US20050101344A1 - Portable electronic apparatus with azimuth measuring function, magnetic sensor suitable for the apparatus, and azimuth measuring method for the apparatus - Google Patents
Portable electronic apparatus with azimuth measuring function, magnetic sensor suitable for the apparatus, and azimuth measuring method for the apparatus Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20050101344A1 US20050101344A1 US11/019,236 US1923604A US2005101344A1 US 20050101344 A1 US20050101344 A1 US 20050101344A1 US 1923604 A US1923604 A US 1923604A US 2005101344 A1 US2005101344 A1 US 2005101344A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- magnetic sensor
- temperature
- magnetic
- axis
- output
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
- H04M1/00—Substation equipment, e.g. for use by subscribers
- H04M1/02—Constructional features of telephone sets
- H04M1/21—Combinations with auxiliary equipment, e.g. with clocks or memoranda pads
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/38—Transceivers, i.e. devices in which transmitter and receiver form a structural unit and in which at least one part is used for functions of transmitting and receiving
- H04B1/40—Circuits
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C17/00—Compasses; Devices for ascertaining true or magnetic north for navigation or surveying purposes
- G01C17/02—Magnetic compasses
- G01C17/28—Electromagnetic compasses
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C17/00—Compasses; Devices for ascertaining true or magnetic north for navigation or surveying purposes
- G01C17/38—Testing, calibrating, or compensating of compasses
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
- H04M1/00—Substation equipment, e.g. for use by subscribers
- H04M1/72—Mobile telephones; Cordless telephones, i.e. devices for establishing wireless links to base stations without route selection
- H04M1/724—User interfaces specially adapted for cordless or mobile telephones
- H04M1/72403—User interfaces specially adapted for cordless or mobile telephones with means for local support of applications that increase the functionality
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
- H04M2250/00—Details of telephonic subscriber devices
- H04M2250/12—Details of telephonic subscriber devices including a sensor for measuring a physical value, e.g. temperature or motion
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a portable electronic apparatus having a communication device with permanent magnets and a direction (azimuth) measuring device, to a magnetic sensor unit suitable for the apparatus, and to a direction measuring method for the apparatus.
- a magnetic sensor unit which detects geomagnetism and measures a direction. Recent studies are directed to adding a navigation function to a portable electronic apparatus typically a portable phone having the communication device and the magnetic sensor unit capable of detecting geomagnetism, the communication device including a speaker, a microphone, a transceiver circuit, a display device and the like.
- the communication device including a speaker, a microphone, a display device and the like has permanent magnets.
- the magnetic sensor unit outputs a signal corresponding to the synthesized magnetic field of geomagnetism and a magnetic field of permanent magnets. There arises therefore a problem that the direction determined from the signal output from the magnetic sensor unit is not precise.
- the magnetic field of a permanent magnet changes with the temperature of the magnet. If the signal of the magnetic sensor unit is corrected only by the influence of the magnetic field of the magnet detected at one temperature on the signal of the magnetic sensor, and the direction is determined from the corrected signal, the determined direction is not correct when the temperature of the magnet changes.
- An object of this invention is to provide a portable electronic apparatus capable of measuring a direction at high precision even if the temperature of permanent magnets changes, and a magnetic sensor unit suitable for the apparatus.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a direction measuring method capable of measuring a direction at high precision by estimating the influence of the magnetic field of permanent magnets of the apparatus upon the magnetic sensor unit with simple user operations.
- a portable electronic apparatus comprising: a casing; a communication device accommodated in the casing and having permanent magnets; and a direction measuring device accommodated in the casing for measuring a direction by utilizing geomagnetism, wherein the direction measuring device comprises: magnetic sensors for outputting signals corresponding to an external magnetic field; a temperature sensor for detecting a temperature; a corrector for estimating influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets upon the signals output from the magnetic sensors in accordance with the detected temperature, and correcting the signals output from the magnetic sensors in accordance with the estimated influence; and a direction determining device for determining a direction in accordance with the corrected signals.
- the detected temperature corresponds to the temperature of permanent magnets. Detecting the temperature also includes estimating the temperature.
- the influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets upon the outputs of the magnetic sensors is estimated from the detected temperature.
- the outputs of the magnet sensor unit are corrected by the estimated influence.
- the direction is determined from the corrected outputs of the magnetic sensors. Accordingly the direction can be measured and determined at high precision even if the temperature of the permanent magnets changes and the influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets upon the outputs of the magnetic sensor unit changes.
- the influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets upon the outputs of the magnetic sensors can be estimated, for example, in the following manner.
- signals output from the magnetic sensor unit are measured as second values in the state that the portable electronic apparatus is rotated by 180° on the desk.
- a sum of the first and second values is divided by 2 (an average of the first and second values is obtained).
- This estimation requires the user to rotate the portable electronic phone by 180° on the desk and perform other operations. These operations are cumbersome for the user so that the number of such operations is desired as small as possible.
- the correcting means measures at a first temperature and a second temperature different from the first temperature the influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets contained in the signals output from the magnetic sensors, and estimates the influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets from the influences at the first and second temperatures, and the present temperature detected with the temperature sensor.
- the influence at another temperature can be estimated. Accordingly, the direction can be measured at high precision while the number of operations to be performed by the user for the influence estimation is reduced.
- the magnetic field of the permanent magnets of a portable electronic apparatus is approximately in proportion to the temperature of the permanent magnets. Accordingly, the influence at the temperature of the present time can be estimated easily through linear interpolation or extrapolation of the influences at the first and second temperatures relative to the temperature.
- Measurements of the influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets inevitably contain a measurement error. Therefore, if a difference between the first and second temperatures is too small when the influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets at another temperature is estimated from the influences of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets at the first and second temperatures, there is a fear that the measurement error of the influence at each temperature may greatly degrade the estimation precision of the influence at another temperature.
- the corrector is preferably provided with an initialization prompting device for prompting a user of the portable electronic apparatus to perform an operation of acquiring the influence at the second temperature when a difference between the first temperature and a temperature detected with the temperature sensor after measuring the influence at the first temperature becomes a predetermined temperature or higher.
- This initialization prompting device may be a device for displaying such effect on the display unit of the portable electronic apparatus or a device for producing sounds of a message of such effect from a sound producing device of the portable electronic apparatus.
- the influences at the first and second temperatures are acquired in the above manner, it is possible to prevent the measurement error contained in the measurements of the influences from greatly degrading the estimation precision of the influence at another temperature. Since the user is notified the time when the influence is measured at the second temperature, it is possible to avoid unnecessary initialization operations.
- a magnetic sensor comprising: a substrate; a magnetic sensor element formed on the substrate for outpufting a signal corresponding to the direction and amplitude of an external magnetic field; and a temperature sensor formed on the substrate for sensing a temperature.
- the magnetic sensor includes a plurality of magnetic sensor elements and that the magnetic sensor element is a magnetoresistive effect element having a pinned layer with a fixed magnetization direction and a free layer whose magnetization direction changes with the external magnetic field and the magnetic sensor element changes its resistance value in accordance with an angle between the magnetization direction of the pinned layer and the magnetization direction of the free layer, and that the magnetization directions of the pinned layers of at least two elements among the plurality magnetoresistive effect elements are crossed.
- a magnetic sensor capable of measuring a direction at high precision can therefore be provided by using a giant magnetoresistive effect (GMR) element or a magnetic tunneling effect (TMR) element.
- GMR giant magnetoresistive effect
- TMR magnetic tunneling effect
- the magnetic sensor includes a digital signal processing circuit formed on the same substrate.
- a direction measuring method comprising steps of: preparing a portable electronic apparatus comprising a casing having a first plane, a communication device accommodated in the casing and having permanent magnets, magnetic sensors accommodated in the casing and outputting signals corresponding to an external magnetic field, and an input device formed on the first plane for inputting an operation signal; measuring signals output from the magnetic sensors as first values when the operation signal is input, in a state that the first plane of the portable electronic apparatus is turned upside; measuring signals output from the magnetic sensors as second values when the operation signal is input, in a state that the first plane of the portable electronic apparatus is turned upside and the portable electronic apparatus is rotated by 180° after the first values are measured; estimating an influence of a magnetic field by the permanent magnets upon the signals output from the magnetic sensors in accordance with the first and second values; correcting the signals output from the magnetic sensors in accordance with the estimated influence; and determining a direction in accordance with the corrected signals of the magnetic sensors.
- the geomagnetism of the same amplitude and opposite directions is applied to the magnetic sensors before and after the portable electronic apparatus is rotated by 180°. Therefore, each sum of the outputs of the magnetic sensors before and after the portable electronic apparatus is rotated by 180° is independent from the geomagnetism, and corresponds to the influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets upon the outputs of the magnetic sensors. By using this sum, the influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets can be estimated easily and at high precision. By determining the direction in the above manner, the direction can be measured easily and at high precision.
- FIG. 1 is a front view of a portable phone having a magnetic sensor unit according to the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the structure of electronic circuits of the portable phone shown in FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 3 is a plan view (component layout) of the magnetic sensor unit shown in FIG. 2 .
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the output characteristics of the X-axis components of an external magnetic field H detected with an X-axis magnetic sensor shown in FIG. 2 .
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the output characteristics of the Y-axis components of the external magnetic field H detected with a Y-axis magnetic sensor shown in FIG. 2 .
- FIG. 6 is an equivalent circuit diagram of the X-axis magnetic sensor shown in FIG. 2 .
- FIG. 7 is a schematic plan view of a first magnetic tunneling effect element group shown in FIG. 6 .
- FIG. 8 is a schematic cross sectional view of the first magnetic tunneling effect element group shown in FIG. 7 and taken along line 1 - 1 shown in FIG. 7 .
- FIG. 9 is a schematic partial plan view of the first magnetic tunneling effect element group shown in FIG. 7 .
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing the resistance change characteristics relative to an external magnetic field of the first magnetic tunneling effect element group shown in FIG. 7 .
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the positional relation between the X-axis magnetic sensor and Y-axis magnetic sensor shown in FIG. 2 and their electrical connection.
- FIG. 12 is an equivalent circuit of a temperature sensor shown in FIG. 2 .
- FIG. 13 is a graph showing outputs of the X-axis magnetic sensor and Y-axis magnetic sensor shown in FIG. 2 relative to the direction.
- FIGS. 14 to 16 are graphs showing the temperature characteristics of magnetic fields of different permanent magnets in the portable phone shown in FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 17 is a graph showing the output characteristics of the X-axis magnetic sensor shown in FIG. 2 relative to geomagnetism.
- FIG. 18 is a graph showing the output characteristics of the Y-axis magnetic sensor shown in FIG. 2 relative to geomagnetism.
- FIG. 19 is a vector diagram showing the relation between geomagnetism and a leak magnetic field of permanent magnets applied to the magnetic sensor unit shown in FIG. 2 .
- FIGS. 20 to 23 are flow charts illustrating routines to be executed by CPU shown in FIG. 2 .
- FIG. 24 is a circuit diagram showing another example of the temperature sensor.
- FIG. 25 is a graph showing the temperature characteristics of the circuit shown in FIG. 24 .
- the portable phone 10 has a casing 11 , an antenna unit 12 , a speaker unit 13 , a liquid crystal display unit 14 , an operation unit (operation signal input unit) 15 and a microphone unit 16 .
- the casing 11 is generally rectangular having sides extending along orthogonal X- and Y-axes as viewed in plan in FIG. 1 .
- the antenna unit 12 is disposed at the upper right or left side of the casing 11 .
- the speaker unit 13 is disposed at the uppermost front side of the casing 11 .
- the liquid crystal display unit 14 is disposed at the front side of the casing 11 under the speaker unit 13 .
- the liquid crystal display unit 14 is used for displaying characters and graphic.
- the operation unit 15 is disposed at the front side of the casing 11 under the liquid crystal display unit 14 .
- the operation unit 15 is used for entering a telephone number and other command signals.
- the microphone unit 16 is disposed at the lowermost front side of the casing 11 .
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the outline of electronic circuits of the portable phone 10 .
- the portable phone 10 has a CPU 21 , a ROM 22 , a RAM 23 and a nonvolatile RAM 24 interconnected by a bus.
- CPU 21 executes various programs stored in ROM 22 .
- RAM 23 temporarily stores data and the like necessary for CPU 21 to execute programs.
- Data is written in the nonvolatile RAM 24 in response to an instruction from CPU 21 while the main power source of the portable phone 10 is turned on, and this written data is stored and retained even during the turn-off period of the main power source. In response to a request from CPU 21 during the turn-on period of the main power source, the retained data is supplied to CPU 21 .
- the nonvolatile RAM 24 may be replaced by an EEPROM.
- the antenna unit 12 has a transceiver antenna 12 a , a transceiver circuit 12 b connected to the antenna 12 a , and a modem circuit 12 c connected to the transceiver circuit 12 b .
- the modem circuit 12 c demodulates a signal received by the transceiver circuit 12 b , and modulates a signal to be transmitted and supplies it to the transceiver circuit 12 b .
- the speaker unit 13 has a speaker 13 a including a permanent magnet and a sound generator circuit 13 b connected to the speaker 13 a for generating a signal which is supplied to the speaker 13 a to reproduce a corresponding sound.
- the liquid crystal display unit 14 has a liquid crystal display panel 14 a and a display circuit 14 b connected to the liquid crystal display panel 14 a .
- the liquid crystal display panel 14 a is disposed at the front side of the casing 11 of the portable phone 10 .
- the display circuit 14 b generates a signal which is supplied to the liquid crystal display panel 14 a to display corresponding data.
- the operation unit 15 has a plurality of push buttons 15 a and a detector circuit 15 b connected to the push buttons 15 a for detecting an on/off state of each push button 15 a .
- the microphone unit 16 has a microphone 16 a and an amplifier circuit 16 b connected to the microphone 16 a for amplifying a sound signal input from the microphone 16 a .
- the modem circuit 12 c , sound generator circuit 13 b , display circuit 14 b , detector circuit 15 b and amplifier circuit 16 b are connected via the bus to CPU 21 and controlled by CPU 21 .
- the portable phone 10 has also a magnetic sensor unit 30 for outputting a signal corresponding to the direction and amplitude of an external magnetic field.
- the magnetic sensor unit 30 has an X-axis magnetic sensor 31 , a Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 , a temperature sensor 33 , and a control circuit (digital signal processor) 34 .
