EP0829579A1 - Couches de liant circulables et leur procédé de préparation - Google Patents
Couches de liant circulables et leur procédé de préparation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0829579A1 EP0829579A1 EP97402106A EP97402106A EP0829579A1 EP 0829579 A1 EP0829579 A1 EP 0829579A1 EP 97402106 A EP97402106 A EP 97402106A EP 97402106 A EP97402106 A EP 97402106A EP 0829579 A1 EP0829579 A1 EP 0829579A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- binder
- bonding
- aqueous
- binder layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C7/00—Coherent pavings made in situ
- E01C7/08—Coherent pavings made in situ made of road-metal and binders
- E01C7/32—Coherent pavings made in situ made of road-metal and binders of courses of different kind made in situ
- E01C7/325—Joining different layers, e.g. by adhesive layers; Intermediate layers, e.g. for the escape of water vapour, for spreading stresses
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C7/00—Coherent pavings made in situ
- E01C7/08—Coherent pavings made in situ made of road-metal and binders
- E01C7/18—Coherent pavings made in situ made of road-metal and binders of road-metal and bituminous binders
- E01C7/185—Isolating, separating or connecting intermediate layers, e.g. adhesive layers; Transmission of shearing force in horizontal intermediate planes, e.g. by protrusions
Definitions
- the invention relates to a binder layer. road traffic and its method of preparation.
- This layer of circulating binder is consisting of a primary layer of binder such as bonding layer, a coating layer or a binder membrane, coated with an aqueous composition of protection.
- the pavement is paved with the current time, in two stages: we first apply on the pavement a bonding layer based on binder bituminous or of coal origin, known as binder layer bonding, then a mix is spread on the layer of bonding binder.
- the invention overcomes these different disadvantages in proposing to apply on the layer of bonding binder an aqueous composition forming protective layer.
- the binder layer thus coated becomes circulating while guaranteeing the adhesion of the binder of attachment to the roadway as well as cleanliness of the site.
- the invention further relates to a method of road surfaces using circulating binder layers of the invention.
- the invention relates to a circulating binder layer for roadways a primary layer of bonding binder and a opaque aqueous protective layer capable of reflect the light radiation covering the surface of said bonding binder layer.
- the aqueous protective layer can be a solution, an emulsion or else can be in the form of an aqueous suspension or a gel.
- the opacity resulting from the presence of one or several opaque constituents which are chosen from thickeners, mineral fillers and fillers organic.
- these constituents are white or light in color.
- the layer of aqueous protection brings clarity gain of at least 25, preferably at least 30 units of L *, relative to the bonding binder layer on which it is applied.
- the constituents of the protective layer are also chosen so as to give him the consistency necessary so that it does not flow not but remains in place and covers the entire surface of the binder layer.
- the layer of aqueous protection preferably comprises at least one thickener, this allowing effective control viscosity of the solution.
- Another role of the thickener is to stabilize the composition.
- the viscosity of the aqueous composition forming protective layer should not be too important nonetheless, so as not to prevent its spreading on the bonding layer by the conventional techniques for spreading binders hooking or by means of spreading lances.
- the protective layer aqueous of the invention has a viscosity of 5 to 1200 mPa.s, preferably from 20 to 200 mPa.s such that measured with a Brookfield rotary viscometer rotating at 60 revolutions per minute at a temperature between 20 and 25 ° C.
- the protective effect of the aqueous layer covering the bonding binder layer results from several physical phenomena that contribute to limit the adhesion of the bonding binder to construction vehicle tires.
- the layer protective Due to its opacity, the layer protective reflects light radiation, which limits the rise in temperature of the binder when it is exposed to the sun. So the adhesion of the binder for attachment to the tires of site is greatly limited.
- the presence of water on the surface bonding binder provides protection by greatly reducing the stickiness of the binder.
- the protective layer contains mineral or organic fillers, these form a physical screen between the tires of the site and binder.
- the aqueous composition forming protective layer comprises at least one opaque mineral or organic filler.
- the aqueous composition forming protective layer comprises at least one opaque mineral or organic filler.
- it contains one or more mineral fillers or organic water insoluble, these are in suspension.
- the constituents of the protective layer aqueous also have the role of limiting water evaporation.
- thickener any type of constituent capable to increase the viscosity of the composition.
- This definition includes thixotropic agents.
- cellulose derivatives hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose sodium
- xanthan gum derivatives hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose sodium
- xanthan gum derivatives hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose sodium
- xanthan gum derivatives hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose sodium
- tragacanth derivatives gum derivatives arabic, starches, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone and alginates.
