EP1918334A2 - Multi-layered magnetic pigments and foils - Google Patents
Multi-layered magnetic pigments and foils Download PDFInfo
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- EP1918334A2 EP1918334A2 EP07021054A EP07021054A EP1918334A2 EP 1918334 A2 EP1918334 A2 EP 1918334A2 EP 07021054 A EP07021054 A EP 07021054A EP 07021054 A EP07021054 A EP 07021054A EP 1918334 A2 EP1918334 A2 EP 1918334A2
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- magnetic
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- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
- B42D25/36—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery comprising special materials
- B42D25/369—Magnetised or magnetisable materials
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/16—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by features of a layer formed of particles, e.g. chips, powder or granules
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- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M3/00—Printing processes to produce particular kinds of printed work, e.g. patterns
- B41M3/14—Security printing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
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- C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
- C09C1/0015—Pigments exhibiting interference colours, e.g. transparent platelets of appropriate thinness or flaky substrates, e.g. mica, bearing appropriate thin transparent coatings
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
- C09C1/0078—Pigments consisting of flaky, non-metallic substrates, characterised by a surface-region containing free metal
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- C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
- C09C1/62—Metallic pigments or fillers
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- C01P2004/51—Particles with a specific particle size distribution
- C01P2004/52—Particles with a specific particle size distribution highly monodisperse size distribution
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- C01P2004/54—Particles characterised by their aspect ratio, i.e. the ratio of sizes in the longest to the shortest dimension
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- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
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- C01P2004/80—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases
- C01P2004/82—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases two phases having the same anion, e.g. both oxidic phases
- C01P2004/84—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases two phases having the same anion, e.g. both oxidic phases one phase coated with the other
- C01P2004/86—Thin layer coatings, i.e. the coating thickness being less than 0.1 time the particle radius
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- C01P2006/60—Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values
- C01P2006/65—Chroma (C*)
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- C09C2200/00—Compositional and structural details of pigments exhibiting interference colours
- C09C2200/10—Interference pigments characterized by the core material
- C09C2200/1004—Interference pigments characterized by the core material the core comprising at least one inorganic oxide, e.g. Al2O3, TiO2 or SiO2
- C09C2200/1008—Interference pigments characterized by the core material the core comprising at least one inorganic oxide, e.g. Al2O3, TiO2 or SiO2 comprising at least one metal layer adjacent to the core material, e.g. core-M or M-core-M
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- C09C2200/00—Compositional and structural details of pigments exhibiting interference colours
- C09C2200/10—Interference pigments characterized by the core material
- C09C2200/102—Interference pigments characterized by the core material the core consisting of glass or silicate material like mica or clays, e.g. kaolin
- C09C2200/1025—Interference pigments characterized by the core material the core consisting of glass or silicate material like mica or clays, e.g. kaolin comprising at least one metal layer adjacent to core material, e.g. core-M or M-core-M
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- C09C2200/00—Compositional and structural details of pigments exhibiting interference colours
- C09C2200/10—Interference pigments characterized by the core material
- C09C2200/1054—Interference pigments characterized by the core material the core consisting of a metal
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- C09C2200/00—Compositional and structural details of pigments exhibiting interference colours
- C09C2200/10—Interference pigments characterized by the core material
- C09C2200/1054—Interference pigments characterized by the core material the core consisting of a metal
- C09C2200/1058—Interference pigments characterized by the core material the core consisting of a metal comprising a protective coating on the metallic layer
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- C09C2200/00—Compositional and structural details of pigments exhibiting interference colours
- C09C2200/10—Interference pigments characterized by the core material
- C09C2200/1087—Interference pigments characterized by the core material the core consisting of bismuth oxychloride, magnesium fluoride, nitrides, carbides, borides, lead carbonate, barium or calcium sulfate, zinc sulphide, molybdenum disulphide or graphite
- C09C2200/1091—Interference pigments characterized by the core material the core consisting of bismuth oxychloride, magnesium fluoride, nitrides, carbides, borides, lead carbonate, barium or calcium sulfate, zinc sulphide, molybdenum disulphide or graphite comprising at least one metal layer adjacent to the core material, e.g. core-M or M-core-M
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- C09C2200/00—Compositional and structural details of pigments exhibiting interference colours
- C09C2200/24—Interference pigments comprising a metallic reflector or absorber layer, which is not adjacent to the core
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- C09C2200/00—Compositional and structural details of pigments exhibiting interference colours
- C09C2200/30—Interference pigments characterised by the thickness of the core or layers thereon or by the total thickness of the final pigment particle
- C09C2200/301—Thickness of the core
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- C09C2220/00—Methods of preparing the interference pigments
- C09C2220/20—PVD, CVD methods or coating in a gas-phase using a fluidized bed
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10S428/90—Magnetic feature
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10T428/25—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10T428/254—Polymeric or resinous material
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10T428/256—Heavy metal or aluminum or compound thereof
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
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- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
- Y10T428/2991—Coated
- Y10T428/2993—Silicic or refractory material containing [e.g., tungsten oxide, glass, cement, etc.]
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Accounting & Taxation (AREA)
- Finance (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Pigments, Carbon Blacks, Or Wood Stains (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
- Inks, Pencil-Leads, Or Crayons (AREA)
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- Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates generally to pigments and foils. In particular, the present invention relates to multilayered pigment flakes and foils which have magnetic layers, and pigment compositions that incorporate multilayer pigment flakes having magnetic layers.
- Various pigments, colorants, and foils have been developed for a wide variety of applications. For example, magnetic pigments have been developed for use in applications such as decorative cookware, creating patterned surfaces, and security devices. Similarly, color shifting pigments have been developed for such uses as cosmetics, inks, coating materials, ornaments, ceramics, automobile paints, anti-counterfeiting hot stamps, and anti-counterfeiting inks for security documents and currency.
- Color shifting pigments, colorants, and foils exhibit the property of changing color upon variation of the angle of incident light, or as the viewing angle of the observer is shifted. The color-shifting properties of pigments and foils can be controlled through proper design of the optical thin films or orientation of the molecular species used to form the flake or foil coating structure. Desired effects can be achieved through the variation of parameters such as thickness of the layers forming the flakes and foils and the index of refraction of each layer. The changes in perceived color which occur for different viewing angles or angles of incident light are a result of a combination of selective absorption of the materials comprising the layers and wavelength dependent interference effects. The interference effects, which arise from the superposition of light waves that have undergone multiple reflections, are responsible for the shifts in color perceived with different angles. The reflection maxima changes in position and intensity, as the viewing angle changes, due to changing interference effects arising from light path length differences in the various layers of a material which are selectively enhanced at particular wavelengths.
- Various approaches have been used to achieve such color shifting effects. For example, small multilayer flakes, typically composed of multiple layers of thin films, are dispersed throughout a medium such as paint or ink that may then be subsequently applied to the surface of an object. Such flakes may optionally be overcoated to achieve desired colors and optical effects. Another approach is to encapsulate small metallic or silicatic substrates with varying layers and then disperse the encapsulated substrates throughout a medium such as paint or ink. Additionally, foils composed of multiple layers of thin films on a substrate material have been made.
- One manner of producing a multilayer thin film structure is by forming it on a flexible web material with a release layer thereon. The various layers are deposited on the web by methods well known in the art of forming thin coating structures, such as PVD, sputtering, or the like. The multilayer thin film structure is then removed from the web material as thin film color shifting flakes, which can be added to a polymeric medium such as various pigment vehicles for use as an ink or paint. In addition to the color shifting flakes, additives can be added to the inks or paints to obtain desired color shifting results.
- Color shifting pigments or foils are formed from a multilayer thin film structure that includes the same basic layers. These include an absorber layer(s), a dielectric layer(s), and optionally a reflector layer, in varying layer orders. The coatings can be formed to have a symmetrical multilayer thin film structure, such as:
- absorber/dielectric /reflector/dielectric/absorber ; or
- absorber/dielectric/absorber.
- absorber/dielectric/reflector.
- For example,
U.S. Patent No. 5,135,812 to Phillips et al. , which is incorporated by reference herein, discloses color-shifting thin film flakes having several different configurations of layers such as transparent dielectric and semitransparent metallic layered stacks. InU.S. Patent No. 5,278,590 to Phillips et al. , which is incorporated by reference herein, a symmetric three layer optical interference coating is disclosed which comprises first and second partially transmitting absorber layers which have essentially the same material and thickness, and a dielectric spacer layer located between the first and second absorber layers. - Color shifting platelets for use in paints are disclosed in
U.S. Patent No. 5,571,624 to Phillips et al. , which is incorporated by reference herein. These platelets are formed from a symmetrical multilayer thin film structure in which a first semi-opaque layer such as chromium is formed on a substrate, with a first dielectric layer formed on the first semi-opaque layer. An opaque reflecting metal layer such as aluminum is formed on the first dielectric layer, followed by a second dielectric layer of the same material and thickness as the first dielectric layer. A second semi-opaque layer of the same material and thickness as the first semi-opaque layer is formed on the second dielectric layer. - With regard to magnetic pigments,
U.S. Patent No. 4,838,648 to Phillips et al. (hereinafter "Phillips '648") discloses a thin film magnetic color shifting structure wherein the magnetic material can be used as the reflector or absorber layer. One disclosed magnetic material is a cobalt nickel alloy. Phillips '648 discloses flakes and foils with the following structures: - dyed superstrate/absorber/dielectric/magnetic layer/substrate;
- dyed superstrate/absorber/dielectric/magnetic layer/dielectric/absorber/dyed superstrate;
- and
- adhesive/magnetic layer/dielectric/absorber/releasable hardcoat/substrate.
