US20020187251A1 - Fixation of a ceramic structural member by way of gliding component in a femoral part - Google Patents
Fixation of a ceramic structural member by way of gliding component in a femoral part Download PDFInfo
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- US20020187251A1 US20020187251A1 US10/209,936 US20993602A US2002187251A1 US 20020187251 A1 US20020187251 A1 US 20020187251A1 US 20993602 A US20993602 A US 20993602A US 2002187251 A1 US2002187251 A1 US 2002187251A1
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- structural member
- femoral part
- anchored
- ceramic structural
- ceramic
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/38—Joints for elbows or knees
- A61F2/3859—Femoral components
-
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
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- A61F2002/30001—Additional features of subject-matter classified in A61F2/28, A61F2/30 and subgroups thereof
- A61F2002/30316—The prosthesis having different structural features at different locations within the same prosthesis; Connections between prosthetic parts; Special structural features of bone or joint prostheses not otherwise provided for
- A61F2002/30329—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
- A61F2002/30383—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements made by laterally inserting a protrusion, e.g. a rib into a complementarily-shaped groove
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
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- A61F2002/30001—Additional features of subject-matter classified in A61F2/28, A61F2/30 and subgroups thereof
- A61F2002/30316—The prosthesis having different structural features at different locations within the same prosthesis; Connections between prosthetic parts; Special structural features of bone or joint prostheses not otherwise provided for
- A61F2002/30329—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
- A61F2002/30383—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements made by laterally inserting a protrusion, e.g. a rib into a complementarily-shaped groove
- A61F2002/30385—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements made by laterally inserting a protrusion, e.g. a rib into a complementarily-shaped groove the rib and groove having non-parallel, e.g. conically-tapered, cooperating sides, e.g. having a trapezoidal front cross-section
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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- A61F2002/30316—The prosthesis having different structural features at different locations within the same prosthesis; Connections between prosthetic parts; Special structural features of bone or joint prostheses not otherwise provided for
- A61F2002/30329—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
- A61F2002/30433—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements using additional screws, bolts, dowels, rivets or washers e.g. connecting screws
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
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- A61F2002/30329—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
- A61F2002/30451—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements soldered or brazed or welded
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/30767—Special external or bone-contacting surface, e.g. coating for improving bone ingrowth
- A61F2/30771—Special external or bone-contacting surface, e.g. coating for improving bone ingrowth applied in original prostheses, e.g. holes or grooves
- A61F2002/30772—Apertures or holes, e.g. of circular cross section
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
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- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2220/00—Fixations or connections for prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2220/0025—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61F2220/00—Fixations or connections for prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2220/0025—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
- A61F2220/0041—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements using additional screws, bolts, dowels or rivets, e.g. connecting screws
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2220/00—Fixations or connections for prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2220/0025—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
- A61F2220/0058—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements soldered or brazed or welded
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2310/00—Prostheses classified in A61F2/28 or A61F2/30 - A61F2/44 being constructed from or coated with a particular material
- A61F2310/00005—The prosthesis being constructed from a particular material
- A61F2310/00011—Metals or alloys
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- A61F2310/00—Prostheses classified in A61F2/28 or A61F2/30 - A61F2/44 being constructed from or coated with a particular material
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- A61F2310/00—Prostheses classified in A61F2/28 or A61F2/30 - A61F2/44 being constructed from or coated with a particular material
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- A61F2310/00592—Coating or prosthesis-covering structure made of ceramics or of ceramic-like compounds
- A61F2310/00598—Coating or prosthesis-covering structure made of compounds based on metal oxides or hydroxides
- A61F2310/00604—Coating made of aluminium oxide or hydroxides
Definitions
- the invention relates to a knee-joint endoprosthesis.
- a knee-joint endoprosthesis having a metallic femoral part anchored in the femur that articulates with a tibial part made of polyethylene which is anchored in the tibia bone.
- the articulating surface of the femoral part is formed by a ceramic structural member that is connected to the femoral part in mechanically stable manner.
- the object underlying the invention is to improve a knee-joint endoprosthesis in such a way that the attachment of the ceramic structural member to the femoral part is optimised.
- the ceramic structural member is anchored on the femoral part by means of a conical clamping device.
- a conical slot is expediently produced in the femoral part, into which slot the conical lateral surfaces of the structural member are inserted.
- the angle of the conical clamping device preferably amounts to between 5° and 20°. The larger the angle, the more easily the structural members can be removed during a further operation, even after an implantation.