- FIG. 3 which is a schematic plan view of the magnetic sensor unit 30 , these X-axis magnetic sensor 31 , Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 , temperature sensor 33 and control circuit 34 as well as a plurality of pads 35 are formed on a single chip of generally a square shape.
- the magnetic sensor unit 30 is held in the portable phone 10 generally in parallel to the plane (front side of the casing) of the liquid crystal display panel 14 a as indicated by broken lines in FIG. 1 .
- the control circuit 34 has an A/D converter (ADC) 34 a and a d.c. constant voltage circuit 34 b .
- the control circuit 34 has a function of processing the signals output from the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 , Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 and temperature sensor 33 and outputting digital signals.
- the A/D converter 34 a is connected via the bus to CPU 21 .
- the A/D converter 34 a A/D converts the signals output from the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 , Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 and temperature sensor 33 connected to the A/D converter 34 a and supplies A/D converted digital data to CPU 21 .
- the d.c. constant voltage circuit 34 b supplies a constant voltage to the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 , Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 and temperature sensor 33 connected to the d.c. constant voltage circuit 34 b.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relation between the X-axis components of an external magnetic field H and an output Sx of the X-axis magnetic sensor
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relation between the Y-axis components of the external magnetic field H and an output Sy of the Y-axis magnetic sensor.
- the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 in the state mounted on the portable phone 10 outputs a signal value proportional to the X-axis components of the external magnetic field.
- the Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 in the state mounted on the portable phone 10 outputs a signal value proportional to the Y-axis components of the external magnetic field.
- the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 and Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 have the same structure that a signal value proportional to the amplitude of a magnetic field along each predetermined direction is output, and are disposed on the single chip of the magnetic sensor unit 30 in such a manner that the predetermined directions (magnetic field detection directions) are perpendicular.
- the magnetic sensor unit 30 is mounted on the portable phone 10 in such a manner that the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 and Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 output signal values proportional to the magnetic field amplitudes along the directions in parallel to the X— and Y-axes of the casing 11 of the portable phone 10 .
- FIG. 6 is an equivalent circuit of the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 .
- the structure of the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 will be described in detail.
- the structure of the Y-axis sensor 32 is similar to that of the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 .
- the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 has first to fourth magnetic tunneling effect element groups 31 a , 31 b , 31 c and 31 d connected to form a full-bridge circuit.
- Each of the first to fourth magnetic tunneling effect element groups 31 a , 31 b , 31 c and 31 d has the same structure.
- the structure of the first magnetic tunneling effect element group 31 a will be described as a representative example of these elements.
- FIG. 7 is an enlarged plan view of the first magnetic tunneling effect element group 31 a .
- the first magnetic tunneling effect group 31 a is constituted of a plurality of serially connected magnetic tunneling effect elements (in this example, twenty elements).
- FIG. 8 is a partial cross sectional view of the first magnetic tunneling effect element group 31 a taken along line 1 - 1 shown in FIG. 7 .
- the magnetic element tunneling effect group has a plurality of lower electrodes 31 a 1 of a rectangular shape formed on a substrate 30 a .
- the lower electrodes 31 a 1 are disposed laterally (along the X-axis direction) in rows at a predetermined interval.
- the lower electrode 31 a 1 is made of conductive nonmagnetic metal material of Cr (or Ta, Ti) and has a film thickness of about 30 nm.
- an antiferromagnetic film 31 a 2 having the same plan shape as the lower electrode 31 a 1 is stacked.
- the antiferromagnetic film 31 a 2 is made of PtMn and has a film thickness of about 30 nm.
- each antiferromagnetic film 31 a 2 On each antiferromagnetic film 31 a 2 , a pair of ferromagnetic films 31 a 3 made of NiFe and having a film thickness of about 10 nm is stacked with some gap between the films 31 a 3 .
- the ferromagnetic film 31 a 3 has a rectangular shape as viewed in plan and their longer sides are disposed in parallel.
- FIG. 9 is a partial plan view of the first magnetic tunneling effect element group 31 a shown in FIG. 7 .
- the ferromagnetic film 31 a 3 constitutes a pinned layer whose magnetization direction is pinned along an arrow direction (a positive X-axis direction, i.e., a short side direction) by the antiferromagnetic film 31 a 2 .
- an insulating layer 31 a 4 having the same plan shape as that of the ferromagnetic film 31 a 3 is stacked.
- This insulating layer 31 a 4 is made of insulating material of Al 2 O 3 (Al—O) and has a film thickness of 1 nm.
- a ferromagnetic film 31 a 5 having the same plan shape as that of the insulating layer 31 a 4 is stacked.
- the ferromagnetic film 31 a 5 is made of NiFe and has a film thickness of about 40 nm.
- This ferromagnetic film 31 a 5 constitutes a free layer (free magnetization layer) whose magnetization direction changes so as to approximately coincide with the direction of an external magnetic field.
- the ferromagnetic film 31 a 5 , insulating film 31 a 4 and ferromagnetic film 31 a 3 or pinned layer constitute a magnetic tunneling junction structure.
- One magnetic tunneling effect element is constituted of the antiferromagnetic film 31 a 2 , ferromagnetic film 31 a 3 , insulating layer 31 a 4 and ferromagnetic film 31 a 5 .
- a dummy film 31 a 6 having the same plan shape as that of the ferromagnetic film 31 a 5 is stacked.
- This dummy film 31 a 6 is made of conductive nonmagnetic metal material of Ta and has a film thickness of about 40 nm.
- An interlayer insulating layer 31 a 7 is formed covering the substrate 30 a , lower electrodes 31 a 1 , antiferromagnetic films 31 a 2 , ferromagnetic films 31 a 3 , insulating layers 31 a 4 , ferromagnetic films 31 a 5 and dummy films 31 a 6 .
- This interlayer insulating layer 31 a 7 electrically insulates a plurality of lower electrodes 31 a 1 and antiferromagnetic films 31 a 2 , and also electrically insulates pairs of ferromagnetic films 31 a 3 , insulating layers 31 a 4 , ferromagnetic films 31 a 5 and dummy films 31 a 6 , respectively formed on the antiferromagnetic films 31 a 2 .
- the interlayer insulating layer 31 a 7 is made of SiO 2 and has a film thickness of about 250 nm.
- Contact holes CH reaching the dummy films 31 a 6 are formed through the interlayer insulating layer 31 a 7 .
- upper electrodes 31 a 8 are formed burying the contact holes CH and electrically connecting ones of the dummy films 31 a 6 formed above different lower electrodes 31 a 1 and antiferromagnetic films 31 a 2 .
- the upper electrode 31 a 8 is made of Al and has a film thickness of 300 nm.
- Adjacent pairs of ferromagnetic films 31 a 5 (and dummy films 31 a 6 ) and antiferromagnetic films 31 a 2 are, therefore, alternately and sequentially connected electrically by the lower electrodes 31 a 1 and antiferromagnetic films 31 a 2 , and upper electrodes 31 a 8 .
- the magnetic tunneling effect element group 31 a can be formed which has twenty serially connected magnetic tunneling junction structures having the pinned layers with the same magnetization direction.
- a passivation film of SiO and SiN is formed covering the upper electrodes 31 a 8 .
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing the relation between an external magnetic field H and a resistance R 1 of the first magnetic tunneling effect element group 31 a formed as described above.
- the resistance R 1 changes in proportion to the external magnetic field H in the range where the absolute value of the external magnetic field H is small (i.e., in the range of saturated magnetic fields ⁇ Hc to +Hc), the external magnetic field changing its amplitude along the magnetization direction of the pinned layer.
- the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 has four magnetic tunneling effect element groups.
- the magnetization direction of the pinned layers of the magnetic tunneling effect element groups 31 a to 31 d are shown in FIG. 6 by arrows.
- the magnetization direction of the pinned layers of the first and fourth magnetic tunneling effect element groups 31 a and 31 d is the positive X-axis direction
- the magnetization direction of the pinned layers of the second and third magnetic tunneling effect element groups 31 b and 31 c is the negative X-axis direction.
- the resistance R 1 of the first and fourth magnetic tunneling effect element groups 31 a and 31 d changes in accordance with the equation (1)
- the resistance R 2 of the second and third magnetic tunneling effect element groups 31 b and 31 c changes in accordance with the following equation (2):
- R 2 ( ⁇ R/Hc ) ⁇ H+R 0 (2)
- one end of the first magnetic tunneling effect element group 31 a is connected to one end of the second magnetic tunneling effect element group 31 b , and the other ends of the first and second magnetic tunneling effect element groups 31 a and 31 b are connected respectively to the positive and negative electrodes of the d.c. constant voltage circuit 34 b .
- one end of the third magnetic tunneling effect element group 31 c is connected to one end of the fourth magnetic tunneling effect element group 31 d
- the other ends of the third and fourth magnetic tunneling effect element groups 31 c and 31 d are connected respectively to the positive and negative electrodes of the d.c. constant voltage circuit 34 b .
- a difference between a potential at the connection point between the first and second magnetic tunneling effect element groups 31 a and 31 b and a potential at the connection point between the third and fourth magnetic tunneling effect element groups 31 c and 31 d is picked up and supplied to the A/D converter 34 a as an output Vout of the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 .
- the Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 having the same structure as that of the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 is disposed perpendicular to the X-axis sensor 31 .
- the temperature sensor 33 is made of a band gap reference circuit.
- This circuit is a well known bias circuit one example of which is shown in FIG. 12 .
- this circuit is constituted of a current source I without temperature dependency, four transistors Q 1 to Q 4 and three resistors R 10 to R 30 . The connection of these components will be described.
- the current source I is connected between a voltage source Vcc and the collector of the transistor Q 1 .
- the emitter of the transistor Q 1 is grounded, and the base thereof is connected to the connection point between one end of the resistor R 10 and the collector of the transistor Q 2 .
- the emitter of the transistor Q 2 is grounded via the resistor R 20 , and the base thereof is connected to the base and collector of the diode-connected transistor Q 3 .
- the emitter of the transistor Q 3 is grounded, and the collector and base thereof are connected via the resistor R 30 to the other end of the resistor R 10 and the emitter of the transistor Q 4 .
- the base of the transistor Q 4 is connected to the collector of the transistor Q 1 , and the collector thereof is connected to the voltage source Vcc.
- the voltage source Vcc is accommodated in the control circuit 34 .
- Vbg VBE Q3 +VT ⁇ In ( N ) ⁇ R 100 / R 200 (5)
- VBE Q3 is a base-emitter voltage of the transistor Q 3
- VT is a thermal voltage
- R 100 is a resistance of the resistor R 10
- R 200 is a resistance of the resistor R 20 .
- VBE Q3 has a negative temperature coefficient ( ⁇ 2 mV/K) and VT has a positive temperature coefficient (0.085 mV/K).
- the resistance values R 100 and R 200 are selected so that the temperature dependency of the output signal Vbg can be eliminated.
- the temperature sensor 33 supplies a voltage (Vbg-VBE Q3 ) across the resistance R 30 to the A/D converter 34 a.
- a direction of the portable phone 10 is defined as the direction of a vector directing from a distal portion (e.g., microphone unit 16 ) to the proximal portion (e.g., speaker unit 13 ) of the portable phone 10 , i.e., a vector directing along the positive Y-axis direction, under the condition that the front side of the casing 11 of the portable phone 10 is generally horizontal and the front side is turned upside.
- the direction is defined on the assumption that the reference of the direction a is 0° (west), and takes 90°, 180°, and 270° as the direction a is rotated in the order from the north, east, to the south.
- FIG. 13 is a graph showing the relation between the direction a of the portable phone 10 and sensor output signals Sx and Sy of the X- and Y-axis magnetic sensors 31 and 32 .
- Geomagnetism is a magnetic field directed from the south to north. If the front side of the casing 11 of the portable phone 10 is generally horizontal and the front side is turned upside, the output signals of the X- and Y-axis magnetic sensors 31 and 32 of the magnetic sensor unit 30 change cosinusoidally and sinusoidally relative to the direction a of the portable phone 10 , as shown in FIG. 13 .
- the values of the sensor output signals Sx and Sy shown in FIG. 13 are normalized values.
- the actual output signal Sx of the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 is divided by a half of the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the output signal Sx which are obtained during the 360° rotation of the portable phone 10 under the condition that the front side of the casing 11 of the portable phone 10 is generally horizontal and the front side is turned upside.
- the actual output signal Sx divided by a half of the difference is used as the normalized value of the output signal value Sx.
- the actual output signal Sy of the Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 is divided by a half of the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the output signal Sy which are obtained during the 360° rotation of the portable phone 10 under the condition that the front side of the casing 11 of the portable phone 10 is generally horizontal and the front side is turned upside.
- the actual output signal Sy divided by a half of the difference is used as the normalized value of the output signal value Sy.
- the direction a of the portable phone 10 can be obtained by taking the following four cases (1) to (4) into consideration:
- the portable phone 10 has many permanent magnets of the speaker 13 a and the like.
- the permanent magnet generates a leak magnetic field.
- FIGS. 14 to 16 are graphs showing the temperature characteristics of a leak magnetic field from permanent magnets in the portable phone 10 .
- the strength of the leak magnetic field depends on the strength of the permanent magnet at the temperature at the time of measuring, and the distance between the permanent magnet and a measuring point.
- FIGS. 14-16 are graphs showing the temperature dependent characteristics of leak magnetic fields of different permanent magnets on the condition that the distance between the permanent magnet and a measuring point is constant. In the graphs, the abscissa represents temperature, and the ordinate represents the strength of the leak magnetic field.
- the strength of the leak magnetic field has a relation with negative coefficient with respect to the temperature. Therefore, the leak magnetic field (external magnetic field other than geomagnetism) from these permanent magnets having an amplitude approximately proportional to the temperature of these permanent magnets and approximately the same direction is applied to the magnetic sensor unit 30 disposed at the predetermined position in the portable phone 10 .
- an output of the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 is shifted (parallel motion) by an offset amount OFx corresponding to the leak magnetic field.
- an output of the Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 is shifted by an offset amount OFy corresponding to the leak magnetic field.
- the offset amounts OFx and OFy can be regarded as the influence amounts by the permanent magnets upon the outputs of the magnetic sensor unit 30 .
- FIG. 19 is a vector diagram showing geomagnetism and leak magnetic field from the permanent magnets applied to the magnetic sensor unit 30 by using the magnetic sensor unit 30 as a reference.
- the geomagnetism THO and leak magnetic field LH from the permanent magnets applied to the magnetic sensor unit 30 are drawn in this diagram in the state that the front side of the portable phone 10 is turned upside and the direction of the portable phone 10 is set to a predetermined (desired) direction.