- Patterned surfaces have been provided by exposing magnetic flakes to a magnetic force to effect a physical alteration in the structure of the pigment. For example,
U.S. Patent No. 6,103,361 to Batzar et al. (hereinafter "Batzar") uses pigments made of magnetizable materials to decorate cookware. In particular, Batzar is directed toward controlling the orientation of stainless steel flakes in a fluoropolymer release coating to make patterns where at least some of the flakes are longer than the coating thickness. The patterned substrate is formed by applying magnetic force through the edges of a magnetizable die positioned under a coated base to alter the orientation of the flakes within the coating, thereby inducing an imaging effect or pattern. However, Batzar does not discuss the use of optical thin film stacks or platelets employing a magnetic layer. In addition, although the stainless steel flakes used in Batzar are suitable for decorating cookware, they are poorly reflecting. -
U.S. Patent No. 2,570,856 to Pratt et al (hereinafter "Pratt") is directed to metallic flake pigments which are based on ferromagnetic metal platelets. Like Batzar, however, Pratt uses poorly reflecting metals and does not teach the use of thin film optical stacks. -
U.S. Patent Nos. 5,364,689 and5,630,877 to Kashiwagi et al. , (hereinafter collectively "the Kashiwagi patents"), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference, disclose methods and apparatus for creating magnetically formed painted patterns. The Kashiwagi patents teach use of a magnetic paint layer, which includes non-spherical magnetic particles in a paint medium. A magnetic field with magnetic field lines in the shape of the desired pattern is applied to the paint layer. The final pattern is created by the different magnetic particle orientations in the hardened paint. - One attempt at incorporating a magnetic layer into a multilayer flake is disclosed in European Patent Publication
EP 686675B1 to Schmid et al. - oxide/absorber/dielectric/magnet/Al/magnet/dielectric/absorber/oxide
- Patent Publication
EP 710508A1 to Richter et al. -
U.S. Patent No. 3,791,864 to Steingroever (hereinafter "Steingroever") describes a method for patterning magnetic particles by orienting them with a magnetic pattern generated in an underlying prime coating that has previously been patterned by a magnetic field. The prime coat contains magnetic particles of the type MO x 6Fe2O3 where M can be one or more of the elements Ba, Sr, Co, or Pb. After coating a continuous sheet of liquid coating of the primer, it is hardened and then areas of the primer are magnetized by a magnetic field. Next, a pigment vehicle with magnetic particles suspended therein is then applied. The magnetic particles suspended therein are finally oriented by the magnetic force from the magnetic pattern in the primer, creating the final pattern. However, Steingroever suffers from a diffuse magnetic image in the prime coat, which in turn passes a diffuse image to the topcoat. This reduction in resolution is because high magnetic fields are limited in the resolution they can create. This limitation is due to high magnetic field lines surrounding the intended magnetic image, thereby affecting untargeted magnetic particles in the prime coat and blurring the image. - Accordingly, there is a need for improved multilayer pigment flakes and foils with magnetic properties that overcome or avoid the above problems and limitations.
- In accordance with the invention as embodied and broadly described herein, pigment flakes and foils are provided which have magnetic properties. The pigment flakes can have a symmetrical stacked coating structure on opposing sides of a magnetic core layer, can have an asymmetrical coating structure with all of the layers on one side of the magnetic layer, or can be formed with one or more encapsulating coatings around a magnetic core. The coating structure of the flakes and foils includes at least one magnetic layer and optionally one or more of a reflector layer, dielectric layer, and absorber layer. In color shifting embodiments of the invention, the coating structure includes the dielectric layer overlying the magnetic and reflector layers, and the absorber layer overlying the dielectric layer. Non color shifting embodiments of the invention include a magnetic layer between two reflector layers or encapsulated by a reflector layer, a magnetic layer between two dielectric layers or encapsulated by a dielectric layer, a dielectric layer between two magnetic layers or encapsulated by a magnetic layer, and a magnetic layer encapsulated by a colorant layer.
- The color shifting embodiments exhibit a discrete color shift so as to have a first color at a first angle of incident light or viewing and a second color different from the first color at a second angle of incident light or viewing. The pigment flakes can be interspersed into liquid media such as paints or inks to produce colorant compositions for subsequent application to objects or papers. The foils can be laminated to various objects or can be formed on a carrier substrate.
- These and other features of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or may be learned by the practice of the invention as set forth hereinafter.
- In order to illustrate the manner in which the above-recited and other advantages and features of the invention are obtained, a more particular description of the invention briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not therefore to be considered limiting of its scope, the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:
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Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the coating structure of a magnetic flake according to one embodiment of the invention; -
Figure 2 is a schematic representation of the coating structure of a magnetic flake according to another embodiment of the invention; -
Figure 3 is a schematic representation of the coating structure of a magnetic flake according to an alternative embodiment of the invention; -
Figure 4 is a schematic representation of the coating structure of a magnetic flake according to another embodiment of the invention; -
Figure 5 is a schematic representation of the coating structure of a magnetic flake according to a further embodiment of the invention; -
Figure 6 is a schematic representation of the coating structure of a magnetic flake according to a further embodiment of the invention; -
Figure 7 is a schematic representation of the coating structure of a magnetic flake according to an alternative embodiment of the invention; -
Figure 8 is a schematic representation of the coating structure of a magnetic flake according to a further embodiment of the invention; -
Figure 9 is a schematic representation of the coating structure of a magnetic flake according to yet a further embodiment of the invention; -
Figure 10 is a schematic representation of the coating structure of a magnetic flake according to another alternative embodiment of the invention; -
Figure 11 is a schematic representation of the coating structure of a magnetic flake according to another embodiment of the invention; -
Figure 12 is a schematic representation of the coating structure of a magnetic flake according to a further embodiment of the invention; -
Figure 13 is a schematic representation of the coating structure of a magnetic foil according to one embodiment of the invention; -
Figure 14 is a schematic representation of the coating structure of a magnetic foil according to another embodiment of the invention; -
Figure 15 is a schematic representation of the coating structure of a magnetic foil according to a further embodiment of the invention; -
Figure 16 is a schematic representation of the coating structure of an optical article according to an additional embodiment of the invention; and -
Figure 17 is a schematic representation of the coating structure of an optical article according to a further embodiment of the invention. - The present invention relates to multilayer pigment flakes and foils which have magnetic layers, and pigment compositions which incorporate the magnetic flakes. The flakes and foils can be used both to create security features which are not visually perceptible, and to create three dimensional-like images for security devices or to add decorative features to a product. The nonvisual security features are provided by burying the magnetic layer between other layers within a flake or foil so that only the overlying layers are exposed.
- The three dimensional-like effects can be provided by exposing the flake or foil to an external magnetic force, thereby orienting the plane of some of the pigments normal to the surface of the coating. The un-oriented pigments lie with their planar surface parallel to the surface of the coating. The three dimensional-like effect is due to the alignment of the particles such that the aspect ratio is oriented with the magnetic field, i.e. the longest part of the pigment aligns itself along the magnetic field lines. In such case, the face of the pigment is turned away from the observer to various extents depending on the magnitude of the magnetic force. In the limit or maximum orientation, the coating appears black in color. As one moves off the black, one moves slowly toward the color of the planar surface of the pigment, i.e., color shifting, non-color shifting, such as the color blue, or silver as for example, aluminum. The result is a colored three dimensional-like effect, similar to that of a holographic effect, that appears to move as the viewing angle changes. Methods of creating three dimensional-like images using the magnetic pigments disclosed herein are described in further detail in a copending U.S. Patent Application, bearing attorney docket No. 13676.167, and entitled Methods For Producing Imaged Coated Articles By Using Magnetic Pigments, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
- Unlike many prior magnetic flakes, the presently disclosed flakes are not composed only of magnetizable materials, but include both magnetizable and non-magnetizable materials. For example, the invention encompasses pigment flakes wherein a magnetic layer is buried within one or more reflector layers. In another embodiment the pigment flakes comprise a magnetic core surrounded by dielectric layers. In yet a further embodiment, the pigment flakes include a dielectric core surrounded by magnetic layers.
- In the case of magnetic layers buried between or within overlying reflector layers, the present invention presents a significant improvement over the prior art by substantially achieving higher chroma and brightness. By putting the duller magnetic material inside the reflector, the present invention accomplishes two objectives: 1) the reflectivity of the reflector layer is maintained; and 2) color shifting pigments without the inner core of magnetic material cannot be distinguished by an observer from such pigment with the core of magnetic material. For example, two coated objects viewed side by side, one with and one without the magnetic material in the coating, would look the same to the observer. However, the magnetic color shifting pigment provides a covert security feature in addition to the color shifting effect. Thus, with a magnetic detection system, a magnetic covert signature in the pigment could be read by a Faraday rotator detector, for example.
- In various embodiments of the present invention, the pigment flakes and foils have substantial shifts in chroma and hue with changes in angle of incident light or viewing angle of an observer. Such an optical effect, known as goniochromaticity or "color shift," allows a perceived color to vary with the angle of illumination or observation. Accordingly, such pigment flakes and foils exhibit a first color at a first angle of incident light or viewing and a second color different from the first color at a second angle of incident light or viewing. The pigment flakes can be interspersed into liquid media such as paints or inks to produce various color shifting colorant compositions for subsequent application to objects or papers. The foils can be laminated to various objects or can be formed on a carrier substrate.
- Generally, the color shifting pigment flakes can have a symmetrical stacked coating structure on opposing sides of a magnetic core layer, can have an asymmetrical coating structure with a majority of the layers on one side of the magnetic layer, or can be formed with one or more encapsulating coatings which surround a magnetic core. The coating structure of the flakes and foils generally includes a magnetic core, which includes a magnetic layer and other optional layers, a dielectric layer overlying the magnetic core, and an absorber layer overlying the dielectric layer.
- The color shifting flakes and foils of the invention can be formed using conventional thin film deposition techniques, which are well known in the art of forming thin coating structures. Nonlimiting examples of such thin film deposition techniques include physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma enhanced (PE) variations thereof such as PECVD or downstream PECVD, sputtering, electrolysis deposition, and other like deposition methods that lead to the formation of discrete and uniform thin film layers.
