EP1113841A1

EP1113841A1 - Combined stimulation of ventral and dorsal sacral roots for control of bladder function

Info

Publication number: EP1113841A1
Application number: EP99951446A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Narendra Bhadra; J. Thomas Mortimer; Volker Grunewald
Original assignee: Axon Engineering Inc
Current assignee: Axon Engineering Inc
Priority date: 1998-09-16
Filing date: 1999-09-14
Publication date: 2001-07-11
Also published as: CA2343928A1; AU758611B2; WO2000015293A1; AU6388599A

Abstract

An apparatus and technique for controlling the bladder function of a patient by combined stimulation of the ventral and dorsal sacral roots. An electrode is implanted on the sacral motor nerves while a second electrode is implanted on the sacral sensory nerves, and the nerves are stimulated using quasitrapezoidal pulse trains to selectively activate and void the bladder. The technique makes it unnecessary to perform a dorsal rhizotomy.

Description

COMBINED STIMULATION OF VENTRAL AND DORSAL SACRAL ROOTS FOR CONTROL OF BLADDER FUNCTION

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a utility patent application taking priority from provisional patent

application 60/100,524, filed September 16, 1998, which is incorporated

herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of Invention

This invention relates generally to selective nerve stimulation for bladder

control, and, in particular, to a technique by which micturition can be achieved in

spinal cord injured patients without dorsal root section.

2. Description of the Prior Art

Retention of urine, leading to complications such as urinary tract infection and

urinary calculi, remains a major factor leading to morbidity in spinal cord injured

patients. In high cord injury, with upper motor neuron damage, the lower nerve

pathways to the bladder are intact. The aim of micturition control in these

individuals is to enable them to contract the bladder musculature without activating

structures in the urethra that may impede urine flow. The procedure should leave

an acceptable post-void residual volume within the bladder and should also be able

to prevent overflow incontinence. The difference in the size of the nerve fibers to the bladder or bowel and the

urethral or anal sphincter allows the development of techniques to selectively

activate the nerves to the bladder and bowel without the activation of the

sphincters.

Previously, electrical stimulation has been applied to control the bladder and

bowel. The previous attempts have focused on three techniques: direct stimulation

of the detrusor muscle, activation of the detrusor by stimulation of the conus

medullaris, and activation of the detrusor by sacral root or nerve stimulation with

extensive dorsal rhizotomy. All three of these methods suffer from the same

problem. They all cause contraction of the bladder to expel urine concurrently with

contraction of the external urethral sphincter blocking urine flow. The rhizotomy

technique also results in the loss of erection for the male. It would be advantageous

if contraction of the sphincter could be selectively blocked.

Techniques available for blocking nerve impulses are discussed, for example,

in "A Technique for Collision Block of Peripheral Nerve: Single Stimulation Analysis",

van den Honert and Mortimer, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Volume

BME-28, No. 5, May 1981, pages 373-378, and "Generation of Unidirectionally

Propagated Action Potentials in a Peripheral Nerve by Brief Stimuli", van den Honert

and Mortimer, Science, Volume 206, December 1979, pages 1311-1312. With the

van den Honert and Mortimer techniques, a nerve impulse or action potential is

generated which travels toward the brain. When the artificially generated nerve impulse meets a motor impulse travelling from the brain, the motor impulse is

collision blocked. That is, the artificially generated action potential cancels the

motor action potential. If one were to apply the van den Honert and Mortimer

techniques, it could be used to cause concurrent relaxation of both the bladder

contracting muscles and the urethral sphincter.

Sacral nerve stimulation for electrical control of bladder function has been

attempted for many years; however, virtually all attempts have been plagued by

problems associated with co-activation of contractile structures in the urethra that

impede urine flow. One such attempt is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,607,639,

which issued to Tanagho, et al. This patent describes a technique in which the

sacral nerves are separated to isolate the ventral and dorsal roots thereof, and the

inferior somatic nerve SI is sectioned to isolate the external sphincter on one side.