- the geomagnetism TH180 and leak magnetic field LH from the permanent magnets applied to the magnetic sensor unit 30 are drawn when the direction of the portable phone 10 is rotated by 180°.
- the leak magnetic field LH from the permanent magnets having the same direction and amplitude is always applied to the magnetic sensor unit 30 irrespective of the direction of the portable phone 10 .
- the geomagnetism having the same amplitude and opposite direction is applied to the magnetic sensor unit 30 when the portable phone 10 is rotated by 180°.
- OFx and OFy are proportional to the temperature of the permanent magnets.
- the offset amounts OFx and OFy are calculated, the offset amounts OFx and OFy are subtracted from the actual sensor outputs Sx and Sy to obtain the corrected sensor outputs Sx and Sy.
- the direction a is determined in accordance with the corrected sensor outputs Sx and Sy and each of the direction calculation methods classified into the four cases (1) to (4). In this manner, the direction a can be determined at a high precision without the influence of the leak magnetic field of the permanent magnets.
- the principle of the direction determining method by the portable phone 10 has been described above.
- FIGS. 20 to 23 are flow charts illustrating the programs (routines) to be executed by CPU 21 each time a predetermined time lapses.
- CPU 21 starts at a predetermined timing an initializing prompt display routine (accomplishing the function of an initialization prompting device) shown in FIG. 20 at Step 1700 .
- Step 1705 it is checked whether a first initialization flag F 1 is “0”.
- the value of the first initialization flag F 1 was set to “0” by an initialization routine which was performed immediately after the manufacture of the portable phone 10 . Therefore, CPU 21 judges “Yes” at Step 1705 to advance to Step 1710 whereat a message (initializing prompt message) for prompting the user of the portable phone 10 to perform an initialization operation is displayed on the liquid crystal display panel 14 a .
- this routine is once terminated.
- the initialization prompt message includes a message of prompting the user to depress a specific offset data acquisition button among the plurality of push buttons 15 a to change the state of the button to an “on” state.
- CPU 21 starts at a predetermined timing an offset data acquisition routine shown in FIG. 21 at Step 1800 . Then, at Step 1805 it is checked whether the state of the offset data acquisition button changes from an “off” state to an “on” state. If not, it is judged as “No” at Step 1805 to advance to Step 1895 and repeat the above process.
- Step 1810 an explanation for a “first operation method” is displayed on the liquid crystal display panel 14 a .
- the explanation for the first operation method includes a message of prompting the user to place the portable phone 10 on a desk by turning the front side of the casing 11 upside (i.e., by setting the front side approximately horizontal) and depress a specific offset button among the plurality of push buttons 15 a to thereby change the state of the button to the “on” state.
- CPU 21 monitors whether the state of the offset button changes from the “off” state to the “on” state.
- Step 1815 it is checked whether the absolute value of the output Sx of the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 is larger than the measurable maximum value Smax or whether the absolute value of the output Sy of the Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 is larger than the measurable maximum value Smax.
- Step 1820 judges as “Yes” at Step 1820 to advance to Step 1825 .
- Step 1825 an alarm message to the effect that the initialization failed is displayed on the liquid crystal display panel 14 a to advance to Step 1895 and this routine is once terminated.
- Step 1820 If at Step 1820 the absolute value of the output Sx of the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 is equal to or smaller than the measurable maximum value Smax and if the absolute value of the output Sy of the Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 is equal to or smaller than the measurable maximum value Smax, CPU 21 judges as “No” at Step 1820 to advance to Step 1830 .
- Step 1830 the output Sx of the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 is stored as a first X-axis sensor output S 1 x and the output Sy of the Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 is stored as a first Y-axis sensor output S 1 y.
- CPU 21 displays an explanation for a “second operation method” on the liquid crystal display panel 14 a .
- the explanation for the second operation method includes a message of prompting the user to depress the offset button again after the portable phone 10 is rotated by 180° on the desk with the front side thereof being turned upside and change the state of the button to the “on” state.
- CPU 21 monitors again whether the state of the offset button changes from the “off” state to the “on” state.
- Step 1845 it is checked whether the absolute value of the output Sx of the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 is larger than the measurable maximum value Smax or whether the absolute value of the output Sy of the Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 is larger than the measurable maximum value Smax.
- Step 1845 judges as “Yes” at Step 1845 to advance to Step 1825 .
- Step 1825 an alarm message to the effect that the initialization failed is displayed to advance to Step 1895 and this routine is once terminated.
- Step 1845 If at Step 1845 the absolute value of the output Sx of the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 is equal to or smaller than the measurable maximum value Smax and if the absolute value of the output Sy of the Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 is equal to or smaller than the measurable maximum value Smax, CPU 21 judges as “No” at Step 1845 to advance to Step 1850 .
- Step 1850 the output Sx of the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 is stored as a second X-axis sensor output S 2 x and the output Sy of the Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 is stored as a second Y-axis sensor output S 2 y.
- Step 1855 CPU 21 checks whether the value of the first initialization flag F 1 is “0”. In this case, since the value of the first initialization flag F 1 remains “0”, CPU 21 judges as “Yes” at Step 1855 to advance to Step 1860 .
- Step 1860 the first X-axis offset amount OF 1 x of the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 and the first Y-axis offset amount OF 1 y of the Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 are calculated. More specifically, a sum of the first X-axis sensor output S 1 x and second X-axis sensor output S 2 x is divided by 2 (i.e., an average value is calculated) and the obtained value is used as the first X-axis offset amount OF 1 x .
- a sum of the first Y-axis sensor output Sly and second Y-axis sensor output S 2 y is divided by 2 and the obtained value is used as the first Y-axis offset amount OF 1 y .
- the first X-axis offset amount OF 1 ⁇ and first Y-axis offset amount OF 1 y are stored in the nonvolatile RAM 24 .
- CPU 21 reads the temperature Temp of the temperature sensor 33 and stores it in the nonvolatile RAM 24 as the first temperature T 1 .
- the value of the first initialization flag F 1 is set to “1” to advance to Step 1895 whereat this routine is once terminated.
- Tth a predetermined temperature (threshold temperature) Tth. It is necessary to measure the temperature and geomagnetism at two temperatures having some difference in order to ensure the measurement precision of the temperature and geomagnetism amplitude with the temperature sensor and magnetic sensors. If a temperature difference is too small, it is difficult to obtain a correct temperature coefficient and make a proper correction. However, the smaller the threshold temperature Tth ( ⁇ 0° C.) is, the direction measurement becomes more precise. In addition, a smaller threshold temperature Tth is preferable in the case that the sensors and external magnetic field change abruptly with the temperature. From these reasons, it is preferable that the threshold temperature Tth is selected from the range of 5-25° C. The threshold temperature Tth is preferably set by considering the above-described conditions. For example, Tth is 10° C.
- CPU 21 starts at a predetermined timing an offset determining routine shown in FIG. 22 at Step 1900 . It is checked at Step 1905 whether the value of the second initialization flag F 2 is “0”. In this case, since the value of the second initialization flag F 2 is maintained “0”, CPU 21 judges as “Yes” at Step 1905 to advance to Step 1910 .
- Step 1910 the first X-axis offset amount OF 1 x and first Y-axis offset amount OF 1 y calculated already are set as the offset amount OFx of the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 and the offset amount OFy of the Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 . Thereafter, this routine is once terminated at Step 1995 .
- CPU 21 starts a direction calculating routine (constituting a direction determining device) shown in FIG. 23 at Step 2000 .
- Step 2005 the output Sx of the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 subtracted by the offset amount OFx of the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 is set as the corrected output Sx of the X-axis magnetic sensor 31
- the output Sy of the Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 subtracted by the offset amount OFy of the Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 is set as the corrected output Sy of the Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 .
- CPU 21 judges at Step 2010 which one of the cases (1) to (4) is to be adopted. In accordance with the judgement result, the flow advances one of Steps 2015 to 2030 whereat the direction a is calculated by using the equation shown in each Step.
- CPU 21 determines the final direction in the following manner. Namely, if the calculated direction a is negative at Step 2035 , the direction a added with 360° is used as the final direction a at Step 2040 , whereas if the calculated direction a is equal to or larger than 360° at Steps 2035 and 2045 , the direction a subtracted by 360° is used as the final direction a at Step 2050 . Thereafter, this routine is once terminated at Step 2095 . Next, the description will be given for the case that the temperature of the permanent magnets in the portable phone 10 rises and the absolute value of a difference between the first temperature T 1 and present temperature Tc becomes larger than the threshold value Tth (takes the second temperature T 2 ). In this case, at Step 1725 after Steps 1700 , 1705 , 1715 and 1720 , CPU judges as “Yes” to advance to Step 1710 whereat the initialization prompt message is again displayed on the liquid crystal panel 14 a.
- Step 1830 the output Sx of the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 and the output Sy of the Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 in the state that the direction of the portable phone 10 takes an arbitrary direction ⁇ are stored as the first X-axis sensor output S 1 x and first Y-axis sensor output Sly, respectively.
- Step 1850 the output Sx of the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 and the output Sy of the Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 in the state that the direction of the portable phone 10 takes a direction ⁇ +180° are stored as the second X-axis sensor output S 2 x and second Y-axis sensor output S 2 y , to thereafter advance to Step 1855 . Since the value of the first initialization flag F 1 was set to “ 1 ” at Step 1870 , CPU 21 judges as “No” at Step 1855 to advance to Step 1875 . At Step 1875 the second X-axis offset amount OF 2 x of the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 and the second Y-axis offset amount OF 2 y of the Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 are calculated.
- an average value of the first X-axis sensor output S 1 x and the second X-axis sensor output S 2 x is used as the second X-axis offset amount OF 2 x
- an average value of the first Y-axis sensor output Sly and the second Y-axis sensor output S 2 y is used as the second Y-axis offset amount OF 2 y
- the second X-axis offset amount OF 2 x and second Y-axis offset amount OF 2 y are stored in the nonvolatile RAM 24 .
- Step 1880 CPU 21 reads the temperature Temp of the temperature sensor 33 and stores it in the nonvolatile RAM 24 as the second temperature T 2 . After the value of the second initialization flag F 2 is set to “1” at Step 1885 , this routine is once terminated at Step 1895 .
- Step 1920 CPU 21 linearly interpolates relative to the temperature the first X-axis offset amount OF 1 x at the first temperature T 1 and the second X-axis offset amount OF 2 x at the second temperature T 2 in accordance with the above-described equation (8) to thereby obtain the X-axis offset amount OFx at the present temperature Tc.
- Step 1925 CPU 21 linearly interpolates relative to the temperature the first Y-axis offset amount OF 1 y at the first temperature T 1 and the second Y-axis offset amount OF 2 y at the second temperature T 2 in accordance with the above-described equation (9) to thereby obtain the Y-axis offset amount OFy at the present temperature Tc.
- This routine is once terminated at Step 1995 .
- the offset values OFx and OFy represent the influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets upon the magnetic sensor outputs estimated from the temperature of the permanent magnets.
- CPU 21 executes the direction calculating routine shown in FIG. 23 so that at Step 2005 the output Sx of the X-axis magnetic sensor 31 is corrected by the offset amount OFx and the output Sy of the Y-axis magnetic sensor 32 is corrected by the offset amount OFy.
- Step 2005 constitutes a portion of correcting device.
- the direction a is calculated (measured and determined) from the outputs Sx and Sy of the X- and Y-axis magnetic sensors 31 and 32 .
- the influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets used as the components of the portable phone 10 upon the magnetic sensor outputs is estimated as the offset amounts OFx and OFy from the temperature of the permanent magnets.
- the magnetic sensor outputs are corrected by using the estimated offset amounts OFx and OFy.
- the direction is measured from the corrected magnetic sensor outputs so that the measurement precision of the direction can be improved considerably. Since a user is prompted to perform the initialization operations at proper timings (when the temperature takes the first temperature T 1 and second temperature T 2 ), the user is prevented from performing unnecessary initialization operations.
- the difference between the first temperature T 1 and second temperature T 2 is larger than the threshold temperature Tth.
- the magnetic sensor unit 30 has the X- and Y-axis magnetic sensors 31 and 32 , temperature sensor 33 and control circuit 34 formed on a single substrate. This magnetic sensor unit 30 is therefore compact and inexpensive and suitable for portable electronic apparatuses having permanent magnets such as portable phones.
- the invention is not limited only to the above embodiment, but various modifications are possible without departing from the scope of the invention.
- the X- and Y-axis magnetic sensors 31 and 32 are magnetic tunneling effect element groups, other magnetic sensors capable of outputting a signal corresponding to a magnetic field such as giant magnetoresistive effect elements may also be used.
- the offset button and offset data acquisition button are used for the initialization operation. Instead, the same functions of these buttons may be realized by adding menus in the liquid crystal display panel 14 a and selecting each menu by a specific operator of the operation unit 15 .
- a Z-axis magnetic sensor may be used which detects the magnetic field along the Z-axis perpendicular to the X- and Y-axes.
- the band gap reference circuit as the temperature sensor 33 may have the structure shown in FIG. 24 .
- a difference ⁇ Vbe of the base-emitter voltages Vbe of transistors Tr 1 and Tr 2 is given by the following equation (10) and the output Vbg is given by the following equation (11) using Vbe and V T multiplied by a constant K 1 .
- the constant K 1 is given by the following equation (12).
- Vbe V T ⁇ In ⁇ ( Ic 1 / Ic 2 ) ⁇ ( A 2 / A 1 ) ⁇ (10)
- Vbg Vbe ( Q 1 )+ K 1 ⁇ V T (11)
- K 1 ( R 3 / R 2 ) ⁇ In ⁇ ( Ic 1 / Ic 2 ) ⁇ ( A 2 / A 1 ) ⁇ (12)
- V T KT/q
- a 1 and A 2 are emitter areas of the transistors Tr 1 and Tr 2
- Vbe(Q 1 ) is a base-emitter voltage of the transistor Tr.
- the constant K 1 is properly selected to eliminate the temperature dependency of Vbg.
- a voltage across a resistor R 3 is supplied to an A/D converter 34 a as an output of the temperature sensor 33 .
- FIG. 25 is a graph showing the temperature characteristics of the circuit shown in FIG. 24 .
- the circuit arrangement shown in FIG. 24 can realize the temperature sensor 33 having the temperature characteristics of 2 mV/° C.
