US20030111977A1 - Fuel cell system multiple stage voltage control method and apparatus - Google Patents
Fuel cell system multiple stage voltage control method and apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- US20030111977A1 US20030111977A1 US10/017,461 US1746101A US2003111977A1 US 20030111977 A1 US20030111977 A1 US 20030111977A1 US 1746101 A US1746101 A US 1746101A US 2003111977 A1 US2003111977 A1 US 2003111977A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M16/00—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators
- H01M16/003—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators of fuel cells with other electrochemical devices, e.g. capacitors, electrolysers
- H01M16/006—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators of fuel cells with other electrochemical devices, e.g. capacitors, electrolysers of fuel cells with rechargeable batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/0432—Temperature; Ambient temperature
- H01M8/04373—Temperature; Ambient temperature of auxiliary devices, e.g. reformers, compressors, burners
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04537—Electric variables
- H01M8/04544—Voltage
- H01M8/04567—Voltage of auxiliary devices, e.g. batteries, capacitors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04537—Electric variables
- H01M8/04574—Current
- H01M8/04589—Current of fuel cell stacks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04537—Electric variables
- H01M8/04574—Current
- H01M8/04597—Current of auxiliary devices, e.g. batteries, capacitors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04746—Pressure; Flow
- H01M8/04753—Pressure; Flow of fuel cell reactants
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04791—Concentration; Density
- H01M8/04798—Concentration; Density of fuel cell reactants
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04858—Electric variables
- H01M8/04865—Voltage
- H01M8/04888—Voltage of auxiliary devices, e.g. batteries, capacitors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04858—Electric variables
- H01M8/04895—Current
- H01M8/0491—Current of fuel cell stacks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04858—Electric variables
- H01M8/04895—Current
- H01M8/04917—Current of auxiliary devices, e.g. batteries, capacitors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/04119—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04992—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the implementation of mathematical or computational algorithms, e.g. feedback control loops, fuzzy logic, neural networks or artificial intelligence
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
- H02J1/08—Three-wire systems; Systems having more than three wires
- H02J1/082—Plural DC voltage, e.g. DC supply voltage with at least two different DC voltage levels
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
- H02J2300/30—The power source being a fuel cell
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Abstract
Description
- 1. Field of the Invention
- This invention is generally related to fuel cell systems, and more particularly to controlling an output voltage of the fuel cell system.
- 2. Description of the Related Art
- Electrochemical fuel cells convert fuel and oxidant to electricity. Solid polymer electrochemical fuel cells generally employ a membrane electrode assembly (“MEA”) which includes an ion exchange membrane or solid polymer electrolyte disposed between two electrodes typically comprising a layer of porous, electrically conductive sheet material, such as carbon fiber paper or carbon cloth. The MEA contains a layer of catalyst, typically in the form of finely comminuted platinum, at each membrane electrode interface to induce the desired electrochemical reaction. In operation, the electrodes are electrically coupled for conducting electrons between the electrodes through an external circuit. Typically, a number of MEAs are electrically coupled in series to form a fuel cell stack having a desired power output.
- In typical fuel cells, the MEA is disposed between two electrically conductive fluid flow field plates or separator plates. Fluid flow field plates have flow passages to direct fuel and oxidant to the electrodes, namely the anode and the cathode, respectively. The fluid flow field plates act as current collectors, provide support for the electrodes, provide access channels for the fuel and oxidant, and provide channels for the removal of reaction products, such as water formed during fuel cell operation. The fuel cell system may use the reaction products in maintaining the reaction. For example, reaction water may be used for hydrating the ion exchange membrane and/or maintaining the temperature of the fuel cell stack.
- Stack current is a direct function of the reactant flow, the stack current increasing with increasing reactant flow. The stack voltage varies inversely with respect to the stack current in a non-linear mathematical relationship. The relationship between stack voltage and stack current at a given flow of reactant is typically represented as a polarization curve for the fuel cell stack. A set or family of polarization curves can represent the stack voltage-current relationship at a variety of reactant flow rates.
- In most applications, it is desirable to maintain an approximately constant voltage output from the fuel cell stack. One approach is to employ a battery in the fuel cell system to provide additional current when the demand of the load exceeds the output of the fuel cell stack. This approach often requires a separate battery charging supply to maintain the charge on the battery, introducing undesirable cost and complexity into the system. Attempts to place the battery in parallel with the fuel cell stack to eliminate the need for a separate battery charging supply raises additional problems. These problems may include, for example, preventing damage to the battery from overcharging, increasing efficiency, as well as the need for voltage, current, or power conversion or matching components between the fuel cell stack, battery and/or load. A less costly, less complex and/or more efficient approach is desirable.
