US20040036201A1 - Methods and apparatus of field-induced pressure imprint lithography - Google Patents
Methods and apparatus of field-induced pressure imprint lithography Download PDFInfo
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- US20040036201A1 US20040036201A1 US10/445,578 US44557803A US2004036201A1 US 20040036201 A1 US20040036201 A1 US 20040036201A1 US 44557803 A US44557803 A US 44557803A US 2004036201 A1 US2004036201 A1 US 2004036201A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/003—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C33/00—Moulds or cores; Details thereof or accessories therefor
- B29C33/56—Coatings, e.g. enameled or galvanised; Releasing, lubricating or separating agents
- B29C33/60—Releasing, lubricating or separating agents
- B29C33/62—Releasing, lubricating or separating agents based on polymers or oligomers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/02—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor of articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
- B29C43/021—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor of articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles characterised by the shape of the surface
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/32—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C43/36—Moulds for making articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/32—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C43/56—Compression moulding under special conditions, e.g. vacuum
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C59/00—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor
- B29C59/02—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by mechanical means, e.g. pressing
- B29C59/022—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by mechanical means, e.g. pressing characterised by the disposition or the configuration, e.g. dimensions, of the embossments or the shaping tools therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/0002—Lithographic processes using patterning methods other than those involving the exposure to radiation, e.g. by stamping
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F9/00—Registration or positioning of originals, masks, frames, photographic sheets or textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. automatically
- G03F9/70—Registration or positioning of originals, masks, frames, photographic sheets or textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. automatically for microlithography
- G03F9/7049—Technique, e.g. interferometric
- G03F9/7053—Non-optical, e.g. mechanical, capacitive, using an electron beam, acoustic or thermal waves
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/02—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor of articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
- B29C43/021—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor of articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles characterised by the shape of the surface
- B29C2043/023—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor of articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles characterised by the shape of the surface having a plurality of grooves
- B29C2043/025—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor of articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles characterised by the shape of the surface having a plurality of grooves forming a microstructure, i.e. fine patterning
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/32—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C2043/3205—Particular pressure exerting means for making definite articles
- B29C2043/3211—Particular pressure exerting means for making definite articles magnets
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/32—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C43/56—Compression moulding under special conditions, e.g. vacuum
- B29C2043/568—Compression moulding under special conditions, e.g. vacuum in a magnetic or electric field
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C59/00—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor
- B29C59/02—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by mechanical means, e.g. pressing
- B29C59/022—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by mechanical means, e.g. pressing characterised by the disposition or the configuration, e.g. dimensions, of the embossments or the shaping tools therefor
- B29C2059/023—Microembossing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/32—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C43/52—Heating or cooling
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C59/00—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor
- B29C59/02—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by mechanical means, e.g. pressing
- B29C59/026—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by mechanical means, e.g. pressing of layered or coated substantially flat surfaces
Definitions
- This invention relates to imprint lithography and, in particular, to imprint lithography wherein electrical or magnetic fields are used to imprint a molding surface onto a moldable surface.
- the process is particularly useful to provide nanoimprint lithography of enhanced resolution and uniformity over an increased area.
- Photolithography is a key process in the fabrication of semiconductor integrated circuits and many optical, magnetic and micromechanical devices. Lithography creates a pattern on a thin film carried on a substrate so that, in subsequent process steps, the pattern can be replicated in the substrate or in another material which is added onto the substrate.
- Conventional lithography typically involves applying a thin film of resist to a substrate, exposing the resist to a desired pattern of radiation, and developing the exposed film to produce a physical pattern. In this approach, resolution is limited by the wavelength of the radiation, and the equipment becomes increasingly expensive as the feature size becomes smaller.
- Imprint lithography based on a fundamentally different principle, offers high resolution, high throughput, low cost and the potential of large area coverage.
- imprint lithography a mold with microscale or nanoscale features is pressed into a thin film, deforming the shape of the film according to the features of the mold and forming a relief pattern in the film. After the mold is removed, the thin film can be processed to remove the reduced thickness portions. This removal exposes the underlying substrate for further processing. Details of imprint lithography are described in applicant's U.S. Pat. No. 5,772,905 issued Jun. 30, 1998 and entitled “Nanoimprint Lithography”. The '905 patent is incorporated herein by reference.
- the usual method of pressing the mold into the thin film involves positioning the mold and the substrate on respective rigid plates of a high precision mechanical press.