- The color shifting pigment flakes of the invention can be formed by various fabrication methods. For example, the pigment flakes can be formed by a web coating process in which various layers are sequentially deposited on a web material by conventional deposition techniques to form a thin film structure, which is subsequently fractured and removed from the web, such as by use of a solvent, to form a plurality of thin film flakes.
- In another fabrication method, one or more thin film layers including at least the magnetic layer is deposited on a web to form a film, which is subsequently fractured and removed from the web to form a plurality of pigment preflakes. The preflakes can be fragmented further by grinding if desired. The preflakes are then coated with the remaining layer or layers in a sequential encapsulation process to form a plurality of pigment flakes. A similar process is disclosed in further detail in copending
U.S. Application Serial No. 09/512,116, filed on February 24, 2000 - In another fabrication method, magnetic particles can be coated in a sequential encapsulation process to form a plurality of pigment flakes. When an encapsulation process is used for forming the outer layers of the flakes, it will be appreciated that each respective encapsulating layer is a continuous layer composed of one material and having substantially the same thickness around the flake structure. In some embodiments of the invention, the encapsulating layer can be a colored dielectric material or an organic layer with added colorant.
- Referring now to the drawings, wherein like structures are provided with like reference designations, the drawings only show the structures necessary to understand the present invention.
Figure 1 depicts a reflective magnetic flake ("RMF") 20 according to one embodiment of the invention. TheRMF 20 is a three layer design having a generally symmetrical thin film structure with a centralmagnetic layer 22 and at least one reflector layer on either or both of the opposing major surfaces of the central magnetic layer. Thus,RMF 20 comprises a magnetic layer interdisposed between areflector layer 24 and an opposingreflector layer 26. By inserting the magnetic layer between the highly reflective reflector layers, such as aluminum, the optical properties of the reflector layers are not degraded and the flake remains highly reflective. TheRMF 20 can be used as a pigment flake or can be used as a core section with additional layers applied thereover such as in a color shifting pigment. In the case of color shifting pigments, maintaining the high reflective layer is extremely important to preserve high brightness and chroma. Each of these layers in the coating structure ofRMF 20 is discussed below in greater detail. - The
magnetic layer 22 can be formed of any magnetic material such as nickel, cobalt, iron, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, erbium, and their alloys or oxides. For example, a cobalt nickel alloy can be employed, with the cobalt and nickel having a ratio by weight of about 80% and about 20%, respectively. This ratio for each of these metals in the cobalt nickel alloy can be varied by plus or minus about 10% and still achieve the desired results. Thus, cobalt can be present in the alloy in an amount from about 70% to about 90% by weight, and nickel can be present in the alloy in an amount from about 10% to about 30% by weight. Other examples of alloys include Fe/Si, Fe/Ni, FeCo, Fe/Ni/Mo, and combinations thereof. Hard magnetics of the type SmCo5, NdCo5, Sm2Co17, Nd2Fe14B, Sr6Fe2O3, TbFe2, Al-Ni-Co, and combinations thereof, can also be used as well as spinel ferrites of the type Fe3O4, NiFe2O4, MnFe2O4, CoFe2O4, or garnets of the type YIG or GdIG, and combinations thereof. The magnetic material may be selected for its reflecting or absorbing properties as well as its magnetic properties. When utilized to function as a reflector, the magnetic material is deposited to a thickness so that it is substantially opaque. When utilized as an absorber, the magnetic material is deposited to a thickness so that it is not substantially opaque. A typical thickness for the magnetic material when utilized as an absorber is from about 2 nm to about 20 nm. - Although this broad range of magnetic materials can be used, the "soft" magnets are preferred in some embodiments of the invention. As used herein, the term "soft magnets" refers to any material exhibiting ferromagnetic properties but having a remanence that is substantially zero after exposure to a magnetic force. Soft magnets show a quick response to an applied magnetic field, but have very low (coercive fields (Hc) = 0.05-300 Oersteds (Oe)) or zero magnetic signatures, or retain very low magnetic lines of force after the magnetic field is removed. Similarly, as used herein, the term "hard magnets" (also called permanent magnets) refers to any material that exhibits ferromagnetic properties and that has a long lasting remanence after exposure to a magnetizing force. A ferromagnetic material is any material that has a permeability substantially greater than 1 and that exhibits magnetic hysteresis properties.
- Preferably, the magnetic materials used to form magnetic layers in the flakes and foils of the invention have a coercivity of less than about 2000 Oe, more preferably less than about 300 Oe. Coercivity refers to the ability of a material to be demagnetized by an external magnetic field. The higher the value of coercivity, the higher the magnetic field required to de-magnetize the material after the field is removed. In some embodiments of the invention, the magnetic layers used are preferably "soft" magnetic materials (easily demagnetized), as opposed to "hard" magnetic materials (difficult to demagnetize) which have higher coercivities. The coercivities of the foils, pigments or colorants of the magnetic color shifting designs according to the invention are preferably in a range of about 50 Oe to about 300 Oe. These coercivities are lower than in standard recording materials. Thus, preferred embodiments of the invention which use soft magnets in magnetic color shifting pigments and magnetic non color shifting pigments are an improvement over conventional technologies. The use of soft magnetic materials in pigment flakes allows for easier dispersion of the flakes without clumping.
- The
magnetic layer 22 can be formed to have a suitable physical thickness of from about 200 angstroms (Å) to about 10,000 Å, and preferably from about 500 Å to about 1,500 Å. However, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, in view of the disclosure herein, that the optimal magnetic thickness will vary depending on the particular magnetic material used and the purpose for its use. For example, a magnetic absorber layer will be thinner than a magnetic reflector layer based on the optical requirements for such layers, while a covert magnetic layer will have a thickness based solely on its magnetic properties. - The reflector layers 24 and 26 can be composed of various reflective materials. Presently preferred materials are one or more metals, one or more metal alloys, or combinations thereof, because of their high reflectivity and ease of use, although non-metallic reflective materials could also be used. Nonlimiting examples of suitable metallic materials for the reflector layers include aluminum, silver, copper, gold, platinum, tin, titanium, palladium, nickel, cobalt, rhodium, niobium, chromium, and combinations or alloys thereof. These can be selected based on the f desired. The reflector layers 24, 26 can be formed to have a suitable physical thickness of from about 400 Å to about 2,000 Å, and preferably from about 500 Å to about 1,000 Å.
- In an alternative embodiment, opposing dielectric layers may optionally be added to overlie reflector layers 24 and 26. These opposing dielectric layers add durability, rigidity, and corrosion resistance to
RMF 20. Alternatively, an encapsulating dielectric layer may be formed to substantially surround reflector layers 24, 26 andmagnetic layer 22. The dielectric layer(s) may be optionally clear, or may be selectively absorbing so as to contribute to the color effect of the pigment flake. Examples of suitable dielectric materials for the dielectric layers are described hereafter. -
Figure 2 depicts a magnetic color shiftingpigment flake 40 based upon a RMF according to one embodiment of the invention. Theflake 40 is a generally symmetrical multilayer thin film structure having layers on opposing sides of aRMF 42. Thus, first and second dielectric layers 44 and 46 are disposed respectively on opposing sides ofRMF 42, and first and second absorber layers 48 and 50 are disposed respectively on each ofdielectric layers Figure 1 while the dielectric and absorber layers are discussed below in greater detail. - The dielectric layers 44 and 46 act as spacers in the thin film stack structure of
flake 40. These layers are formed to have an effective optical thickness for imparting interference color and desired color shifting properties. The dielectric layers may be optionally clear, or may be selectively absorbing so as to contribute to the color effect of a pigment. The optical thickness is a well known optical parameter defined as the product ηd, where η is the refractive index of the layer and d is the physical thickness of the layer. Typically, the optical thickness of a layer is expressed in terms of a quarter wave optical thickness (QWOT) that is equal to 4ηd/λ, where λ is the wavelength at which a QWOT condition occurs. The optical thickness of dielectric layers can range from about 2 QWOT at a design wavelength of about 400 nm to about 9 QWOT at a design wavelength of about 700 nm, and preferably 2-6 QWOT at 400-700 nm, depending upon the color shift desired. The dielectric layers typically have a physical thickness of about 100 nm to about 800 nm, depending on the color characteristics desired. - Suitable materials for
dielectric layers - Examples of suitable high refractive index materials for the dielectric layer include zinc sulfide (ZnS), zinc oxide (ZnO), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), diamond-like carbon, indium oxide (In2O3), indium-tin-oxide (ITO), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), ceric oxide (CeO2), yttrium oxide (Y2O3), europium oxide (Eu2O3), iron oxides such as (II)diiron(III) oxide (Fe3O4) and ferric oxide (Fe2O3), hafnium nitride (HfN), hafnium carbide (HfC), hafnium oxide (HfO2), lanthanum oxide (La2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), neodymium oxide (Nd2O3), praseodymium oxide (Pr6O11), samarium oxide (Sm2O3), antimony trioxide (Sb2O3), silicon monoxide (SiO), selenium trioxide (Se2O3), tin oxide (SnO2), tungsten trioxide (WO3), combinations thereof, and the like.
- Suitable low refractive index materials for the dielectric layer include silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), metal fluorides such as magnesium fluoride (MgF2), aluminum fluoride (AlF3), cerium fluoride (CeF3), lanthanum fluoride (LaF3), sodium aluminum fluorides (e.g., Na3AlF6 or Na5Al3F14), neodymium fluoride (NdF3), samarium fluoride (SmF3), barium fluoride (BaF2), calcium fluoride (CaF2), lithium fluoride (LiF), combinations thereof, or any other low index material having an index of refraction of about 1.65 or less. For example, organic monomers and polymers can be utilized as low index materials, including dienes or alkenes such as acrylates (e.g., methacrylate), perfluoroalkenes, polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), fluorinated ethylene propylene (PEP), combinations thereof, and the like.