- In one aspect, a fuel cell system includes: a fuel cell stack, a battery, a series pass element electrically coupled between at least a portion of the fuel cell stack and a portion of the battery, a regulating circuit for regulating current through the series pass element in response to a greater of a battery charging current error, a battery voltage error, and a stack current error, a reactant delivery system for delivering reactant to the fuel cells, the reactant delivery system including at least a first control element adjustable to control a partial pressure in a flow of a reactant to at least some of the fuel cells, and a control circuit coupled to receive signals corresponding to a voltage on an input side and an output side of the series pass element and configured to determine a deviation of a voltage difference across the series pass element from a desired operational condition based on the received signals, the control circuit further coupled to control the at least first control element based on the determined deviation. The fuel cell system may include a battery charging current error integrator having a first input coupled to receive a battery charging current signal and a second input coupled to receive a battery charging current limit signal. The fuel cell system may also include a battery voltage error integrator having a first input coupled to receive a battery voltage signal and a second input coupled to receive a battery voltage limit signal. The fuel cell system may further include a stack current error integrator having a first input coupled to receive a stack current signal and a second input coupled to receive a stack current limit signal. The fuel cell system may additionally include an OR circuit for selecting a greater of the battery charging current error, the battery voltage error and the stack current error.
- In another aspect, a fuel cell system includes: a number of fuel cells forming a fuel cell stack, a number of battery cells forming a battery, a series pass element, a blocking diode electrically coupled between the fuel cell stack and the series pass element, a regulating circuit for regulating current through the series pass element in proportion to at least a greater of a difference between a battery charging current and a battery charging current limit, a difference between a battery voltage and a battery voltage limit, and a difference between a stack current and a stack current limit, a reactant delivery system for delivering reactant to the fuel cells, the reactant delivery system including at least a first flow regulator adjustable to control a partial pressure in a flow of a reactant to at least some of the fuel cells, and a control circuit coupled to receive signals corresponding to a voltage difference across the series pass element and to provide a control signal to at least the first control element mathematically related to a voltage difference across the series pass element.
- In yet another aspect, a circuit for a fuel cell system includes a series pass element electrically coupleable between at least a portion of the fuel cell stack and a portion of the battery, a regulating circuit for regulating current through the series pass element in response to a greater of a battery charging current error, a battery voltage error and a stack current error, and a control circuit coupled to receive signals corresponding to a voltage on an input side and an output side of the series pass element and configured to determine a deviation of a voltage difference across the series pass element from a desired operational condition based on the received signals and to produce a control signal based on the determined deviation.
- In a further aspect, a circuit for a fuel cell system includes a series pass element, a blocking diode electrically coupled in series with the series pass element, a regulating circuit coupled to the series pass element to regulate a current through the series pass element in proportion to at least a greater of a difference between a battery charging current and a battery charging current limit, a difference between a battery voltage and a battery voltage limit, and a difference between a stack current and a stack current limit, and a control circuit coupled to receive signals corresponding to a voltage across the serried pass element and to provide a control signal mathematically related to a voltage difference across the series pass element.
- In yet a further aspect, a circuit for a fuel cell system includes a battery charging sensor, a battery charging current error integrator, a battery voltage sensor, a battery voltage error integrator, a stack current sensor, a stack current error integrator, an OR circuit coupled to the output of each of the battery current error integrator, the battery voltage error integrator and the stack current error integrator, a series pass element having a pair of terminals for selectively providing a current path and a control terminal coupled to the OR circuit for regulating current through the current path in proportion to a greater of the battery current error signal, the battery voltage error signal and the stack current error signal, and a control circuit coupled to receive signals corresponding to a voltage on an input side and an output side of the series pass element and configured to determine a deviation of a voltage difference across the series pass element from a desired operational condition based on the received signals and to produce a control signal based on the determined deviation.
- In even a further aspect, a method of operating a fuel cell system includes: supplying current at a number of output terminals from at least one of a fuel cell stack and a battery electrically coupled in parallel with the fuel cell stack, in a first stage, regulating a current through a series pass element in proportion to at least a greater of a difference between a battery charging current and a battery charging current limit, a difference between a battery voltage and a battery voltage limit, and a difference between the stack current and the stack current limit, and in a second stage, adjusting a partial pressure of a reactant flow to at least a portion of the fuel cell stack to maintain a series pass element at a desired saturation level.
- In even a further aspect, a method of operating a fuel cell system includes: determining a battery charging current error, determining a battery voltage error, determining a stack current error, regulating current through the series pass element in response to a greater of the battery charging current error, the battery voltage error, and the stack current error, determining a voltage difference across the series pass element, determining an amount of deviation of the determined voltage difference from a desired operational condition of the series pass element, and for at least one reactant flow to at least a portion of the fuel cell stack, adjusting a partial pressure of the reactant flow based on the determined amount of deviation. Determining the battery charging current error may include integrating a difference between a battery charging current and a battery charging current limit over time. Determining the battery voltage error may include integrating a difference between a battery voltage and a battery voltage limit over time. Determining the stack current error may include integrating a difference between a stack current and a stack current limit over time. The method may also include selecting the greater of the battery charging current error, the battery voltage error and the stack current error, level shifting the selected one of the errors, and applying the level shifted error to a control terminal of the series pass element. The method may further include determining a temperature proximate the battery and determining the battery voltage limit based at least in part on a determined temperature.
