateral surface, as shown inFIG. 4 (b). In this case, thecushion cells panels secondary chamber 58 between thepanels permeable panel 10. Consequently, theairbag 1′ prevents the occupants from bumping directly against the pillars or the window glass or from being thrown out of an open window. - According to the head-protecting
airbag 1′, theinflated cushion cells FIG. 4 (b). The air permeability of the air-permeable panel 10 can be properly determined so that when the internal pressure of thecushion cells cushion cell 29 inFIG. 4 (b)) starts to flow into thesecondary chamber 58. Thus, the impact of the head of the occupant can be absorbed satisfactorily. - In the
airbag 1′ described above, gas flows from the primary chamber cell group into thesecondary chamber 58 through the air-permeable panel 10. Such gas, however, does not leak out of theairbag 1′. Therefore, the internal pressure of thecushion cells airbag 1′ to function as a head protector of the occupants for an extended period of time. -
FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a head-protecting airbag according to still another embodiment. - According to this embodiment, a
first panel 61 and asecond panel 62 are joined together at a linear connectedportion 70 to form anairbag 1A. Theairbag 1A has therein an air-permeable panel 60 joined to thepanels connected portions 71. Theairbag 1A further includes aprimary chamber 63 and asecondary chamber 64 separated from each other by the air-permeable panel 60. - According to the head-protecting
airbag 1A inFIG. 5 , the internal pressure of theprimary chamber 63 increases if an occupant's head bumps against theprimary chamber 63, causing the gas to flow into thesecondary chamber 64 through the air-permeable panel 60. Thus, the impact of the head of the occupant can be absorbed satisfactorily. As with theairbag 1 according to the first embodiment, gas does not leak out of theairbag 1A, and therefore the internal pressure of theairbag 1A is maintained at an appropriate level for a long time. - In
FIG. 5 , the two chambers, i.e., theupper chamber 63 and thelower chamber 64 are defined by one air-permeable panel 60; however, air-permeable panels may be used to define three or more chambers arranged vertically. - The present invention is typically described with reference to, but not limited to, the airbags according to the foregoing embodiments. For example, the size or shape of the airbags is not limited to those shown in the drawings.
- As described above, the present invention provides a head-protecting airbag and a head-protecting airbag device that exhibit a gentle change in internal pressure of chambers and facilitate the adjustment of the internal pressure of a primary chamber.
- The priority documents, Japanese Patent Application No. 2002-366958, filed Dec. 18, 2002, and Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-333345, filed Sep. 25, 2003, are hereby incorporated by reference.
- Given the disclosure of the present invention, one versed in the art would appreciate that there may be other embodiments and modifications within the scope and spirit of the invention. Accordingly, all modifications attainable by one versed in the art from the present disclosure within the scope and spirit of the present invention are to be included as further embodiments of the present invention. The scope of the present invention is to be defined as set forth in the following claims.
Claims (15)
1. A head-protecting airbag comprising:
a primary chamber; and
a secondary chamber,
wherein the primary chamber is separated from the secondary chamber by an air-permeable panel, and
wherein the primary chamber and the secondary chamber are each defined by a first panel, a second panel, and the air-permeable panel.
2. The head-protecting airbag according to claim 1 , wherein the head-protecting airbag is configured to be inflatable over an in-vehicle lateral surface.
3. The head-protecting airbag according to claim 1 , wherein the primary chamber is configured to be inflated by gas discharged from a gas generator.
4. The head-protecting airbag according to claim 1 , wherein the secondary chamber is configured to be inflated by gas transferred from the primary chamber.
5. The head-protecting airbag according to claim 1 , wherein the secondary chamber is configured to be inflated by gas passing through the air-permeable panel.
6. The head-protecting airbag according to claim 1 , wherein the air-permeable panel is disposed between the first panel and the second panel.
7. The head-protecting airbag according to claim 1 , wherein the primary chamber includes a pair of cells formed by a connection between the air-permeable panel and the first panel and a connection between the air-permeable panel and the second panel.