Abstract
A portable phone has a CPU and a magnetic sensor unit including an X-axis magnetic sensor, a Y-axis magnetic sensor, and a temperature sensor. CPU measures at first and second temperatures the influence of a magnetic field of permanent magnets upon an output Sx of the X-axis magnetic sensor and an output Sy of the Y-axis magnetic sensor, and stores the influence data together with the first and second temperature data. CPU estimates at the present temperature the influence upon the output Sx of the X-axis magnetic sensor and the output Sy of the Y-axis magnetic sensor, from the present temperature detected with the temperature sensor and the stored influence data. CPU corrects the outputs Sx and Sy in accordance with the estimated influence and determines the direction of the portable phone from the corrected outputs Sx and Sy.
Description
- This application is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/190,525 filed on Jul. 9, 2002.
- This application is based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2002-115250, filed on Apr. 17, 2002, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- A) Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates to a portable electronic apparatus having a communication device with permanent magnets and a direction (azimuth) measuring device, to a magnetic sensor unit suitable for the apparatus, and to a direction measuring method for the apparatus.
- B) Description of the Related Art
- A magnetic sensor unit is known which detects geomagnetism and measures a direction. Recent studies are directed to adding a navigation function to a portable electronic apparatus typically a portable phone having the communication device and the magnetic sensor unit capable of detecting geomagnetism, the communication device including a speaker, a microphone, a transceiver circuit, a display device and the like.
- The communication device including a speaker, a microphone, a display device and the like has permanent magnets. The magnetic sensor unit outputs a signal corresponding to the synthesized magnetic field of geomagnetism and a magnetic field of permanent magnets. There arises therefore a problem that the direction determined from the signal output from the magnetic sensor unit is not precise. The magnetic field of a permanent magnet changes with the temperature of the magnet. If the signal of the magnetic sensor unit is corrected only by the influence of the magnetic field of the magnet detected at one temperature on the signal of the magnetic sensor, and the direction is determined from the corrected signal, the determined direction is not correct when the temperature of the magnet changes.
- An object of this invention is to provide a portable electronic apparatus capable of measuring a direction at high precision even if the temperature of permanent magnets changes, and a magnetic sensor unit suitable for the apparatus.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a direction measuring method capable of measuring a direction at high precision by estimating the influence of the magnetic field of permanent magnets of the apparatus upon the magnetic sensor unit with simple user operations.
- According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a portable electronic apparatus comprising: a casing; a communication device accommodated in the casing and having permanent magnets; and a direction measuring device accommodated in the casing for measuring a direction by utilizing geomagnetism, wherein the direction measuring device comprises: magnetic sensors for outputting signals corresponding to an external magnetic field; a temperature sensor for detecting a temperature; a corrector for estimating influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets upon the signals output from the magnetic sensors in accordance with the detected temperature, and correcting the signals output from the magnetic sensors in accordance with the estimated influence; and a direction determining device for determining a direction in accordance with the corrected signals. The detected temperature corresponds to the temperature of permanent magnets. Detecting the temperature also includes estimating the temperature.
- The influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets upon the outputs of the magnetic sensors is estimated from the detected temperature. The outputs of the magnet sensor unit are corrected by the estimated influence. The direction is determined from the corrected outputs of the magnetic sensors. Accordingly the direction can be measured and determined at high precision even if the temperature of the permanent magnets changes and the influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets upon the outputs of the magnetic sensor unit changes.
- The influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets upon the outputs of the magnetic sensors can be estimated, for example, in the following manner. First, the portable electronic apparatus is placed on a desk and signals output from the magnetic sensor unit are measured as first values. Next, signals output from the magnetic sensor unit are measured as second values in the state that the portable electronic apparatus is rotated by 180° on the desk. A sum of the first and second values is divided by 2 (an average of the first and second values is obtained). This estimation requires the user to rotate the portable electronic phone by 180° on the desk and perform other operations. These operations are cumbersome for the user so that the number of such operations is desired as small as possible.
- It is preferable that the correcting means measures at a first temperature and a second temperature different from the first temperature the influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets contained in the signals output from the magnetic sensors, and estimates the influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets from the influences at the first and second temperatures, and the present temperature detected with the temperature sensor.
- By measuring the influences of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets at the first and second temperatures, the influence at another temperature can be estimated. Accordingly, the direction can be measured at high precision while the number of operations to be performed by the user for the influence estimation is reduced. According to experiments, the magnetic field of the permanent magnets of a portable electronic apparatus is approximately in proportion to the temperature of the permanent magnets. Accordingly, the influence at the temperature of the present time can be estimated easily through linear interpolation or extrapolation of the influences at the first and second temperatures relative to the temperature.
- Measurements of the influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets inevitably contain a measurement error. Therefore, if a difference between the first and second temperatures is too small when the influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets at another temperature is estimated from the influences of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets at the first and second temperatures, there is a fear that the measurement error of the influence at each temperature may greatly degrade the estimation precision of the influence at another temperature.
- To avoid this, the corrector is preferably provided with an initialization prompting device for prompting a user of the portable electronic apparatus to perform an operation of acquiring the influence at the second temperature when a difference between the first temperature and a temperature detected with the temperature sensor after measuring the influence at the first temperature becomes a predetermined temperature or higher. This initialization prompting device may be a device for displaying such effect on the display unit of the portable electronic apparatus or a device for producing sounds of a message of such effect from a sound producing device of the portable electronic apparatus.
- If the influences at the first and second temperatures are acquired in the above manner, it is possible to prevent the measurement error contained in the measurements of the influences from greatly degrading the estimation precision of the influence at another temperature. Since the user is notified the time when the influence is measured at the second temperature, it is possible to avoid unnecessary initialization operations.
- According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a magnetic sensor comprising: a substrate; a magnetic sensor element formed on the substrate for outpufting a signal corresponding to the direction and amplitude of an external magnetic field; and a temperature sensor formed on the substrate for sensing a temperature.
- It is possible to provide a magnetic sensor which is compact, inexpensive and capable of compensating the influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnet upon the direction measurement relative to the temperature of the permanent magnets, and is suitable for the portable electronic apparatus having permanent magnets.
- It is preferable that the magnetic sensor includes a plurality of magnetic sensor elements and that the magnetic sensor element is a magnetoresistive effect element having a pinned layer with a fixed magnetization direction and a free layer whose magnetization direction changes with the external magnetic field and the magnetic sensor element changes its resistance value in accordance with an angle between the magnetization direction of the pinned layer and the magnetization direction of the free layer, and that the magnetization directions of the pinned layers of at least two elements among the plurality magnetoresistive effect elements are crossed.
- A magnetic sensor capable of measuring a direction at high precision can therefore be provided by using a giant magnetoresistive effect (GMR) element or a magnetic tunneling effect (TMR) element.
- It is also preferable that the magnetic sensor includes a digital signal processing circuit formed on the same substrate.
- It is possible to provide a magnetic sensor which is more compact, capable of processing signals in the form of digital signals, and is suitable for the portable electronic apparatus.
- According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a direction measuring method comprising steps of: preparing a portable electronic apparatus comprising a casing having a first plane, a communication device accommodated in the casing and having permanent magnets, magnetic sensors accommodated in the casing and outputting signals corresponding to an external magnetic field, and an input device formed on the first plane for inputting an operation signal; measuring signals output from the magnetic sensors as first values when the operation signal is input, in a state that the first plane of the portable electronic apparatus is turned upside; measuring signals output from the magnetic sensors as second values when the operation signal is input, in a state that the first plane of the portable electronic apparatus is turned upside and the portable electronic apparatus is rotated by 180° after the first values are measured; estimating an influence of a magnetic field by the permanent magnets upon the signals output from the magnetic sensors in accordance with the first and second values; correcting the signals output from the magnetic sensors in accordance with the estimated influence; and determining a direction in accordance with the corrected signals of the magnetic sensors.
- The geomagnetism of the same amplitude and opposite directions is applied to the magnetic sensors before and after the portable electronic apparatus is rotated by 180°. Therefore, each sum of the outputs of the magnetic sensors before and after the portable electronic apparatus is rotated by 180° is independent from the geomagnetism, and corresponds to the influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets upon the outputs of the magnetic sensors. By using this sum, the influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets can be estimated easily and at high precision. By determining the direction in the above manner, the direction can be measured easily and at high precision.
-
FIG. 1 is a front view of a portable phone having a magnetic sensor unit according to the invention. -
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the structure of electronic circuits of the portable phone shown inFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 3 is a plan view (component layout) of the magnetic sensor unit shown inFIG. 2 . -
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the output characteristics of the X-axis components of an external magnetic field H detected with an X-axis magnetic sensor shown inFIG. 2 . -
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the output characteristics of the Y-axis components of the external magnetic field H detected with a Y-axis magnetic sensor shown inFIG. 2 . -
FIG. 6 is an equivalent circuit diagram of the X-axis magnetic sensor shown inFIG. 2 . -
FIG. 7 is a schematic plan view of a first magnetic tunneling effect element group shown inFIG. 6 . -
FIG. 8 is a schematic cross sectional view of the first magnetic tunneling effect element group shown inFIG. 7 and taken along line 1-1 shown inFIG. 7 . -
FIG. 9 is a schematic partial plan view of the first magnetic tunneling effect element group shown inFIG. 7 . -
FIG. 10 is a graph showing the resistance change characteristics relative to an external magnetic field of the first magnetic tunneling effect element group shown inFIG. 7 . -
FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the positional relation between the X-axis magnetic sensor and Y-axis magnetic sensor shown inFIG. 2 and their electrical connection. -
FIG. 12 is an equivalent circuit of a temperature sensor shown inFIG. 2 . -
FIG. 13 is a graph showing outputs of the X-axis magnetic sensor and Y-axis magnetic sensor shown inFIG. 2 relative to the direction. - FIGS. 14 to 16 are graphs showing the temperature characteristics of magnetic fields of different permanent magnets in the portable phone shown in
FIG. 1 . -
FIG. 17 is a graph showing the output characteristics of the X-axis magnetic sensor shown inFIG. 2 relative to geomagnetism. -
FIG. 18 is a graph showing the output characteristics of the Y-axis magnetic sensor shown inFIG. 2 relative to geomagnetism. -
FIG. 19 is a vector diagram showing the relation between geomagnetism and a leak magnetic field of permanent magnets applied to the magnetic sensor unit shown inFIG. 2 . - FIGS. 20 to 23 are flow charts illustrating routines to be executed by CPU shown in
FIG. 2 . -
FIG. 24 is a circuit diagram showing another example of the temperature sensor. -
FIG. 25 is a graph showing the temperature characteristics of the circuit shown inFIG. 24 . - A portable electronic apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, by using a portable phone as an example of the portable electronic apparatus. As shown in the schematic plan view of
FIG. 1 , theportable phone 10 has acasing 11, anantenna unit 12, aspeaker unit 13, a liquidcrystal display unit 14, an operation unit (operation signal input unit) 15 and amicrophone unit 16. Thecasing 11 is generally rectangular having sides extending along orthogonal X- and Y-axes as viewed in plan inFIG. 1 . Theantenna unit 12 is disposed at the upper right or left side of thecasing 11. Thespeaker unit 13 is disposed at the uppermost front side of thecasing 11. The liquidcrystal display unit 14 is disposed at the front side of thecasing 11 under thespeaker unit 13. The liquidcrystal display unit 14 is used for displaying characters and graphic. Theoperation unit 15 is disposed at the front side of thecasing 11 under the liquidcrystal display unit 14. Theoperation unit 15 is used for entering a telephone number and other command signals. Themicrophone unit 16 is disposed at the lowermost front side of thecasing 11. Some or all of theantenna unit 12,speaker unit 13, liquidcrystal display unit 14,operation unit 15 andmicrophone unit 16 constitute a communication device including permanent magnets. -
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the outline of electronic circuits of theportable phone 10. Theportable phone 10 has aCPU 21, aROM 22, aRAM 23 and anonvolatile RAM 24 interconnected by a bus.CPU 21 executes various programs stored inROM 22.RAM 23 temporarily stores data and the like necessary forCPU 21 to execute programs. Data is written in thenonvolatile RAM 24 in response to an instruction fromCPU 21 while the main power source of theportable phone 10 is turned on, and this written data is stored and retained even during the turn-off period of the main power source. In response to a request fromCPU 21 during the turn-on period of the main power source, the retained data is supplied toCPU 21. Thenonvolatile RAM 24 may be replaced by an EEPROM. - The