- the process can generate sub-25 nm features with a high degree of uniformity over areas on the order of 12 in 2 . Larger areas of uniformity would be highly advantageous to increase throughput and for many applications such as displays.
- An alternative method of pressing the mold into the thin film is the technique of fluid pressure imprint lithography described in applicant's U.S. Pat. No. 6,482,742 issued Nov. 19, 2002 and entitled “Fluid Pressure Imprint Lithography”.
- the molding surface is disposed adjacent the film, the molding surface/film interface is sealed and pressurized fluid is used to force the molding surface into the film. Since the pressure is isostatic, translational and rotational shifts are minimal, and smaller features can be imprinted with high uniformity over larger areas than can be imprinted using mechanical presses.
- Fluid pressure imprinting has dramatically improved nanoimprint lithography.
- a further improvement for commercial manufacture would be a method which could provide comparable results without the necessity of sealing the molding surface/film interface.
- An improved method of imprint lithography involves using field-induced pressure from electric or magnetic fields to press a mold into a substrate having a moldable surface.
- the method comprises the steps of providing a substrate having a moldable surface, providing a mold having a molding surface and pressing the molding surface and the moldable surface together by electric or magnetic fields to imprint the molding surface onto the moldable surface.
- the molding surface advantageously comprises a plurality of projecting features of nanoscale extent or separation, but the molding surface can also be a smooth planar surface, as for planarization.
- the improved method can be practiced without mechanical presses and without sealing the region between the mold and the substrate.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of the steps in an improved method of imprint lithography
- FIG. 2 illustrates apparatus for practicing the method of FIG. 1 using an electrical field
- FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3 C show various substrate constructions for facilitating electrical contact with a substrate conductive layer
- FIG. 4 shows an alternative apparatus for practicing the method of FIG. 1 without direct electrical contact
- FIG. 5 illustrates apparatus for practicing the method of FIG. 1 using a magnetic field
- FIGS. 6A and 6B show exemplary multilayer mold constructions useful for the apparatus of FIGS. 2, 4 and 5 ;
- FIG. 7 schematically illustrates how the method of FIG. 1 is compatible with a variety of other processing steps.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of an improved process for imprint lithography using field-induced pressure.
- An initial step shown in Block A is to provide a mold having a molding surface such as plurality of protruding features and a substrate having a surface of moldable material such as one or more moldable thin films.
- Protruding features are preferably micrometer scale features and, more advantageously, nanoscale features.
- the method is highly advantageously where the mold surface has at least two spaced apart protruding features.
- a moldable material is one which retains or can be hardened to retain the imprint of the protruding features from the mold surface.
- the next step, shown in Block B, is to place the mold adjacent the moldable surface. If the moldable surface is a thin film that already includes a previously formed pattern, then the pattern of the mold should be carefully aligned with the previous pattern. This can be done by alignment techniques well known in the art.
- the third step (Block C) is to press the mold onto the moldable surface by field-induced pressure.
- One method for doing this is to dispose the assembly between conductive layers and apply an electrical field between the layers.
- Another approach is to dispose the assembly between layers of magnetic material and to apply a magnetic field that will force the layers together.
- the advantage of field-induced pressure is that the resulting force uniformly pushes the mold onto the moldable surface. Shear or rotational components are de minimus.
- the mold and/or substrate are flexible rather than rigid, conformation between the mold and the moldable surface is achieved regardless of unavoidable deviations from planarity. The result is an enhanced level of molding resolution, alignment and uniformity over an increased area of the film.
- the next step shown in Block D is to harden the moldable surface, if necessary, so that it retains the imprint of the mold and then to remove the mold.
- the process for hardening depends on the material of the moldable surface. Some materials will maintain the imprint with no hardening.
- Thermoplastic materials can be hardened by preliminarily heating them prior to molding and permitting them to cool after imprint.
- PMMA for example, can be suitably softened by heating to 120° C. prior to molding and hardened by cooling after imprint.
- Heat curable materials can be hardened by applying heat during imprint. A heater and/or the use of a heated pressurized fluid can thus effectuate such softening or hardening.
- Radiation curable materials can be hardened by the application of UV radiation during imprint. Silicon can be softened by UV laser radiation to accept imprinting and hardened by cooling to ambient temperature.
- the fifth step shown in Block E is optional in some applications. It is to remove contaminants (if any) and excess material from the recesses of the molded surface.