- an associative thickener such than a polyurethane, a polyacrylate and a cellulose hydrophobically modified.
- the mineral fillers usable according to the invention are opaque, preferably white or light color.
- Examples of such charges minerals are silica, alumina, cements light color, diatomites, pigments, hydroxides and alkali or alkaline earth metal salts light in color.
- the opaque organic charges are preferably organic polymers or copolymers powders, such as polyamides, polyvinyl chloride, ⁇ -olefin polymers and co-polymers of ⁇ -olefins.
- the aqueous layer composition protective includes as an organic filler a powdery organic polymer or copolymer having a melting temperature or a temperature of softening between 60 and 110 ° C, preferably between 70 and 100 ° C.
- a powdery organic polymer or copolymer having a melting temperature or a temperature of softening between 60 and 110 ° C, preferably between 70 and 100 ° C.
- hot mixes are applied generally at a temperature between 120 and 200 ° C, and more particularly between 140 and 180 ° C. AT this temperature, we can cause the fusion or softening of well-chosen organic fillers, this which completes and optimizes the adhesion of the binder to the asphalt.
- Such organic polymers are for example ethylene / vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers, ethylene / ethyl acrylate (EEA) copolymers, ethylene / butyl acrylate (EBA) copolymers, polyethylenes and polypropylenes.
- EVA ethylene / vinyl acetate
- ESA ethylene / ethyl acrylate
- EBA ethylene / butyl acrylate
- the mineral and organic fillers are preferably used in the form of powders particles.
- the size of these particles is not essential according to the invention provided that these are dispersible in the aqueous composition forming protective layer.
- powders of fine particles including at least 70% preferably at least 80% of the particles have an average diameter of less than 100 ⁇ m, better still less than 80 ⁇ m, for example less than 65 ⁇ m, all particles with size less than 200 ⁇ m.
- mineral or organic fillers can also function as disruptive agents.
- the primer coat of bonding binder is applied on the pavement in the form of emulsion, a break emulsion is required after application of this, so that the binder film is formed on the road.
- an agent rupture is sprayed simultaneously. According to the invention, the rupture agent can be incorporated into the aqueous composition rather than sprayed separately.
- Fine mineral and / or organic fillers present in the composition advantageously play what role of breaking agent and this whatever the exact nature of the binder emulsion and more precisely whatever the exact nature of the surfactant present in the emulsion.
- Breaking agents other than the fine mineral and organic fillers which can be used according to the invention can be added to the aqueous protection composition.
- These are basic compounds (Na 2 CO 3 , KOH, NaOH) when the bonding binder emulsion comprises a cationic surfactant, and acidic compounds such as HCl when the bonding binder emulsion comprises a surfactant anionic.
- the aqueous protective layer comprises a or several very water-soluble salts, of the type of sodium chloride or potassium chloride and more generally an alkali metal chloride.
- the aqueous protective composition can include other additives such as agents adhesiveness intended to promote the adhesion of binder loads as well as adhesion with bitumen of the overlay.
- the tackifiers are those commonly used in the art, such as, for example, polyamines, imidazolines and amidoamines. Among the most well-known are C 12 -C 24 , preferably C 16 - polyamines. C 18 .
- Additives incorporated into the protection are chosen so as not to wear impaired clarity. In this sense, we will avoid black color constituents.
- the exact nature of the binder constituting the primary layer of bonding binder is not decisive and one can use one any bituminous or coal-based binders known in the art.
- bituminous or coal-based binders known in the art.
- the pure bitumens direct distillation bitumens, blown bitumens, multigrade bitumens, bitumens fluxed, fluidized bitumens, modified bitumens and their mixtures as well as pitches and tars and their mixtures.
- the layer attachment may include a mixture of binder bituminous and binder of coal origin.
- modified bitumen we generally mean in the bitumen technique modified by adding a or more polymers, organic resins, recycled rubber or dope powders adhesiveness.
- the primary layer of attachment binder which is intended to be protected by the aqueous composition forming protective layer is either a bonding layer in the strict sense, or a coating layer, or even a membrane ensuring tightness and impermeability and avoiding the rise of cracks.
- the surface density of the layer of primary binder can vary from 200 to 3000 g of dry matter per m 2 .
- the surface density of the binder layer is determined in a manner known per se in accordance with operating protocol explained in French standard NFP 98 275-1.
- the aqueous protective layer is distributed over the primary bonding layer, preferably at a rate of 10 to 200 g of dry matter per m 2 .