antenna unit 12 has atransceiver antenna 12 a, atransceiver circuit 12 b connected to theantenna 12 a, and amodem circuit 12 c connected to thetransceiver circuit 12 b. Themodem circuit 12 c demodulates a signal received by thetransceiver circuit 12 b, and modulates a signal to be transmitted and supplies it to thetransceiver circuit 12 b. Thespeaker unit 13 has aspeaker 13 a including a permanent magnet and asound generator circuit 13 b connected to thespeaker 13 a for generating a signal which is supplied to thespeaker 13 a to reproduce a corresponding sound. The liquidcrystal display unit 14 has a liquidcrystal display panel 14 a and adisplay circuit 14 b connected to the liquidcrystal display panel 14 a. The liquidcrystal display panel 14 a is disposed at the front side of thecasing 11 of theportable phone 10. Thedisplay circuit 14 b generates a signal which is supplied to the liquidcrystal display panel 14 a to display corresponding data. Theoperation unit 15 has a plurality ofpush buttons 15 a and adetector circuit 15 b connected to thepush buttons 15 a for detecting an on/off state of eachpush button 15 a. Themicrophone unit 16 has amicrophone 16 a and anamplifier circuit 16 b connected to themicrophone 16 a for amplifying a sound signal input from themicrophone 16 a. Of these units, themodem circuit 12 c,sound generator circuit 13 b,display circuit 14 b,detector circuit 15 b andamplifier circuit 16 b are connected via the bus toCPU 21 and controlled byCPU 21. - The
portable phone 10 has also amagnetic sensor unit 30 for outputting a signal corresponding to the direction and amplitude of an external magnetic field. Themagnetic sensor unit 30 has an X-axismagnetic sensor 31, a Y-axismagnetic sensor 32, atemperature sensor 33, and a control circuit (digital signal processor) 34. As shown inFIG. 3 which is a schematic plan view of themagnetic sensor unit 30, these X-axismagnetic sensor 31, Y-axismagnetic sensor 32,temperature sensor 33 andcontrol circuit 34 as well as a plurality ofpads 35 are formed on a single chip of generally a square shape. Themagnetic sensor unit 30 is held in theportable phone 10 generally in parallel to the plane (front side of the casing) of the liquidcrystal display panel 14 a as indicated by broken lines inFIG. 1 . - Reverting to
FIG. 2 , thecontrol circuit 34 has an A/D converter (ADC) 34 a and a d.c.constant voltage circuit 34 b. Thecontrol circuit 34 has a function of processing the signals output from the X-axismagnetic sensor 31, Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 andtemperature sensor 33 and outputting digital signals. - The A/
D converter 34 a is connected via the bus toCPU 21. The A/D converter 34 a A/D converts the signals output from the X-axismagnetic sensor 31, Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 andtemperature sensor 33 connected to the A/D converter 34 a and supplies A/D converted digital data toCPU 21. The d.c.constant voltage circuit 34 b supplies a constant voltage to the X-axismagnetic sensor 31, Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 andtemperature sensor 33 connected to the d.c.constant voltage circuit 34 b. -
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relation between the X-axis components of an external magnetic field H and an output Sx of the X-axis magnetic sensor, andFIG. 5 is a graph showing the relation between the Y-axis components of the external magnetic field H and an output Sy of the Y-axis magnetic sensor. The X-axismagnetic sensor 31 in the state mounted on theportable phone 10 outputs a signal value proportional to the X-axis components of the external magnetic field. Similarly, the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 in the state mounted on theportable phone 10 outputs a signal value proportional to the Y-axis components of the external magnetic field. The X-axismagnetic sensor 31 and Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 have the same structure that a signal value proportional to the amplitude of a magnetic field along each predetermined direction is output, and are disposed on the single chip of themagnetic sensor unit 30 in such a manner that the predetermined directions (magnetic field detection directions) are perpendicular. Themagnetic sensor unit 30 is mounted on theportable phone 10 in such a manner that the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 and Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 output signal values proportional to the magnetic field amplitudes along the directions in parallel to the X— and Y-axes of thecasing 11 of theportable phone 10. -
FIG. 6 is an equivalent circuit of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31. The structure of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 will be described in detail. The structure of the Y-axis sensor 32 is similar to that of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31. The X-axismagnetic sensor 31 has first to fourth magnetic tunnelingeffect element groups - Each of the first to fourth magnetic tunneling
effect element groups effect element group 31 a will be described as a representative example of these elements. -
FIG. 7 is an enlarged plan view of the first magnetic tunnelingeffect element group 31 a. The first magnetictunneling effect group 31 a is constituted of a plurality of serially connected magnetic tunneling effect elements (in this example, twenty elements). -
FIG. 8 is a partial cross sectional view of the first magnetic tunnelingeffect element group 31 a taken along line 1-1 shown inFIG. 7 . The magnetic element tunneling effect group has a plurality oflower electrodes 31 a 1 of a rectangular shape formed on asubstrate 30 a. Thelower electrodes 31 a 1 are disposed laterally (along the X-axis direction) in rows at a predetermined interval. Thelower electrode 31 a 1 is made of conductive nonmagnetic metal material of Cr (or Ta, Ti) and has a film thickness of about 30 nm. On eachlower electrode 31 a 1, anantiferromagnetic film 31 a 2 having the same plan shape as thelower electrode 31 a 1 is stacked. Theantiferromagnetic film 31 a 2 is made of PtMn and has a film thickness of about 30 nm. - On each
antiferromagnetic film 31 a 2, a pair offerromagnetic films 31 a 3 made of NiFe and having a film thickness of about 10 nm is stacked with some gap between thefilms 31 a 3. Theferromagnetic film 31 a 3 has a rectangular shape as viewed in plan and their longer sides are disposed in parallel. -
FIG. 9 is a partial plan view of the first magnetic tunnelingeffect element group 31 a shown inFIG. 7 . Theferromagnetic film 31 a 3 constitutes a pinned layer whose magnetization direction is pinned along an arrow direction (a positive X-axis direction, i.e., a short side direction) by theantiferromagnetic film 31 a 2. - Reverting to
FIG. 8 , on eachferromagnetic film 31 a 3, an insulatinglayer 31 a 4 having the same plan shape as that of theferromagnetic film 31 a 3 is stacked. This insulatinglayer 31 a 4 is made of insulating material of Al2O3(Al—O) and has a film thickness of 1 nm. - On the insulating
layer 31 a 4, aferromagnetic film 31 a 5 having the same plan shape as that of the insulatinglayer 31 a 4 is stacked. Theferromagnetic film 31 a 5 is made of NiFe and has a film thickness of about 40 nm. Thisferromagnetic film 31 a 5 constitutes a free layer (free magnetization layer) whose magnetization direction changes so as to approximately coincide with the direction of an external magnetic field. Theferromagnetic film 31 a 5, insulatingfilm 31 a 4 andferromagnetic film 31 a 3 or pinned layer constitute a magnetic tunneling junction structure. One magnetic tunneling effect element (excepting electrodes) is constituted of theantiferromagnetic film 31 a 2,ferromagnetic film 31 a 3, insulatinglayer 31 a 4 andferromagnetic film 31 a 5. - On each
ferromagnetic film 31 a 5, adummy film 31 a 6 having the same plan shape as that of theferromagnetic film 31 a 5 is stacked. Thisdummy film 31 a 6 is made of conductive nonmagnetic metal material of Ta and has a film thickness of about 40 nm. - An interlayer insulating
layer 31 a 7 is formed covering thesubstrate 30 a,lower electrodes 31 a 1,antiferromagnetic films 31 a 2,ferromagnetic films 31 a 3, insulatinglayers 31 a 4,ferromagnetic films 31 a 5 anddummy films 31 a 6. Thisinterlayer insulating layer 31 a 7 electrically insulates a plurality oflower electrodes 31 a 1 andantiferromagnetic films 31 a 2, and also electrically insulates pairs offerromagnetic films 31 a 3, insulatinglayers 31 a 4,ferromagnetic films 31 a 5 anddummy films 31 a 6, respectively formed on theantiferromagnetic films 31 a 2. The interlayer insulatinglayer 31 a 7 is made of SiO2 and has a film thickness of about 250 nm. - Contact holes CH reaching the
dummy films 31 a 6 are formed through the interlayer insulatinglayer 31 a 7. On thisinterlayer insulating layer 31 a 7,upper electrodes 31 a 8 are formed burying the contact holes CH and electrically connecting ones of thedummy films 31 a 6 formed above differentlower electrodes 31 a 1 andantiferromagnetic films 31 a 2. For example, theupper electrode 31 a 8 is made of Al and has a film thickness of 300 nm. Adjacent pairs offerromagnetic films 31 a 5 (anddummy films 31 a 6) andantiferromagnetic films 31 a 2 are, therefore, alternately and sequentially connected electrically by thelower electrodes 31 a 1 andantiferromagnetic films 31 a 2, andupper electrodes 31 a 8. In this manner, the magnetic tunnelingeffect element group 31 a can be formed which has twenty serially connected magnetic tunneling junction structures having the pinned layers with the same magnetization direction. Although not shown, a passivation film of SiO and SiN is formed covering theupper electrodes 31 a 8. -
FIG. 10 is a graph showing the relation between an external magnetic field H and a resistance R1 of the first magnetic tunnelingeffect element group 31 a formed as described above. The resistance R1 changes in proportion to the external magnetic field H in the range where the absolute value of the external magnetic field H is small (i.e., in the range of saturated magnetic fields −Hc to +Hc), the external magnetic field changing its amplitude along the magnetization direction of the pinned layer. Namely, the resistance R1 is given by the following equation (1):
R 1=−(ΔR/Hc)·H+R 0 (1) - As shown in
FIG. 6 , the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 has four magnetic tunneling effect element groups. The magnetization direction of the pinned layers of the magnetic tunnelingeffect element groups 31 a to 31 d are shown inFIG. 6 by arrows. The magnetization direction of the pinned layers of the first and fourth magnetic tunnelingeffect element groups effect element groups effect element groups effect element groups
R 2=(ΔR/Hc)·H+R 0 (2) - In the X-axis
magnetic sensor 31, one end of the first magnetic tunnelingeffect element group 31 a is connected to one end of the second magnetic tunnelingeffect element group 31 b, and the other ends of the first and second magnetic tunnelingeffect element groups constant voltage circuit 34 b. Similarly, one end of the third magnetic tunnelingeffect element group 31 c is connected to one end of the fourth magnetic tunnelingeffect element group 31 d, and the other ends of the third and fourth magnetic tunnelingeffect element groups constant voltage circuit 34 b. A difference between a potential at the connection point between the first and second magnetic tunnelingeffect element groups effect element groups D converter 34 a as an output Vout of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31. - The X-axis
magnetic sensor 31 constructed as above detects the X-axis components Hx of the external magnetic field H in the X-axis direction, and outputs a signal Vout (=Sx) given by the following equation (3):
Sx=Vin·(ΔR/R 0)·(Hx/Hc) (3)
where Vin is a voltage of the d.c.constant voltage circuit 34 b. - As shown in
FIG. 11 , the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 having the same structure as that of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 is disposed perpendicular to theX-axis sensor 31. The Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 detects the Y-axis components Hy of the external magnetic field H in the Y-axis direction, and outputs a signal Vout (=Sy) given by the following equation (4):
Sy=Vin·(ΔR/R 0)·(Hy/Hc) (4) - The
temperature sensor 33 is made of a band gap reference circuit. This circuit is a well known bias circuit one example of which is shown inFIG. 12 . As shown, this circuit is constituted of a current source I without temperature dependency, four transistors Q1 to Q4 and three resistors R10 to R30. The connection of these components will be described. The current source I is connected between a voltage source Vcc and the collector of the transistor Q1. The emitter of the transistor Q1 is grounded, and the base thereof is connected to the connection point between one end of the resistor R10 and the collector of the transistor Q2. The emitter of the transistor Q2 is grounded via the resistor R20, and the base thereof is connected to the base and collector of the diode-connected transistor Q3. The emitter of the transistor Q3 is grounded, and the collector and base thereof are connected via the resistor R30 to the other end of the resistor R10 and the emitter of the transistor Q4. The base of the transistor Q4 is connected to the collector of the transistor Q1, and the collector thereof is connected to the voltage source Vcc. The voltage source Vcc is accommodated in thecontrol circuit 34. - In this circuit shown in
FIG. 12 , the emitter area ratio of the transistor Q3 to the transistor Q2 is set to a predetermined value N larger than “1”. An output voltage Vbg of the band gap reference circuit is given by the following equation (5):
Vbg=VBE Q3 +VT·In(N)·R 100/R 200 (5)
where VBEQ3 is a base-emitter voltage of the transistor Q3, VT is a thermal voltage, R100 is a resistance of the resistor R10, and R200 is a resistance of the resistor R20. - In the equation (5), it is known that VBEQ3 has a negative temperature coefficient (−2 mV/K) and VT has a positive temperature coefficient (0.085 mV/K). As apparent from the equation (5), by properly selecting the resistance values R100 and R200, the temperature dependency of the output signal Vbg can be eliminated. In this embodiment, therefore, the resistance values R100 and R200 are selected so that the temperature dependency of the output signal Vbg can be eliminated. The
temperature sensor 33 supplies a voltage (Vbg-VBEQ3) across the resistance R30 to the A/D converter 34 a. - Next, a direction measuring method by the
portable phone 10 constructed as described above will be described on the assumption that the external magnetic field H applied to themagnetic sensor unit 30 is only geomagnetism. A direction of theportable phone 10 is defined as the direction of a vector directing from a distal portion (e.g., microphone unit 16) to the proximal portion (e.g., speaker unit 13) of theportable phone 10, i.e., a vector directing along the positive Y-axis direction, under the condition that the front side of thecasing 11 of theportable phone 10 is generally horizontal and the front side is turned upside. In this specification, as shown inFIG. 13 the direction is defined on the assumption that the reference of the direction a is 0° (west), and takes 90°, 180°, and 270° as the direction a is rotated in the order from the north, east, to the south. -
FIG. 13 is a graph showing the relation between the direction a of theportable phone 10 and sensor output signals Sx and Sy of the X- and Y-axismagnetic sensors - Geomagnetism is a magnetic field directed from the south to north. If the front side of the
casing 11 of theportable phone 10 is generally horizontal and the front side is turned upside, the output signals of the X- and Y-axismagnetic sensors magnetic sensor unit 30 change cosinusoidally and sinusoidally relative to the direction a of theportable phone 10, as shown inFIG. 13 . The values of the sensor output signals Sx and Sy shown inFIG. 13 are normalized values. More specifically, the actual output signal Sx of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 is divided by a half of the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the output signal Sx which are obtained during the 360° rotation of theportable phone 10 under the condition that the front side of thecasing 11 of theportable phone 10 is generally horizontal and the front side is turned upside. The actual output signal Sx divided by a half of the difference is used as the normalized value of the output signal value Sx. Similarly, the actual output signal Sy of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 is divided by a half of the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the output signal Sy which are obtained during the 360° rotation of theportable phone 10 under the condition that the front side of thecasing 11 of theportable phone 10 is generally horizontal and the front side is turned upside. The actual output signal Sy divided by a half of the difference is used as the normalized value of the output signal value Sy. - As seen from the graph shown in
FIG. 13 , the direction a of theportable phone 10 can be obtained by taking the following four cases (1) to (4) into consideration: - (1) If Sx>0 and |Sx|>|Sy|, a=tan−1(Sy/Sx)
- (2) If Sx<0 and |Sx|>|Sy|, a=180°+tan−1(Sy/Sx)
- (3) If Sy>0 and |Sx|<|Sy|, a=90°−tan−1(Sx/Sy)
- (4) If Sy<0 and |Sx|<|Sy|, a=270°−tan−1(Sx/Sy)
- If the direction obtained in any one of the four cases (1) to (4) is negative, 360° is added to the direction a to use this result as the direction a. If the direction obtained is 360° or larger, 360° is subtracted from the direction a to use this result as the direction a.