- In still a further aspect, a method of operating a fuel cell system includes: determining a difference between a battery charging current and a battery charging current limit, determining a difference between a battery voltage and a battery voltage limit, determining a difference between a stack current and a stack current limit, regulating a current through a series pass element in proportion to at least a greater of the difference between the battery charging current and the battery charging current limit, the difference between the battery voltage and the battery voltage limit, and the difference between the stack current and the stack current limit, determining a voltage difference across the series pass element, determining an amount of deviation of the determined voltage difference from a desired operational condition of the series pass element, and for at least one reactant flow to at least a portion of the fuel cell stack, adjusting a partial pressure of the reactant flow based on the determined amount of deviation.
- In yet still a further aspect, a combined fuel cell system includes two or more individual fuel cell systems electrically coupled in series and/or parallel combinations to produce a desired current at a desired voltage.
- In the drawings, identical reference numbers identify similar elements or acts. The sizes and relative positions of elements in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the shapes of various elements and angles are not drawn to scale, and some of these elements are arbitrarily enlarged and positioned to improve drawing legibility. Further, the particular shapes of the elements as drawn, are not intended to convey any information regarding the actual shape of the particular elements, and have been solely selected for ease of recognition in the drawings.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a fuel cell system powering a load, the fuel cell system having a fuel cell stack, a battery, a series pass element, a first stage including a regulating circuit for controlling current flow through the series pass element and a second stage including a controller employing a voltage difference across the series pass element to reduce the energy dissipated by the series pass element via control of reactant partial pressure in accordance with an illustrated general embodiment in the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the first stage of the fuel cell system of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 3 is an alternative embodiment of the first stage of the fuel cell system, employing a microprocessor as the regulating circuit.
- FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of an exemplary method of operating the first stage of the fuel cell system of FIGS. 2 and 3.
- FIG. 5 is an electrical schematic diagram of the second stage of the fuel cell system of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of an exemplary method of operating the second stage of the fuel cell system of FIG. 5.
- FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of the polarization curves for an exemplary fuel cell stack, for five exemplary partial pressures.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an alternative embodiment of the fuel cell system of FIG. 1, in which portions of the fuel cell stack are interconnected with portions of the battery.
- FIGS.9A-9F are a series of graphs relating stack, battery and load currents, battery and bus voltages and load resistances of the fuel cell system, where the fuel cell stack is sufficiently powering the load without draining or recharging the battery.
- FIGS.10A-C are a series of graphs relating stack, battery and load current over time for the fuel cell systems, where the battery supplies current to the load to cover a shortfall from the fuel cell stack and the fuel cell stack later recharges the battery.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a number of the fuel cell systems of FIG. 1, electrically coupled to form a combination fuel cell system for powering a load at a desired voltage and current.
- In the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various embodiments of the invention. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the invention may be practiced without these details. In other instances, well-known structures associated with fuel cells, fuel cell stacks, batteries and fuel cell systems have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments of the invention.
- Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is as “including, but not limited to.”
- Fuel Cell System Overview
- FIG. 1 shows a
fuel cell system 10 providing power to aload 12 according to an illustrated embodiment of the invention. Theload 12 typically constitutes the device to be powered by thefuel cell system 10, such as a vehicle, appliance, computer and/or associated peripherals. While thefuel cell system 10 is not typically considered part of theload 12, portions of thefuel cell system 10 such as the control electronics may constitute a portion or all of theload 12 in some possible embodiments. - The
fuel cell system 10 includes afuel cell stack 14 composed of a number of individual fuel cells electrically coupled in series. Thefuel cell stack 14 receives reactants, represented byarrow 9, such as hydrogen and air via areactant supply system 16. Thereactant supply system 16 may include one or more reactant supply reservoirs orsources 11, a reformer (not shown), and/or one or more control elements such as one or more compressors, pumps and/orvalves 18 or other reactant regulating elements. Operation of thefuel cell stack 14 produces reactant product, represented byarrow 20, typically including water. Thefuel cell system 10 may reuse some or all of thereactant products 20. For example, as represented byarrow 22, some or all of the water may be returned to thefuel cell stack 14 to humidify the hydrogen and air at the correct temperature and/or to hydrate the ion exchange membranes (not shown) or to control the temperature of thefuel cell stack 14. - The
