CN1568599A - 识别通信网内资产位置的方法与设备 - Google Patents

识别通信网内资产位置的方法与设备 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1568599A
CN1568599A CNA018187943A CN01818794A CN1568599A CN 1568599 A CN1568599 A CN 1568599A CN A018187943 A CNA018187943 A CN A018187943A CN 01818794 A CN01818794 A CN 01818794A CN 1568599 A CN1568599 A CN 1568599A
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Prior art keywords
signal
toa
wireless
frequency
communication sequence
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Inventor
D·哥伦
C·D·胡可
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Symbol Technologies LLC
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Symbol Technologies LLC
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Abstract

利用通信序列到达不同网接收机的时间差,可识别无线通信网内不变未修正无线资产的位置。标时装置包括与信号译码器并行工作的相关器电路,可对诸通信序列标时。蜂窝无线网可多频合估以提高空间标时密度。把标牌贴于无源资产,可向网装置提供位置标识信息。可识别广播标准802.11射频结构的资产的位置。应用选择的相关函数,可减少使通信序列相关时所固有的噪声。

Description

识别通信网内资产位置的方法与设备
相关申请的交叉参照
本申请要求2001年2月20日和2000年11月14日提交的共同未决美国临时专利申请NO.60/270,254和60/248,357的利益,这些申请通过引用包括在这里。
发明背景
本揭示内容涉及跟踪无线或部分无线通信网内资产位置的设备与方法,尤其涉及利用可移动发射机广播的通信序列在接收机的到达时间(下称TOA)来识别资产位置。TOA评估指通信序列的“标时”。
在应用与通信网中接收机有关的测距或三角测量技术测定移动资产位置时,可能希望精密地评估通信序列到达时间。随着网内资产数量的增多、通信业务量或标时事件速率的提高,标时性能与整个网络性能会下降。通常并不希望在网内识别与每一广播数据包有关的每个无线资产的位置。然而,网络操作效率经常低下,因为不对每个接收的数据包标时,就无法对期望的数据包标时。
在有些无线网中,接入点结构会限制网络性能。通常,接入点不允许标时处理快得足以对无线资产位置产生精确的估值。
无线通信网通常有一种相邻蜂窝区以不同信道工作的蜂窝网结构,为尽量减小通信信号之间的干扰,诸蜂窝区安排成尽量增大信道间的物理距离。这样安排虽然尽量增大了网用户的有效空间带宽,但是因降低了接收机密度,往往劣化了指定信道上标时的有效位置评估精度。无线通信网已越来越多地设计成应用802.11射频信号结构。随着该标准的推广使用,对识别广播标准802.11数据包的无线资产的位置将越来越有价值。
通常希望识别无线通信网附近出现的“无源”资产的位置,如跟踪货仓里的货架位置。一个方法是对无源资产贴有源标牌,标牌一般按固定的时间表以单频发射专用信号。当网络不接收预定发射时,会丢失位置信息。固定时间表标牌不能“选择”发射时间,因而不能优化利用开放的“广播时间”周期。因此,在业务量大的通信网中,位置评估特别困难,效率低下。在多频蜂窝网中,单频标牌会不能得到优化跟踪。
标时法一般应用基于相关性的信号处理技术(类似于信号译码技术),但已知相关技术固有的噪声(如交叉相关噪声)劣化了标时精度。