- the molded surface will typically have raised features and recesses. In many lithographic operations it is desirable to eliminate the material from the recesses so that the underlying substrate is exposed for further processing. This can be conveniently accomplished using reactive ion etching.
- the imprinted structure itself is a part of a device to be built.
- the resulting structure is a resist-covered semiconductor substrate with a pattern of recesses extending toward the substrate.
- Such a structure can be further processed in a variety of ways well-known in the art.
- the molded film can be used as a mask for the removal of surface layers in exposed regions of the substrate, for doping exposed regions of the substrate or for growing or depositing materials on the exposed regions.
- FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a first exemplary apparatus 9 for practicing the method of FIG. 1.
- the apparatus 9 comprises an assembly of a mold 10 having a molding surface 12 and a substrate 20 having a moldable surface 22 .
- the mold and substrate are disposed with the molding surface 12 adjacent the moldable surface 22 .
- the mold 10 comprises a body having a molding surface 12 .
- Surface 12 can include a plurality of protruding features 13 having a desired shape for imprinting onto the moldable surface 22 .
- the molding surface 12 can be patterned into protruding features 13 of nanoscale dimensions by known techniques such as electron beam lithography.
- the projecting extent of the protruding features 13 is typically in the range 0.1 nm to 200 ⁇ m.
- the mold 10 is a multilayer structure comprising a layer of conductive or chargeable material that is distal to the interface between the molding surface and the moldable surface.
- the term layer as used herein is intended broadly to cover a supported layer, a plate or a composite layer.
- the substrate 20 is typically a solid substrate and the moldable surface 22 is typically a thin film of polymer, monomer, olgimer or combination thereof that is pliable or can be made pliable to pressure and can retain a pressure-imprinted deformation or pattern.
- It can be a thermoplastic polymer, such as polycarbonate or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), which softens in response to heat.
- PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
- it can be a monomer liquid, such as a curable silicone, which hardens with curing.
- it can be solid silicon which can be liquefied by a UV laser pulse.
- Polymer thin films are typically applied to the substrate by spraying or spinning.
- the film does not adhere to the mold surface. If necessary, the mold surface can be coated with a release agent to prevent such adherence.
- the substrate is a multilayer structure comprising a layer or plate 23 of conductive or chargeable material that is distal to the molding surface/moldable surface interface.
- the pressure between the mold and the substrate can be generated by electrical or magnetic forces between the mold and the substrate.
- an attractive electrical field can be established between the mold and the substrate.
- a repulsive field can be used to drive the mold and the substrate together.
- an attractive magnetic force between the mold and the substrate can provide attractive pressure or repulsive external magnetic forces can drive the mold and the substrate together.
- a field forces the molding surface onto the moldable surface.
- this imprinting can be effected by connecting layers 14 and 23 to opposite polarity terminals of a voltage source 30 .
- the voltage from source 30 can be AC, DC, pulsed, or a combination of such voltages.
- FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3 C show substrate constructions that facilitate electrical connection with substrate conductive layer 23 .
- electrical contact can be made from the bottom of substrate 20 through conductive vias 30 .
- electrical contact can be made from the bottom or from the lateral edges by coating or plating a peripheral layer 31 of conductive material around a portion of the lateral periphery of the substrate 20 .
- a similar peripheral conductive layer 32 is shown in FIG. 3C except that layer 32 does not extend to the bottom of the substrate.
- an electric field for imprinting the substrate can be created between appropriately dissimilar materials by the use of light, heat or RF radiation.
- the mold 10 or the substrate 20 may be advantageous to make the mold 10 or the substrate 20 (including the conductive layers) of materials at least partially transparent to radiation which can be used to soften or cure the moldable surface.
- FIG. 4 shows an alternative apparatus for using an electrical field to press the molding surface into the moldable surface.
- the apparatus of FIG. 4 is similar to that of FIG. 2 except that rather than directly connecting the layers 14 and 23 to a voltage source, the mold 10 /substrate 20 assembly is disposed between electrodes 40 and 41 that are connected to an AC voltage source 42 .
- the frequency of the AC source can be tuned to generate a desired induced voltage between layers 14 and 23 .
- FIG. 5 illustrates alternative apparatus for practicing the method of FIG. 1.