- the conical clamping device is disposed only in the region above what is the loading tone the knee is extended.
- the conical clamping device extends over the entire region of the articulating surface.
- the structural member is anchored on the femoral part by means of at least one fixing screw.
- a conical clamping device would be dispensed with in this case.
- Use is preferably made of two structural members per endoprosthesis. However, use may also be made of only one structural member, which then has two articulating surfaces.
- the ceramic structural member is connected to the femoral part in non-detachable manner by shrinking, soldering or welding. Soldering also includes active soldering.
- This attachment can be improved if the ceramic structural member is additionally connected to the femoral part by means of a congruent surface arrangement.
- the latter may be constituted by, for example, interlocking slots and ribs.
- the ceramic structural member is additionally connected to the femoral part by means of a slot/spring connection.
- the latter is particularly expedient when there is shrinking on.
- a rib on the structural member for example, projects into a slot in the femoral part, or vice versa.
- many variants of the congruent surface arrangement are possible.
- the ceramic structural member is in the form of a layer and is secured or applied by vapour deposition, spray application or such like.
- the structural member is accordingly a layer in this case.
- this layer may also consist of several individual layers.
- a ceramic material for the layer or the other structural members would be, for example, aluminum oxide.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-section through a femoral part with a structural member inserted with the aid of a conical clamping device taken along line A-A of FIG. 1( c ),
- FIG. 1 b is the same section as in FIG. 1 a , but rotated through 180°, taken along line B-B of FIG. 1( c ),
- FIG. 2 is a lateral section through a femoral part with a structural member mounted with the aid of a conical clamping device, the conical clamping device being disposed only above the loading zone,
- FIG. 3 shows the attachment of the structural member to the femoral part with the aid of a fixing screw
- FIG. 4 shows the attachment of the structural member to the femoral part by shrinking, FIG. 4 a representing a section like FIG. 1 b and FIG. 4 b representing a section like FIGS. 2, 3.
- FIG. 5 shows the attachment of the structural member to the femoral part by a slot/spring connection.
- FIGS. 1 a , 1 b and 1 c a metallic femoral part 2 is shown in various sections.
- a slot 5 or two slots 5 are produced in the femoral part 2 in the region of the articulating surface. At their sides these slots 5 have conical surfaces with angles between 5° and 20°.
- Ceramic structural members 3 which have corresponding conical lateral surfaces, so that a conical clamping device 4 is formed.
- the structural members 3 are not shown articulating with a tibial part anchored in the tibia bone.
- the slot 5 extends along the entire articulating surface.
- several slots 5 or individual notches may also be provided so that the structural member 3 is anchored to the femoral part 2 only at individual points by means of a conical clamping device 4 .
- FIG. 2 shows a lateral section through a femoral part 2 with, likewise, a structural member 3 that is mounted with the aid of a conical clamping device 4 .
- the conical clamping device 4 in this case, as distinct from the embodiment of FIG. 1, is disposed only above what is the loading zone when the knee is extended. To this end a clamping surface that is not as large as that in FIG. 1 is produced in the femoral part 2 .
- FIG. 3 shows the attachment of the ceramic structural member 3 to the femoral part 2 by means of a fixing screw 1 .
- a bore 7 is disposed in the structural member 3 and a thread 6 is disposed in the femoral part 2 .
- the fixing screw 1 projects through the bore 7 into the thread 6 and in this way anchors the structural member 3 to the femoral part 2 .
- FIG. 4 shows a femoral part 2 that has a slot 10 on its tibial side.
- the associated ceramic structural member 3 has a rib 11 that is congruent with the slot.
- FIG. 4 a shows the femoral part 2 in cross-section and
- FIG. 4 b shows it in longitudinal section.
- the structural member 3 is attached by shrinking it on. But it may also be soldered on or welded on. In this case the slot/spring connection may optionally be dispensed with.
- FIG. 5 shows the attachment of the structural member 3 to the femoral part 2 by a slot/spring connection (i.e., a rib on one of the ceramic structural member 3 and the femoral part 2 and a slot in the other of the femoral part 2 and the ceramic structural member 3 .
- a slot/spring connection i.e., a rib on one of the ceramic structural member 3 and the femoral part 2 and a slot in the other of the femoral part 2 and the ceramic structural member 3 .
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
- Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
- Cardiology (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Transplantation (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Prostheses (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a knee-joint endoprosthesis with a metallic femoral part (2) anchored in the femur that articulates with a tibial part anchored in the tibia bone, the articulating surface of the femoral part (2) being a ceramic structural member (3) that is connected to the femoral part (2) in mechanically stable manner. With a view to optimising the attachment of the ceramic structural member (3) to the femoral part (2), various possible solutions are proposed.