The dorsal root of S2 is then sectioned unilaterally to isolate the sensory function

thereof. An electrode is positioned on the S3 sacral nerve to stimulate the detrusor

muscles of the bladder. However, it is suggested that sphincter response may be

reflexly produced using this technique, and mentions the necessity for the rhizotomy

of the dorsal roots.

U.S. Patent No. 5, 199,430 teaches a system for selectively arresting

propagation of action potentials in large diameter fibers without arresting

propagation in small diameter nerve fibers using a quasitrapezoidal waveform. This

waveform, which is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,608,985, and its stimulation

scheme made it possible to install electrodes on the sacral roots that could differentially activate the small fibers to the detrusor and rectum without activating the large fibers to the sphincter, thus allowing bladder and bowel activation without

the sphincter tone being raised. However, this procedure often involved dorsal

rhizotomy to minimize any reflexogenic response.

The present invention contemplates a new technique for bladder function

control in which a dorsal rhizotomy is unnecessary.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a system and

method for inducing micturition in spinal cord injured patients.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of

controlling bladder draining by stimulating nerve cuff electrodes implanted on the

sacral motor roots and also the sacral sensory roots.

It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a method of

efficiently voiding the bladder of a patient without performing a dorsal rhizotomy.

These and other objects are accomplished in the present invention by a

method and system for selectively controlling activation of a patient's bladder by

applying trains of quasitrapezoidal pulses with appropriate current amplitudes on

both the ventral and dorsal sacral roots to subdue urethral reflexes and enhance

voiding. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the placement of electrodes for controlling the

bladder in the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a graphic representation showing average voided volume from

different combinations of stimulus;

FIG. 3 is a graphic representation showing average voided volume when

combined dorsal and ventral root stimulation is used; and

FIG. 4 illustrates a stimulation scheme which may be used for combined

stimulation of the dorsal and ventral roots in the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown an illustrative embodiment of the

present invention within the environment of the human body. Kidney 10 is

connected to the bladder 12 via the ureter 14, which carries away urine from kidney

10 to bladder 12. Urine is expelled from the body through bladder neck 16 and

urethra 18 and out from urethral sphincter 20. Bladder 12 and sphincter 20 function

is controlled by action potentials traveling from spinal cord 19 primarily, but not

limited to, on a pair of sacral roots 21 which consists of a segment of ventral sacral

roots 22 and a segment of dorsal sacral roots 23. Dorsal roots 23 are primarily sensory (afferent) to transmit sensation to spinal cord 19, while ventral roots 22

primarily transmit motor pulses (efferent) from spinal cord 19 to bladder 12 and

sphincter 20. Although illustrated as being separated, the dorsal and ventral roots

for each nerve are, in fact, normally joined together and their fibers mixed to

progress as a single trunk.

Ventral roots 22 include nerve bundles 22a which include larger diameter

nerve fibers and nerve bundles 22b which include smaller diameter fibers. Larger

fibers 22a connect between spinal cord 19 and sphincter 20, while smaller fibers 22b

connect between spinal cord 19 and bladder 12. Action potentials flowing along

larger fibers 22a cause sphincter 20 to contract, blocking the outlet from urethra 18.

When the bladder is to be emptied, the flow of action potentials through fibers 22a

is stopped, allowing sphincter 20 to relax.

Smaller fibers 22b usually carry no action potentials until the person desires

to evacuate the bladder; action potentials are then sent along fibers 22b

concurrently with the stopping of action potentials along fibers 22a, causing

sphincter 20 to relax and allowing bladder neck 16 to open concurrently with bladder

12 muscles contracting, thus expelling urine.