- It should be appreciated that several of the above-listed dielectric materials are typically present in non-stoichiometric forms, often depending upon the specific method used to deposit the dielectric material as a coating layer, and that the above-listed compound names indicate the approximate stoichiometry. For example, silicon monoxide and silicon dioxide have nominal 1:1 and 1:2 silicon:oxygen ratios, respectively, but the actual silicon:oxygen ratio of a particular dielectric coating layer varies somewhat from these nominal values. Such non-stoichiometric dielectric materials are also within the scope of the present invention.
- As mentioned above, the dielectric layers can be formed of high/low dielectric optical stacks, which have alternating layers of low index (L) and high index (H) materials. When a dielectric layer is formed of a high/low dielectric stack, the color shift at angle will depend on the combined refractive index of the layers in the stack. Examples of suitable stack configurations for the dielectric layers include LH, HL, LHL, HLH, HLHL, LHLH, or in general (LHL)n or (HLH)n, where n =1-100, as well as various multiples and combinations thereof. In these stacks, LH, for example, indicates discrete layers of a low index material and a high index material. In an alternative embodiment, the high/low dielectric stacks are formed with a gradient index of refraction. For example, the stack can be formed with layers having a graded index low-to-high, a graded index high-to-low, a graded index [low-to-high-to-low]n, a graded index [high-to-low-to-high]n, where n = 1-100, as well as combinations and multiples thereof. The graded index is produced by a gradual variance in the refractive index, such as low-to-high index or high-to-low index, of adjacent layers. The graded index of the layers can be produced by changing gases during deposition or co-depositing two materials (e.g., L and H) in differing proportions. Various high/low optical stacks can be used to enhance color shifting performance, provide antireflective properties to the dielectric layer, and change the possible color space of the pigments of the invention.
- The dielectric layers can each be composed of the same material or a different material, and can have the same or different optical or physical thickness for each layer. It will be appreciated that when the dielectric layers are composed of different materials or have different thicknesses, the flakes exhibit different colors on each side thereof and the resulting mix of flakes in a pigment or paint mixture would show a new color which is the combination of the two colors. The resulting color would be based on additive color theory of the two colors coming from the two sides of the flakes. In a multiplicity of flakes, the resulting color would be the additive sum of the two colors resulting from the random distribution of flakes having different sides oriented toward the observer.
- The absorber layers 48, 50 of
flake 40 can be composed of any absorber material having the desired absorption properties, including materials that are uniformly absorbing or non-uniformly absorbing in the visible part of the electromagnetic , spectrum. Thus, selective absorbing materials or nonselective absorbing materials can be used, depending on the color characteristics desired. For example, the absorber layers can be formed of nonselective absorbing metallic materials deposited to a thickness at which the absorber layer is at least partially absorbing, or semi-opaque. Nonlimiting examples of suitable absorber materials include metallic absorbers such as chromium, aluminum, nickel, silver, copper, palladium, platinum, titanium, vanadium, cobalt, iron, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, rhodium, and niobium, as well as their corresponding oxides, sulfides, and carbides. Other suitable absorber materials include carbon, graphite, silicon, germanium, cermet, ferric oxide or other metal oxides, metals mixed in a dielectric matrix, and other substances that are capable of acting as a uniform or selective absorber in the visible spectrum. Various combinations, mixtures, compounds, or alloys of the above absorber materials may be used to form the absorber layers offlake 40. - Examples of suitable alloys of the above absorber materials include Inconel (Ni-Cr-Fe), stainless steels, Hastalloys (e.g., Ni-Mo-Fe; Ni-Mo-Fe-Cr; Ni-Si-Cu) and titanium-based alloys, such as titanium mixed with carbon (Ti/C), titanium mixed with tungsten (Ti/W), titanium mixed with niobium (Ti/Nb), and titanium mixed with silicon (Ti/Si), and combinations thereof. As mentioned above, the absorber layers can also be composed of an absorbing metal oxide, metal sulfide, metal carbide, or combinations thereof. For example, one preferred absorbing sulfide material is silver sulfide. Other examples of suitable compounds for the absorber layers include titanium-based compounds such as titanium nitride (TiN), titanium oxynitride (TiNxOy), titanium carbide (TiC), titanium nitride carbide (TiNxCz), titanium oxynitride carbide (TiNxOyCz), titanium silicide (TiSi2), titanium boride (TiB2), and combinations thereof In the case of TiNxOy and TiNxOyCz, preferably x = 0 to 1, y = 0 to 1, and z = 0 to 1, where x + y = 1 in TiNxOy and x + y + z = 1 in TiNxOyCz. For TiNxCz, preferably x = 0 to 1 and z = 0 to 1, where x + z = 1. Alternatively, the absorber layers can be composed of a titanium-based alloy disposed in a matrix of Ti, or can be composed of Ti disposed in a matrix of a titanium-based alloy.
- It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that the absorber layer also could be formed of a magnetic material, such as a cobalt nickel alloy. This simplifies the manufacture of the magnetic color shifting device or structure by reducing the number of materials required.
- The absorber layers are formed to have a physical thickness in the range from about 30 Å to about 500 Å, and preferably about 50 Å to about 150 Å, depending upon the optical constants of the absorber layer material and the desired peak shift. The absorber layers can each be composed of the same material or a different material, and can have the same or different physical thickness for each layer.
- In an alternative embodiment of
flake 40, an asymmetrical color shifting flake can be provided which includes a thin film stack structure with the same layers as on one side ofRMF 42 as shown inFigure 2 . Accordingly, the asymmetrical color shifting flake includesRMF 42,dielectric layer 44 overlyingRMF 42, andabsorber layer 48overlying dielectric layer 44. Each of these layers can be composed of the same materials and have the same thicknesses as described above for the corresponding layers offlake 40. In addition, asymmetrical color shifting flakes can be formed by a web coating process such as described above in which the various layers are sequentially deposited on a web material to form a thin film structure, which is subsequently fractured and removed from the web to form a plurality of flakes. - In a further alternative embodiment,
flake 40 can be formed without the absorber layers. In this embodiment, opposingdielectric layers dielectric layers flake 40 has the coating structures: (HL)n/RMF/(LH)n, (LH)n/RMF/(HL)n, (LHL)n/RMF/(LHL)n, (HLH)n/RMF/(HLH)n, or other similar configurations, where n = 1-100 and the L and H layers are 1 quarterwave (QW) at a design wavelength. -
Figure 3 depicts a reflective magnetic flake or particle ("RMP") 60 according to another embodiment of the invention. TheRMP 60 is a two layer design with areflector layer 62 substantially surrounding and encapsulating a coremagnetic layer 64. By inserting the magnetic layer within the reflector layer, the optical properties of the reflector layer are not downgraded and the reflector layer remains highly reflective. TheRMP 60 can be used as a pigment particle or can be used as a core section with additional layers applied thereover. The magnetic layer and reflector layer can be composed of the same materials discussed with respect toRMF 20. - In an alternative embodiment, a dielectric layer may optionally be added to overlie
reflector layer 62, to add durability, rigidity, and corrosion resistance toRMP 60. The dielectric layer may be optionally clear, or may be selectively absorbing so as to contribute to the color effect of the pigment flake. -
Figure 4 depicts alternative coating structures (with phantom lines) for a magnetic color shiftingpigment flake 80 in the form of an encapsulate based upon either the RMF or the RMP according to other embodiments of the invention. Theflake 80 has amagnetic core section 82, which is either a RMF or a RMP, which can be overcoated by an encapsulatingdielectric layer 84 substantially surroundingmagnetic core section 82. Anabsorber layer 86, which overcoatsdielectric layer 84, provides an outer encapsulation offlake 80. The hemispherical dashed lines on one side offlake 80 inFigure 4 indicate thatdielectric layer 84 andabsorber layer 86 can be formed as contiguous layers aroundmagnetic core section 82. - Alternatively, the
magnetic core section 82 and dielectric layer can be in the form of a thin film core flake stack, in which opposingdielectric layers absorber layer 86 encapsulating the thin film stack. An encapsulation process can also be used to form additional layers onflake 80 such as a capping layer (not shown). Thepigment flake 80 exhibits a discrete color shift such that the pigment flake has a first color at a first angle of incident light or viewing and a second color different from the first color at a second angle of incident light or viewing. - In a further alternative embodiment,
flake 80 can be formed without the absorber layer. In this embodiment,dielectric layer 84 is formed of contiguous high/low (H/L) dielectric optical coatings similar to the dielectric optical stacks described previously. Thus,dielectric layer 84 can have the coating structure (HL)n, (LH)n, (LHL)n, (HLH)n, or other similar configurations, where n = 1-100 and the L and H layers are 1 QW at a design wavelength. -
Figure 5 depicts another alternative coating structure for a color shiftingpigment flake 100 according to the present invention. Theflake 100 includes amagnetic core section 82 and asingle dielectric layer 84, which extends over top and bottom surfaces ofmagnetic core section 82 to form a dielectric-coatedpreflake 86. Thecore section 82 can be an RMF, RMP, or a magnetic layer. The dielectric-coatedpreflake 86 has twoside surfaces 88 and 90. Althoughside surface 90 is homogeneous and formed only of the dielectric material ofdielectric layer 84, side surface 88 hasdistinct surface regions preflake 86 is further coated on all sides with anabsorber layer 92. Theabsorber layer 92 is in contact withdielectric layer 84 andmagnetic core section 82 at side surface 88. - The structure of
pigment flake 100 typically occurs because of a preflake coating process similar to the one disclosed inU.S. Application Serial No. 09/512,116 described previously. The preflakes can be a dielectric-coated flake, in which a dielectric coating completely encapsulates an RMF or RMP (seeFigure 4 ), or a magnetic layer (seeFigure 10 ). The preflakes are broken into sized preflakes using any conventional fragmentation process, such as by grinding. The sized preflakes will include some sized preflakes having top and bottom dielectric layers with no dielectric coating on the side surfaces of the preflake, such as shown for the embodiment offlake 40 inFigure 2 in whichRMF 42 is coated with top and bottom dielectric layers 44 and 46. Other sized preflakes will have a single dielectric layer extending over both top and bottom surfaces of the magnetic core flake section, leaving one side surface of the magnetic core flake section exposed, such as shown for dielectric-coatedpreflake 86 inFigure 5 . Because of the fragmentation process, substantially all of the sized preflakes have at least a portion of a side surface exposed. The sized preflakes are then coated on all sides with an absorber layer, such as shown in the flakes ofFigures 4 and5 . -