fuel cell stack 14 can be modeled as an ideal battery having a voltage equivalent to an open circuit voltage and a series resistance RS. The value of the series resistance RS is principally a function of stack current IS, the availability of reactants, and time. The series resistance RS varies in accordance with the polarization curves for the particularfuel cell stack 14. The series resistance RS can be adjusted by controlling the availability ofreactants 9 to drop a desired voltage for any given current, thus allowing an approximately uniform stack voltage VS across a range of stack currents IS. The relationship between the reactant flow and the series resistance RS is illustrated in FIG. 1 by thebroken line arrow 13. However, simply decreasing the overall reactant and reaction pressures within thefuel cell system 10 may interfere with the overall system operation, for example interfering with the hydration of the ion exchange membrane and/or temperature control of the fuel cell stack. To avoid these undesirable results, thefuel cell system 10 may adjust the reactant partial pressure, as explained in more detail below. - The
fuel cell stack 14 produces a stack voltage VS across a high voltage bus formed by the positive andnegative voltage rails load 12 from thefuel cell stack 14 via the high voltage bus. As used herein, “high voltage” refers to the voltage produced by conventional fuel cell stacks 14 to power loads 12, and is used to distinguish between other voltages employed byfuel cell system 10 for control and/or communications (e.g., 5V). Thus, high voltage and is not necessarily “high” with respect to other electrical systems. - The
fuel cell system 10 includes abattery 24 electrically coupled in parallel with thefuel cell stack 14 across therails load 12. The open circuit voltage of thebattery 24 is selected to be similar to the full load voltage of thefuel cell stack 14. An internal resistance RB of thebattery 24 is selected to be much lower than the internal resistance of thefuel cell stack 14. Thus, thebattery 24 acts as a buffer, absorbing excess current when thefuel cell stack 14 produces more current than theload 12 requires, and providing current to theload 12 when thefuel cell stack 14 produces less current than theload 12 requires. The voltage across thehigh voltage bus battery 24 minus the battery discharging current multiplied by the value of the internal resistance RB of thebattery 24. The smaller the internal resistance RB of thebattery 24, the smaller the variations in bus voltage. - An optional reverse current blocking diode D1 can be electrically coupled between the
fuel cell stack 14 and thebattery 24 to prevent current from flowing from thebattery 24 to thefuel cell stack 14. A drawback of the reverse current blocking diode D1 is the associated diode voltage drop. Thefuel cell system 10 may also include other diodes, as well as fuses or other surge protection elements to prevent shorting and/or surges. - Stages
- The
fuel cell system 10 includes two control stages; a first stage employing aseries pass element 32 and a regulatingcircuit 34 for controlling current flow through theseries pass element 32, and a second stage employing acontroller 28 for adjusting reactant partial pressures to control the series resistance RS of thefuel cell stack 14. The first and second stages operate together, even simultaneously, in cooperation with the parallel coupledbattery 24 to achieve efficient and continuous output voltage control while protecting thebattery 24 from damage. - The first stage is a relatively fast reacting stage, while the second stage is a slower reacting stage relative to the first stage. As discussed above, the
battery 24 provides a very fast response to changes in load requirements, providing current to theload 12 when demand is greater than the output of thefuel cell stack 14 and sinking excess current when the output of thefuel cell stack 14 exceeds the demand of theload 12. By controlling the flow of current through theseries pass element 32, the first stage ensures that thebattery 24 is properly charged and discharged in an efficient manner without damage. By controlling the reactant partial pressures, and hence the series resistance RS, the second stage controls the efficiency of thefuel cell stack 14 operation (i.e., represented as the particular polarization curve on which the fuel cell is operating). Thus, the second stage limits the amount of heat dissipated by theseries pass element 32 by causing more energy to be dissipated via the fuel cell stack 14 (i e., via less efficient operation). - Where the
fuel cell stack 14 dissipates energy as heat, this energy is recoverable in various portions of the fuel cell system, and thus can be reused in other portions of the fuel cell system (i.e., cogeneration). For example, the energy dissipated as heat may be recycled to thefuel cell stack 14 via an airflow, stack coolant, or via the reactants. Additionally, or alternatively, the energy dissipated as heat may be recycled to a reformer (not shown), other portion of thefuel cell system 10, or to some external system. Additionally, limiting the amount of energy that theseries pass element 32 must dissipate, can reduce the size and associated cost of theseries pass element 32 and any associated heat sinks. - The details of the first and second stages are discussed in detail below.