- the invention further relates to a method for the preparation of a layer of circulating binder including the step of applying a opaque aqueous composition capable of reflecting light radiation on a primary layer of binder of attachment so as to cover in a durable manner the surface of said bonding binder layer.
- the aqueous composition used for cover the surface with the bonding layer has all the characteristics of the layer resulting protective water.
- the mineral filler is oxide of titanium, it is present in the composition of preferably at least 1% by weight, better still at least 10%.
- the mineral load is calcium hydroxide, this is present in the composition preferably at a rate of at least 2% by weight, better still at least 10%.
- the tackifiers are preferably present in the aqueous protective composition to from 0.1% to 10% by weight.
- soda caustic and sodium carbonate which are sometimes used as breaking agents, are added to the aqueous composition of the invention, at least at a rate 0.5% by weight, up to about 10% by weight.
- the aqueous protection composition is advantageously applied to the bonding layer at a rate of 100 to 1000 g / m 2 .
- the application of the aqueous composition of protection can be done conventionally by using any of the known spreaders in the technique provided for spreading binders, or well again using a tank and a lance.
- spreading the primary layer of binder and spreading of the composition protective water are carried out successively or simultaneously by means of a multiramp spreader: this particular embodiment however implies that the binder is applied in the form of an emulsion aqueous.
- Such aqueous emulsions are commonly used in the art. They understand generally in addition to the bonding binder one or several anionic surfactants or cationic.
- the aqueous protective composition includes one or more basic breaking agents (case of emulsions with cationic surfactant) or acids (case of emulsions with anionic surfactant).
- the binder is first spread on the pavement in the form of an emulsion and then the breakage of the emulsion is caused by spraying of a breaking agent and finally the aqueous composition of protection is evenly distributed over the layer to base of bonding binder.
- Said aqueous composition used for the subsequent humidification is preferably water, possibly with one or more salts water soluble such as NaCl and KCl.
- Asphalt of all types and all thicknesses can be applied on the layer of flowable binder according to the invention. Depending on the thickness and the nature of the mix, it is necessary to evaporate everything or part of the water before applying the mix. In in some cases, the mix can be applied directly on the layer of binder that can be passed around without waiting water evaporation.
- This suspension is applied at the rate of 300 g / m 2 .
- This suspension is applied to layer C at the rate of 500 g / m 2 .
- the circulating binder layers obtained examples 2 and 3 were covered with a layer of 4 cm of semi-grainy thin bituminous concrete.
Abstract
Description
Type de charge | Diamètre moyen |
TiO2 | 0,1 - 1 µm (0,5 µm) |
Chaux éteinte | 10 - 20 µm |
Ciments | 15 - 80 µm |
Calcaires | 20 - 30 µm (25 µm) |
Diatomites | 35 - 50 µm |
Polymères organiques | 20 - 80 µm |
- répandre sur la chaussée une couche primaire de liant d'accrochage ;
- revêtir la couche primaire de liant d'accrochage résultante d'une composition aqueuse opaque capable de réfléchir les radiations lumineuses ;
- le cas échéant, évaporer tout ou partie de l'eau présente ; et
- appliquer un enrobé sur la chaussée ainsi revêtue.
pp signifie parties en poids
- Formulation 1 :
Carbonate de sodium 24 pp Oxyde titane 100 pp Polyuréthane associatif 1 pp Eau 875 pp 1 000 pp - Formulation 2 :
Chaux éteinte 100 pp Epaississant cellulosique 7 pp Eau 893 pp 1 000 pp - Formulation 3 :
Polyamide (30µm) 23 pp Hydroxyéthylcellulose 5 pp Eau 972 pp 1 000 pp
- Couche A : Emulsion à 60 % de liant résiduel qui est un bitume-élastomère, de pénétration 105 à l'état stabilisé.
- Suspension aqueuse blanche 3 : formulation 1 telle que définie à l'exemple 1.
- Couche C : mulsion à 60 % de liant résiduel (pénétration 188)
- Suspension aqueuse D :
Chaux éteinte 100 pp Hydroxyéthylcellulose 5 pp Eau 895 pp 1 000 pp
Claims (17)
- Couche de liant circulable pour chaussées constituée d'une couche primaire de liant d'accrochage et d'une couche de protection aqueuse opaque capable de réfléchir les radiations lumineuses recouvrant la surface de ladite couche de liant d'accrochage.
- Couche de liant circulable selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que la couche protectrice aqueuse est blanche ou de couleur claire.