Figure 6 depicts a composite magnetic flake ("CMF") 120 which comprises a centraldielectric support layer 122 with first and secondmagnetic layers CMF 120 is significantly stabilized and strengthened, having increased rigidity. Additional dielectric layers (not shown) may optionally be added to overliemagnetic layers CMF 120. TheCMF 120 can be used as a pigment flake by itself or can be used as a magnetic core section with additional layers applied thereover. Themagnetic layers - The dielectric material used for
support layer 122 is preferably inorganic, since inorganic dielectric materials have been found to have good characteristics of brittleness and rigidity. Various dielectric materials that can be utilized include metal fluorides, metal oxides, metal sulfides, metal nitrides, metal carbides, combinations thereof, and the like. The dielectric materials may be in either a crystalline, amorphous, or semicrystalline state. These materials are readily available and easily applied by physical or chemical vapor deposition processes. Examples of suitable dielectric materials include magnesium fluoride, silicon monoxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, tungsten oxide, aluminum nitride, boron nitride, boron carbide, tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, titanium nitride, silicon nitride, zinc sulfide, glass flakes, diamond-like carbon, combinations thereof, and the like. Alternatively,support layer 122 may be composed of a preformed dielectric or ceramic preflake material having a high aspect ratio such as a natural platelet mineral (e.g., mica peroskovite or talc), or synthetic platelets formed from glass, alumina, silicon dioxide, carbon, micaeous iron oxide, coated mica, boron nitride, boron carbide, graphite, bismuth oxychloride, various combinations thereof, and the like. - In an alternative embodiment, instead of a
dielectric support layer 122, various semiconductive and conductive materials having a sufficient ratio of tensile to compressive strength can function as a support layer. Examples of such materials include silicon, metal silicides, semiconductive compounds formed from any of the group III, IV, or V elements, metals having a body centered cubic crystal structure, cermet compositions or compounds, semiconductive glasses, various combinations thereof, and the like. It will be appreciated from the teachings herein, however, that any support material providing the functionality described herein and capable of acting as a rigid layer with glass-like qualities would be an acceptable substitute for one of these materials. - The thickness of
support layer 122 can be in a range from about 10 nm to about 1,000 nm, preferably from about 50 nm to about 200 nm, although these ranges should not be taken as restrictive. -
Figure 7 depicts a composite magnetic particle ("CMP") 140 according to another embodiment of the invention. TheCMP 140 is a two layer design with amagnetic layer 142 substantially surrounding and encapsulating acentral support layer 144 such as a dielectric layer. By inserting the support layer within the magnetic layer,CMP 140 is significantly stabilized and rigid. The support layer adds rigidity and durability to the pigment flake. Themagnetic layer 142 can be formed of any of the magnetic materials described previously. Thesupport layer 144 can be formed of the same materials described hereinabove forsupport layer 122 ofCMF 120. TheCMP 140 can be used as a pigment particle by itself or can be used as a magnetic core section with additional layers applied thereover. For example, an outer dielectric layer may be added to overlie and encapsulatemagnetic layer 142. This outer dielectric layer adds durability, rigidity, and corrosion resistance toCMP 140. -
Figure 8 depicts a coating structure for a color shiftingpigment flake 160 in the form of an encapsulate. Theflake 160 has athin core layer 162, which can be formed of a dielectric or other material as taught hereinabove forsupport layer 122. Thecore layer 162 is overcoated on all sides with amagnetic layer 164, which can be composed of the same materials as described above formagnetic layer 22 ofRMF 20. Optionally, areflector layer 168 can be applied overmagnetic layer 164. Suitable materials forreflector layer 168 include those materials described forreflector layer 24 ofRMF 20. The reflector layer effectively provides the reflective function offlake 160, shieldingmagnetic layer 164 from being optically present. Thecore layer 162 andmagnetic layer 164 can be provided as aCMP 166 which is overcoated with the other layers. AlternativelyCMP 166 can be replaced with a CMF such as shown inFigure 6 . An encapsulatingdielectric layer 170 substantially surroundsreflector layer 168 andmagnetic layer 164. Anabsorber layer 172, which overlaysdielectric layer 170, provides an outer encapsulation offlake 160. - Various coating processes can be utilized in forming the dielectric and absorber coating layers by encapsulation. For example, suitable preferred methods for forming the dielectric layer include vacuum vapor deposition, sol-gel hydrolysis, CVD in a fluidized bed, downstream plasma onto vibrating trays filled with particles, and electrochemical deposition. A suitable SiO2 sol-gel process is described in
U.S. Patent No. 5,858,078 to Andes et al. , the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. Other examples of suitable sol-gel coating techniques useful in the present invention are disclosed inU.S. Patent No. 4,756,771 to Brodalla ; Zink et al., Optical Probes and Properties of Aluminosilicate Glasses Prepared by the Sol-Gel Method, Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng., 61, pp. 204-208 (1989); and McKiernan et al., Luminescence and Laser Action of Coumarin Dyes Doped in Silicate and Aluminosilicate Glasses Prepared by the Sol-Gel Technique, J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym., 1(1), pp. 87-103 (1991); with the disclosures of each of these incorporated by reference herein. - Suitable preferred methods for forming the absorber layers include vacuum vapor deposition, and sputtering onto a mechanically vibrating bed of particles, as disclosed in commonly assigned copending patent application Serial No.
09/389,962, filed September 3, 1999 U.S. Patent Nos. 5,364,467 and5,763,086 to Schmid et al. , the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. If no further grinding is carried out, these methods result in an encapsulated core flake section with dielectric and absorber materials therearound. Various combinations of the above coating processes may be utilized during manufacture of pigment flakes with multiple encapsulating coatings. - In one method of forming the absorber coating, powdered flakes or other coated preflakes are placed on a square-shaped vibrating conveyor coater in a vacuum coating chamber as disclosed in
U.S. application Serial No. 09/389,962 , discussed above. The vibrating conveyor coater includes conveyor trays which are configured in an overlapping inclined arrangement so that the powdered flakes travel along a circulating path within the vacuum chamber. While the flakes circulate along this path they are effectively mixed by constant agitation so that exposure to the vaporized absorber coating material is uniform. Efficient mixing also occurs at the end of each conveyor tray as the flakes drop in a waterfall off of one tray and onto the next tray. The absorber can be sequentially coated on the flakes as they repeatably move under a coating material source. - When using vibrating conveyer trays to coat the absorber, it is important that the powdered flakes tumble randomly under the coating material source such as sputter targets and do not become subject to "metal welding" or sticking. Such metal welding or sticking can occur between two flat surfaces of reactive metals when such metals are deposited in a vacuum. For example, aluminum has a high propensity to stick to itself, whereas chromium does not. Suitable absorber materials can be applied as either a single material or as an outer capping layer over an underlying different absorber material.
-
Figure 9 depicts a dielectric coated magnetic flake ("DMF") 180 according to a further embodiment of the invention. TheDMF 180 is a three layer design having a generally symmetrical thin film structure with a central magnetic layer and at least one dielectric layer on either or both of the opposing major surfaces of the central magnetic layer. Thus, as shown,DMF 180 includes amagnetic layer 182 sandwiched in between adielectric layer 184 and an opposingdielectric layer 186. By inserting the magnetic layer between the dielectric layers, the DMF has increased rigidity and durability. -
Figure 10 depicts a dielectric coated magnetic particle ("DMP") 200 according to another embodiment of the invention. TheDMP 200 is a two layer design with adielectric layer 202 substantially surrounding and encapsulating a centralmagnetic layer 204. - Each of the layers in the coating structures of
DMF 180 andDMP 200 can be formed of the same materials and thickness as corresponding layers described in previous embodiments. For example, the dielectric layer inDMF 180 andDMP 200 can be formed of the same materials and in the same thickness ranges as taught hereinabove fordielectric layer 44 offlake 40, and the magnetic layers inDMF 180 andDMP 200 can be formed of the same materials and in the same thickness ranges as taught hereinabove formagnetic layer 22 offlake 20. TheDMF 180 andDMP 200 can each be used as a pigment flake or particle, or can be used as a magnetic core section with additional layers applied thereover. -
Figure 11 depicts a color shiftingpigment flake 220 according to another embodiment of the invention which does not use a reflector (with high reflectance, i.e., an optical metal). Theflake 220 is a three-layer design having a generally symmetrical multilayer thin film structure on opposing sides of amagnetic core section 222, which can be a DMF or a DMP. Thus, first andsecond absorber layers magnetic core section 222. These layers offlake 220 can be formed by a web coating and flake removal process as described previously. -
Figure 11 further depicts an alternative coating structure (with phantom lines) forcolor shifting flake 220, in which the absorber layer is coated aroundmagnetic core section 222 in an encapsulation process. Accordingly,absorber layers continuous coating layer 224 substantially surrounding the flake structure thereunder. - Thus,
pigment flake 220 may be embodied either as a multilayer thin film stack flake or a multilayer thin film encapsulated particle. Suitable materials and thicknesses for the absorber, dielectric, and magnetic layers offlake 220 are the same as taught hereinabove. - Some flakes of the invention can be characterized as multilayer thin film interference structures in which layers lie in parallel planes such that the flakes have first and second parallel planar outer surfaces and an edge thickness perpendicular to the first and second parallel planar outer surfaces. Such flakes are produced to have an aspect ratio of at least about 2:1, and preferably about 5-15:1 with a narrow particle size distribution. The aspect ratio of the flakes is ascertained by taking the ratio of the longest planar dimension of the first and second outer surfaces to the edge thickness dimension of the flakes.