- the FIG. 5 apparatus is similar to the apparatus of FIG. 2 except that instead of conductive layers, magnetic layers 14 A, 23 A are disposed distal to the mold/substrate interface and a magnetic field is used to imprint the mold surface into the moldable surface.
- the magnetic layers can be magnetizable material, permanent magnets or electromagnets.
- layers 14 A, 23 A can comprise helically or spirally wound coils.
- Current from current sources 50 A, 50 B applied to coils can produce an attractive magnetic field to press the molding surface onto the moldable surface. Connections between the current sources and their respective coils can be facilitated by conduction through conductive vias (not shown) in the substrate and the mold.
- layers 14 A and 23 A can be magnetic materials that attract one another, and the current sources can be omitted.
- the mold can comprise an electromagnet and the substrate can comprise a layer of magnetizable or permanent magnetic material or vice versa. In essence, what is needed is a magnetic layer and a magnetic field generator interacting with the magnetic layer to press the molding surface and the moldable surface together.
- FIGS. 6A and 6B show different multilayer mold constructions useful in the embodiments of FIGS. 2 - 5 .
- the conductive or magnetic layer 14 is disposed immediately distal to the interface between the molding surface 12 and the moldable surface (not shown).
- the conductive or magnetic layer 14 is still distal to the interface on the mold side, but there is an intervening layer 60 .
- field-induced imprinting can be used in conjunction with other methods of providing imprint pressure such as direct fluid pressure or mechanical pressure in all possible permutations in applying these forces, including applying them simultaneously, sequentially, or selectively.
- FIG. 7 schematically illustrates additional steps compatible with the process described herein.
- Precision mechanical pressing or pressurized fluid pressing can be of supplemental use, particularly after the molding surface is engaged with the moldable layer. Radiation, such as infrared or ultraviolet, can be used for heating, softening, or curing the moldable surface material.
- the layers 14 , 23 can be conductive or magnetic, and the pressing fields can be DC, AC, or combinations thereof.
Abstract
An improved method of imprint lithography involves using fluid-induced pressure from electric or magnetic fields to press a mold onto a substrate having a moldable surface. In essence, the method comprises the steps of providing a substrate having a moldable surface, providing a mold having a molding surface and pressing the molding surface and the moldable surface together by electric or magnetic fields to imprint the molding surface onto the moldable surface. The molding surface advantageously comprises a plurality of projecting features of nanoscale extent or separation, but the molding surface can also be a smooth planar surface, as for planarization. The improved method can be practiced without mechanical presses and without sealing the region between the mold and the substrate.
Description
- This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/382,961 filed by Stephen Chou and Wei Zhang on May 24, 2002 and entitled “Field-Induced Pressure Imprint Lithography”.
- This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/244,276 filed by Stephen Chou on Sep. 16, 2002 and entitled “Lithographic Method For Molding Pattern With Nanoscale Features” which, in turn, is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/046,594 filed by Stephen Chou on Oct. 29, 2001, which claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/107,006 filed by Stephen Chou on Jun. 30, 1998 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,309,580 issued Oct. 30, 2001) and which, in turn, claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 08/558,809 filed by Stephen Chou on Nov. 15, 1995 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,772,905 issued Jun. 30, 1998). All of the foregoing Related Applications are incorporated herein by reference.
- This case is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/140,140 filed by Stephen Chou on May 7, 2002 and entitled “Fluid Pressure Imprint Lithography” which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/618,174 filed by Stephen Chou on Jul. 18, 2000 and entitled “Fluid Pressure Imprint Lithography” (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,482,742).
- This invention relates to imprint lithography and, in particular, to imprint lithography wherein electrical or magnetic fields are used to imprint a molding surface onto a moldable surface. The process is particularly useful to provide nanoimprint lithography of enhanced resolution and uniformity over an increased area.
- Photolithography is a key process in the fabrication of semiconductor integrated circuits and many optical, magnetic and micromechanical devices. Lithography creates a pattern on a thin film carried on a substrate so that, in subsequent process steps, the pattern can be replicated in the substrate or in another material which is added onto the substrate. Conventional lithography typically involves applying a thin film of resist to a substrate, exposing the resist to a desired pattern of radiation, and developing the exposed film to produce a physical pattern. In this approach, resolution is limited by the wavelength of the radiation, and the equipment becomes increasingly expensive as the feature size becomes smaller.