- Couche de liant circulable selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que la couche de protection aqueuse présente une viscosité de 5 à 1200 mPa.s, de préférence de 20 à 200 mPa.s telle que mesurée au viscosimètre rotatif Brookfield tournant à 60 tours par minute.
- Couche de liant circulable selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que la couche de protection aqueuse comprend un ou plusieurs constituants opaques capables de réfléchir les radiations lumineuses choisis parmi un épaississant, une charge minérale et une charge organique, ladite couche de protection aqueuse assurant un gain de clarté d'au moins 25, de préférence au moins 30 unités de L*, par rapport à la couche primaire d'accrochage non revêtue, L* étant tel que défini par la Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage.
- Couche de liant circulable selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que la couche de protection aqueuse comprend au moins une charge minérale ou organique opaque et au moins un épaississant.
- Couche de liant circulable selon l'une quelconque des revendications 4 et 5, caractérisée en ce que la charge minérale est l'hydroxyde de calcium ou l'oxyde de titane.
- Couche de liant circulable selon l'une quelconque des revendications 4 à 6, caractérisée en ce que la charge organique est un polymère ou copolymère organique pulvérulent présentant une température de fusion ou une température de ramollissement comprise entre 60 et 110°C, de préférence entre 70 et 100°C.
- Couche de liant circulable selon la revendication 7, caractérisée en ce que la charge organique est choisie parmi les copolymères éthylène/acétate de vinyle, les copolymères éthylène/acrylate de butyle, les copolymères éthylène/acrylate d'éthyle, les polyéthylènes et les polypropylènes.
- Couche de liant circulable selon l'une quelconque des revendications 4 à 8, caractérisée en ce que l'épaississant est choisi parmi les dérivés de la cellulose, les dérivés de la gomme de xanthane, les dérivés de la gomme adragante, les dérivés de la gomme arabique, les amidons, la polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, les alginates, les polyuréthanes associatifs et les polyacrylates associatifs.
- Couche de liant circulable selon l'une quelconque des revendications 4 à 9, caractérisée en ce que la charge minérale et la charge organique sont présentes sous la forme de poudre de particules d'un diamètre moyen inférieur à 200 µm, 70 % au moins desdites particules, de préférence 80 % au moins, présentant un diamètre moyen inférieur à 100 µm, de préférence inférieur à 80 µm.
- Couche de liant circulable selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que la couche de protection aqueuse comprend en outre un ou plusieurs agents d'adhésivité et/ou un ou plusieurs agents de rupture acides ou basiques et/ou un ou plusieurs sels hydrosolubles tels qu'un chlorure de métal alcalin.
- Couche de liant circulable selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que la couche de protection aqueuse est distribuée sur la couche primaire de liant d'accrochage à raison de 10 à 200 g de matière sèche par m2.
- Procédé pour la préparation d'une couche de liant circulable comprenant l'étape consistant à appliquer une composition aqueuse opaque capable de réfléchir les radiations lumineuses sur une couche primaire de liant d'accrochage de façon à recouvrir de façon durable la surface de ladite couche de liant d'accrochage.
- Procédé selon la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que la composition aqueuse présente les caractéristiques de la couche de protection aqueuse telles que définies dans l'une quelconque des revendications 2 à 12.
- Procédé selon la revendication 14, caractérisé en ce que la composition aqueuse est appliquée sur la couche primaire de liant d'accrochage à raison de 100 à 1000 g/m2.
- Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 13 à 15, caractérisé en ce que ladite couche de liant circulable est recouverte par la suite, au moins une seconde fois par une composition aqueuse, de préférence de l'eau, éventuellement additionnée d'un ou plusieurs sels hydrosolubles.