Spinal cord injuries and various other medical conditions can cause a loss of

control of the bladder function. To reinstitute this control, a cuff electrode 30 can be

mounted surrounding sacral ventral root 22. Cuff electrode 30, which is preferably a self-curling spiral electrode that is biased to curl around the selected root and is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,602,624, is configured to accommodate nerves of

varying diameters and can electrically excite action potentials on smaller fibers 22b

while blocking naturally occurring and electrically activated action potentials from

travelling downstream on larger fibers 22a. An example of this procedure is

described in detail in U.S. Patent No. 5, 199,430, which issued in April 6, 1993, and

is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The present invention also includes an additional cuff electrode 32 which is

implanted on a dorsal sacral root 23. Application of trains of quasitrapezoidal

pulses, which are described and taught in U.S. Patent No. 4,608,985, which patent is

incorporated herein by reference, that have appropriate current amplitudes and are

applied concurrently to electrodes 30 and 32 to stimulate the dorsal and ventral

roots can result in the voiding of bladder contents without increasing sphincter

pressures. A controller 34 is electrically coupled to electrodes 30 and 32 to provide

the necessary signals for this desired bladder control.

Several experiments were conducted to confirm that combined dorsal and

ventral root stimulation provides an effective low pressure bladder evacuation

without requiring dorsal rhizotomy.

EXPERIMENT 1

Combined sensory and motor stimulus was applied to an animal under 2.5%

halothane inhalation anesthesia. An efferent motor stimulus was applied by a spiral

nerve cuff electrode implanted on S2 motor roots. Either a quasitrapezoidal, balanced biphasic, 20 Hz pulse, with current amplitude set at a volume determined

to selectively block sphincter activity, or a conventional rectangular supra-threshold

stimulus was used. The efferent sensory stimulus was applied to the S2 dermatome

with surface electrodes using a 20 Hz balanced biphasic rectangular pulse at 10 to

15 ma. The surface stimulus was varied to be continuous or intermittent (1 second

on/1 second off). The bladder was filled before each trial run with 60 ml of sterile

saline.

FIG. 2 shows the average volume of fluid voided during a 10 second pulse

train for each combination of stimulus trains. The results show that a combination

of selective motor root activation by a quasitrapezoidal pulse train and intermittent

surface stimulation to the S2 determatome enhanced bladder emptying.

EXPERIMENT 2

Combined sensory and motor stimulus was applied to an animal under 2.5%

halothane inhalation anesthesia. The motor stimulus was applied by a spiral nerve

cuff electrode implanted on the S2 motor roots. A quasitrapezoidal, balanced

biphasic, 20 Hz pulse, with current amplitude set at a value determined to selectively

block sphincter activity, was used. The sensory stimulus was applied to SI, S2, or

S3 dermatome with surface electrodes using a 20 Hz balanced biphasic rectangular

pulse at 10 to 15 ma. The intermittent surface stimulation was varied to be either 1

second on/1 second off or 0.5 seconds on/0.5 seconds off. The tests were

randomized for stimulus combinations. The test results show that bladder emptying was enhanced only when the combined sensory stimulus was applied to the S2

dermatome. The 1 second on/1 second off intermittent pattern was more effective

than the 0.5 seconds on/0.5 seconds off pattern.

EXPERIMENT 3

Combined stimulation of the dorsal and ventral sacral roots was applied to an

animal by implanting spiral nerve cuff electrodes on the sacral ventral motor roots at

S2 and S3, while leaving the dorsal roots intact and implanting a spiral nerve cuff

electrode on one dorsal S2 root. The ventral sacral roots were stimulated with

quasitrapezoidal pulse trains at 20 Hz with current amplitudes sufficient to selectively

activate the bladder or with 20 Hz conventional rectangular pulses. At the same

time, a 20 Hz intermittent stimulus, 1 second on/ 1 second off was applied to the S2

dorsal root.

Table 1 shows the average results from three trials for each stimulus pattern.

For 10 seconds of motor stimulation, an average increase of 66% in flow rate was

observed during combined motor and sensory stimulation, while FIG. 3 shows the

average volumes voided.