Description
- This is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/774,716, filed Feb. 1, 2001, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/008,427, filed Jan. 16, 1998 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,214,051).
- The invention relates to a knee-joint endoprosthesis.
- Known from WO 95/23567 is a knee-joint endoprosthesis having a metallic femoral part anchored in the femur that articulates with a tibial part made of polyethylene which is anchored in the tibia bone. The articulating surface of the femoral part is formed by a ceramic structural member that is connected to the femoral part in mechanically stable manner.
- The object underlying the invention is to improve a knee-joint endoprosthesis in such a way that the attachment of the ceramic structural member to the femoral part is optimised.
- In one embodiment according to the invention the ceramic structural member is anchored on the femoral part by means of a conical clamping device. To this end a conical slot is expediently produced in the femoral part, into which slot the conical lateral surfaces of the structural member are inserted. The angle of the conical clamping device preferably amounts to between 5° and 20°. The larger the angle, the more easily the structural members can be removed during a further operation, even after an implantation.
- In a preferred embodiment the conical clamping device is disposed only in the region above what is the loading tone the knee is extended.
- In another preferred embodiment the conical clamping device extends over the entire region of the articulating surface.
- In an alternative embodiment the structural member is anchored on the femoral part by means of at least one fixing screw. A conical clamping device would be dispensed with in this case.
- Use is preferably made of two structural members per endoprosthesis. However, use may also be made of only one structural member, which then has two articulating surfaces.
- In another alternative embodiment the ceramic structural member is connected to the femoral part in non-detachable manner by shrinking, soldering or welding. Soldering also includes active soldering.
- This attachment can be improved if the ceramic structural member is additionally connected to the femoral part by means of a congruent surface arrangement. The latter may be constituted by, for example, interlocking slots and ribs. In an advantageous configuration, the ceramic structural member is additionally connected to the femoral part by means of a slot/spring connection. The latter is particularly expedient when there is shrinking on. When there is a slot/spring connection, a rib on the structural member, for example, projects into a slot in the femoral part, or vice versa. However, many variants of the congruent surface arrangement are possible.
- In another alternative embodiment the ceramic structural member is in the form of a layer and is secured or applied by vapour deposition, spray application or such like. The structural member is accordingly a layer in this case. Of course, this layer may also consist of several individual layers. A ceramic material for the layer or the other structural members would be, for example, aluminum oxide.
- Further features of the invention will emerge from the figures which are described below. Illustrated are:
- FIG. 1 is a cross-section through a femoral part with a structural member inserted with the aid of a conical clamping device taken along line A-A of FIG. 1(c),
- FIG. 1b is the same section as in FIG. 1a, but rotated through 180°, taken along line B-B of FIG. 1(c),
- FIG. 2 is a lateral section through a femoral part with a structural member mounted with the aid of a conical clamping device, the conical clamping device being disposed only above the loading zone,
- FIG. 3 shows the attachment of the structural member to the femoral part with the aid of a fixing screw and
- FIG. 4 shows the attachment of the structural member to the femoral part by shrinking, FIG. 4a representing a section like FIG. 1b and FIG. 4b representing a section like FIGS. 2, 3.
- FIG. 5 shows the attachment of the structural member to the femoral part by a slot/spring connection.