- The
portable phone 10 has many permanent magnets of thespeaker 13 a and the like. The permanent magnet generates a leak magnetic field. FIGS. 14 to 16 are graphs showing the temperature characteristics of a leak magnetic field from permanent magnets in theportable phone 10. The strength of the leak magnetic field depends on the strength of the permanent magnet at the temperature at the time of measuring, and the distance between the permanent magnet and a measuring point.FIGS. 14-16 are graphs showing the temperature dependent characteristics of leak magnetic fields of different permanent magnets on the condition that the distance between the permanent magnet and a measuring point is constant. In the graphs, the abscissa represents temperature, and the ordinate represents the strength of the leak magnetic field. Provided that the distance between the magnet and the measuring point is constant, the strength of the leak magnetic field has a relation with negative coefficient with respect to the temperature. Therefore, the leak magnetic field (external magnetic field other than geomagnetism) from these permanent magnets having an amplitude approximately proportional to the temperature of these permanent magnets and approximately the same direction is applied to themagnetic sensor unit 30 disposed at the predetermined position in theportable phone 10. - As shown in the graph of
FIG. 17 , an output of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 is shifted (parallel motion) by an offset amount OFx corresponding to the leak magnetic field. Similarly, as shown in the graph ofFIG. 18 , an output of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 is shifted by an offset amount OFy corresponding to the leak magnetic field. As described above, since the leak magnetic field changes in approximate proportion to the temperature of the permanent magnets, the offset amounts OFx and OFy also change in approximate proportion to the temperature of the permanent magnets. These offset amounts OFx and OFy can be regarded as the influence amounts by the permanent magnets upon the outputs of themagnetic sensor unit 30. -
FIG. 19 is a vector diagram showing geomagnetism and leak magnetic field from the permanent magnets applied to themagnetic sensor unit 30 by using themagnetic sensor unit 30 as a reference. - First, the geomagnetism THO and leak magnetic field LH from the permanent magnets applied to the
magnetic sensor unit 30 are drawn in this diagram in the state that the front side of theportable phone 10 is turned upside and the direction of theportable phone 10 is set to a predetermined (desired) direction. Next, the geomagnetism TH180 and leak magnetic field LH from the permanent magnets applied to themagnetic sensor unit 30 are drawn when the direction of theportable phone 10 is rotated by 180°. As seen fromFIG. 19 , the leak magnetic field LH from the permanent magnets having the same direction and amplitude is always applied to themagnetic sensor unit 30 irrespective of the direction of theportable phone 10. In contrast, the geomagnetism having the same amplitude and opposite direction is applied to themagnetic sensor unit 30 when theportable phone 10 is rotated by 180°. The offset amount OFx of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 can be given by the following equation (6):
OFx=(S 1 x+S 2 x)/2 (6)
where S1 x is an output of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 when the direction of theportable phone 10 is set to an optional direction θ, and S2 x is an output of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 when the direction of theportable phone 10 is rotated by 180° (i.e., at a direction θ+180°). - Similarly, the offset amount OFy of the Y-axis
magnetic sensor 32 can be given by the following equation (7):
OFy=(S 1 y+S 2 y)/2 (7)
where S1 y is an output of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 when the direction of theportable phone 10 is set to the optional direction θ, and S2 y is an output of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 when the direction of theportable phone 10 is rotated by 180° (i.e., at the direction θ+180°). - These offset amounts OFx and OFy are proportional to the temperature of the permanent magnets. The offset amount OFx of the X-axis
magnetic sensor 31 at a temperature T is given by the following equation (8):
OFx=(OF 2 x—OF 1 x)·(T−T 1)/(T 2−T 1)+OF 1 x (8)
where OF1 x is the offset amount of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 at a temperature T1 and OF2 x is the offset amount of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 at a temperature T2 different from T1. - Similarly, the offset amount OFy of the Y-axis
magnetic sensor 32 at the temperature T is given by the following equation (9):
OFy=(OF 2 y—OF 1 y)·(T−T 1)/(T 2−T 1)+OF 1 y (9)
where OF1 y is the offset amount of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 at the temperature T1 and OF2 y is the offset amount of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 at the temperature T2. - In this embodiment, after the offset amounts OFx and OFy are calculated, the offset amounts OFx and OFy are subtracted from the actual sensor outputs Sx and Sy to obtain the corrected sensor outputs Sx and Sy. The direction a is determined in accordance with the corrected sensor outputs Sx and Sy and each of the direction calculation methods classified into the four cases (1) to (4). In this manner, the direction a can be determined at a high precision without the influence of the leak magnetic field of the permanent magnets. The principle of the direction determining method by the
portable phone 10 has been described above. - Next, the operation of the direction determining method by
CPU 21 of theportable phone 10 in accordance with the above-described principle will be described with reference to FIGS. 20 to 23. FIGS. 20 to 23 are flow charts illustrating the programs (routines) to be executed byCPU 21 each time a predetermined time lapses. - When a user purchased the
portable phone 10 uses it at the first time and turns the power on,CPU 21 starts at a predetermined timing an initializing prompt display routine (accomplishing the function of an initialization prompting device) shown inFIG. 20 atStep 1700. Next, atStep 1705 it is checked whether a first initialization flag F1 is “0”. The value of the first initialization flag F1 was set to “0” by an initialization routine which was performed immediately after the manufacture of theportable phone 10. Therefore,CPU 21 judges “Yes” atStep 1705 to advance to Step 1710 whereat a message (initializing prompt message) for prompting the user of theportable phone 10 to perform an initialization operation is displayed on the liquidcrystal display panel 14 a. Thereafter, atStep 1795 this routine is once terminated. The initialization prompt message includes a message of prompting the user to depress a specific offset data acquisition button among the plurality ofpush buttons 15 a to change the state of the button to an “on” state. -
CPU 21 starts at a predetermined timing an offset data acquisition routine shown inFIG. 21 atStep 1800. Then, atStep 1805 it is checked whether the state of the offset data acquisition button changes from an “off” state to an “on” state. If not, it is judged as “No” atStep 1805 to advance toStep 1895 and repeat the above process. - When the user responds to the initialization prompt message displayed on the liquid
crystal display panel 14 a and the state of the offset data acquisition button is changed from the “off” state to the “on” state,CPU 21 judges as “Yes” atStep 1805 to advance toStep 1810. AtStep 1810 an explanation for a “first operation method” is displayed on the liquidcrystal display panel 14 a. The explanation for the first operation method includes a message of prompting the user to place theportable phone 10 on a desk by turning the front side of thecasing 11 upside (i.e., by setting the front side approximately horizontal) and depress a specific offset button among the plurality ofpush buttons 15 a to thereby change the state of the button to the “on” state. Next, atStep 1815CPU 21 monitors whether the state of the offset button changes from the “off” state to the “on” state. - When the user responds to the explanation for the first operation method and changes the state of the offset button from the “off” state to the “on” state,
CPU 21 judges as “Yes” atStep 1815 to advance toStep 1820. AtStep 1820 it is checked whether the absolute value of the output Sx of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 is larger than the measurable maximum value Smax or whether the absolute value of the output Sy of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 is larger than the measurable maximum value Smax. If the absolute value of the output Sx of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 is larger than the measurable maximum value Smax or if the absolute value of the output Sy of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 is larger than the measurable maximum value Smax,CPU 21 judges as “Yes” atStep 1820 to advance toStep 1825. AtStep 1825 an alarm message to the effect that the initialization failed is displayed on the liquidcrystal display panel 14 a to advance toStep 1895 and this routine is once terminated. - If at
Step 1820 the absolute value of the output Sx of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 is equal to or smaller than the measurable maximum value Smax and if the absolute value of the output Sy of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 is equal to or smaller than the measurable maximum value Smax,CPU 21 judges as “No” atStep 1820 to advance toStep 1830. AtStep 1830 the output Sx of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 is stored as a first X-axis sensor output S1 x and the output Sy of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 is stored as a first Y-axis sensor output S1 y. - At
Step 1835,CPU 21 displays an explanation for a “second operation method” on the liquidcrystal display panel 14 a. The explanation for the second operation method includes a message of prompting the user to depress the offset button again after theportable phone 10 is rotated by 180° on the desk with the front side thereof being turned upside and change the state of the button to the “on” state. AtStep 1840CPU 21 monitors again whether the state of the offset button changes from the “off” state to the “on” state. - When the user responds to the explanation for the second operation method and changes the state of the offset button from the “off” sate to the “on” state after rotating the
portable phone 10 by 180°,CPU 21 judges as “Yes” atStep 1840 to advance toStep 1845. AtStep 1845 it is checked whether the absolute value of the output Sx of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 is larger than the measurable maximum value Smax or whether the absolute value of the output Sy of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 is larger than the measurable maximum value Smax. If the absolute value of the output Sx of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 is larger than the measurable maximum value Smax or if the absolute value of the output Sy of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 is larger than the measurable maximum value Smax,CPU 21 judges as “Yes” atStep 1845 to advance toStep 1825. AtStep 1825 an alarm message to the effect that the initialization failed is displayed to advance toStep 1895 and this routine is once terminated. - If at
Step 1845 the absolute value of the output Sx of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 is equal to or smaller than the measurable maximum value Smax and if the absolute value of the output Sy of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 is equal to or smaller than the measurable maximum value Smax,CPU 21 judges as “No” atStep 1845 to advance toStep 1850. AtStep 1850 the output Sx of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 is stored as a second X-axis sensor output S2 x and the output Sy of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 is stored as a second Y-axis sensor output S2 y. - Next, at
Step 1855CPU 21 checks whether the value of the first initialization flag F1 is “0”. In this case, since the value of the first initialization flag F1 remains “0”,CPU 21 judges as “Yes” atStep 1855 to advance toStep 1860. AtStep 1860 the first X-axis offset amount OF1 x of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 and the first Y-axis offset amount OF1 y of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 are calculated. More specifically, a sum of the first X-axis sensor output S1 x and second X-axis sensor output S2 x is divided by 2 (i.e., an average value is calculated) and the obtained value is used as the first X-axis offset amount OF1 x. A sum of the first Y-axis sensor output Sly and second Y-axis sensor output S2 y is divided by 2 and the obtained value is used as the first Y-axis offset amount OF1 y. The first X-axis offset amount OF1× and first Y-axis offset amount OF1 y are stored in thenonvolatile RAM 24. - At
Step 1865CPU 21 reads the temperature Temp of thetemperature sensor 33 and stores it in thenonvolatile RAM 24 as the first temperature T1. AtStep 1870 the value of the first initialization flag F1 is set to “1” to advance to Step 1895 whereat this routine is once terminated. - In this state, as
CPU 21 starts the initializing prompt display routine shown inFIG. 20 atStep 1700 and advances to Step 1705, since the value of the first initialization flag F1 was set to “1”,CPU 21 judges as “No” to advance to Step 1715 whereat it is checked whether the value of a second initialization flag F2 is “0”. The value of the second initialization flag F2 was also set to “0” by the initialization routine described earlier. Therefore,CPU 21 judges as “Yes” atStep 1715 to advance to Step 1720 whereat the temperature Temp of thetemperature sensor 33 is read and stored as a present temperature Tc. It is checked atStep 1725 whether the absolute value of a difference between the first temperature T1 and the present temperature Tc is larger than a predetermined temperature (threshold temperature) Tth. It is necessary to measure the temperature and geomagnetism at two temperatures having some difference in order to ensure the measurement precision of the temperature and geomagnetism amplitude with the temperature sensor and magnetic sensors. If a temperature difference is too small, it is difficult to obtain a correct temperature coefficient and make a proper correction. However, the smaller the threshold temperature Tth (≧0° C.) is, the direction measurement becomes more precise. In addition, a smaller threshold temperature Tth is preferable in the case that the sensors and external magnetic field change abruptly with the temperature. From these reasons, it is preferable that the threshold temperature Tth is selected from the range of 5-25° C. The threshold temperature Tth is preferably set by considering the above-described conditions. For example, Tth is 10° C. - Since the present time is immediately after the first temperature T1 was acquired, the absolute value of a difference between the first temperature T1 and present temperature Tc is smaller than the threshold temperature Tth. Therefore,
CPU 21 judges as “No” atStep 1725 to advance to Step 1795 whereat this routine is once terminated. - These processes are repeated until the absolute value of a difference between the first temperature T1 and present temperature Tc becomes larger than the threshold temperature Tth. The initialization prompt message will not be displayed again until such time.