- Imprint lithography, based on a fundamentally different principle, offers high resolution, high throughput, low cost and the potential of large area coverage. In imprint lithography, a mold with microscale or nanoscale features is pressed into a thin film, deforming the shape of the film according to the features of the mold and forming a relief pattern in the film. After the mold is removed, the thin film can be processed to remove the reduced thickness portions. This removal exposes the underlying substrate for further processing. Details of imprint lithography are described in applicant's U.S. Pat. No. 5,772,905 issued Jun. 30, 1998 and entitled “Nanoimprint Lithography”. The '905 patent is incorporated herein by reference.
- The usual method of pressing the mold into the thin film involves positioning the mold and the substrate on respective rigid plates of a high precision mechanical press. With such apparatus, the process can generate sub-25 nm features with a high degree of uniformity over areas on the order of 12 in2. Larger areas of uniformity would be highly advantageous to increase throughput and for many applications such as displays.
- The use of a high precision mechanical press to press a mold into a thin film presents tolerance problems in replicating small patterns over large areas. Presses move on guide shafts through apertures, and the spacings between the shafts and their respective apertures can be large compared to the features to be replicated. Such spacings permit undesirable relative translational and rotational shifts between the substrate and the mold. Moreover, despite the most careful construction, the molds and the substrates used in lithography are not perfectly planar. When these molds and substrates are disposed on the rigid plates of a press, the deviations from planarity over large areas can result in variations in the molding pressure and depth of imprint. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a method of imprint lithography which avoids the limitations of mechanical presses.
- An alternative method of pressing the mold into the thin film is the technique of fluid pressure imprint lithography described in applicant's U.S. Pat. No. 6,482,742 issued Nov. 19, 2002 and entitled “Fluid Pressure Imprint Lithography”. In this method the molding surface is disposed adjacent the film, the molding surface/film interface is sealed and pressurized fluid is used to force the molding surface into the film. Since the pressure is isostatic, translational and rotational shifts are minimal, and smaller features can be imprinted with high uniformity over larger areas than can be imprinted using mechanical presses.
- Fluid pressure imprinting has dramatically improved nanoimprint lithography. A further improvement for commercial manufacture would be a method which could provide comparable results without the necessity of sealing the molding surface/film interface.
- An improved method of imprint lithography involves using field-induced pressure from electric or magnetic fields to press a mold into a substrate having a moldable surface. In essence, the method comprises the steps of providing a substrate having a moldable surface, providing a mold having a molding surface and pressing the molding surface and the moldable surface together by electric or magnetic fields to imprint the molding surface onto the moldable surface. The molding surface advantageously comprises a plurality of projecting features of nanoscale extent or separation, but the molding surface can also be a smooth planar surface, as for planarization. The improved method can be practiced without mechanical presses and without sealing the region between the mold and the substrate.
- The advantages, nature and various additional features of the invention will appear more fully upon consideration of the illustrative embodiments now to be described in detail in connection with the accompanying drawings. In the drawings:
- FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of the steps in an improved method of imprint lithography;
- FIG. 2 illustrates apparatus for practicing the method of FIG. 1 using an electrical field;
- FIGS. 3A, 3B and3C show various substrate constructions for facilitating electrical contact with a substrate conductive layer;
- FIG. 4 shows an alternative apparatus for practicing the method of FIG. 1 without direct electrical contact;
- FIG. 5 illustrates apparatus for practicing the method of FIG. 1 using a magnetic field;
- FIGS. 6A and 6B show exemplary multilayer mold constructions useful for the apparatus of FIGS. 2, 4 and5; and
- FIG. 7 schematically illustrates how the method of FIG. 1 is compatible with a variety of other processing steps.
- It is to be understood that these drawing are for purposes of illustrating the concepts of the invention and are not to scale.
- Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of an improved process for imprint lithography using field-induced pressure. An initial step shown in Block A, is to provide a mold having a molding surface such as plurality of protruding features and a substrate having a surface of moldable material such as one or more moldable thin films. Protruding features are preferably micrometer scale features and, more advantageously, nanoscale features. The method is highly advantageously where the mold surface has at least two spaced apart protruding features. A moldable material is one which retains or can be hardened to retain the imprint of the protruding features from the mold surface.
- The next step, shown in Block B, is to place the mold adjacent the moldable surface. If the moldable surface is a thin film that already includes a previously formed pattern, then the pattern of the mold should be carefully aligned with the previous pattern. This can be done by alignment techniques well known in the art.