- One presently preferred method of fabricating a plurality of pigment flakes, each of which having the multilayer thin film coating structure of
flake 40 shown inFigure 2 , is based on conventional web coating techniques used to make optical thin films. Althoughflake 40 is described hereinbelow, the other flake structures taught herein can also be fabricated with a procedure similar to the one described hereinbelow. Accordingly, a first absorber layer is deposited on a web of flexible material such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) which has an optional release layer thereon. The absorber layer can be formed by a conventional deposition process such as PVD, CVD, PECVD, sputtering, or the like. The above mentioned deposition methods enable the formation of a discrete and uniform absorber layer of a desired thickness. - Next, a first dielectric layer is deposited on the absorber layer to a desired optical thickness by a conventional deposition process. The deposition of the dielectric layer can be accomplished by a vapor deposition process (e.g., PVD, CVD, PECVD), which results in the dielectric layer cracking under the stresses imposed as the dielectric transitions from the vapor into the solid phase.
- The magnetic core is then deposited. In the case of reflector layers, a first reflector layer is then deposited by PVD, CVD, or PECVD on the first dielectric layer, taking on the characteristics of the underlying cracked dielectric layer. Magnetic layers are then applied by e-beam evaporation, sputtering, electrodeposition, or CVD, followed by a second reflector layer being deposited.
- This is followed by a second dielectric layer being deposited on the second reflector layer and preferably having the same optical thickness as the first dielectric layer. Finally, a second absorber layer is deposited on the second dielectric layer and preferably has the same physical thickness as the first absorber layer.
- Thereafter, the flexible web is removed, either by dissolution in a preselected liquid or by way of a release layer, both of which are well known to those skilled in the art. As a result, a plurality of flakes are fractured out along the cracks of the layers during removal of the web from the multilayer thin film. This method of manufacturing pigment flakes is similar to that more fully described in
U.S. Patent No. 5,135,812 to Phillips et al. , the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. The pigment flakes can be further fragmented if desired by, for example, grinding the flakes to a desired size using an air grind, such that each of the pigment flakes has a dimension on any surface thereof ranging from about 2 microns to about 200 microns. - In order to impart additional durability to the color shifting flakes, an annealing process can be employed to heat treat the flakes at a temperature ranging from about 200- 300°C, and preferably from about 250-275°C, for a time period ranging from about 10 minutes to about 24 hours, and preferably a time period of about 15-60 minutes.
- Other pigment flake structures, methods of forming them, and additional features compatible therewith can be found in Phillips '648,
U.S. Patent No. 4,705,356 to Berning et al. , andU.S. Patent No. 6,157,489 to Bradley et al. ;U.S. Patent Application Nos. 09/685,468 to Phillips et al ,09/715,937 to Coombs et al. 09/715,934 to Mayer et al. 09/389,962 to Phillips et al. 09/539,695 to Phillips et al. - Referring now to
Figure 12 ,pigment flake 240 is deposited according to another embodiment of the invention. As illustrated,flake 240 is a multilayer design having a generally symmetrical thin film structure on opposing sides of a magnetic layer such as a reflectivemagnetic core 242, which can be any non-color shifting magnetic pigment flake or particle having reflective properties described herein or known in the art. For example, reflectivemagnetic core 242 can be a single reflective magnetic layer such as a monolithic layer of Ni or other magnetic reflective metal, or can be a multilayer magnetic structure such as Al/Fe/Al. A first colored layer such asselective absorber layer 244a and a second colored layer such asselective absorber layer 244b are formed on opposing major surfaces of reflectivemagnetic core 242. These colored layers offlake 240 can be formed by a web coating and flake removal process as described previously. -
Figure 12 further depicts an alternative coating structure (with phantom lines) forflake 240, in which a colored layer such asselective absorber layer 244 is coated around reflectivemagnetic core 242 in an encapsulation process. Accordingly,selective absorber layers contiguous coating layer 244 substantially surrounding the flake structure thereunder. Suitable encapsulation methods for formingflake 240 are as described in a copendingU.S. Application Serial No. 09/626,041, filed July 27, 2000 - Thus,
pigment flake 240 may be embodied either as a multilayer thin film stack flake or a multilayer thin film encapsulated particle. Suitable materials and thicknesses for use in the reflective magnetic core offlake 240 are the same as taught hereinabove, so long as both reflective and magnetic properties are maintained. - The colored layers of
flake 240 can be formed of a variety of different absorbing and/or reflecting materials in one or more layers. Preferably, the colored layers such as selective absorber layers are formed to have a thickness of from about 0.05 µm to about 5 µm, and more preferably from about 1 µm to about 2 µm, by conventional coating processes for dye stuffs, when an organic dye material is utilized to form the selective absorber layers. Preferably, the colored layers are formed to have a thickness of from about 0.05 µm to about 0.10 µm when colored metallics or other inorganic colorant materials are utilized. - Examples of suitable organic dyes that can be used to form the selective absorber layers of
flake 240 include copper phthalocyanine, perylene-based dyes, anthraquinone-based dyes, and the like; azo dyes and azo metal dyes such as aluminum red (RLW), aluminum copper, aluminum bordeaux (RL), aluminum fire-red (ML), aluminum red (GLW), aluminum violet (CLW), and the like; as well as combinations or mixtures thereof. Such dyes can be applied by conventional coating techniques and even by evaporation. - The colored layers of
flake 240 can also be formed of a variety of conventional organic or inorganic pigments applied singly or dispersed in a pigment vehicle. Such pigments are described in the NPIRI Raw Materials Data Handbook, Vol. 4, Pigments (1983), the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. - In another embodiment, the selective absorber layers of
flake 240 comprise a sol-gel matrix holding a colored pigment or dye. For example, the selective absorber layer can be formed of aluminum oxide or silicon dioxide applied by a sol-gel process, with organic dyes absorbed into pores of the sol-gel coating or bound to the surface of the coating. Suitable organic dyes used in the sol-gel coating process include those available under the trade designations Aluminiumrot GLW (aluminum red GLW) and Aluminiumviolett CLW (aluminum violet CLW) from the Sandoz Company. Aluminum red GLW is an azo metal complex containing copper, and aluminum violet CLW is a purely organic azo dye. Examples of sol-gel coating techniques useful in the present invention are disclosed in the following:U.S. Patent No. 4,756,771 to Brodalla (1988 ); Zink et al., Optical Probes and Properties of Aluminosilicate Glasses Prepared by the Sol-Gel Method, Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng., 61, pp. 204-208 (1989); and McKiernan et al., Luminescence and Laser Action of Coumarin Dyes Doped in Silicate and Aluminosilicate Glasses Prepared by the Sol-Gel Technique, J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym., 1(1), pp. 87-103 (1991); the disclosures of all of these are incorporated herein by reference. - In a further embodiment, the colored layers of
flake 240 can be formed of an inorganic colorant material. Suitable inorganic colorants include selective absorbers such as titanium nitride, chromium nitride, chromium oxide, iron oxide, cobalt-doped alumina, and the like, as well as colored metallics such as copper, brass, titanium, and the like. - It should be understood that various combinations of the above dyes, pigments, and colorants may also be employed to achieve a desired color characteristic for
flake 240. The organic dyes, pigments, and colorants discussed herein can be used in the invention to achieve pigments with bright colors having magnetic properties. - Various modifications and combinations of the foregoing embodiments are also considered within the scope of the invention. For example, additional dielectric, absorber, and/or other optical coatings can be formed around each of the above flake or particle embodiments, or on a composite reflective film prior to flake formation, to yield further desired optical characteristics. Such additional coatings can provide additional color effects to the pigments. For example a colored dielectric coating added to a color shifting flake would act as a color filter on the flake, providing a subtractive color effect which changes the color produced by the flake.
- The pigment flakes of the present invention can be interspersed within a pigment medium to produce a colorant composition which can be applied to a wide variety of objects or papers. The pigment flakes added to a medium produces a predetermined optical response through radiation incident on a surface of the solidified medium. Preferably, the pigment medium contains a resin or mixture of resins which can be dried or hardened by thermal processes such as thermal crosslinking, thermal setting, or thermal solvent evaporation or by photochemical crosslinking. Useful pigment media include various polymeric compositions or organic binders such as alkyd resins, polyester resins, acrylic resins, polyurethane resins, vinyl resins, epoxies, styrenes, and the like. Suitable examples of these resins include melamine, acrylates such as methyl methacrylate, ABS resins, ink and paint formulations based on alkyd resins, and various mixtures thereof The flakes combined with the pigment media produce a colorant composition that can be used directly as a paint, ink, or moldable plastic material. The colorant composition can also be utilized as an additive to conventional paint, ink, or plastic materials.
- The pigment medium also preferably contains a solvent for the resin. For the solvent, generally, either an organic solvent or water can be used. A volatile solvent can also be used in the medium. As for the volatile solvent, it is preferable to use a solvent which is both volatile as well as dilutable, such as a thinner. In particular, faster drying of the pigment medium can be achieved by increasing the amount of the solvent with a low boiling point composition such as methyl ethyl ketone (MEK).
- In addition, the flakes can be optionally blended with various additive materials such as conventional pigment flakes, particles, or dyes of different hues, chroma and brightness to achieve the color characteristics desired. For example, the flakes can be mixed with other conventional pigments, either of the interference type or noninterference type, to produce a range of other colors. This preblended composition can then be dispersed into a polymeric medium such as a paint, ink, plastic or other polymeric pigment vehicle for use in a conventional manner.