-
CPU 21 starts at a predetermined timing an offset determining routine shown inFIG. 22 atStep 1900. It is checked atStep 1905 whether the value of the second initialization flag F2 is “0”. In this case, since the value of the second initialization flag F2 is maintained “0”,CPU 21 judges as “Yes” atStep 1905 to advance toStep 1910. AtStep 1910 the first X-axis offset amount OF1 x and first Y-axis offset amount OF1 y calculated already are set as the offset amount OFx of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 and the offset amount OFy of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32. Thereafter, this routine is once terminated atStep 1995. -
CPU 21 starts a direction calculating routine (constituting a direction determining device) shown inFIG. 23 atStep 2000. AtStep 2005, the output Sx of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 subtracted by the offset amount OFx of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 is set as the corrected output Sx of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31, and the output Sy of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 subtracted by the offset amount OFy of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 is set as the corrected output Sy of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32.CPU 21 judges atStep 2010 which one of the cases (1) to (4) is to be adopted. In accordance with the judgement result, the flow advances one of Steps 2015 to 2030 whereat the direction a is calculated by using the equation shown in each Step. - Next,
CPU 21 determines the final direction in the following manner. Namely, if the calculated direction a is negative atStep 2035, the direction a added with 360° is used as the final direction a atStep 2040, whereas if the calculated direction a is equal to or larger than 360° atSteps Step 2050. Thereafter, this routine is once terminated atStep 2095. Next, the description will be given for the case that the temperature of the permanent magnets in theportable phone 10 rises and the absolute value of a difference between the first temperature T1 and present temperature Tc becomes larger than the threshold value Tth (takes the second temperature T2). In this case, atStep 1725 afterSteps liquid crystal panel 14 a. - When the user responds to this and depresses the offset data acquisition button to change the state to the “on” state,
CPU 21 judges as “Yes” atStep 1805 shown inFIG. 21 to advance toStep 1810 and following Steps. AtStep 1830 the output Sx of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 and the output Sy of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 in the state that the direction of theportable phone 10 takes an arbitrary direction θ are stored as the first X-axis sensor output S1 x and first Y-axis sensor output Sly, respectively. AtStep 1850 the output Sx of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 and the output Sy of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 in the state that the direction of theportable phone 10 takes a direction θ+180° are stored as the second X-axis sensor output S2 x and second Y-axis sensor output S2 y, to thereafter advance toStep 1855. Since the value of the first initialization flag F1 was set to “1” atStep 1870,CPU 21 judges as “No” atStep 1855 to advance toStep 1875. AtStep 1875 the second X-axis offset amount OF2 x of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 and the second Y-axis offset amount OF2 y of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 are calculated. Specifically, an average value of the first X-axis sensor output S1 x and the second X-axis sensor output S2 x is used as the second X-axis offset amount OF2 x, and an average value of the first Y-axis sensor output Sly and the second Y-axis sensor output S2 y is used as the second Y-axis offset amount OF2 y. The second X-axis offset amount OF2 x and second Y-axis offset amount OF2 y are stored in thenonvolatile RAM 24. - Next, at
Step 1880CPU 21 reads the temperature Temp of thetemperature sensor 33 and stores it in thenonvolatile RAM 24 as the second temperature T2. After the value of the second initialization flag F2 is set to “1” atStep 1885, this routine is once terminated atStep 1895. - In this state, as
CPU 21 starts the initializing prompt display routine shown inFIG. 20 atStep 1700, since the values of the first and second initialization flags F1 and F2 were both set to “1”,CPU 21 judges as “No” at bothSteps - In this state, as the offset determining routine shown in
FIG. 22 starts, since the value of the second initialization flag F2 was changed to “1”,CPU 21 judges as “No” atStep 1905 to advance to Step 1915 whereat the temperature Temp of thetemperature sensor 33 is read and stored as the present temperature Tc. - Next, at
Step 1920CPU 21 linearly interpolates relative to the temperature the first X-axis offset amount OF1 x at the first temperature T1 and the second X-axis offset amount OF2 x at the second temperature T2 in accordance with the above-described equation (8) to thereby obtain the X-axis offset amount OFx at the present temperature Tc. Similarly, atStep 1925CPU 21 linearly interpolates relative to the temperature the first Y-axis offset amount OF1 y at the first temperature T1 and the second Y-axis offset amount OF2 y at the second temperature T2 in accordance with the above-described equation (9) to thereby obtain the Y-axis offset amount OFy at the present temperature Tc. This routine is once terminated atStep 1995. In the above manner, the offset values OFx and OFy represent the influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets upon the magnetic sensor outputs estimated from the temperature of the permanent magnets. - In the following processes,
CPU 21 executes the direction calculating routine shown inFIG. 23 so that atStep 2005 the output Sx of the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 is corrected by the offset amount OFx and the output Sy of the Y-axismagnetic sensor 32 is corrected by the offset amount OFy.Step 2005 constitutes a portion of correcting device. AtStep 2010 and following Steps, the direction a is calculated (measured and determined) from the outputs Sx and Sy of the X- and Y-axismagnetic sensors - As described above, in the
portable phone 10 according to the embodiment of the invention, the influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets used as the components of theportable phone 10 upon the magnetic sensor outputs is estimated as the offset amounts OFx and OFy from the temperature of the permanent magnets. The magnetic sensor outputs are corrected by using the estimated offset amounts OFx and OFy. The direction is measured from the corrected magnetic sensor outputs so that the measurement precision of the direction can be improved considerably. Since a user is prompted to perform the initialization operations at proper timings (when the temperature takes the first temperature T1 and second temperature T2), the user is prevented from performing unnecessary initialization operations. The difference between the first temperature T1 and second temperature T2 is larger than the threshold temperature Tth. Therefore, the influence of an estimation error contained in the offset amount obtained at each temperature is hard to appear in the offset amount at the present temperature Tc obtained through linear interpolation or extrapolation or the like of the offset amounts. The measurement precision of a direction can be improved further. Themagnetic sensor unit 30 has the X- and Y-axismagnetic sensors temperature sensor 33 andcontrol circuit 34 formed on a single substrate. Thismagnetic sensor unit 30 is therefore compact and inexpensive and suitable for portable electronic apparatuses having permanent magnets such as portable phones. - The invention is not limited only to the above embodiment, but various modifications are possible without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, in the above embodiment, although the X- and Y-axis
magnetic sensors crystal display panel 14 a and selecting each menu by a specific operator of theoperation unit 15. In addition to the X-axismagnetic sensor 31 and Y-axismagnetic sensor 32, a Z-axis magnetic sensor may be used which detects the magnetic field along the Z-axis perpendicular to the X- and Y-axes. - The band gap reference circuit as the
temperature sensor 33 may have the structure shown inFIG. 24 . A difference ΔVbe of the base-emitter voltages Vbe of transistors Tr1 and Tr2 is given by the following equation (10) and the output Vbg is given by the following equation (11) using Vbe and VT multiplied by a constant K1. The constant K1 is given by the following equation (12).
ΔVbe=V T ·In{(Ic 1/Ic 2)·(A 2/A 1)} (10)
Vbg=Vbe(Q 1)+K 1·V T (11)
K 1=(R 3/R 2)·In{(Ic 1/Ic 2)·(A 2/A 1)} (12)
where VT=KT/q, A1 and A2 are emitter areas of the transistors Tr1 and Tr2, and Vbe(Q1) is a base-emitter voltage of the transistor Tr. - The constant K1 is properly selected to eliminate the temperature dependency of Vbg. A voltage across a resistor R3 is supplied to an A/
D converter 34 a as an output of thetemperature sensor 33. -
FIG. 25 is a graph showing the temperature characteristics of the circuit shown inFIG. 24 . As will be understood fromFIG. 25 , the circuit arrangement shown inFIG. 24 can realize thetemperature sensor 33 having the temperature characteristics of 2 mV/° C. - The present invention has been described in connection with the preferred embodiment. The invention is not limited only to the above embodiment. It is apparent that various modifications, improvements, combinations, and the like can be made by those skilled in the art.
Claims (11)
1. A magnetic sensor comprising:
a substrate;
a magnetic sensor element formed on said substrate for outputting a signal corresponding to the direction and amplitude of an external magnetic field; and
a temperature sensor formed on said substrate for sensing a temperature.
2. A magnetic sensor according to claim 1 , wherein:
the magnetic sensor includes a plurality of magnetic sensor elements;
said magnetic sensor element is a magnetoresistive effect element having a pinned layer with a fixed magnetization direction and a free layer whose magnetization direction changes with the external magnetic field, and said magnetic sensor element changes its resistance value in accordance with an angle between the magnetization direction of the pinned layer and the magnetization direction of the free layer; and
the magnetization directions of the pinned layers of at least two elements among the plurality magnetoresistive effect elements are crossed.
3. A magnetic sensor according to claim 1 , further comprising a digital signal processing circuit formed on said substrate.
4. A magnetic sensor according to claim 2 , wherein the magnetoresistive effect element comprises:
a lower electrode formed on said substrate;
an antiferromagnetic film formed on the lower electrode;
a first ferromagnetic film formed on the antiferromagnetic film;
an insulating film formed on the first ferromagnetic film; and
a second ferromagnetic film formed on the insulating film.
5. A magnetic sensor according to claim 4 , wherein the lower electrode is made of conductive nonmagnetic metal material.
6. A magnetic sensor according to claim 4 , wherein the antiferromagnetic film is made of PtMn.
7. A magnetic sensor according to claim 4 , wherein the insulating film is made of Al2O3 or AlO.
8. A magnetic sensor according to claim 4 , wherein the ferromagnetic film is made of NiFe.
9. A magnetic sensor according to claim 4 , wherein the first ferromagnetic film is the pinned layer and the second ferromagnetic film is the free layer.
10. A direction measuring method comprising steps of:
preparing a portable electronic apparatus comprising a casing having a first plane, a communication device accommodated in the casing and having permanent magnets, magnetic sensors accommodated in the casing and outputting signals corresponding to an external magnetic field, and an input device formed on the first plane for inputting an operation signal;
measuring signals output from the magnetic sensors as first values when the operation signal is input, in a state that the first plane of the portable electronic apparatus is turned upside;
measuring signals output from the magnetic sensors as second values when the operation signal is input, in a state that the first plane of the portable electronic apparatus is turned upside and the portable electronic apparatus is rotated by 180° after the first values are measured;
estimating an influence of a magnetic field by the permanent magnets upon the signals output from the magnetic sensors in accordance with the first and second values;
correcting the signals output from the magnetic sensors in accordance with the estimated influence; and
determining a direction in accordance with the corrected signals of the magnetic sensors.
11. A direction measuring method according to claim 10 , wherein the influence of the magnetic field of the permanent magnets upon the signals of the magnetic sensors is estimated considering also a temperature of the permanent magnets.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/019,236 US20050101344A1 (en) | 2001-07-10 | 2004-12-23 | Portable electronic apparatus with azimuth measuring function, magnetic sensor suitable for the apparatus, and azimuth measuring method for the apparatus |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2001210053 | 2001-07-10 | ||
JP2001-210053 | 2001-07-10 | ||
JP2002115250A JP4244561B2 (en) | 2001-07-10 | 2002-04-17 | Portable electronic device with orientation measurement function |
JP2002-115250 | 2002-04-17 | ||
US10/190,525 US7197343B2 (en) | 2001-07-10 | 2002-07-09 | Portable electronic apparatus with azimuth measuring function, magnetic sensor suitable for the apparatus, and azimuth measuring method for the apparatus |
US11/019,236 US20050101344A1 (en) | 2001-07-10 | 2004-12-23 | Portable electronic apparatus with azimuth measuring function, magnetic sensor suitable for the apparatus, and azimuth measuring method for the apparatus |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/190,525 Division US7197343B2 (en) | 2001-07-10 | 2002-07-09 | Portable electronic apparatus with azimuth measuring function, magnetic sensor suitable for the apparatus, and azimuth measuring method for the apparatus |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20050101344A1 true US20050101344A1 (en) | 2005-05-12 |
Family
ID=26618482
Family Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/190,525 Expired - Fee Related US7197343B2 (en) | 2001-07-10 | 2002-07-09 | Portable electronic apparatus with azimuth measuring function, magnetic sensor suitable for the apparatus, and azimuth measuring method for the apparatus |
US11/019,236 Abandoned US20050101344A1 (en) | 2001-07-10 | 2004-12-23 | Portable electronic apparatus with azimuth measuring function, magnetic sensor suitable for the apparatus, and azimuth measuring method for the apparatus |
US11/649,778 Abandoned US20070111765A1 (en) | 2001-07-10 | 2007-01-05 | Portable electronic apparatus with azimuth measuring function, magnetic sensor suitable for the apparatus, and azimuth measuring method for the apparatus |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/190,525 Expired - Fee Related US7197343B2 (en) | 2001-07-10 | 2002-07-09 | Portable electronic apparatus with azimuth measuring function, magnetic sensor suitable for the apparatus, and azimuth measuring method for the apparatus |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/649,778 Abandoned US20070111765A1 (en) | 2001-07-10 | 2007-01-05 | Portable electronic apparatus with azimuth measuring function, magnetic sensor suitable for the apparatus, and azimuth measuring method for the apparatus |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US7197343B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1275933A3 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4244561B2 (en) |
KR (2) | KR100683539B1 (en) |
CN (2) | CN1396436B (en) |
TW (1) | TWI283081B (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20090153260A1 (en) * | 2007-12-12 | 2009-06-18 | Ahmadreza Rofougaran | Method and system for a configurable transformer integrated on chip |
Families Citing this family (36)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP4244561B2 (en) * | 2001-07-10 | 2009-03-25 | ヤマハ株式会社 | Portable electronic device with orientation measurement function |
US7397346B2 (en) * | 2003-07-10 | 2008-07-08 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. | Daily task and memory assistance using a mobile device |
US20050014526A1 (en) * | 2003-07-15 | 2005-01-20 | Long-Jyh Pan | Method for identifying a detachable cover of a portable communications device |
JP3781422B2 (en) * | 2003-08-19 | 2006-05-31 | 株式会社ミネルバ | Magnetic sensor |
JP4176040B2 (en) * | 2004-03-31 | 2008-11-05 | 京セラ株式会社 | Error correction method for portable communication terminal and its geomagnetic sensor |