来自单一通信序列发射的多次信号到达(下称“多径”),会劣化译码的信号质量且难作序列检测。当发射机附近的建筑物产生的发射回波在“视线”信号之后到达接收机时,会出现多径现象。“视线”(下称LOS)信号是发射的信号通过发射机与接收机之间最短路径的部分。LOS信号可穿过建筑物,LOS路径在可见谱中呈不透明。多径会使被译码数据信号沾上假数据序列,造成LOS数据序列检测困难。多径造成的假序列具有比LOS信号更强的信号,因为LOS信号被其穿过的建筑物衰减了。
因此,希望提供有效的设备与方法来识别无线资产位置。
还希望提供可精确地识别无线资产位置的设备与方法。
更希望提供可识别广播802.11信号结构的无线资产位置的设备与方法。
另还希望提供能对无源资产有效地贴标牌以作位置识别的设备与方法。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为识别无线通信网内无线资产位置而提供改进的设备与方法。
根据本发明的原理,提供的设备与方法可评估数据信号在接收机到达时间。在有些实施例中,数据信号被接收、解调并译码成译码的信号。可对有利于评估TOA的序列分析该译码的信号,若检出了有利的序列,就可选择一相关函数,以与解调的信号相关。该相关函数可用基于数据序列的相关特性编制的规则选择。利用该相关函数、该相关函数的值或它们的组合,可以评估TOA。
附图简介
通过以下结合附图所作的详细描述,本发明的种种目的与优点将更清楚了,图中用相同的参照字符表示相同的部件,其中:
图1示出可按本发明原理与无线资产位置识别系统一起使用的一示例设备:
图2示出可按本发明原理与无线资产位置识别系统一起使用的另一示例设备;
图3示出应用图1与2所示设备的一示例通信网;
图4是示例步骤的流程图,可在无线资产位置识别期间按本发明原理执行;
图5是一按本发明原理的示例通信网结构;
图6是另一示例步骤流程图,在无线资产位置识别期间可按本发明的原理执行;
图7是又一示例步骤流程图,在无线资产位置识别期间可按本发明原理执行;
图8是再一示例步骤流程图,在无线资产位置识别期间可按本发明原理执行;
图9是又一示例步骤流程图,在无线资产位置识别期间可按本发明原理执行;
图10示出可按本发明原理与无线资产位置识别系统一起使用的另一示例设备;
图11是再一示例步骤流程图,可在无线资产位置识别期间按本发明原理执行;
图12示出示例的被接收数据和按本发明原理的一相应示例相关信号;
图13示出另一示例被接收数据与一相应的示例相关信号;
图14示出按本发明原理的两个示例相关信号;
图15是又一示例步骤流程图,在无线资产位置识别期间可按本发明原理执行;
图15A示出可按本发明原理处理的一示例相关信号;
图16是一示出执行图15所示步骤时涉及的示例步骤的流程图;
图17示出示例的被接收数据序列和按本发明原理的示例相关策略;
图18是又一示例步骤流程图,在无线资产位置识别期间可按本发明原理执行;
图19是再一示例步骤流程图,在无线资产位置识别期间可按本发明原理执行;
图20示出可按本发明原理与无线资产位置识别系统一起使用的示例设备;
图21是按本发明原理的一部分无线资产位置识别系统的示意图;
图22是又一示例步骤流程图,在无线资产位置识别期间可按本发明原理执行;
图23是再一示例步骤流程图,在无线资产位置识别期间可按本发明原理执行;
图24示出可按本发明原理用于无线资产位置识别的两个示例相关信号。
发明的详细描述
可以为识别通信网内无线资产的位置提供若干系统与方法。本发明的有些实施例,包括一同步信号发生器和若干配置成对该无线资产广播标时的通信序列的网资源,各网资源可与同步信号发生器作电通信,各资源配置成对通信序列标时。
可用同步信号同步诸网资源中出现的时钟。可用来自资源的到达时间估值(下称TOA估值)识别无线资产位置。在有些实施例中,可用到达不同网资源的通信序列的TOA之差识别无线资产位置。该TOA之差记为TDOA。可用TDOA测定一组求解的可能无线资产位置,并用第二TDOA识别求解组内被评估的资产位置。在有些实施例中,可用双曲三角测量法将TDOA转换成无线资产位置估值。
在有些实施例中,可以标时IEEE802.11通信序列,该通信序列包括802.11射频信号结构。该通信序列包含一802.11数据包。
本发明有些实施例可提供一TOA评估装置,可提供无线通信网中某一位置的通信序列的TOA估值。TOA评估装置包括一个或多个用于接收一条或多条通信序列的接收机。TOA估值可以是通信序列或一部分通信序列的到达时间估值。通信序列包含一系列信息码元,信息码元可以是PN码、CCK码元、PBCC码元或任一其他合适的信息码元。在通信序列中,具有优质自相关特性的信息码元模式适合标时,而有噪声自相关特性的信息码元模式不适合标时。
