CN86104766A - 燃料电池电源系统的控制器 - Google Patents

燃料电池电源系统的控制器 Download PDF

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CN86104766A
CN86104766A CN86104766.4A CN86104766A CN86104766A CN 86104766 A CN86104766 A CN 86104766A CN 86104766 A CN86104766 A CN 86104766A CN 86104766 A CN86104766 A CN 86104766A
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switch element
fuel cell
current
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山田诚
塚本一义
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Sanyo Electric Co Ltd
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Abstract

燃料电池电源系统的控制器包括主开关元件接入燃料电池电源单元和直流-交流变换器之间，副电池连接到充电开关元件和放电开关元件，和开关元件的控制电路，所说充电开关元件和放电开关元件是串联和跨接主开关元件。当电源单元在加热操作时或当直流-交流变换器从电源单元输出电路脱开以停止电源单元工作时，副电池借接通充电开关元件充电，而当燃料电池电源单元达到额定工作温度时，电池借接通放电开关元件通过直流-交流变换器放电。

Description

本发明涉及一种燃料电池电源系统的控制器。
在燃料电池电源系统中，即使当电源系统没有使用时，燃料电池通常也保持在一适当的温度，以防止它们的电解质变性。例如，在磷酸电解液燃料电池电源系统中，一个燃料电池电源单元或一个含有多个燃料电池的燃料电池堆，是由诸如电热器、循环加热气体等等适宜的加热装置一般地维持在大约100℃，使磷酸电解液不致变性。
当这种磷酸电解液燃料电池电源系统开始工作时，燃料电池堆首先被加热装置加热到大约120℃的温度，在这温度下燃料电池可以产生反应，而然后工作气体，即可燃气体和处理过的空气被输送到燃料电池堆，用燃料电池反应的热来加热燃料电池堆。同时，一个直流负载电阻作为虚拟负载接入电源系统的输出电路中。当燃料电池堆的温度达到其最佳操作温度约190℃时，燃料电池电源系统维持额定输出的稳定状态下工作，而将产生的电功率输送至负载。然后切断虚拟负载。
然而，在负荷下以反应的热加热燃料电池堆的期间，产生的电功率作为热浪费地消耗掉，结果降低了发电的效率。
另一方面，当燃料电池系统停止工作时，负载从燃料电池堆的输出电路脱开，而负载电阻作为虚拟负载接入输出电路，使燃料电池不致由于开路引起的过电压而损伤。这也导致发电效率的降低。
上述缺点可采用如图3中所示的副电池来克服。副电池连至燃料电池电源单元（FC）的输出电路，而负载（L）是经逆变器（INV）和开关（SW）连至电源单元（FC）输出电路。然而，如果电池（E）是充足了电，在以燃料电池反应的热来加热电源单元（FC）时，就不可能将它用作虚拟负载。此外，不可能以充足了电的副电池（E）来防止过电压，过电压可能在负载（L）从输出电路脱开时发生使电源单元停止工作。
因此，本发明的一个目的是提供一燃料电池电源系统的控制器，使系统在负荷状态以燃料电池反应的热来加热燃料电池电源单元时，可以将电功率损失减至最小。
本发明的另一目的是提供一燃料电池电源系统的控制器，使燃料电池电源单元在不降低电源单元的效率的情况下，也可以不致由于开路产生过电压而损伤。
根据本发明提供的燃料电池电源系统的控制器，包括一主开关元件接入燃料电池电源单元和直流-交流变换器之间，一副电池连接到一充电开关元件和一放电开关元件，以及一开关元件的控制电路，所说充电开关元件和放电开关元件是串联和跨接主开关元件，在电源单元以燃料电池反应的热加热操作期间，或在电源单元停止工作期间，在主开关元件保持断开状态的同时，所说电池藉接通充电开关单元充电，当燃料电池电源单元达到其额定工作温度时，所说电池藉接通放电开关元件，通过直流-交流变换器放电。
在本发明的具有控制器的燃料电池电源系统中，在以燃料电池反应的热加热其电源单元操作期间，产生的电功率是充电到副电池，而当电源单元达到额定工作温度时，所充的电功率的大部分作为正常的电功率，通过直流-交流变换器放电至负载。因而，本发明可使工作气体的耗损减少，结果改进了发电效率。因为在燃料电池电源单元的额定工作之前，副电池进行放电，在电源单元停止工作期间产生的电功率是通过充电开关元件充电至副电池，这样可以使燃料电池电源单元避免产生过电压。
图1是根据本发明的具有控制器的燃料电池电源系统的方框图;
图2是图1的控制器的电压-电流特性图;以及
图3是具有先有技术的控制器的燃料电池电源系统的方框图。
现参阅图1，燃料电池电源系统通常包括：一燃料电池电源单元（1），一直流-交流变换器（2），即通常所说的逆变器，以及一控制器（6）安装在电源单元（1）的输出电路和直流-交流变换器之间。电源单元（1）包含一堆燃料电池和连接到一可燃气体输送管（7）、一处理过的空气输送管（9）及一冷却气体输送管（11），各输送管分别备有流量控制阀（8）、（10）及（12）。燃料电池电源单元（1）装有一温度检测器（未画出）以检测其温度（Tf）。检测器的电测输出被馈送至在下面叙述的控制电路（5）。
控制器（6）包括一主开关元件（Th3）、一充电开关元件（Th1）、一放电开关元件（Th2）和一副电池4。主开关元件（Th3）被接入燃料电池电源单元（1）和变换器2之间，而开关元件（Th1）和（Th2）接成串联并跨接主开关元件（Th3），如图1所示。开关元件（Th1）、（Th2）和（Th3）可以是半导体开关元件，比如可控硅、功率晶体管等等。在此实施例中，采用可控硅，和由包括熟知的可控硅断续器（未画出）的控制电路（5）来控制。电源单元（1）的输出电压（Vf）象副电池（4）的端电压（Vb）一样，也被馈送至控制电路（5）。控制电路（5）的输出端是通过激励器（13）、（14）和（15）连接至流量控制阀（8）、（10）和（12）。
当燃料电池电源系统开始工作时，控制器被驱动，以及电源单元（1）首先藉适宜的加热装置比如电热器，以传统的方式加热。在预热期间，所有的流量控制阀（8、10和12）处于关闭状态，和所有的开关元件（Th1、Th2和Th3）是保持断开状态。当电源单元（1）的温度达到图2中在时间（t0）时的预定温度（通常约为120℃）时，由控制电路（5）分别地控制激励器（13）和（14）以打开流量控制阀（8）和（10）。于是，工作气体，即可燃气体和处理过的空气被输送到燃料电池电源单元（1），逐渐地产生燃料电池反应的热和电功率。
当电源单元（1）的开路输出电压（Vf）在时间（t1）达到一预定电压（V1）时，充电开关元件（Th1）由控制电路（5）激发导通，而主开关元件（Th3）保持断开。因而，副电池（4）作为虚拟负载被接入电源单元（1）的输出电路，而电流（i）作为充电电流（i1）从电源单元（1）输送到副电池（4）。此负载的作用减少了电源单元（1）温度上升的困难。
在负荷状态以反应的热加热操作期间，充电开关元件（Th1）由控制电路（5）用断续器控制以使在电压（Vf）等于或低于与燃料电池堆的温度（Tf）相称的额定电压（V1）时，燃料电池电源单元输送电功率至副电池（4）。
当燃料电池电源单元（1）在时间（t2）到达其最佳工作温度（约190℃）时，放电开关元件（Th2）由控制电路（5）接通，而来自副电池（4）的电流（i2）连同来自电源单元（1）的电流（i）通过放电开关元件（Th2）输送至变换器（2）。同时，工作气体由流量控制阀（8）和（10）这样的调节，使从电源单元（1）输送出的电流（i）减少到一预定的值，例如约额定电流的25%。这引起燃料电池反应的热减少，结果使电源单元的工作温度上升停止。然而，因为即使在此阶段，冷却气体的流量控制阀（12）也保持关闭状态，电源单元（1）是维持在最佳工作温度。当负载（L）有某些变化时，充电开关元件（Th1）由控制电路（5）用断续器控制以使电流（i）增加与负载变化相适应。于是，电流（i0）是（i）与（i2）的和，它保持恒定而作为从电源系统通过直流-交流变换器（INV）的额定电流输送。
当副电池（4）的端电压（Vb）低于一预定值或它的放电终电压时，开关元件（Th1）和（Th2）由控制电路（5）关断，而开关元件（Th3）接通。于是，燃料电池电源单元（1）通过开关元件（Th3）直接连接到变换器（2）。同时，流量控制阀（8）和（10）由激励器（13）和（14）完全打开，使电源单元（1）在额定条件工作。产生的电功率通过变换器（2）输送至负载（3）。流量控制阀（12）由控制电路控制，使电源单元（1）维持在其约190℃的最佳工作温度。
当燃料电池系统停止工作，或当直流-交流变换器必须关断时，在时间t4，与关断变换器（2）的同时，充电开关元件（Th1）接通，同时，主开关元件（Th3）关断，而来自燃料电池电源单元（1）的电流（i）作为充电电流（i1）输送到副电池（4）。燃料电池电源单元的输出电压维持在额定电压（V1）以下，这样可使燃料电池电源单元不致产生过电压。
在图2中，在t1和t2之间以及t4和t5之间的阴影区域，分别表示在以燃料电池反应的热加热电源单元操作期间和电源系统停止工作期间，充电至副电池（4）的电容量。在t2和t3之间有交叉线的区域，表示从副电池放电的容量。
具有330电池堆的50仟瓦燃料电池电源单元，其额定电压为200伏和额定电流为250安。于是，要求使用有容量为375安培小时和电压为200伏的副电池，当以燃料电池反应的热加热电源单元时用作燃料电池电源单元的负载，和用作防止电源单元开路过电压的电压控制器。假若这样，以反应的热加热燃料电池电源单元的时间大约为1小时。这样，在t1和t2之间的时间间隔内，充电的容量大约是200至230安培小时。当燃料电池电源单元的额定负载（L）被接入时，从电源系统输送出-250安（200伏）的电流（i0），它是电流（i2）与（i）的和。既然是这样，电池以约190安（200伏）放电。因而，放电时间即t2和t3之间的时间大约为1小时。
从上面所述可以了解到，根据本发明当加热燃料电池电源单元时，不发生电功率损失，这样可使发电效率得到改进。此外，当变换器关断时，因为电源单元的输出电路连接到副电池，不会有过电压加到燃料电池电源单元。于是，不必担心由过电压引起的损害。因此，可以取得电源系统的简化以及效率的改进。

Claims (1)

  1. 一种燃料电池电源系统的控制器，其特征是包括：一主开关元件接入燃料电池电源单元和直流-交流变换器之间，一副电池连接到一充电开关元件和一放电开关元件，以及一开关元件的控制电路，所说充电开关元件和放电开关元件接成串联并跨接主开关元件，在电源单元以燃料电池反应的热加热操作期间，或在电源单元停止工作期间，而主开关元件保持断开状态时，所说电池藉接通充电开关单元充电，当燃料电池电源单元达到其额定工作温度时，所说电池藉接通放电开关元件，通过直流-交流变换器放电。
CN86104766.4A 1985-07-16 1986-07-16 燃料电池电源系统的控制器 Expired CN1004457B (zh)

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