- First Stage Overview, Series Pass Element Regulator
- With continuing reference to FIG. 1, the first stage of the
fuel cell system 10 includes theseries pass element 32 electrically coupled between thefuel cell stack 14 and thebattery 24 for controlling a flow of current IS from thefuel cell stack 14 to thebattery 24 and theload 12. The first stage of thefuel cell system 10 also includes the regulatingcircuit 34 coupled to regulate theseries pass element 32 based on various operating parameters of thefuel cell system 10. Theseries pass element 32 can take the form of a field effect transistor (“FET”), having a drain and source electrically coupled between thefuel cell stack 14 and thebattery 24 and having a gate electrically coupled to an output of the regulatingcircuit 34. - The first stage of the
fuel cell system 10 includes a number of sensors for determining the various operating parameters of thefuel cell system 10. For example, thefuel cell system 10 includes a battery chargecurrent sensor 36 coupled to determine a battery current IB. Also for example, thefuel cell system 10 includes a fuel cell stackcurrent sensor 38 coupled to determine the stack current IS. Further for example, thefuel cell system 10 includes abattery voltage sensor 40 for determining a voltage VB across thebattery 24. Additionally, thefuel cell system 10 may include abattery temperature sensor 42 positioned to determine the temperature of thebattery 24 or ambient air proximate thebattery 24. While the sensors 36-42 are illustrated as being discrete from the regulatingcircuit 34, in some embodiments one or more of the sensors 36-42 may be integrally formed as part of the regulatingcircuit 34. - The first stage of the
fuel cell system 10 may include asoft start circuit 15 for slowly pulling up the voltage during startup of thefuel cell system 10. Thefuel cell system 10 may also include a fast offcircuit 17 for quickly shutting down to prevent damage to thebattery 24, for example when there is no load or theload 12 is drawing no power. - Second Stage Overview, Reactant Partial Pressure Controller
- The second stage of the
fuel cell system 10 includes thecontroller 28, anactuator 30 and the reactant flow regulator such as thevalve 18. Thecontroller 28 receives a value of a first voltage V1 from an input side of theseries pass element 32 and a value of a second voltage V2 from an output side of theseries pass element 32. Thecontroller 28 provides a control signal to theactuator 30 based on the difference between the first and second voltages V1, V2 to adjust the flow of reactant to thefuel cell stack 14 via thevalve 18 or other reactant flow regulating element. - Since the
battery 24 covers any short-term mismatch between the available reactants and the consumed reactants, the speed at which the fuel cellreactant supply system 16 needs to react can be much slower than the speed of the electrical load changes. The speed at which the fuel cellreactant supply system 16 needs to react mainly effects the depth of the charge/discharge cycles of thebattery 24 and the dissipation of energy via theseries pass element 32. - First Stage Description, Series Pass Element Regulation
- FIG. 2 shows a one embodiment of the regulating
circuit 34, including components for determining a battery charging current error, stack current error and battery voltage error, and for producing an output to theseries pass element 32 corresponding to the greater of the determined errors. - The regulating
circuit 34 includes a battery charging currenterror integrating circuit 44 and a battery chargingcurrent limit circuit 46 for determining the battery charging current error. The battery chargingcurrent limit circuit 46 provides a battery charging current limit value to the inverting terminal of the battery charging currenterror integrating circuit 44, while the battery chargingcurrent sensor 36 provides a battery charging current value to the non-inverting terminal. A capacitor C9 is coupled between the inverting terminal and an output terminal of the battery charging currenterror integrating circuit 44. The battery charging current limiterror integrating circuit 44 integrates the difference between the battery charging current value and the battery charging current limit value. - The regulating
circuit 34 includes a stack currenterror integrating circuit 50 and a stackcurrent limit circuit 52 for determining the stack current error. The stackcurrent limit circuit 52 provides a stack current limit value to the inverting terminal of the stack currenterror integrating circuit 50, while stackcurrent sensor 38 provides a stack current value to the non-inverting terminal. A capacitor C8 is coupled between the inverting terminal and an output terminal of the stack currenterror integrating circuit 50. The stack currenterror integrating circuit 50 integrates the difference between the stack current value and the stack current limit value. The limiting effect of the second stage on the stack current limit is represented bybroken line arrow 53. - The regulating
circuit 34 includes a battery voltageerror integrating circuit 56 and a battery voltage setpoint circuit 58. The battery voltage setpoint circuit 58 provides a battery voltage limit value to the inverting terminal of the battery voltageerror integrating circuit 56, while thebattery voltage sensor 40 provides a battery voltage value to the non-inverting terminal. A capacitor C7 is electrically coupled between the inverting terminal and the output terminal of the battery voltageerror integrating circuit 56. The battery voltageerror integrating circuit 56 integrates the difference between the battery voltage value and the battery voltage set point value. - The regulating
circuit 34 may also include atemperature compensation circuit 62 that employs the battery temperature measurement from thebattery temperature detector 42 to produce a compensation value. The battery voltage setpoint circuit 58 employs the compensation value in determining the battery voltage set point value. - The regulating