- Examples of suitable additive materials that can be combined with the flakes of the invention include non-color shifting high chroma or high reflective platelets which produce unique color effects, such as MgF2/Al/MgF2 platelets, or SiO2/Al/SiO2 platelets. Other suitable additives that can be mixed with the magnetic color shifting flakes include lamellar pigments such as multi-layer color shifting flakes, aluminum flakes, graphite flakes, glass flakes, iron oxide, boron nitride, mica flakes, interference based TiO2 coated mica flakes, interference pigments based on multiple coated platelike silicatic substrates, metal-dielectric or all-dielectric interference pigments, and the like; and non-lamellar pigments such as aluminum powder, carbon black, ultramarine blue, cobalt based pigments, organic pigments or dyes, rutile or spinel based inorganic pigments, naturally occurring pigments, inorganic pigments such as titanium dioxide, talc, china clay, and the like; as well as various mixtures thereof. For example, pigments such as aluminum powder or carbon black can be added to control lightness and other color properties.
- The magnetic color shifting flakes of the present invention are particularly suited for use in applications where colorants of high chroma and durability are desired. By using the magnetic color shifting flakes in a colorant composition, high chroma durable paint or ink can be produced in which variable color effects are noticeable to the human eye. The color shifting flakes of the invention have a wide range of color shifting properties, including large shifts in chroma (degree of color purity) and also large shifts in hue (relative color) with a varying angle of view. Thus, an object colored with a paint containing the color shifting flakes of the invention will change color depending upon variations in the viewing angle or the angle of the object relative to the viewing eye.
- The pigment flakes of the invention can be easily and economically utilized in paints and inks which can be applied to various objects or papers, such as motorized vehicles, currency and security documents, household appliances, architectural structures, flooring, fabrics, sporting goods, electronic packaging/housing, product packaging, etc. The color shifting flakes can also be utilized in forming colored plastic materials, coating compositions, extrusions, electrostatic coatings, glass, and ceramic materials.
- Generally, the foils of the invention have a nonsymmetrical thin film coating structure, which can correspond to the layer structures on one side of an RMF in any of the above described embodiments related to thin film stack flakes. The foils can be laminated to various objects or can be formed on a carrier substrate. The foils of the invention can also be used in a hot stamping configuration where the thin film stack of the foil is removed from a release layer of a substrate by use of a heat activated adhesive and applied to a countersurface. The adhesive can be either coated on a surface of the foil opposite from the substrate, or can be applied in the form of a UV activated adhesive to the surface on which the foil will be affixed.
-
Figure 13 depicts a coating structure of acolor shifting foil 300 formed on asubstrate 302, which can be any suitable material such as a flexible PET web, carrier substrate, or other plastic material. A suitable thickness forsubstrate 302 is, for example, about 2 to 7 mils. Thefoil 300 includes amagnetic layer 304 onsubstrate 302, areflector layer 306 onmagnetic layer 304, adielectric layer 308 onreflector layer 306, and anabsorber layer 310 ondielectric layer 308. The magnetic, reflector, dielectric and absorber layers can be composed of the same materials and can have the same thicknesses as described above for the corresponding layers inflakes - The
foil 300 can be formed by a web coating process, with the various layers as described above sequentially deposited on a web by conventional deposition techniques to form a thin film foil structure. Thefoil 300 can be formed on a release layer of a web so that the foil can be subsequently removed and attached to a surface of an object. Thefoil 300 can also be formed on a carrier substrate, which can be a web without a release layer. -
Figure 14 illustrates one embodiment of afoil 320 disposed on aweb 322 having anoptional release layer 324 on which is deposited amagnetic layer 326, areflector layer 328, adielectric layer 330, and anabsorber layer 332. Thefoil 320 may be utilized attached toweb 322 as a carrier when a release layer is not employed. Alternatively, foil 320 may be laminated to a transparent substrate (not shown) via an optionaladhesive layer 334, such as a transparent adhesive or ultraviolet (UV) curable adhesive, when the release layer is used. Theadhesive layer 334 is applied toabsorber layer 332. -
Figure 15 depicts an alternative embodiment in which afoil 340 having the same thin film layers asfoil 320 is disposed on aweb 322 having anoptional release layer 324. Thefoil 340 is formed such thatabsorber layer 332 is deposited onweb 322. Thefoil 340 may be utilized attached toweb 322 as a carrier, which is preferably transparent, when a release layer is not employed. Thefoil 340 may also be attached to a substrate such as acountersurface 342 when the release layer is used, via anadhesive layer 334 such as a hot stampable adhesive, a pressure sensitive adhesive, a permanent adhesive, and the like. Theadhesive layer 334 can be applied tomagnetic layer 326 and/or to countersurface 342. - When a hot stamp application is employed, the optical stack of the foil is arranged so that the optically exterior surface is adjacent the release layer. Thus, for example, when
foil 340 inFigure 15 is released fromweb 322,absorber layer 332 is optically present on the exterior. In one preferred embodiment,release layer 324 is a transparent hardcoat that stays onabsorber layer 332 to protect the underlying layers after transfer fromweb 322. -
- Referring now to
Figure 16 , another embodiment of the invention is depicted in the form of anoptical article 400 having paired optical structures. Theoptical article 400 includes asubstrate 402 having anupper surface 404 and alower surface 406. Thesubstrate 402 can be flexible or rigid and can be formed of any suitable material such as paper, plastic, cardboard, metal, or the like, and can be opaque or transparent. Non-overlapping paired first andsecond coating structures upper surface 404 so as to overlie non-overlapping first and second regions onsurface 404. Thus, first andsecond coating structures surface 404, although in an abutting relationship. For example, in one embodiment,first coating structure 408 can be in the form of a rectangle or square and is disposed within arecess 412 formed bysecond coating structure 410, also being in the form of a rectangle or square that forms a border or frame that surroundsfirst coating structure 408. Thus, whenoptical article 400 is viewed from above, coatingstructures - The
first coating structure 408 has afirst pigment 414 formed of magnetic pigment flakes or particles, such as color shifting magnetic flakes, constructed in the manner hereinbefore described to provide a magnetic signature. The magnetic properties ofpigment 414 are provided by a non-optically observable magnetic layer within one or more of the magnetic flakes or particles. Thesecond coating structure 410 has asecond pigment 416 formed of non-magnetic pigment flakes or particles, such as color shifting non-magnetic flakes. Alternatively, thesecond coating structure 410 could be formed to contain the magnetic pigments and thefirst coating structure 408 could be formed to contain the non-magnetic pigments. Thepigments liquid pigment vehicle pigments - In an alternative embodiment,
optical article 400 can be formed by using a suitable magnetic foil structure, such as the color shifting magnetic foils disclosed hereinabove, in place ofcoating structure 408, and by using a non-magnetic foil structure such as a conventional color shifting foil in place ofcoating structure 410. The magnetic properties of the magnetic foil structure are thus provided by a magnetic layer which is not optically observable. Non-overlapping paired first and second foil structures, one magnetic and one non-magnetic, would be disposed onupper surface 404 ofsubstrate 402 so as to overlie non-overlapping first and second regions onsurface 404. - Other optical articles with paired optically variable structures, which could be modified to include magnetic layers in one of the paired structures such as disclosed herein, are taught in
U.S. Patent No. 5,766,738 to Phillips et al. , the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. - Referring now to
Figure 17 , another embodiment of the invention is depicted in the form of anoptical article 450 having overlapping paired optical structures. Theoptical article 450 includes asubstrate 452 having anupper surface region 454. Thesubstrate 452 can be formed of the same materials as described forsubstrate 402 shown inFigure 16 . A magneticpigment coating structure 456 overliesupper surface region 454 ofsubstrate 452. The magneticpigment coating structure 456 includes a plurality of multilayermagnetic pigments 458, such as those described previously, which are dispersed in a solidified pigment vehicle. The magnetic properties of thepigment coating structure 456 are provided by a non-optically observable magnetic layer within each of the multilayermagnetic pigments 458. A non-magneticpigment coating structure 460 overlies at least a portion of magneticpigment coating structure 456. The non-magneticpigment coating structure 460 includes a plurality ofnon-magnetic pigments 462 dispersed in a solidified pigment vehicle. - In an alternative embodiment of
optical article 450, a non-magnetic pigment coating structure can be used in place of magneticpigment coating structure 456 overlyingupper surface region 454 ofsubstrate 452. A magnetic pigment coating structure is then used in place of non-magneticpigment coating structure 460. - In a further alternative embodiment,
optical article 450 can be formed by using a suitable magnetic foil structure, such as the color shifting magnetic foils disclosed hereinabove, in place ofcoating structure 456. A non-magnetic foil structure such as a conventional color shifting foil is then used in place ofcoating structure 460. Alternatively, a non-magnetic foil structure can be used in place ofcoating structure 456, and a magnetic foil structure is then used in place ofcoating structure 460. - The respective pigment coating or foil structures in
optical articles articles optical articles - Although the pigment coating or foil structures used in
articles - From the foregoing it can be seen that there have been provided thin film structures which have both magnetic, and optionally, color shifting properties, which have many different types of applications, particularly where additional security is desired.
- For example, a structure or device formed with the pigments of the invention can be placed in a bar code pattern which would produce a color shifting bar code device that can appear on a label or on an article itself. Such a bar code would function as a color shifting bar code that could be read by both optical and magnetic readers. Such a bar code color shifting device would provide three security features, the bar code itself, the color shifting characteristic, and the magnetic characteristic. In addition, information can be encoded in the magnetic layers of the pigments of the invention. For example, the magnetic layers could record typical information which is carried by a credit card in a magnetic stripe. In addition, pigments of the invention could be utilized for putting the numbers on the bottoms of checks so that the information carried by the check could be read magnetically as with present day checks while also providing an optical variable feature.