- The third step (Block C) is to press the mold onto the moldable surface by field-induced pressure. One method for doing this is to dispose the assembly between conductive layers and apply an electrical field between the layers. Another approach is to dispose the assembly between layers of magnetic material and to apply a magnetic field that will force the layers together. The advantage of field-induced pressure is that the resulting force uniformly pushes the mold onto the moldable surface. Shear or rotational components are de minimus. Moreover since the mold and/or substrate are flexible rather than rigid, conformation between the mold and the moldable surface is achieved regardless of unavoidable deviations from planarity. The result is an enhanced level of molding resolution, alignment and uniformity over an increased area of the film.
- The next step shown in Block D, is to harden the moldable surface, if necessary, so that it retains the imprint of the mold and then to remove the mold. The process for hardening depends on the material of the moldable surface. Some materials will maintain the imprint with no hardening. Thermoplastic materials can be hardened by preliminarily heating them prior to molding and permitting them to cool after imprint. PMMA, for example, can be suitably softened by heating to 120° C. prior to molding and hardened by cooling after imprint. Heat curable materials can be hardened by applying heat during imprint. A heater and/or the use of a heated pressurized fluid can thus effectuate such softening or hardening. Radiation curable materials can be hardened by the application of UV radiation during imprint. Silicon can be softened by UV laser radiation to accept imprinting and hardened by cooling to ambient temperature.
- The fifth step shown in Block E is optional in some applications. It is to remove contaminants (if any) and excess material from the recesses of the molded surface. The molded surface will typically have raised features and recesses. In many lithographic operations it is desirable to eliminate the material from the recesses so that the underlying substrate is exposed for further processing. This can be conveniently accomplished using reactive ion etching.
- In some applications, the imprinted structure itself is a part of a device to be built. In other applications the resulting structure is a resist-covered semiconductor substrate with a pattern of recesses extending toward the substrate. Such a structure can be further processed in a variety of ways well-known in the art. For example, the molded film can be used as a mask for the removal of surface layers in exposed regions of the substrate, for doping exposed regions of the substrate or for growing or depositing materials on the exposed regions.
- FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a first
exemplary apparatus 9 for practicing the method of FIG. 1. Theapparatus 9 comprises an assembly of amold 10 having amolding surface 12 and asubstrate 20 having amoldable surface 22. The mold and substrate are disposed with themolding surface 12 adjacent themoldable surface 22. Themold 10 comprises a body having amolding surface 12.Surface 12 can include a plurality of protruding features 13 having a desired shape for imprinting onto themoldable surface 22. Themolding surface 12 can be patterned into protruding features 13 of nanoscale dimensions by known techniques such as electron beam lithography. The projecting extent of the protruding features 13 is typically in the range 0.1 nm to 200 μm. Typical separations between protruding features are 200 nanometers or less. Advantageously themold 10 is a multilayer structure comprising a layer of conductive or chargeable material that is distal to the interface between the molding surface and the moldable surface. The term layer as used herein is intended broadly to cover a supported layer, a plate or a composite layer. - The
substrate 20 is typically a solid substrate and themoldable surface 22 is typically a thin film of polymer, monomer, olgimer or combination thereof that is pliable or can be made pliable to pressure and can retain a pressure-imprinted deformation or pattern. It can be a thermoplastic polymer, such as polycarbonate or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), which softens in response to heat. Alternately it can be a monomer liquid, such as a curable silicone, which hardens with curing. Yet further in the alternative, it can be solid silicon which can be liquefied by a UV laser pulse. Polymer thin films are typically applied to the substrate by spraying or spinning. Advantageously the film does not adhere to the mold surface. If necessary, the mold surface can be coated with a release agent to prevent such adherence. Advantageously the substrate is a multilayer structure comprising a layer orplate 23 of conductive or chargeable material that is distal to the molding surface/moldable surface interface. - The pressure between the mold and the substrate can be generated by electrical or magnetic forces between the mold and the substrate. For a pressure generated by an electrical force, an attractive electrical field can be established between the mold and the substrate. Alternatively a repulsive field can be used to drive the mold and the substrate together. For a pressure generated by a magnetic force, an attractive magnetic force between the mold and the substrate can provide attractive pressure or repulsive external magnetic forces can drive the mold and the substrate together.