circuit 34 also includes an ORcircuit 64 for selecting the greater of the output values of theerror integrators circuit 64 can take the form of three diodes (not shown) having commonly coupled cathodes. The anode of each of the diodes are electrically coupled to respective ones of theerror integration circuits - The regulating
circuit 34 also includes acharge pump 66 for providing a voltage to a control terminal (e.g., gate) of theseries pass element 32 by way of a level shifter, such as aninverting level shifter 68. Theinverting level shifter 68 provides a linear output value that is inverted from the input value. - FIG. 3 shows an alternative embodiment of the first stage of the
fuel cell system 10, employing amicroprocessor 70 as the regulating circuit. This alternative embodiment and those other alternatives and alternative embodiments described herein are substantially similar to the previously described embodiments, and common acts and structures are identified by the same reference numbers. Only significant differences in operation and structure are described below. - The
microprocessor 70 can be programmed or configured to perform the functions of the regulating circuit 34 (FIG. 1). For example, themicroprocessor 70 may perform the error integration for some or all of the battery charging current, stack current and battery voltage values. Themicroprocessor 70 may store some or all of the battery charging current limit, stack current limit and/or battery voltage limit values. Themicroprocessor 70 may also determine the temperature compensation based on the battery temperature value supplied by thebattery temperature detector 42. Further, themicroprocessor 70 may select the greater of the error values, providing an appropriate signal to the control terminal of theseries pass element 32. - FIG. 4 shows an
exemplary method 100 of operating the first stage offuel cell system 10 of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3. Themethod 100 repeats during operation to continually adjust the operating parameters of thefuel cell system 10. - In
step 102, the battery charging current sensor 36 (FIGS. 1-3) determines the value of the battery charging current IB. Instep 104, the battery charging current error integrating circuit 44 (FIG. 2) or microprocessor 70 (FIG. 3) determines the value of the battery charging current error. - In
step 106, the stack current sensor 38 (FIGS. 1-3) determines the value of the stack current. Instep 108, the stack current error integrating circuit 50 (FIG. 2) or microprocessor 70 (FIG. 3) determines the value of the stack current error. - In
step 110, the battery voltage sensor 40 (FIGS. 1-3) determines the value of the voltage VB across thebattery 24. Inoptional step 112, thebattery temperature sensor 42 determines the temperature of thebattery 24 or the ambient space proximate thebattery 24. Inoptional step 114, the temperature compensation circuit 62 (FIG. 2) or microprocessor 70 (FIG. 3) determines the value of the battery voltage limit based on determined battery temperature. Instep 116, the battery voltage error integrating circuit 56 (FIG. 2) or microprocessor 70 (FIG. 3) determines the value of the battery voltage error. - The
fuel cell system 10 may perform thesteps example performing step 106 beforestep 102, or performingstep 110 beforestep 102 and/or step 106. Thesensors steps - In
step 118, the OR circuit 64 (FIG. 2) or an OR circuit configured in the microprocessor 70 (FIG. 3) determines the greater of the determined errors values. The OR circuit may be hardwired in themicroprocessor 70, or may take the form of executable instructions. Instep 120, the charge pump 66 (FIG. 2) produces charge. While not illustrated, the embodiment of FIG. 3 may also include a charge pump, or themicroprocessor 70 can produce an appropriate signal value. Instep 122, the level shifter 68 (FIG. 2) or microprocessor 70 (FIG. 3) applies the charge as an input voltage to the control terminal of the series pass element 32 (FIGS. 1-3) in proportion to determined greater of errors values. - The first stage of the
fuel cell system 10 thus operates in essentially three modes: battery voltage limiting mode, stack current limiting mode, and battery charging current limiting mode. For example, when thebattery 24 is drained, thefuel cell system 10 will enter the battery charging current mode to limit the battery charging current in order to prevent damage to thebattery 24. As thebattery 24 recharges, thefuel cell system 10 enters the battery voltage limiting mode, providing a trickle charge to thebattery 24 in order to maintain a battery float voltage (e.g., approximately 75%-95% of full charge) without sulfating thebattery 24. As theload 12 pulls more current than thefuel cell stack 14 can provide, thefuel cell system 10 enters the stack current limiting mode. Additionally, there can be a fourth “saturation” mode where, as theload 12 pulls even more current, the stack voltage VS drops below the battery voltage VB. Thebattery 24 will discharge in this “saturation” mode, eventually entering the battery charging current limiting mode when thebattery 24 is sufficiently drained, as discussed above. - Second Stage Description, Reactant Partial Pressure Control
- FIG. 5 illustrates the second stage in further detail, which employs a voltage difference across the
series pass element 32 as the operating condition. - In particular, the
controller 28 includes afirst comparator 90 that receives the value of the first voltage V1 from the input side of theseries pass element 32 and the value of the second voltage V2 from the output side of theseries pass element 32. Thefirst comparator 90 produces a process variable ΔV corresponding to a difference between the first and second voltages V1, V2. - The
controller 28 also includes asecond comparator 92 that receives the process variable ΔV from thefirst comparator 90 and a set point. Thecomparator 92 compares the process variable ΔV to the set point and produces a first control voltage CV1. The set point reflects the desired maximum operating level of theseries pass element 32, and may typically be between approximately 75% and approximately 95% of the saturation value for theseries pass element 32. A set point of 80% of the saturation value is particularly suitable, providing some resolution in the circuitry even when thefuel cell stack 14 is operating under a partial load. - The