JP4434818B2 (en) * | 2004-03-31 | 2010-03-17 | 京セラ株式会社 | Error correction method for portable communication terminal and its geomagnetic sensor |
JP4093981B2 (en) * | 2004-03-31 | 2008-06-04 | 京セラ株式会社 | Mobile communication terminal, information display method thereof, and error correction method of geomagnetic sensor |
EP1605232A3 (en) * | 2004-06-11 | 2010-12-29 | Yamaha Corporation | Method and apparatus for measuring magnetic offset of geomagnetic sensor and portable electronic apparatus |
JP4023476B2 (en) * | 2004-07-14 | 2007-12-19 | 日立金属株式会社 | A compass with a spin-valve giant magnetoresistive element |
US8065083B2 (en) * | 2004-07-23 | 2011-11-22 | Yamaha Corporation | Azimuth processing device, azimuth processing method, azimuth processing program, direction finding device, tilt offset correcting method, azimuth measuring method, compass sensor unit, and portable electronic device |
WO2006011276A1 (en) * | 2004-07-23 | 2006-02-02 | Yamaha Corporation | Direction processing device, direction processing method, direction processing program, direction measuring device, and geographic information display |
WO2006011238A1 (en) * | 2004-07-29 | 2006-02-02 | Yamaha Corporation | Azimuth data arithmetic method, azimuth sensor unit, and mobile electronic device |
JPWO2006035505A1 (en) * | 2004-09-29 | 2008-05-22 | 株式会社シーアンドエヌ | Magnetic sensor control method, control device, and portable terminal device |
KR20080100293A (en) * | 2004-10-07 | 2008-11-14 | 야마하 가부시키가이샤 | Geomagnetic sensor and geomagnetic sensor correction method |
US7437257B2 (en) * | 2004-10-07 | 2008-10-14 | Yamaha Corporation | Geomagnetic sensor and geomagnetic sensor correction method, temperature sensor and temperature sensor correction method, geomagnetism detection device |
JP4854950B2 (en) * | 2004-10-18 | 2012-01-18 | 旭化成エレクトロニクス株式会社 | Azimuth measuring device |
JP4398981B2 (en) | 2004-11-11 | 2010-01-13 | ソフトバンクモバイル株式会社 | Measuring method and movement information device |
JP4120648B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2008-07-16 | ヤマハ株式会社 | Portable terminal, portable terminal control method, program, and recording medium |
US7460951B2 (en) * | 2005-09-26 | 2008-12-02 | Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. | System and method of target tracking using sensor fusion |
CN1960389A (en) * | 2005-11-02 | 2007-05-09 | 上海甲秀工业设计有限公司 | Handset capable of measuring direction |
JP5128778B2 (en) * | 2006-03-06 | 2013-01-23 | 日本無線株式会社 | Direction measuring device |
KR100890307B1 (en) * | 2006-03-07 | 2009-03-26 | 야마하 가부시키가이샤 | Magnetic data processing device |
JP5073252B2 (en) * | 2006-09-08 | 2012-11-14 | 京セラ株式会社 | Calibration method for portable electronic device and geomagnetic sensor |
JP4935427B2 (en) * | 2007-03-01 | 2012-05-23 | ヤマハ株式会社 | Magnetic data processing apparatus, method and program, and magnetic processing system. |
JP2010197123A (en) * | 2009-02-24 | 2010-09-09 | Casio Computer Co Ltd | Electronic azimuth meter and azimuth correction control method |
JP4772140B2 (en) * | 2009-08-27 | 2011-09-14 | 京セラ株式会社 | Mobile phone |
KR101257199B1 (en) * | 2011-08-13 | 2013-04-22 | 김덕승 | Protect case for portable device and method for control on/off of screen |
US9347837B2 (en) | 2012-04-17 | 2016-05-24 | Honeywell International Inc. | Multi-phase brushless DC motor control integrated circuit having magnetic sensor and band-gap temperature sensor formed thereon |
JP6456817B2 (en) | 2013-04-01 | 2019-01-23 | 公立大学法人大阪市立大学 | Sensor element with temperature compensation function and magnetic sensor and power measuring device using the same |
CN103308039B (en) * | 2013-05-14 | 2015-08-19 | 深圳市通创通信有限公司 | A kind of Digital Magnetic Compass and compensation for calibrating errors method, system |
KR102144588B1 (en) | 2014-05-09 | 2020-08-13 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Sensor module and device therewith |
CN105222763A (en) * | 2014-07-04 | 2016-01-06 | 神讯电脑(昆山)有限公司 | Compass testing equipment |
US9939477B2 (en) * | 2016-06-24 | 2018-04-10 | International Business Machines Corporation | On-demand detection of electromagnetic disturbances using mobile devices |
JP6948182B2 (en) * | 2017-08-04 | 2021-10-13 | 株式会社アドバンテスト | Magnetic sensor test equipment |
CN112985326B (en) * | 2019-12-13 | 2023-08-15 | 深圳富泰宏精密工业有限公司 | Handheld electronic device and control method thereof |
JP7167954B2 (en) * | 2020-03-19 | 2022-11-09 | Tdk株式会社 | MAGNETIC SENSOR DEVICE, MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF, AND ROTATING OPERATION MECHANISM |
Citations (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4698912A (en) * | 1985-12-11 | 1987-10-13 | The Laitram Corporation | Magnetic compass calibration |
US4739560A (en) * | 1985-10-09 | 1988-04-26 | Nippondenso Co., Ltd. | Azimuth sensor which corrects azimuth circle diameter and center for temperature variation |
US4807462A (en) * | 1987-04-03 | 1989-02-28 | Chrysler Motors Corporation | Method for performing automatic calibrations in an electronic compass |
US5549978A (en) * | 1992-10-30 | 1996-08-27 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Magnetoresistance effect element |
US5561368A (en) * | 1994-11-04 | 1996-10-01 | International Business Machines Corporation | Bridge circuit magnetic field sensor having spin valve magnetoresistive elements formed on common substrate |
US5686838A (en) * | 1992-12-21 | 1997-11-11 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Magnetoresistive sensor having at least a layer system and a plurality of measuring contacts disposed thereon, and a method of producing the sensor |
US6009629A (en) * | 1996-03-13 | 2000-01-04 | Leica Geosystems Ag | Process for determining the direction of the earth's magnetic field |
US6252395B1 (en) * | 1998-02-04 | 2001-06-26 | Denso Corporation | Temperature-compensating amplification circuit and a position detecting apparatus using such amplification circuit |
US6508119B2 (en) * | 2000-07-21 | 2003-01-21 | International Avionics, Inc. | Liquid level measurement and fuel transducer using anisotropic magnetoresistance device |
US6693423B2 (en) * | 2001-03-13 | 2004-02-17 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Arrangement for angular measurement |
US6777932B2 (en) * | 2000-03-23 | 2004-08-17 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Magnetic field sensor |
US6836971B1 (en) * | 2003-07-30 | 2005-01-04 | Honeywell International Inc. | System for using a 2-axis magnetic sensor for a 3-axis compass solution |
US6873148B2 (en) * | 2002-06-28 | 2005-03-29 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Position detecting apparatus, and optical apparatus comprising this and position detecting method |
US6906511B2 (en) * | 2001-05-08 | 2005-06-14 | Analog Devices, Inc. | Magnetic position detection for micro machined optical element |
US20050156591A1 (en) * | 2002-11-14 | 2005-07-21 | Hong Wan | Magnetoresistive smart switch |
US7038449B1 (en) * | 2004-12-30 | 2006-05-02 | Codman & Shurtleff, Inc. | Biased magnetic field strength indication tool |
US7206693B2 (en) * | 2003-04-15 | 2007-04-17 | Honeywell International Inc. | Method and apparatus for an integrated GPS receiver and electronic compassing sensor device |
US7215115B2 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2007-05-08 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Module to control a rotating output shaft and module to change a driving condition of vehicle |
US7233795B1 (en) * | 2001-03-19 | 2007-06-19 | Ryden Michael V | Location based communications system |
Family Cites Families (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4622843A (en) * | 1985-12-27 | 1986-11-18 | Hormel Ronald F | Simplified calibration technique and auto ranging circuit for an electronic compass control circuit |
JPS63193866A (en) | 1987-02-05 | 1988-08-11 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Printer |
JPH03206913A (en) * | 1990-01-09 | 1991-09-10 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | Bearing detecting apparatus |
JPH03221811A (en) | 1990-01-26 | 1991-09-30 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | Azimuth detector with offset correcting function |
JPH03221812A (en) * | 1990-01-26 | 1991-09-30 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | Azimuth detector |
JPH03221810A (en) | 1990-01-26 | 1991-09-30 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | Azimuth detector with offset correcting function |
JP2523253B2 (en) | 1992-08-04 | 1996-08-07 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | Azimuth detector |
JPH0658758A (en) | 1992-08-06 | 1994-03-04 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Bearing detecting apparatus |
JP3467797B2 (en) * | 1993-03-29 | 2003-11-17 | カシオ計算機株式会社 | Electronic compass |
JPH0735553A (en) | 1993-07-21 | 1995-02-07 | Toyota Motor Corp | Bearing detecting device |
JPH085381A (en) | 1994-06-23 | 1996-01-12 | Sony Corp | Terrestrial-magnetism-direction detection apparatus |
JP3842316B2 (en) * | 1994-07-08 | 2006-11-08 | セイコーインスツル株式会社 | Position detecting device and tilt sensor |
AU5425198A (en) * | 1996-10-21 | 1998-05-29 | Electronics Development Corporation | Smart sensor module |
DE19645394A1 (en) * | 1996-11-04 | 1998-05-20 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Location sensor with a satellite receiver for position determination |
JPH10153427A (en) | 1996-11-26 | 1998-06-09 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Azimuth instrument |
EP1024345B1 (en) * | 1998-06-22 | 2005-12-28 | Citizen Watch Co. Ltd. | Electronic apparatus with azimuth meter and azimuth measuring method in this electronic apparatus |
US6175807B1 (en) * | 1999-06-09 | 2001-01-16 | Litton Systems, Inc. | Temperature compensation method for strapdown inertial navigation systems |
FR2801158B1 (en) * | 1999-11-17 | 2002-03-08 | Sagem | PORTABLE APPARATUS COMPRISING GUIDANCE MEANS, METHOD OF USING SUCH APPARATUS AND CORRESPONDING GUIDANCE METHOD |
JP4543350B2 (en) * | 1999-12-03 | 2010-09-15 | 日立金属株式会社 | Rotation angle sensor and rotation angle sensor unit |
JP4244561B2 (en) * | 2001-07-10 | 2009-03-25 | ヤマハ株式会社 | Portable electronic device with orientation measurement function |
-
2002
- 2002-04-17 JP JP2002115250A patent/JP4244561B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-07-09 US US10/190,525 patent/US7197343B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-07-09 TW TW091115184A patent/TWI283081B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-07-10 EP EP02015379A patent/EP1275933A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-07-10 CN CN021409153A patent/CN1396436B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-07-10 KR KR1020020039972A patent/KR100683539B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-07-10 CN CNU02241276XU patent/CN2679646Y/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-12-23 US US11/019,236 patent/US20050101344A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2006
- 2006-10-25 KR KR1020060103791A patent/KR100699305B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2007
- 2007-01-05 US US11/649,778 patent/US20070111765A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4739560A (en) * | 1985-10-09 | 1988-04-26 | Nippondenso Co., Ltd. | Azimuth sensor which corrects azimuth circle diameter and center for temperature variation |
US4698912A (en) * | 1985-12-11 | 1987-10-13 | The Laitram Corporation | Magnetic compass calibration |
US4807462A (en) * | 1987-04-03 | 1989-02-28 | Chrysler Motors Corporation | Method for performing automatic calibrations in an electronic compass |
US5549978A (en) * | 1992-10-30 | 1996-08-27 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Magnetoresistance effect element |
US5686838A (en) * | 1992-12-21 | 1997-11-11 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Magnetoresistive sensor having at least a layer system and a plurality of measuring contacts disposed thereon, and a method of producing the sensor |
US5561368A (en) * | 1994-11-04 | 1996-10-01 | International Business Machines Corporation | Bridge circuit magnetic field sensor having spin valve magnetoresistive elements formed on common substrate |
US6009629A (en) * | 1996-03-13 | 2000-01-04 | Leica Geosystems Ag | Process for determining the direction of the earth's magnetic field |
US6252395B1 (en) * | 1998-02-04 | 2001-06-26 | Denso Corporation | Temperature-compensating amplification circuit and a position detecting apparatus using such amplification circuit |
US6777932B2 (en) * | 2000-03-23 | 2004-08-17 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Magnetic field sensor |
US6508119B2 (en) * | 2000-07-21 | 2003-01-21 | International Avionics, Inc. | Liquid level measurement and fuel transducer using anisotropic magnetoresistance device |
US6693423B2 (en) * | 2001-03-13 | 2004-02-17 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Arrangement for angular measurement |
US7233795B1 (en) * | 2001-03-19 | 2007-06-19 | Ryden Michael V | Location based communications system |
US6906511B2 (en) * | 2001-05-08 | 2005-06-14 | Analog Devices, Inc. | Magnetic position detection for micro machined optical element |
US7215115B2 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2007-05-08 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Module to control a rotating output shaft and module to change a driving condition of vehicle |
US6873148B2 (en) * | 2002-06-28 | 2005-03-29 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Position detecting apparatus, and optical apparatus comprising this and position detecting method |
US20050156591A1 (en) * | 2002-11-14 | 2005-07-21 | Hong Wan | Magnetoresistive smart switch |
US7206693B2 (en) * | 2003-04-15 | 2007-04-17 | Honeywell International Inc. | Method and apparatus for an integrated GPS receiver and electronic compassing sensor device |
US6836971B1 (en) * | 2003-07-30 | 2005-01-04 | Honeywell International Inc. | System for using a 2-axis magnetic sensor for a 3-axis compass solution |
US7038449B1 (en) * | 2004-12-30 | 2006-05-02 | Codman & Shurtleff, Inc. | Biased magnetic field strength indication tool |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20090153260A1 (en) * | 2007-12-12 | 2009-06-18 | Ahmadreza Rofougaran | Method and system for a configurable transformer integrated on chip |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1396436B (en) | 2010-12-08 |
EP1275933A3 (en) | 2006-02-15 |
US20030013507A1 (en) | 2003-01-16 |
TWI283081B (en) | 2007-06-21 |
JP2003090726A (en) | 2003-03-28 |
US20070111765A1 (en) | 2007-05-17 |
EP1275933A2 (en) | 2003-01-15 |
KR100699305B1 (en) | 2007-03-23 |
US7197343B2 (en) | 2007-03-27 |
KR20030007102A (en) | 2003-01-23 |
KR100683539B1 (en) | 2007-02-15 |
CN2679646Y (en) | 2005-02-16 |
CN1396436A (en) | 2003-02-12 |
JP4244561B2 (en) | 2009-03-25 |
KR20060125641A (en) | 2006-12-06 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US7197343B2 (en) | Portable electronic apparatus with azimuth measuring function, magnetic sensor suitable for the apparatus, and azimuth measuring method for the apparatus | |
JP4644126B2 (en) | Azimuth angle measuring apparatus and azimuth angle measuring method | |
JP5668224B2 (en) | Current sensor | |
WO2015172530A1 (en) | Interference elimination method for electronic compass | |
US20090012733A1 (en) | Offset correction program and electronic compass | |
US10976383B2 (en) | Magnetic sensor device | |
JPH03261869A (en) | Apparatus for correcting output signal of hall element | |
JP4207929B2 (en) | Method for correcting geomagnetic sensor, method for measuring offset of geomagnetic sensor, azimuth data calculation device, and portable information terminal | |
US8140285B2 (en) | Compass system and method for determining a reference field strength | |
JP3318762B2 (en) | Electronic compass | |
CN215953724U (en) | Temperature drift error compensation unit | |
JP4310895B2 (en) | Magnetic measuring instrument | |
JP2006126183A (en) | Magnetism detection device and electronic azimuth meter using it | |
JPH07151842A (en) | System and apparatus for detection of magnetism | |
JP4900348B2 (en) | Geomagnetic sensor correction method, azimuth data calculation device, and portable information terminal | |
JP4122834B2 (en) | Portable electronic device with orientation measurement function | |
JPH06174471A (en) | Electronic azimuth meter | |
JP4928875B2 (en) | Sensor module | |
US20230184865A1 (en) | Hybrid hall-effect/magnetoresistance (mr) magnetometer with self-calibration | |
US6861717B2 (en) | Device for defecting a magnetic field, magnetic field measure and current meter | |
KR100694998B1 (en) | method for calibrating terrestrial magnetism data of mobile phone with terrestrial magnetism sensor and mobile phone thereof | |
JP4611178B2 (en) | Magnetic azimuth detection device and azimuth calculation method thereof | |
KR20010109379A (en) | Apparatus for measuring Pointing Angle of mobile terminal | |
JPH05157566A (en) | Electronic direction finder | |
JP2000131069A (en) | Electronic declinometer and its azimuth angle display method |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |