EP0346152A2

EP0346152A2 - Smoke detector devices and detector circuit

Info

Publication number: EP0346152A2
Application number: EP89305902A
Authority: EP
Inventors: James Cairney; Simon Rushbrook Microelectr. Educ. Williams
Original assignee: Bryce Alex Peacock; Murray Melvin Ingram
Current assignee: Bryce Alex Peacock; Murray Melvin Ingram
Priority date: 1988-06-10
Filing date: 1989-06-12
Publication date: 1989-12-13
Also published as: GB8813811D0; GB2221074A; EP0346152A3; GB8913478D0

Abstract

A smoke detector device comprises a housing (30) adapted to be mounted below an existing ceiling rose fitting (32) and to be clamped to an electrical flex (38) passing therethrough. The housing (30) encloses a smoke detector circuit formed on a printed circuit board (62), a battery (48) and an alarm sounder (50). The device is intended particularly for use in domestic environment, and is intended unobtrusive and inexpensive. An alternative embodiment includes a housing adapted to replace existing ceiling rose fittings; A novel photoelectric-type detector circuit, incorporating an integrated circuit and high intensity light emitting diode, is also described, which again is intended to be compact and inexpensive.

Description

This invention relates to smoke detector devices especially, but not exclusively, for use in domestic environments.
The installation of smoke detectors in the home is on the increase, but in many cases the detector devices detract from the decor or are simply obvious. The detector hardware is also relatively expensive, and installation costs are often also very high. Further, if only a single detector is installed in a home it is often placed in a hallway, where fire is unlikely to start, on the grounds that if the alarm sounds during the night it will be audible in the bedrooms. It would be preferable to have multiple, interconnected detector/alarms in various locations, however the cost and visual deficiencies of existing detector means that such systems are often unfeasible or undesirable.
The present invention seeks to obviate or mitigate these disadvantages of existing smoke detectors. In particular, it is a first object of the invention to provide a photoelectric-type smoke detector circuit which is relatively inexpensive to produce, and which is relatively compact, such that it may be enclosed in small, unobtrusive housings. It is a further object of the invention to provide a smoke detector device which forms part of a ceiling rose light fitting, and which may be either in the form of a replacement rose plug or a unit which may be mounted beneath an existing rose plug.
These and other aspects of the invention are defined in the claims appended hereto.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

Fig. 1 is a plan view of a base of a first smoke detector device according to the invention;
Fig. 2 is a plan view of the cap of the smoke detector;
Fig. 3 is a side elevation of the smoke detector in situ;
Fig. 4 is a circuit diagram of a photoelectric-type smoke detector circuit according to another aspect of the invention;
Fig. 5 is a side view of a second, particularly preferred smoke detector device according to the invention;
Fig. 6 is a bottom view of the device of Fig. 5;
Fig. 7 is a sectional view on line X-X of Fig. 6, showing the device in situ beneath an existing ceiling rose plug; and
Fig. 8 is a detail, fragmentary, sectional view of an alternative clamping arrangement for the device of Figs. 5, 6 and 7.

Referring to Figs. 1 to 3 of the drawings, a smoke detector device is in the form of a rose plug by which an electric light bulb is suspended from a ceiling.
The device includes a circular base 10 having fixing points 11 for attachment to a ceiling 12, a central opening 13, electrical connection points 14 to 16 for attachment of mains wires 17 and an electrical flex 18.
The device also includes a cap 20 which is removably attached to the base, conveniently by screw threading 21 on the outer circumference of the base and the inner circumference of the cap 20. The cap 20 has a central opening 22 through which the flex 18 passes. A sleeve, not shown, may be provided to fill the opening 22 if the flex 18, is of smaller diameter than the opening.
The cap 20 houses a smoke detector of the photoelectric-type, formed on a printed circuit board (pcb) 25, and including a sounder device 24.
A particularly preferred detector circuit is described in detail below.
The cap may also house a 9V battery 26 to power the smoke detector means. Alternatively, the smoke detector means can be powered from the mains via a transformer not shown which reduces the voltage from 240V to 9V, in which case the battery may be omitted or retained as a stand-by power source.
A plurality of slots 27 or other apertures are formed in the sides of the plug 20 to enable smoke to enter its interior for detection by the detector circuit.
When smoke is detected by the circuit, the sounder 24 gives an audible alarm. The range within which the sound can carry within a home is limited. Therefore, it is preferred that the smoke detector circuit is adapted to be connected to one or more other alarm/detector devices in other locations, such that all the alarms will sound if one detector detects smoke. The interconnections can be made using the earth or neutral wires of a mains ring circuit, or by means of separate wiring.
The detector device simulates the appearance of a conventional ceiling rose plug, and by utilising the detector circuit to be described below, may be of comparable dimensions. It is therefore relatively compact and unobtrusive, and is easily fitted. The device may comprise a cap and base or may comprise a cap only (containing the detector circuitry etc), which is adapted to screw into an existing ceiling rose base.
Fig. 4 is a circuit diagram of a smoke detector circuit which may be made sufficiently small to be housed within a ceiling rose assembly of dimensions substantially the same as conventional ceiling roses, and which is relatively inexpensive to manufacture. The detector is of the photoelectric type, wherein light emitted by a light emitting diode Tx is detected by a phototransistor Rx, and the output from Rx is compared with a reference voltage. The presence of smoke causes reflection and scattering of the light from Tx, such that the output from Rx is increased. The alarm is thus triggered when a voltage developed from the output from Rx exceeds a predetermined threshold.
In order to minimise the size of the detector, the circuit is based around an integrated circuit IC1, and is designed to utilise miniature, surface mount components. The circuit may be implemented on a printed circuit board (pcb) which is small enough to be easily accommodated inside a housing of dimensions comparable to conventional ceiling rose assemblies.
Referring to Fig. 4 in more detail, IC1 is an XCA3164M by RCA, which includes a pulse generator, comparator, and an oscillator responsive to the comparator to provide an output signal.
IC1 generates pulses out of pin 8, whose period is set by a capacitor C3 and resistor R2, between pins 19 and 6, respectively, and ground. R2 is 1 Mohm, governed by the largest size available in surface mount, and C3 is 0.22 u F. The output of pin 8 is pulled to high voltage via resistor R7 (2.2 kohm), which is connected to the supply rail 40 either directly, via link LK2, or via a second light emitting diode, LED2. If installed, LED2 provides a flashing confidence light, providing an indication that the detector is operational. The pulsed output from pin 8 is differentiated via capacitor C5 (0.47 u F) and resistor R8 (10 ohm), to provide a sharp, driving pulse to transistor TR2. when TR2 is enabled, capacitor C1 (10 u F) discharges through current limiting resistor R10 (10 ohm) and the light emitting diode Tx. Resistor R6 (18 ohms) recharges C1 from the supply during the quiet period, and provides isolation from the sensing stage of the circuit. Tx thus provides a periodic, pulsed light signal.
If smoke is present, the light emitted from Tx is reflected and scattered, and is detected by the phototransistor Rx. The photocurrent generated by Rx biases transistor TR1 on, which is otherwise held off by resistor R11 (100 kohms). A voltage is thus developed across resistor R1 (470 kohms), which is proportional to the light received by Rx. The configuration gives a gain multiplication between TR1 and Rx.
As the illuminating light from Tx is pulsed, the voltage developed across R1 drives a diode pump circuit formed by diode D1 and capacitor C2 (10 nF), which in turn applies a voltage to one side of the comparator incorporated in IC1, via pin 5. This voltage is normally nearly zero, but increases rapidly up to the supply voltage level if smoke is present. A constant, reference voltage from pin 1 is divided via resistors R12 (480 kohms) and R13 (100 kohms), and connected to the other side of the comparator via pin 3. The ratio of the resistances of R12 and R13 determines the sensitivity of the circuit, and keeping pin 3 near zero volts ensures early triggering of the circuit in the presence of smoke.
When the voltage at pin 5 exceeds that at pin 3, IC1 produces an enabling oscillation on pins 13, 12 and 10, which, via feedback resistors R4 (68 ohms) and R5 (27 kohms), causes oscillation of a piezoelectric sounder PZ1 connected to these three pins.
Pin 15 of IC1 is an input/output pin which serves as an interconnect to other detector units and/or other components of an alarm system. Triggering of the circuit causes a signal to be output from pin 15, which may be used to trigger other, similar units or to operate a relay or the like (not shown), forming part of an alarm system. Conversely, a suitable signal input to pin 15 (eg from another detector unit) will trigger the circuit and activate the sounder PZ1.
Pin 15 is connected to interconnect circuitry which includes a spike filter, comprising resistor R3 (1 kohm) and capacitor C4 (0.01 u F), to prevent false triggering of the circuit by electrical noise. An "alarm on" indicator may be provided by light emitting diode LED3, whose operation is controlled by transistor TR3 and which will light whenever the circuit is triggered. If LED3 is not required, link LK3 is completed to connect TR3 directly to the supply rail. Resistor R15 (10 kohm) limits the current through TR3 and LED3 (when installed).
If the circuit is to be interconnected with other similar detectors, then pin 15 should be connected to the interconnect terminal A via R3, and link LK4 should be open-circuited. In order for a relay output to be produced, then R3 and R16 should be omitted, link LK4 should be completed, and a suitable relay connected across terminals AB.
The circuit is further adapted to receive power from a variety of sources. A 9 volt battery 42 can be connected between ground and diode D3. A 9.1 volt zener diode D2 limits the supply to IC1 to below its maximum value of 11 volts, and capacitor decoupling is provided by capacitor C6 (100 u F). D3 acts as a directional diode in the event of the battery 42 acting as a standby supply for other power sources.
Such other sources are connected to the supply rail 40 via capacitor C7 (0.01 u F, 1kV), diode D4 (peak inverse voltage 400V) and resistor Rl4. C7 acts as a smoothing capacitor for A.C. supplies, in which case D4 acts as a half-wave rectifier. With D.C. inputs, C7 is omitted or shorted out by link LK1, in which case D4 acts as a directional diode. The value of R14 depends upon the applied voltage; eg 100 ohms for 12V D.C. 500 ohms for 24V D.C. and 2.2 kohms for 240 V A.C. Any reasonable A.C. voltage can be applied to D4 providing its peak inverse voltage is not exceeded. A transformer (not shown) could also be connected to the mains supply to provide a 9V A.C. supply, which would again be rectified by D4 and smoothed by C7. In order to prevent runaway current, R14 would have a value of 50 ohms.
If the unit is to be run on battery power only, then D3, could be omitted or shorted out and D2, C7, D4 and Rl4 omitted. If no standby battery is required then D3 could be omitted.
In order to provide maximum flexibility of use, it is preferred that the pcb be provided with terminals for connection of optional components such as LED2 and LED3 and links LK1 to LK4, so that a standard circuit may be produced and configured to suit particular applications.
For optimal circuit performance, the pcb should be configured such that TR2 and LK2 are as close as physically possible to C1. Equally, the distances between Rx, TR1, R1, R11, D1 and C2 should be as short as possible, as should the connection between D1/C2 and pin 5 of IC1. The only component liable to get warm is R14, if the input voltage far exceeds its rated level. Accordingly, R14 should preferably be some distance from the other components on the pcb. For maximum noise immunity, the ground track should be as large as possible.
It is particularly advantageous that the light emitting diode Tx be of the high intensity type (preferably operating in the red or near-infra-red frequency band), such as 1000 millicandela, 15mA type by Hewlett Packard, which produces approximately 300 times more light than a standard l.e.d. By providing a high intensity light output from Tx, the responsive photocurrent generated by Rx is made as high as possible, so that the need for amplification of the photocurrent in the detector is reduced. Thus, a single transistor amplification stage, provided by TR1, is all that is required, in comparison with conventional l.e.d. detectors which generally require the use of op-amps to amplify the detected signal to a useful level. This reduction of the required amplification has two important benefits: it assists in reducing the component count, and hence the physical size and cost of the circuit, and it makes the circuit relatively immune to electromagnetic noise. The latter is of particular importance when the detector is installed in a ceiling rose in close proximity to A.C. mains conductors.
The circuit hereinbefore described thus provides a smoke detector which is physically small enough to be located in a housing the size of a ceiling rose assembly, is inexpensive and reliable, and may be readily adapted to suit particular requirements. It will be appreciated that these advantages make the detector of utility in numerous situations other than in the ceiling rose application described herein.
When a plurality of such detector units are installed, for example in different rooms of a house, they may be interconnected as described above such that triggering of the detector in one room activates all the others, thereby increasing the likelihood that the occupants will be alerted. The interconnection may be by direct wiring of the detectors to one another, or the mains conductors of the lighting (or other) circuit may be utilised to transmit signals between the detectors in a manner that will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.
The housing of Figs. 1 to 3 may be further provided with suitable apertures (not shown) in its lowermost surface, into which the "confidence" and "alarm-on" l.e.d's (LED2 and LED3) may project so as to be visible from the room below.
Figs. 5, 6 and 7 illustrate a particularly preferred embodiment of a smoke detector device in accordance with the present invention, comprising a housing 30 adapted to be mounted below an existing ceiling rose 32, in abutment therewith. The device preferably utilises a detector circuit as described above with reference to Fig. 4.
The housing 30 is generally frusto-conical in shape, and includes a first, upper portion 34, and a second, lower portion 36, separated by an internal, circumferential shoulder 37. The electrical flex 38 depending from the ceiling rose 32 passes through the centre of the housing 30, exiting through a bushing 40 which defines a central aperture in a lowermost surface 42 closing the bottom of the second housing portion 36. A grub screw 44 is located in an aperture formed in the side of the bushing 40, and in use is tightened to clamp against the flex 38 and so retain the housing 30 in position below the ceiling rose 32.
Fig. 8 illustrates an alternative, preferred clamping arrangement, wherein the external surface of the bushing 40A is slightly tapered and externally threaded, and the bushing 40A itself is divided into four segments by transverse slots 45. A complementary, internally tapered, internally threaded sleeve 47 screws onto the bushing 40A, deforming the segments thereof inwardly as it is tightened so as to clamp against the flex (omitted from this drawing for clarity). This arrangement is preferred to the grub screw 44 of Fig. 7 since its ensures that housing is centred on the flex and existing ceiling rose.
The interior volume of the housing 30 is divided into upper and lower chambers by a circular cap 46, which is a snap-fit into the top of the lower housing portion 36, and which is provided with a central aperture to allow passage of the flex 38 therethrough. The upper chamber houses a battery 48 (preferably a 9V PP3 type) which provides the power supply (or stand-by power supply) for the detector, and a piezo-electric sounding device 50. The battery 48 and sounder 50 may be retained in position by suitable mouldings 52, 54 formed on a carrier plate 56 located on top of the cap 46, and slots 58 may be provided in the sides of the upper housing portion 34 to increase the audibility of the sounder 50. Alternatively, a tube (not shown) may interconnect the interior of the upper chamber and one or more apertures (not shown) in the bottom surface 42, in which case the slots 58 may be omitted. The tube may be formed integrally with the carrier plate 56. In this example, hollow projections 59 are formed in the walls of the upper housing portion 34 to accommodate the corners of the battery 48.
The lower chamber provides an obscuration chamber for the detector circuit, and the lower housing portion 36 is provided with slots 60 to allow smoke to enter the interior thereof. A pcb 62 carrying the detector circuit is located at the bottom of the obscuration chamber, mounted on the upper end of the bushing 40. The pcb 62 is preferably circular and is provided with a central aperture for mounting on the bushing 40 and to allow passage of the flex 38 therethrough. A further aperture would be provided to allow passage of a sounder tube, if used. The illuminating led and phototransistor of the detector circuit (Tx and Rx in Fig. 4) are disposed on the upper surface of the pcb 62 so as to detect any smoke entering the chamber, whilst the "confidence" and/or "alarm-on" led's (LED 2 and LED 3 in Fig. 4) may be disposed on the lower surface thereof, being located in apertures such as 64 formed in the lowermost surface 42 so as to be visible from the room below. A manual reset button 66 may also be provided in the surface 42 at a position where it co-operates with contacts (not shown) on the pcb 62 to reset the detector circuit when required. The housing of Figs. 1 to 3 could also incorporate such a button.
The device of Figs. 5 to 7 may be used with ceiling roses of varying diameters the upper diameter of the housing 30 being selected to co-operate with the smallest size of ceiling rose likely to be encountered in practice (typically, 75mm is a suitable diameter). The arrangement whereby the device is fitted below the existing ceiling rose and clamped to the existing flex makes it simple to install, and access to the battery chamber is easily accomplished thereafter by simply loosening the clamp and sliding the housing down the flex. The housing 30, cap 46 and carrier plate 56 may all be moulded from plastics material, and when used in conjunction with the circuit of Fig. 4 provide a compact, unobtrusive and inexpensive detector device.

Claims

1. A smoke detector device which, in use, forms part of a ceiling light fitting, comprising a housing adapted to be mounted adjacent a ceiling and having an aperture in a lower-most surface thereof to allow the passage of an electrical flex therethrough, said housing enclosing smoke detector means and alarm sounder means responsive to said detector means, and said housing being of dimensions comparable to conventional ceiling rose light fittings.

2. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said housing is provided with a plurality of apertures whereby smoke may enter the interior thereof.

3. A device as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein said housing is formed in a shape similar to that of a conventional ceiling rose light fitting, and is adapted to be secured to a base member of an existing fitting mounted on a ceiling.

4. A device as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein said housing comprises a cap portion and a base portion, said base portion being adapted to be affixed to a ceiling and said cap portion being adapted to be secured to said base portion.

5. A device as claimed in claim 4 wherein said cap and base portions are formed in a shape similar to that of a conventional ceiling rose light fitting.

6. A device as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein said housing is adapted to be located below an existing ceiling rose light fitting.

7. A device as claimed in claim 6, wherein said housing has an upper edge adapted to seat against a bottom surface of the existing fitting and further includes means for securing the housing to an electrical flex depending from the existing fitting.

8. A device as claimed in claim 7 wherein said securing means comprises a clamp arrangement located adjacent said aperture in said lowermost surface of the housing.

9. A device as claimed in claim 6, claim 7 or claim 8, wherein said housing is divided into an upper chamber adapted to house a battery and an alarm sounder device, and a lower chamber adapted to house said detector means.

10. A device as claimed in claim 9, further including means interconnecting the interior of said upper means interconnecting the interior of said upper chamber and the exterior of the housing, whereby sound emitted by said sounder may be communicated to the exterior of the housing.

11. A device as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein said housing is provided with one or more apertures in its lowermost surface adapted to receive visual indicating means associated with said detector and alarm means.

12. A device as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein said housing is further provided with a manual reset button for resetting said detector and alarm means.

13. A smoke detector device as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein said smoke detector means comprises a detector circuit including a light emitting diode (l.e.d.), a phototransistor responsive to the light emitted by the l.e.d. and means for generating an alarm signal when the output from the phototransistor indicates the presence of smoke, said sounder means being responsive to said output signal; and wherein said circuit is formed on a printed circuit board (p.c.b.) and includes an integrated circuit incorporating a pulse generator, comparator means and means responsive to said comparator means to generate an alarm signal, said l.e.d. being driven by said pulse generator so as to produce periodic light pulses, and means being provided for applying a voltage to an input of said comparator means which is representative of the photocurrent generated by said phototransistor, such that an alarm signal is triggered if said voltage exceeds a predetermined threshold.

14. The device of claim l3, wherein said l.e.d. is a high intensity l.e.d.

15. The device of claim 14, wherein the means for applying said voltage to the comparator input comprises a single transistor amplifier stage and a diode pump circuit.

16. The device of any of claims 13 to 15, wherein said circuit further includes input voltage conversion and rectifying means.

17. The device of any of claims 13 to 16, wherein a battery provides the main or standby power supply for the circuit.

18. The device of any of claims 13 to 17, wherein said integrated circuit further includes input/output means adapted to provide an output signal when the circuit is triggered and to trigger the circuit in response to an input signal, whereby the circuit may be interconnected with other detector circuits or other components of an alarm system.

19. The device of any of claims 13 to 18, wherein a second l.e.d. is connected to said pulse generator and is located so as to provide a visual indication that the circuit is operational.

20. The device of any of claims 13 to 19, wherein the circuit further includes a third l.e.d. adapted to provide a visual indication when the circuit is triggered.

21. The device of any of claims 13 to 20, wherein said sounder is a piezoelectric sounder.

22. A smoke detector circuit as defined in any of claims 13 to 21.