comparator 92 supplies the resulting control variable CV1 to theactuator 30 which adjusts the compressor orvalve 18 accordingly. Thevalve 18 adjusts the reactant partial pressure to thefuel cell stack 14, which serves as a second control variable CV2 for thefuel cell system 10. As noted above, controlling the reactant partial pressure adjusts the internal resistance of RS of thefuel cell stack 14, as well as adjusting the power output of thefuel cell stack 14. The first andsecond comparators - The
controller 28 may also includelogic 94 for controlling various switches, such as afirst switch 96 that electrically couples thebattery 24 in parallel with thefuel cell 14, andsecond switch 98 that electrically couples theload 12 in parallel with thefuel cell stack 14 and thebattery 24. - FIG. 6 illustrates an
exemplary method 200 of operating the second stage of thefuel cell system 10, of FIGS. 1 and 5. Instep 102, thebattery 24 is electrically coupled in parallel with thefuel cell stack 14. Instep 204, theload 12 is electrically coupled to thebattery 24 andfuel cell stack 14. Instep 206, at least one of thefuel cell stack 14 andbattery 24 supplies current to theload 12. Thefuel cell stack 12 supplies the current to theload 12 where thefuel cell stack 14 is producing sufficient current to meet the demand of theload 12. Excess current from thefuel cell stack 14 recharges thebattery 24. Thebattery 24 may supply a portion or even all of the power to theload 12 where thefuel cell stack 14 is not producing sufficient power to meet the demand. - In
step 208, the second stage of thefuel cell system 10 determines the first voltage V1 on the input side of theseries pass element 32. Instep 210, the second stage of thefuel cell system 10 determines the second voltage V2 on the output side of theseries pass element 32. The order ofsteps - In
step 212, thefirst comparator 90 determines the difference between the first and the second voltages V1, V2. Instep 214, thesecond comparator 92 compares the determined difference ΔV to the set point. Instep 216, the second stage of thefuel cell system 10 adjusts a partial pressure of at least one reactant flow to thefuel cell stack 14 via theactuator 30 andvalve 18 based on the determined amount of deviation. For example,fuel cell system 10 may adjust the partial pressure of the hydrogen, the partial pressure of the oxidant (e.g., air), or the partial pressure of both the hydrogen and the oxidant. As discussed above, by varying the partial pressure of fuel and/or oxidant, the value of the internal series resistance RS inherent in thefuel cell stack 14 can be varied to control the voltage that is dropped at any given stack output current. By varying the partial pressure in such a way, the maximum voltage dropped across theseries pass element 32 can be reduced. - FIG. 7 illustrates exemplary polarization curves for the
fuel cell stack 14, corresponding to five different reactant partial pressures. Stack voltage VS is represented along the vertical axis, and stack current IS represented along the horizontal axis. Afirst curve 59 represents the polarization at a low reactant partial pressure.Curves broken line 69 illustrates a constant nominal output voltage of 24 volts. Verticalbroken lines - Battery Portions/Fuel Cell Portions Interconnected Embodiment of Fuel Cell System
- FIG. 8 shows a further embodiment of the
fuel cell system 10 where the where portions of thebattery 24 are interconnected with portions of thefuel cell stack 14. - In particular, the
fuel cell stack 14 can include a number of groups orportions battery battery cell fuel cells fuel cell system 10 can employ other ratios of battery cells to fuel cells. - The
fuel cell system 10 can include a capacitor, such as a super-capacitor 140, electrically coupled in parallel across theload 12. Thefuel cell system 10 of FIG. 8 may be operated in accordance with themethods - While not illustrated in FIG. 8, separate control elements such as
valve 18,controller 28, and/oractuator 30 can be associated with respective ones the sets offuel cells - Currents Voltages and Resistance of Fuel Cell System and Load
- FIGS.9A-9F show a series of graphs illustrating the relationship between various currents, voltages, and resistance in the
fuel cell system 10 in single phase AC operation where the fuel cell stack is sufficiently powering the load without draining or recharging the battery. The various graphs of FIG. 9A-9F share a common, horizontal time axis. - FIG. 9A is a
graph 150 illustrating the actual stack current IS and the average stack current IS-AVG as a function of time. FIG. 9B is agraph 152 illustrating the actual battery current IB as a function of time. FIG. 9C is agraph 154 illustrating the actual battery voltage VB and the average battery voltage VB-AVG as a function of time. FIG. 9D is agraph 156 illustrating the actual current through the load IL and the average load current IL-AVG as a function of time. FIG. 9E is agraph 158 illustrating the actual load resistance RL as a function of time. FIG. 9F is agraph 160 illustrating an AC voltage Vac across theload 12 as a function of time. - FIGS.10A-10C show a series of graphs illustrating the relationship between various currents, voltages, and resistance in the
fuel cell system 10 in single phase AC operation where the battery supplies current to the load to cover a shortfall from the fuel cell stack and the fuel cell stack later recharges the battery. The various graphs of FIGS. 10A-10C share a common, horizontal time axis. - FIG. 10A is a
graph 162 illustrating the stack current IS as a function of time. FIG. 10B is agraph 164 illustrates the battery current IB as a function of time. FIG. 10C is agraph 166 illustrating the load current IL as a function of time. As can be seen from FIGS. 10A-10C, as theload 12 increases demand, thebattery 24 supplies current to make up for the shortfall from thefuel cell stack 14. As theload 12 decreases demand, thefuel cell stack 14 recharges thebattery 24 until thebattery 24 returns to the float voltage. - Fuel Cell Systems as Component Blocks of Combined Fuel Cell System