8. The head-protecting airbag according to claim 1 , wherein the primary chamber is disposed above the secondary chamber upon inflation.
9. The head-protecting airbag according to claim 1 , wherein the first panel is configured to be adjacent to a vehicle body and the second panel is configured to be adjacent to a vehicle cabin.
10. The head-protecting airbag according to claim 1 , wherein the air-permeable panel is configured so that air flows through the surfaces of the air-permeable panel that face the primary and secondary chambers.
11. A head-protecting airbag device comprising:
an airbag, wherein the airbag includes a primary chamber, a secondary chamber, and an air-permeable panel separating the primary chamber and the secondary chamber; and
a gas generating apparatus configured to generate gas to inflate the airbag,
wherein the primary chamber and the secondary chamber are each defined by a first panel and a second panel.
12. The head protecting airbag according to claim 11 , wherein the air-permeable panel is configured so that air flows through the surfaces of the air-permeable panel that face the primary and secondary chambers.
13. An airbag for a vehicle comprising:
a cabin side panel;
a body side panel; and
an air permeable panel positioned between the cabin side panel and the body side panel to thereby form a primary chamber bounded by the body side panel, the cabin side panel, and the air permeable panel and a secondary chamber bounded by the body side panel, the cabin side panel, and the air permeable panel.
14. The airbag for a vehicle of claim 13 , wherein the primary chamber is positioned above the secondary chamber.
15. The airbag for a vehicle of claim 13 , wherein the air-permeable panel is configured so that air flows through the surfaces of the air-permeable panel that face the primary and secondary chambers.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/516,742 US20070001433A1 (en) | 2002-12-18 | 2006-09-07 | Head-protecting airbag and head-protecting airbag device |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2002-366958 | 2002-12-18 | ||
JP2002366958 | 2002-12-18 | ||
JP2003333345A JP2004210257A (en) | 2002-12-18 | 2003-09-25 | Head part protection air bag and head part protection air bag device |
JP2003-333345 | 2003-09-25 | ||
US10/706,917 US7264269B2 (en) | 2002-12-18 | 2003-11-14 | Head-protecting airbag and head-protecting airbag device |
US11/516,742 US20070001433A1 (en) | 2002-12-18 | 2006-09-07 | Head-protecting airbag and head-protecting airbag device |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/706,917 Division US7264269B2 (en) | 2002-12-18 | 2003-11-14 | Head-protecting airbag and head-protecting airbag device |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20070001433A1 true US20070001433A1 (en) | 2007-01-04 |
Family
ID=32599286
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/706,917 Expired - Fee Related US7264269B2 (en) | 2002-12-18 | 2003-11-14 | Head-protecting airbag and head-protecting airbag device |
US11/516,742 Abandoned US20070001433A1 (en) | 2002-12-18 | 2006-09-07 | Head-protecting airbag and head-protecting airbag device |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/706,917 Expired - Fee Related US7264269B2 (en) | 2002-12-18 | 2003-11-14 | Head-protecting airbag and head-protecting airbag device |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
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US (2) | US7264269B2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2004210257A (en) |
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US20080238055A1 (en) * | 2007-04-02 | 2008-10-02 | Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd. | Head protection airbag device |
US20090001692A1 (en) * | 2007-06-29 | 2009-01-01 | Dalphi Metal Espana, S.A.. | Three-chamber adaptive side airbag |
US20100045007A1 (en) * | 2007-02-14 | 2010-02-25 | Autooliv Development AB | Air-bag for a motor vehicle |
US20110079990A1 (en) * | 2009-10-05 | 2011-04-07 | Cheal Blake L | Vehicle curtain airbag |
US20120119476A1 (en) * | 2010-11-16 | 2012-05-17 | Mazda Motor Corporation | Passenger protection of vehicle |
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JP2007153027A (en) * | 2005-12-01 | 2007-06-21 | Toyoda Gosei Co Ltd | Occupant protection device |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2004210257A (en) | 2004-07-29 |
US7264269B2 (en) | 2007-09-04 |
US20040119270A1 (en) | 2004-06-24 |
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