可将与一通信序列或其一部分相关联的信号前沿定义为TOA。可用由通信序列或其一部分导出的相关信号的峰(下面讨论)限定TOA。通信序列或其一部分的任何其他合适特征也可限定TOA。若网中多台接收机对通信序列应用同一种TOA定义,就可精密地估算TOA之差。
在一些实施例中,TOA评估装置包括一接收射频信号的装置和与射频装置电子通信的第一电路,后者配置成检测接收的通信序列的相关函数峰。
第一电路起相关器作用,检测有利于TOA评估的通信序列部分。该相关器可以是滑动相关器,把通信序列与选择的一参考函数相乘,乘积限定一相关信号。
第一电路包括一、二、三、四或五码元相关器,其中各相关器的每个码元对应于可能出现在接收的通信序列中的某些信息码元。二码元相关器可用来检测通信序列中两个连续对应码元的模式,三码元相关器用来检测通信序列中三个连续对应码元的模式。更“长”的相关器可检测出现在通信序列中的更长的码元模式。
第一电路包括一N码元相关器,N为任意正整数。第一电路可以包括不同长度相关器的组合。在有些实施例中,系统包括串接的相关器。在有些实施例中,系统包括并联的相关器。
在有些实施例中,TOA评估装置包括配置成对接收机接收的通信序列作译码的第二电路,如在无线802.11兼容网中,通常把一位(Barker序列)相关器用作译码器。(这里使用的术语802.11包括无线通信网规程的任一802.11族,包括802.11a与802.11b)
在有些实施例中,TOA评估装置包括第三电路,它配置成从相关器输出信号(也称为相关信号)里滤出多径信号分量。多径信号是建筑物发射的通信信号。通常在相应的直接或“视线”信号被接收后接收。指定视线信号的反射可产生多种多径信号,而且后者可能比前者更强,因为视线信号在传播通过建筑物时被衰减了。因此,必须识别对相关信号有贡献的视线。
在有些实施例中,TOA评估装置包括配置成输出指示到达时间估值的信号的第四电路。在有些实施例中,TOA评估装置包括第五电路,被配置成对所述通信序列中的移动资产装置标识码作分析。移动资产标识码包含媒体接入控制(下称MAC)地址。移动资产标识码可以包含因特网协议(下称IP)地址。第五电路在MAC地址与IP地址之间执行转换,如可以应用地址分辨协议或反地址分辨协议作转换。移动资产标识码可由系统管理者选择,它可以是一种802.11标识码、唯一码或非唯一码。
在有些实施例中,TOA评估装置包括解调通信序列的电路。在有些实施例中,TOA评估装置包括接收通信序列的天线。在有些实施例中,TOA评估装置包括执行到达时间评估所需任务的中央处理单元,该中央处理单元可以是个人计算机。在有些实施例中,TOA评估装置包括一无线电模块(如compactFlash Association的compact FlashTM名下(P.O.BOX51537,PaloAlto,California)、PCMCIA的PC CardTM名下(2635N.First St.Suite 209,San Jose,California 95134)和Mini PCI(PCI S.I.G控制的型号形状因子)名下的市售产品)。
在有些实施例中,本发明包括一装置网,包括配置成通过“选听”而有选择地识别某个移动资产位置的若干接收机。接收机接收来自移动资产的通信序列,若该资产的标识符对应于一选择的标识符,就有选择地评估该资产的位置。选择的标识符可以是唯一标识符或非唯一标识符,可由系统用户选择并存入网资源存储器。网发射机可对选择的无线资产发信号,令其广播通信序列,然后网对该序列标时。
在有些实施例中,本发明包括一TOA评估装置网,各装置包括一配置成工作于特定频率的接收机。该网包括多个配置成对以不同频率传播的信号提供标时的TOA评估装置。可对同一频率分配一组TOA评估装置。一组的分配频率不同于其他组的分配频率。诸装置以蜂窝结构分布。这里把涉及不同频率广播或接收的无线资产位置识别方法称为“多频合估”定位法。
网可以配置成用第一组的一个或多个TOA评估装置接收来自某个无线资产的第一频率通信序列,然后用第二组的一个或多个TOA评估装置接收来自该无线资产的第二频率通信序列。可以用工作于一个或多个相应附加频率的一个或多个附加TOA评估装置组,接收来自该无线资产的一个或多个相应的附加通信序列。在有些实施例中,无线资产发射可在足够短的一段时间里通过所有或部分可用的网频进行,保证该无线资产位置在该期间保持几乎不变。各TOA评估装置可对在其各自频率上收到的通信序列作标时。