- In use, a field forces the molding surface onto the moldable surface. In the embodiment of FIG. 2 where the field is an electric field, this imprinting can be effected by connecting
layers voltage source 30. The voltage fromsource 30 can be AC, DC, pulsed, or a combination of such voltages. - Electrical connection with
layers substrate 20 to be conductive andmold 10 to be conductive. Alternatively, conductive through holes (not shown) throughsubstrate 20 to layer 23 and throughmold 10 to layer 14 can provide connection. FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C show substrate constructions that facilitate electrical connection with substrateconductive layer 23. In FIG. 3A, electrical contact can be made from the bottom ofsubstrate 20 throughconductive vias 30. In FIG. 3B electrical contact can be made from the bottom or from the lateral edges by coating or plating aperipheral layer 31 of conductive material around a portion of the lateral periphery of thesubstrate 20. A similar peripheralconductive layer 32 is shown in FIG. 3C except thatlayer 32 does not extend to the bottom of the substrate. Yet further in the alternative, an electric field for imprinting the substrate can be created between appropriately dissimilar materials by the use of light, heat or RF radiation. - In some applications it may be advantageous to make the
mold 10 or the substrate 20 (including the conductive layers) of materials at least partially transparent to radiation which can be used to soften or cure the moldable surface. - In other applications it may be desired to omit one of the
conductive layers - FIG. 4 shows an alternative apparatus for using an electrical field to press the molding surface into the moldable surface. The apparatus of FIG. 4 is similar to that of FIG. 2 except that rather than directly connecting the
layers mold 10/substrate 20 assembly is disposed betweenelectrodes AC voltage source 42. The frequency of the AC source can be tuned to generate a desired induced voltage betweenlayers - FIG. 5 illustrates alternative apparatus for practicing the method of FIG. 1. The FIG. 5 apparatus is similar to the apparatus of FIG. 2 except that instead of conductive layers,
magnetic layers current sources - FIGS. 6A and 6B show different multilayer mold constructions useful in the embodiments of FIGS.2-5. In FIG. 6A, the conductive or
magnetic layer 14 is disposed immediately distal to the interface between themolding surface 12 and the moldable surface (not shown). In FIG. 6B, the conductive ormagnetic layer 14 is still distal to the interface on the mold side, but there is an interveninglayer 60. - It is further contemplated that field-induced imprinting can be used in conjunction with other methods of providing imprint pressure such as direct fluid pressure or mechanical pressure in all possible permutations in applying these forces, including applying them simultaneously, sequentially, or selectively.
- FIG. 7 schematically illustrates additional steps compatible with the process described herein. Precision mechanical pressing or pressurized fluid pressing can be of supplemental use, particularly after the molding surface is engaged with the moldable layer. Radiation, such as infrared or ultraviolet, can be used for heating, softening, or curing the moldable surface material. The
layers - It is to be understood that the above described embodiments are illustrative of only a few of the many embodiments which can represent applications of the invention. Numerous and varied other arrangements can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (24)
1. A method for processing a moldable surface comprising the steps of:
providing a substrate having the moldable surface;
providing a mold having a molding surface;
pressing the molding surface and the moldable surface together by electric or magnetic field-induced pressure to imprint the molding surface onto the moldable surface; and
withdrawing the mold from the moldable surface.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the moldable surface comprises one or more moldable layers disposed on the substrate.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the imprinting produces reduced thickness regions in the moldable layer and further comprising the steps of:
removing the material of the moldable layer from the reduced thickness regions to selectively expose regions of the substrate; and
further processing the substrate selectively in the exposed regions.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the further processing comprises doping the substrate with impurities, removing material from the substrate, or adding material on the substrate.
5. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of hardening the moldable surface after pressing.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the substrate or the mold or both are sufficiently flexible to conform together under the pressure.
7. The method of claim 2 where the thickness of the moldable layer is in the range 0.1 nm to 200 μm.
8. Apparatus for imprinting a moldable surface on a substrate comprising:
a mold having a molding surface;
a substrate having a moldable surface positioned adjacent the molding surface of the mold;
a first chargeable or conductive layer disposed distal to the moldable surface/molding surface interface on the mold side of the interface;
a second chargeable or conductive layer disposed distal to the moldable surface/molding surface interface on the moldable surface side of the interface; and
means for forming an electrical field between the first and second layers to press the molding surface and the moldable surface together.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein at least one of the first and second layers is conductive and the means for forming an electrical field comprises a voltage source.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the first and second layers comprise conductive material.
11. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the voltage source comprises a DC voltage source.
12. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the voltage source comprises an AC voltage source.
13. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the voltage source comprises a pulsed voltage source.
14. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the voltage source can provide a combination of DC, AC and pulsed voltage.
15. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the mold includes a conductive layer.
16. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the voltage source is connected between the layers of conductive material.
17. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the mold and the substrate are disposed between at least two external electrodes and the means for forming an electrical field comprises a voltage source to apply a voltage between the external electrodes.
18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the voltage source is an AC or pulsed voltage source.
19. Apparatus for imprinting a moldable surface on a substrate comprising:
a mold having a molding surface;
a substrate having a moldable surface positioned adjacent the molding surface;
a magnetic layer disposed distal to the moldable surface/molding surface interface;
and a magnetic field generator to generate a magnetic field interacting with the first magnetic layer to press the molding surface and the moldable surface together.
20. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the magnetic layer comprises a conductive coil or spiral.
21. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the magnetic field generator comprises a conductive coil or spiral.
22. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the magnetic layer comprises a layer of magnetized material.
23. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the magnetic layer comprises a layer of magnetizable material.
24. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of applying imprint pressure mechanically or as direct fluid pressure.
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US10/445,578 US20040036201A1 (en) | 2000-07-18 | 2003-05-27 | Methods and apparatus of field-induced pressure imprint lithography |
US11/928,844 US7887739B2 (en) | 1995-11-15 | 2007-10-30 | Methods and apparatus of pressure imprint lithography |
US11/933,170 US8852494B2 (en) | 1999-10-08 | 2007-10-31 | Method and apparatus of electrical field assisted imprinting |
US12/940,302 US20110042861A1 (en) | 1995-11-15 | 2010-11-05 | Methods and apparatus of field-induced pressure imprint lithography |
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US09/618,174 US6482742B1 (en) | 2000-07-18 | 2000-07-18 | Fluid pressure imprint lithography |
US10/046,594 US20020167117A1 (en) | 1998-06-30 | 2001-10-29 | Release surfaces, particularly for use in nanoimprint lithography |
US10/140,140 US7137803B2 (en) | 2000-07-18 | 2002-05-07 | Fluid pressure imprint lithography |
US38296102P | 2002-05-24 | 2002-05-24 | |
US10/244,276 US20030080471A1 (en) | 2001-10-29 | 2002-09-16 | Lithographic method for molding pattern with nanoscale features |
US10/445,578 US20040036201A1 (en) | 2000-07-18 | 2003-05-27 | Methods and apparatus of field-induced pressure imprint lithography |
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US10/140,140 Continuation-In-Part US7137803B2 (en) | 1995-11-15 | 2002-05-07 | Fluid pressure imprint lithography |
US10/244,276 Continuation-In-Part US20030080471A1 (en) | 1995-11-15 | 2002-09-16 | Lithographic method for molding pattern with nanoscale features |
US10/731,818 Continuation-In-Part US7482057B2 (en) | 1998-10-09 | 2003-12-09 | Microscale patterning and articles formed thereby |
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US11/928,844 Continuation US7887739B2 (en) | 1995-11-15 | 2007-10-30 | Methods and apparatus of pressure imprint lithography |
US11/933,170 Continuation-In-Part US8852494B2 (en) | 1999-10-08 | 2007-10-31 | Method and apparatus of electrical field assisted imprinting |
US12/940,302 Continuation US20110042861A1 (en) | 1995-11-15 | 2010-11-05 | Methods and apparatus of field-induced pressure imprint lithography |
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US11/928,844 Expired - Lifetime US7887739B2 (en) | 1995-11-15 | 2007-10-30 | Methods and apparatus of pressure imprint lithography |
US12/940,302 Abandoned US20110042861A1 (en) | 1995-11-15 | 2010-11-05 | Methods and apparatus of field-induced pressure imprint lithography |
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US11/928,844 Expired - Lifetime US7887739B2 (en) | 1995-11-15 | 2007-10-30 | Methods and apparatus of pressure imprint lithography |
US12/940,302 Abandoned US20110042861A1 (en) | 1995-11-15 | 2010-11-05 | Methods and apparatus of field-induced pressure imprint lithography |
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US20110042861A1 (en) | 2011-02-24 |
US20080106003A1 (en) | 2008-05-08 |
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