- FIG. 11 shows a number of
fuel cell systems 10 a-10 f, electrically coupled to form a combinedfuel cell system 10 g, for powering theload 12 at a desired voltage and current. Thefuel cell systems 10 a-10 f can take the form of any of thefuel cell systems 10 discussed above, for example thefuel cell systems 10 illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. - The combined
fuel cell system 10 g takes advantage of a matching of polarization curves between the fuel cell stacks 14 and therespective batteries 24. One approach to achieving the polarization curve matching includes the first stage regulating scheme generally discussed above. Another approach includes controlling a partial pressure of one or more reactant flows based on a deviation of a voltage across thebattery 24 from a desired voltage across thebattery 24. A further approach includes controlling a partial pressure of one or more reactant flows based on a deviation of a battery charge from a desired battery charge. The battery charge can be determined by integrating the flow of charge to and from thebattery 24. Other approaches may include phase or pulse switching regulating or control schemes. - As an example, each of the
fuel cell systems 10 a-10 f may be capable of providing a current of 50A at 24V. Electrically coupling a first pair of thefuel cell systems fuel cells systems fuel cell systems fuel cells systems 10 e, 10 f in series provides an 50A at 48V. Electrically coupling the third pair offuel cell systems 10 e, 10 f in parallel with the first pair of series coupledfuel cell systems 10 a:10 b and the second pair of series coupledfuel cell systems 10 c:10 d, provides 150A at 48V. - FIG. 11 shows only one possible arrangement. One skilled in the art will recognize that other arrangements for achieving a desired voltage and current are possible. A combined
fuel cell system 10 g may include a lesser or greater number of individualfuel cell systems 10 a-10 f than illustrated in FIG. 11. Other combinations of electrically coupling numbers of individualfuel cell systems 10 can be used to provide power at other desired voltages and currents. For example, one or more additional fuel cell systems (not shown) can be electrically coupled in parallel with one or more of thefuel cell systems 10 a-10 b. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more additional fuel cell systems (not shown) can be electrically coupled in series with any of the illustrated pairs offuel cell systems 10 a:10 b, 10 c:10 d, 10 e:10 f. Further, thefuel cell systems 10 a -10 f may have different voltage and/or current ratings. The individualfuel cell systems 10 a -10 f can be combined to produce an “n+1” array, providing a desired amount of redundancy and high reliability. - Although specific embodiments of and examples for the fuel cell system and method are described herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as will be recognized by those skilled in the relevant art. For example, the teachings provided herein can be applied to fuel cell systems including other types of fuel cell stacks or fuel cell assemblies, not necessarily the polymer exchange membrane fuel cell assembly generally described above. Additionally or alternatively, the
fuel cell system 10 can interconnect portions of thefuel cell stack 14 with portions of the battery B1, B2. The fuel cell system can employ various other approaches and elements for adjusting reactant partial pressures. The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/______, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING VOLTAGE FROM A FUEL CELL SYSTEM” (Attorney Docket No. 130109.436); and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/______, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MULTIPLE MODE CONTROL OF VOLTAGE FROM A FUEL CELL SYSTEM” (Attorney Docket No. 130109.442), both filed concurrently with this application, are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Aspects of the invention can be modified, if necessary, to employ systems, circuits and concepts of the various patents, applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments of the invention. For example, thefuel cell system 10 can additionally, or alternatively control the reactant partial pressure as a function of the either the battery voltage VB, current flow to and from thebattery 24 or battery charge, as taught in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/______, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING VOLTAGE FROM A FUEL CELL SYSTEM” (Attorney Docket No. 130109.436). - These and other changes can be made to the invention in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and claims, but should be construed to include all fuel cell systems that operate in accordance with the claims. Accordingly, the invention is not limited by the disclosure, but instead its scope is to be determined entirely by the following claims.
Claims (59)
Priority Applications (7)
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US10/017,461 US6573682B1 (en) | 2001-12-14 | 2001-12-14 | Fuel cell system multiple stage voltage control method and apparatus |
PCT/CA2002/001909 WO2003052860A2 (en) | 2001-12-14 | 2002-12-12 | Regulation of a hybrid fuel cell system |
EP02782589A EP1459407A2 (en) | 2001-12-14 | 2002-12-12 | Regulation of a hybrid fuel cell system |
AU2002347171A AU2002347171A1 (en) | 2001-12-14 | 2002-12-12 | Regulation of a hybrid fuel cell system |
CNB028276205A CN100382383C (en) | 2001-12-14 | 2002-12-12 | Fuel cell system |
CA002469963A CA2469963A1 (en) | 2001-12-14 | 2002-12-12 | Regulation of a hybrid fuel cell system |
JP2003553652A JP2005513722A (en) | 2001-12-14 | 2002-12-12 | Control of hybrid fuel cell system |
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US10/017,461 US6573682B1 (en) | 2001-12-14 | 2001-12-14 | Fuel cell system multiple stage voltage control method and apparatus |
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