根据TOA评估装置产生的TOA估值,可算出一个或多个无线资产位置估值,从选自同组或不同组的一对TOA导出TDOA。TDOA可从位于有利于识别移动资产位置的TOA评估装置导出,处于有利位置的位置包括接近无线资产的装置,也包括在空间以有利于位置识别计算的模式分布的装置(如以包围移动单元的三角形模式)。
在有些实施例中,作初步位置识别计算以提供无线资产位置的粗估值。在有些这类实施例中,可应用按移动资产位置初步估值选择的TOA评估装置的到达时间估值,作高精密度估算。
在有些实施例中,TOA评估装置可配置成接收一个以上频率的通信信号,如该装置可配置成接收网内所有可用频率的通信序列。该装置包括至少一个配置成接收网内每个可用频率的通信序列的接收机。在有些实施例中,可将网内所有的TOA评估装置配置成接收所有可用频率的通信序列。在有些实施例中,工作于任一可用频率的无线资产,可以广播可被网内所有TOA评估装置标时的通信序列。
在包括配置成接收多频通信序列的TOA评估装置的有些实施例中,装置包括一主接收机和至少一个辅接收机,前者配置成在分配的频率接收通信序列,后者配置成交替变换一系列频率(如网内所有的可用频率)。网包括一中央控制器,迫使辅接收机在特定时间工作于一选定的频率,如控制器可以令所有的辅接收机同时进行一不同频率的序列,不同频率包括所有的可用频率。在将所有辅接收机切换到一特定频率的间隔内,可用网内几乎所有的TOA装置对无线资产在该频率广播的通信序列标时。
本发明的有些实施例包括配置成为TOA评估广播一系列通信序列的无线资产。在有些实施例中,无线资产应用网接收机使用的一系列不同频率广播一系列通信序列。在有些实施例中,无线资产可为TOA评估配置成以指定频率反复发射一通信序列。这里把无线资产出于识别其位置的目的而发射的通信序列称为位置标识信息。
本发明的有些实施例包括贴到出现在通信网内或附近的移动物件上的标牌。2000年11月14日提交的美国专利申请NO.60/248,357描述了该标牌,该申请通过引用包括在这里。标牌配置成对网提供位置标识信息,该信息包括格式适合网的数据,如标牌可发射802.11兼容数据。在有些实施例中,把标牌配置成等候一段预定时间,以检测出现在网信道上的射频能(如应用检能器),若射频能明显小于预定的阈值,就向网发送位置标识信息。标牌以“睡眠”模式等候,睡眠模式要求减小的电力,该模式由标牌内的定时器中断,或由来自网络端的“唤醒”呼叫中断。
若第一测试频率的射频能不小于阈值,则将标牌配置成切换到一不同的网频。在有些实施例中,标牌连续切换到不同的网频,直到检出一条无干扰信道。当检出无干扰信道时,标牌可向诸网接收机发送位置标识信息。在有些实施例中,在广播位置标识信息之前,把标牌配置成等候,直到指定的信道变无干扰。
在有些实施例中,为实现多频合估,可将标牌配置成以多频发射位置标识信息。例如标牌可以包括多个发射机,在蜂窝网内一条以上信道上广播位置标识信息。在有些实施例中,例如标牌可以应用单个可调谐发射机在多条信道上依次广播位置标识信息。
在有些实施例中,标牌可以发射资产标识信息。资产标识信息包括识别标牌自身的信息、识别贴标牌的移动物件的信息,还可包括MAC地址、一部分MAC地址、IP地址、一部分IP地址,或者用于识别标牌或贴标牌移动物件的任何合适的唯一或唯一信息。
在有些实施例中,标牌配置成接收来自网发射机的数据。在某些实施例中,标牌配置成接收来自网终端的唤醒信号。
本发明包括在接收机评估通信序列TOA的方法和/或设备。2001年2月20日提交的美国临时申请NO.60/270,254讨论了TOA评估技术,其内容通过引用包括在这里。通信序列出现在数据信号或一部分数据信号中。在有些实施例,本发明包括的方法用于接收数据信号,解调该数据信号(如得出通信序列),由该数据信号形成译码的信号(如得出位序列),并应用选择的或预选的相关函数评估该数据信号的TOA。
在用相关函数评估TOA的实施例中,相关函数包括对通信序列的表示和选择的参考信号。对可选部分的数据信号评估该相关函数。需要时可作缓存的数据信号和参考信号以某种方式组合,当参考信号与数据信号或其一部分相关最强时,使相关函数具有最大值。可将出现这一最大值的时间(相对于数据信号或任何其他时间基准的始端)定义为该数据信号的TOA。