- In FIGS. 1a, 1 b and 1 c a metallic
femoral part 2 is shown in various sections. Aslot 5 or twoslots 5 are produced in thefemoral part 2 in the region of the articulating surface. At their sides theseslots 5 have conical surfaces with angles between 5° and 20°. Enclosed in theslots 5 are ceramicstructural members 3 which have corresponding conical lateral surfaces, so that aconical clamping device 4 is formed. Thestructural members 3 are not shown articulating with a tibial part anchored in the tibia bone. In this embodiment theslot 5 extends along the entire articulating surface. However,several slots 5 or individual notches may also be provided so that thestructural member 3 is anchored to thefemoral part 2 only at individual points by means of aconical clamping device 4. - FIG. 2 shows a lateral section through a
femoral part 2 with, likewise, astructural member 3 that is mounted with the aid of aconical clamping device 4. Theconical clamping device 4 in this case, as distinct from the embodiment of FIG. 1, is disposed only above what is the loading zone when the knee is extended. To this end a clamping surface that is not as large as that in FIG. 1 is produced in thefemoral part 2. - FIG. 3 shows the attachment of the ceramic
structural member 3 to thefemoral part 2 by means of afixing screw 1. To this end abore 7 is disposed in thestructural member 3 and athread 6 is disposed in thefemoral part 2. Thefixing screw 1 projects through thebore 7 into thethread 6 and in this way anchors thestructural member 3 to thefemoral part 2. - If necessary, several fixing screws can also be used, which are advantageously disposed sunk in the
structural member 3. - FIG. 4 shows a
femoral part 2 that has aslot 10 on its tibial side. The associated ceramicstructural member 3 has arib 11 that is congruent with the slot. FIG. 4a shows thefemoral part 2 in cross-section and FIG. 4b shows it in longitudinal section. Thestructural member 3 is attached by shrinking it on. But it may also be soldered on or welded on. In this case the slot/spring connection may optionally be dispensed with. - FIG. 5 shows the attachment of the
structural member 3 to thefemoral part 2 by a slot/spring connection (i.e., a rib on one of the ceramicstructural member 3 and thefemoral part 2 and a slot in the other of thefemoral part 2 and the ceramicstructural member 3.
Claims (2)
1. A method for forming a knee-joint endoprosthesis, comprising:
providing a tibial part to be anchored in a tibia bone;
providing a metallic femoral part to be anchored in the femur and articulate with the tibial part; and
soldering or welding an articulating surface comprising a ceramic structural member to said metallic femoral part.
2. A method for forming a knee-joint endoprosthesis, comprising:
providing a tibial part to be anchored in a tibia bone;
providing a metallic femoral part to be anchored in the femur and articulate with the tibial part; and
vapour depositing or spraying an articulating surface comprising a ceramic structure member on said metallic femoral part.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/209,936 US20020187251A1 (en) | 1997-01-17 | 2002-08-02 | Fixation of a ceramic structural member by way of gliding component in a femoral part |
Applications Claiming Priority (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19701621 | 1997-01-17 | ||
DE19711628.0 | 1997-03-20 | ||
DE19711628A DE19711628A1 (en) | 1997-01-17 | 1997-03-20 | Fixation of a ceramic component as a sliding component in a femur part |
DE19701621.9 | 1997-03-20 | ||
US09/008,427 US6214051B1 (en) | 1997-01-17 | 1998-01-16 | Fixation of a ceramic structural member by way of gliding in a femoral part |
US09/774,716 US20010016778A1 (en) | 1997-01-17 | 2001-02-01 | Fixation of a ceramic structural member by way of gliding component in a femoral part |
US10/209,936 US20020187251A1 (en) | 1997-01-17 | 2002-08-02 | Fixation of a ceramic structural member by way of gliding component in a femoral part |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/774,716 Division US20010016778A1 (en) | 1997-01-17 | 2001-02-01 | Fixation of a ceramic structural member by way of gliding component in a femoral part |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20020187251A1 true US20020187251A1 (en) | 2002-12-12 |
Family
ID=26033199
Family Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/008,427 Expired - Fee Related US6214051B1 (en) | 1997-01-17 | 1998-01-16 | Fixation of a ceramic structural member by way of gliding in a femoral part |
US09/774,716 Abandoned US20010016778A1 (en) | 1997-01-17 | 2001-02-01 | Fixation of a ceramic structural member by way of gliding component in a femoral part |
US10/209,936 Abandoned US20020187251A1 (en) | 1997-01-17 | 2002-08-02 | Fixation of a ceramic structural member by way of gliding component in a femoral part |
Family Applications Before (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/008,427 Expired - Fee Related US6214051B1 (en) | 1997-01-17 | 1998-01-16 | Fixation of a ceramic structural member by way of gliding in a femoral part |
US09/774,716 Abandoned US20010016778A1 (en) | 1997-01-17 | 2001-02-01 | Fixation of a ceramic structural member by way of gliding component in a femoral part |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US6214051B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP0855173B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH10201781A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2226239A1 (en) |
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US7833274B2 (en) | 2007-05-16 | 2010-11-16 | Zimmer, Inc. | Knee system and method of making same |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20010016778A1 (en) | 2001-08-23 |
EP0855173A3 (en) | 1998-12-30 |
EP0855173B1 (en) | 2003-10-01 |
US6214051B1 (en) | 2001-04-10 |
EP0855173A2 (en) | 1998-07-29 |
CA2226239A1 (en) | 1998-07-17 |
JPH10201781A (en) | 1998-08-04 |
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