- Procédé pour la réalisation d'un revêtement pour chaussée comprenant les étapes consistant à :répandre sur la chaussée une couche primaire de liant d'accrochage ;revêtir la couche primaire de liant d'accrochage résultante d'une composition aqueuse opaque capable de réfléchir les radiations lumineuses ;le cas échéant, évaporer tout ou partie de l'eau présente ; etappliquer un enrobé sur la chaussée ainsi revêtue.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9611213 | 1996-09-13 | ||
FR9611213A FR2753463B1 (fr) | 1996-09-13 | 1996-09-13 | Couches de liant circulables et leur procede de preparation |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0829579A1 true EP0829579A1 (fr) | 1998-03-18 |
EP0829579B1 EP0829579B1 (fr) | 2003-04-09 |
Family
ID=9495730
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP97402106A Expired - Lifetime EP0829579B1 (fr) | 1996-09-13 | 1997-09-10 | Couche de liant circulable et son procédé de préparation |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6025016A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0829579B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JPH10159006A (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE237034T1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU724803B2 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2215571A1 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69720624T2 (fr) |
DK (1) | DK0829579T3 (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2196277T3 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2753463B1 (fr) |
PT (1) | PT829579E (fr) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2015189322A1 (fr) * | 2014-06-12 | 2015-12-17 | Akzo Nobel Chemicals International B.V. | Procédé de production de revêtements bitumineux à adhésivité réduite |
FR3044027A1 (fr) * | 2015-11-24 | 2017-05-26 | Daniel Marco | Dispositif d’application de lait de chaux et procede de travail |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN105786052B (zh) | 2014-12-16 | 2020-09-08 | 艺康美国股份有限公司 | 一种用于pH调节的在线控制和反应方法 |
ES2687713B2 (es) | 2018-06-27 | 2019-07-02 | Chm Obras E Infraestructuras S A | Pavimentos asfálticos de alta reflectancia solar |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1981003039A1 (fr) * | 1980-04-17 | 1981-10-29 | Skanska Cementgjuteriet Ab | Procede d'appret pour le revetement d'une route |
DE3926099A1 (de) * | 1989-02-03 | 1990-08-09 | Baulabor Ag | Zusammenhaengende decke fuer strassen und flugplaetze, verfahren zur herstellung der decke und verwendung derselben |
FR2647478A1 (fr) * | 1989-05-24 | 1990-11-30 | Applic Derives Asphalte | Procede de mise en place d'un revetement routier et liant bitumineux pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procede |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3898349A (en) * | 1966-07-26 | 1975-08-05 | Grace W R & Co | Polyene/polythiol paint vehicle |
US4025476A (en) * | 1975-10-03 | 1977-05-24 | Prismo Universal Corporation | Traffic paint method and composition |
US4203878A (en) * | 1978-08-02 | 1980-05-20 | Shell Oil Company | Epoxy resin traffic paint compositions |
-
1996
- 1996-09-13 FR FR9611213A patent/FR2753463B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-09-10 ES ES97402106T patent/ES2196277T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-09-10 EP EP97402106A patent/EP0829579B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-09-10 DK DK97402106T patent/DK0829579T3/da active
- 1997-09-10 DE DE69720624T patent/DE69720624T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-09-10 AT AT97402106T patent/ATE237034T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-09-10 PT PT97402106T patent/PT829579E/pt unknown
- 1997-09-11 US US08/927,493 patent/US6025016A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-09-11 CA CA002215571A patent/CA2215571A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 1997-09-15 AU AU37552/97A patent/AU724803B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1997-09-16 JP JP9269245A patent/JPH10159006A/ja not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1981003039A1 (fr) * | 1980-04-17 | 1981-10-29 | Skanska Cementgjuteriet Ab | Procede d'appret pour le revetement d'une route |
DE3926099A1 (de) * | 1989-02-03 | 1990-08-09 | Baulabor Ag | Zusammenhaengende decke fuer strassen und flugplaetze, verfahren zur herstellung der decke und verwendung derselben |
FR2647478A1 (fr) * | 1989-05-24 | 1990-11-30 | Applic Derives Asphalte | Procede de mise en place d'un revetement routier et liant bitumineux pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procede |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2015189322A1 (fr) * | 2014-06-12 | 2015-12-17 | Akzo Nobel Chemicals International B.V. | Procédé de production de revêtements bitumineux à adhésivité réduite |
US9745480B2 (en) | 2014-06-12 | 2017-08-29 | Akzo Nobel Chemicals International B.V. | Method for producing bituminous coatings with reduced tackiness |
FR3044027A1 (fr) * | 2015-11-24 | 2017-05-26 | Daniel Marco | Dispositif d’application de lait de chaux et procede de travail |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES2196277T3 (es) | 2003-12-16 |
FR2753463A1 (fr) | 1998-03-20 |
AU724803B2 (en) | 2000-09-28 |
AU3755297A (en) | 1998-03-19 |
EP0829579B1 (fr) | 2003-04-09 |
US6025016A (en) | 2000-02-15 |
DE69720624D1 (de) | 2003-05-15 |
FR2753463B1 (fr) | 1998-11-13 |
CA2215571A1 (fr) | 1998-03-13 |
JPH10159006A (ja) | 1998-06-16 |
DK0829579T3 (da) | 2003-07-21 |
PT829579E (pt) | 2003-06-30 |
ATE237034T1 (de) | 2003-04-15 |
DE69720624T2 (de) | 2004-02-05 |
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