- The following examples are given to illustrate the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
- A three layer magnetic coating sample was prepared with 1000 Å Aluminum, 1000 Å Iron, and 1000 Å Aluminum (Al/Fe/Al). The coating sample was prepared in a roll coater, using a 2 mil polyester web coated with an organic release layer (soluble in acetone). After stripping the three layer coating from the web to form pigment flake particles, the particles were filtered and sized by exposing the particles in isopropyl alcohol to ultrasonic agitation for 5 minutes using a Branson sonic welder. Particle size was determined using a Horiba LA-300 particle sizing instrument (laser scattering based system). The mean particle size was determined to be 44 µm (22 µm standard deviation) in the planar dimension, with a gaussian distribution. Following the sizing, the pigment particles were filtered and dried.
- A dry weight of magnetic pigment to binder (Du Pont auto refinish paint vehicle) in the ratio of 1:4 was drawn down onto a thin cardboard sheet (Leneta card). A "draw-down" is a paint or ink sample spread on paper to evaluate the color. Typically, a draw-down is formed with the edge of a putty knife or spatula by "drawing down" a small glob of paint or ink to get a thin film of the paint or ink. Alternatively, the draw-down is made using a Mayer rod pulled across a Leneta card and through a small glob of paint. A conventional sheet magnet was placed underneath the card while the drawing down was occurring and left in place until the paint vehicle dried. The result of the magnetic fields on this pigment sample was to create parallel bright and dark areas in the pigment. By using an ultra small area viewer (USAV, 2.3 mm) on a SF-600 DataColor spectrophotometer, the bright aluminum areas of the pigment sample had a reflective luminance, Y, of 53% whereas the dark areas had a reflective luminance of 43%. However, it was difficult to fit the aperture within the dark and bright lines suggesting that the difference in brightness may actually be larger than these measurements.
- A magnetic ink sample was prepared by mixing a 0.5 g sample of the magnetic pigment of Example 1 (Al/Fe/Al) with 3.575 g of standard Intaglio ink vehicle (high viscosity ink vehicle) and 0.175 g of an ink dryer. The ink sample was drawn down onto paper using a flat putty knife. A magnetic strip with the word "FLEX" cut out from it was placed beneath the paper during the drawing down step. The pattern of the magnetic lines in the dried magnetic ink was readily visible as black and white (silver color) strips with the word "FLEX" readily apparent. The optical image of the word "FLEX" in the ink sample was visible at normal incidence and at approximately a 45 degree angle of viewing.
- A magnetic ink sample was prepared as in Example 2 using an Intaglio ink vehicle and coated over paper having a sheet magnet placed behind it. The magnet had a cut out of a stylized letter "F." In addition to the magnetic pigment (Al/Fe/Al) orienting along the magnetic field lines, the cut out "F" was embossed upward away from the paper and was bright silver in appearance. The "F" stood out over the surrounding area by about 6 microns. This was caused by the paper pushed slightly into the "F" recess of the magnet by the force of the putty knife drawing down the highly viscous Intaglio ink. Alter the paper relaxed, the "F" area remained bright with the Al/Fe/Al flakes oriented parallel to the surface of the paper but in a stepped-up height above the surrounding coating.
- A stylized letter "F" was cut out of a flexible sheet magnet using an exacto knife. A draw-down card was placed on top of and in contact with the sheet magnet. A magnetic color shifting pigment according to the invention was mixed with an acrylic resin based vehicle and applied to the card with a #22 wire metering rod. The resultant draw-down had striped superimposed black lines that replicated the field pattern outside of the stylized "F" in the sheet magnet below the card. The entire surface of the drawn-down card exhibited color shifting effects. Where the pattern of the stylized "F" was observed, the stylized "F" only had color shifting effects, while the background had both color shifting effects and the superimposed black lines.
- The cut out stylized letter "F" pieces from the sheet magnet were used in another draw-down with the same magnetic pigment and vehicle described previously in this example. The resultant draw-down had striped superimposed black lines that replicated the field pattern within the cutout stylized "F" magnet pieces. The entire surface of the drawn-down exhibited a color shifting effect. Where the pattern of the stylized "F" was observed, the stylized "F" had both color shifting effects and the superimposed black lines, while the background had only color shifting effects.
- Thus, in both instances the entire surface of the draw-down cards exhibited color shifting effects, while the areas directly above the magnets additionally had superimposed striped black lines due to the magnetic field pattern.
- The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
Claims (10)
- An article comprising
a magnetic layer (22) having first and second major surfaces, and
a first reflector layer (24) on the first major surface of the magnetic layer (22),
characterized in that
it is absent an absorber layer and
comprises a first dielectric optical stack (44) consisting of two or more dielectric layers having different refractive indices on the first reflector layer (24). - An article as defined in claim 1, wherein the first dielectric optical stack (44) is one selected from the group of:a dielectric optical stack having sublayers of two or more low index materials,a dielectric optical stack having sublayers of two or more high index materials,a dielectric optical stack having a mixture of sublayers of low index and high index materials, a high/low dielectric optical stack having alternating layers of low index (L) and high index (H) materials,an LH dielectric optical stack,an HL dielectric optical stack,an HLHL dielectric optical stack,an LHLH dielectric optical stack,an (LHL)n dielectric optical stack,an (HLH)n dielectric optical stack, wherein n is equal to or greater than 1, andmultiples and combinations thereof.
- An article as defined in claim 1, wherein the first dielectric optical stack (44) is one selected from the group of:a dielectric optical stack formed with a gradient index of refraction,a dielectric optical stack formed with layers having a graded index low-to-high,a dielectric optical stack formed with layers having a graded index high-to-low,a dielectric optical stack formed with layers having a graded index [low-to-high-to-low]n,a dielectric optical stack formed with layers having a graded index [high-to-low-to-high]n,wherein n is equal to or greater than 1, andcombinations and multiples thereof.
- An article as defined in claim 1, further comprising a second reflector layer (26) on the second major surface of the magnetic layer (22), and
a second dielectric optical stack (46) consisting of two or more dielectric layers having different refractive indices on the second reflector layer (26). - An article as defined in claim 4, wherein the second dielectric optical stack (46) is one selected from the group of:a dielectric optical stack having sublayers of two or more low index materials,a dielectric optical stack having sublayers of two or more high index materials,a dielectric optical stack having a mixture of sublayers of low index and high index materials,a high/low dielectric optical stack having alternating layers of low index (L) and high index (H) materials,an LH dielectric optical stack,an HL dielectric optical stack,an HLHL dielectric optical stack,an LHLH dielectric optical stack,an (LHL)n dielectric optical stack,an (HLH)n dielectric optical stack, wherein n is equal to or greater than 1, andmultiples and combinations thereof.
- An article as defined in claim 4, wherein the second dielectric optical stack (46) is one selected from the group of:a dielectric optical stack formed with a gradient index of refraction,a dielectric optical stack formed with layers having a graded index low-to-high,a dielectric optical stack formed with layers having a graded index high-to-low,a dielectric optical stack formed with layers having a graded index [low-to-high-to-low]n,a dielectric optical stack formed with layers having a graded index [high-to-low-to-high]n,wherein n is equal to or greater than 1, andcombinations and multiples thereof.
- An article as defined in claim 4, wherein the first and second reflector layers (24, 26) form a continuous reflector layer (62).
- An article as defined in claim 4, wherein the first and second dielectric optical stacks (44, 46) form a continuous dielectric optical stack (84).
- An article as defined in claim 1, wherein the first dielectric optical stack (44) is a part of a dielectric layer, wherein the remaining portion of the dielectric layer is formed with a single material.
- A pigment composition comprising
a pigment medium; and
a plurality of pigment flakes dispersed in the pigment medium, the pigment flakes having a multilayer structure substantially the same as the article defined in claim 1.
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US09/844,261 US20020160194A1 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2001-04-27 | Multi-layered magnetic pigments and foils |
EP02765768A EP1412432B1 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2002-01-16 | Multi-layered magnetic pigments and foils |
PCT/US2002/001059 WO2003000801A2 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2002-01-16 | Multi-layered magnetic pigments and foils |
Related Parent Applications (1)
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EP02765768A Division EP1412432B1 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2002-01-16 | Multi-layered magnetic pigments and foils |
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EP1918334A2 true EP1918334A2 (en) | 2008-05-07 |
EP1918334A3 EP1918334A3 (en) | 2008-11-05 |
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EP07021052A Expired - Lifetime EP1921117B1 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2002-01-16 | Multi-layered magnetic pigments and foils |
EP07021050.5A Expired - Lifetime EP1918331B1 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2002-01-16 | Multi-layered magnetic pigment |
EP07021051.3A Expired - Lifetime EP1918332B1 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2002-01-16 | Multi-layered magnetic pigments |
EP07021053.9A Expired - Lifetime EP1918333B1 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2002-01-16 | Multi-layered magnetic pigments |
EP02765768A Expired - Lifetime EP1412432B1 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2002-01-16 | Multi-layered magnetic pigments and foils |
EP07021054.7A Expired - Lifetime EP1918334B1 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2002-01-16 | Multi-layered magnetic pigments |
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EP07021052A Expired - Lifetime EP1921117B1 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2002-01-16 | Multi-layered magnetic pigments and foils |
EP07021050.5A Expired - Lifetime EP1918331B1 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2002-01-16 | Multi-layered magnetic pigment |
EP07021051.3A Expired - Lifetime EP1918332B1 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2002-01-16 | Multi-layered magnetic pigments |
EP07021053.9A Expired - Lifetime EP1918333B1 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2002-01-16 | Multi-layered magnetic pigments |
EP02765768A Expired - Lifetime EP1412432B1 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2002-01-16 | Multi-layered magnetic pigments and foils |
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EP (6) | EP1921117B1 (en) |
JP (4) | JP4353792B2 (en) |
KR (6) | KR100856429B1 (en) |
CN (2) | CN1288674C (en) |
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AU (1) | AU2002329168A1 (en) |
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