TABLE 1

Qmax = Average maximum flow rate in ml/sec

V(ml) = Average voided volume in ml

Pv (Qmax) = Maximum bladder pressure in cm of water at maximum flow Pu (Qmax) = Average sphincter pressure in cm of water at maximum flow

Pv max = Maximum bladder pressure in cm of water

Pu max = Maximum sphincter pressure in cm of water

FIG. 4 illustrates the stimulus pattern for the combined dorsal and ventral

root stimulation of the present invention. An intermittent pulse train 100 is applied

to dorsal root 23 via cuff electrode 32, while a continuous pulse train 102 is

simultaneously applied to ventral root 22 via cuff electrode 30. In this manner, low

pressure bladder activation can be achieved by modulating the reflexes associated

with the neural system for micturition control and eliminate the need for dorsal

rhizotomies.

Pulse train 100 preferably consists of pulses delivered at a frequency of 10 to

35 Hz, with each pulse having a nominal amplitude of less than 1 ma and a pulse

duration of 10 to 100 μsec. Pulse train 100 is generated intermittently, with a

pattern of 0.25 to 1 second on/ 0.25 to 1 second off. Pulse train 102 preferably

consists of a continuous series of quasitrapezoidal pulses of 350 to 500 μsec

duration and a nominal amplitude of 1 ma delivered at a frequency of 15 to 30 Hz.

While the invention has been shown and described in terms of several

preferred embodiments, it will be understood that this invention is not limited to these particular embodiments and that many changes and modifications may be

made without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention as defined in

the appended claims.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method for controlling bladder discharge in a patient, comprising the steps

of:

coupling a first electrode to a sacral ventral root of said patient;

coupling a second electrode to a sacral dorsal root corresponding to

said ventral root of said patient;

and transmitting a series of stimulus pulses to said first and second

electrodes simultaneously to cause discharge of the bladder

2. The method of claim 1 wherein said first electrode comprises a self-sizing cuff

electrode.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein said second electrode comprises a self-sizing

cuff electrode.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein said second electrode comprises a surface

electrode.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein said stimulus pulses transmitted to said first

electrode comprise a quasitrapezoidal pulse train at 20 Hz.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein said stimulus pulses transmitted to said first

electrode comprise a conventional rectangular pulse train at 20 Hz.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein said stimulus pulses transmitted to said

second electrode comprise an intermittent pulse train at 20 Hz having a one

second on/ 1 second off pattern.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein said first and second electrodes are applied to

the dorsal and ventral roots of the S3 sacral nerve.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein said stimulus pulses transmitted to said

second electrode have a nominal amplitude of less than 1 ma and a pulse

duration of 10 to 100 ╬╝sec.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein said stimulus pulses transmitted to said first

electrode have a nominal amplitude of 1 ma and a pulse duration of 350 to

500 ╬╝sec.

11. An apparatus for the control of bladder function in a patient by combined

stimulation of ventral and dorsal sacral roots, said apparatus comprising:

a first electrode, applied to a ventral sacral root of a patient;

a second electrode, applied to a dorsal sacral root corresponding to

said ventral sacral root; and control means, electrically coupled to said first and second

electrodes, for generating a series of stimulus pulses simultaneously to said

first and second electrodes sufficient to cause the bladder of said patient to

contract, whereby emptying said bladder.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein said first electrode comprises a self-sizing

cuff electrode.

13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein said second electrode comprises a self-

sizing cuff electrode.

14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein said second electrode comprises a surface

mounted electrode.

15. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein said stimulus pulses generated to said

first electrode by said control means comprises a quasitrapezoidal pulse train

at 20 Hz.

16. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein said stimulus pulses generated to said

second electrode by said control means comprise an intermittent pulse train

pattern of 1 second off/ 1 second on.

17. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein said stimulus pulses generated to said

first electrode by said control means have a nominal amplitude of 1 ma and a

pulse duration of 350 to 500 ╬╝sec.

18. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein said stimulus pulses generated to said

second electrode by said control means have a nominal amplitude of less than

1 ma and a pulse duration of 10 to 100 ╬╝sec.