数据信号是被编码成被TOA评估装置识别的信号,如为了提高标时精度,可将有利于标时的预选通信序列插入数据信号。当与预选的通信序列相关时,识别编码数据信号的TOA评估装置可用预选的参考信号产生优质的相关信号。在本发明配置成接收已知通信序列的实施例中,可对PN码、CCK码元、PBCC码元等序列或OFDM信号标时。在这些实施例中,预选的参考信号包括选自PN码、CCK码元、PBCC码元的码元或OFDM信号。例如,通过将数据信号头部(如802.11包头部)或数据包中的某一码元设置成预定值,可为标时而编码数据信号。在有些实施例中,可对数据信号编码,以指导TOA评估装置对序列作标时。
数据信号可以是不被编码成让TOA评估装置识别的信号。在接收非编码信号时,可监视数据信号,以检测有利于用一个或多个存贮的参考信号实现相关的通信序列。当检出可能有利的通信序列时,可将已知与检出序列强相关的参考信号同该通信序列组合起来产生一相关信号。本发明监视有利通信序列的数据信号的诸实施例,可以检测Barker码、PN码、扩频码(如DSSS切片码)或任何其他合适码的序列。
在本发明有些实施例中,通过使相关函数值相对TOA参数或估计量变成最大或最小,可以测定TOA估值,如可将TOA估值定义为相关函数的独立变量的最大似然估值(或“峰值”)。
在本发明有些实施例中,可用TOA估值计算通信序列与一部分同步信号到达的时差。在有些实施例中,可用TOA估值计算通信序列与时钟信号参考部分的时差。时钟信号用TOA评估装置的内部或外部时钟产生。在本发明有些实施例中,可用TOA估值计算第一与第二接收机收到的同一通信序列的时差。在有些实施例中,可用TOA估值计算第一与第二通信序列的时差,而第一与第二通信序列在同一或不同的接收机接收。
本发明有些实施例可从相关信号中滤波或除去多径信号分量。通过检测出相关信号中一组可能重迭的峰前沿,可除去多径。运用信道评估,可将多径与视线相关信号分量分开。在应用信道评估的实施例中,把通信信道模拟成一系列分离脉冲函数,假定第一脉冲是视线脉冲。无多径的理想相关信号与实际相关信号可一起用于构成该信道的估值。利用该评估的信道,可以分离视线脉冲与多径脉冲。
在本发明有些实施例中,可提供评估通信序列TOA的系统或系统元件。有些这类实施例包括用于接收、解调、译码、缓存、处理或滤波数据信号的设备,有些实施例包括把TOA估值输出给其他网资源的设备,有些实施例包括多个相关器。在有些这类实施例中,相关器相互并联。
本发明有些实施例包括在通信网中接收机上评估通信序列TOA的电路,该电路包括载波跟踪电路或定时回路。载波跟踪电路可调节接收机用于接收无线电信号的振荡频率。
该电路包括切片码相关器,它可将扩频通信序列(如直接扩频通信序列)译码成一系列译码的二进制码元。切片码相关器可用相关函数译码通信序列,相关函数包括与通信序列的切片码匹配的码元序列。切片码相关器可以作用于载波跟踪电路输出的信号。切片码相关器的输出反馈给载波跟踪电路以跟踪电路控制。
该电路包括标时电路,它可结合使用相关函数与通信序列而产生相关信号,并可利用相关信号评估该通信序列的到达时间。该标时电路包括分离多径相关信号分量与视线相关信号分量的电路。标时电路可以影响载波跟踪电路的输出。
该电路包括接收机接口,可以是MAC接口。在有些实施例中,载波跟踪电路、切片码相关器和接收机接口串联。在有些实施例中,标时电路接收载波跟踪电路与相关器二者的输出。跟踪电路的输出经相关器支路供给标时电路。在有些这类实施例中,跟踪电路的输出与相关器的输出一起用来检测用于TOA评估的通信序列中的序列。将标时电路的输出接至接收机接口而与网资源通信。
有些实施例包括接相关器电路输出的译码器电路,可译码相关器电路输出,以对例如低数据通信速率产生一系列二进制信息码元。译码器电路接载波跟踪信号输出,译码器译码跟踪电路输出,以对例如高数据通信速率产生一系列二进制信息码元。
有些实施例包括解扰器电路,它可以接收译码的信号并向接收机接口输出解扰信号。
本发明包括利用配置成对无线资产广播通信序列标时的网资源识别该资产位置的设备和/或方法。在有些实施例中,标时的网资源包括TOA评估装置。
在有些实施例中,TOA评估装置可以估算无线资产广播的通信序列的TOA。该TOA用选择的相关函数估算,然后在第二TOA评估装置上估算同一通信序列的TOA。
可用两个TOA的TDOA(到达时间差)限定一组发射通信序列的位置。2000年11月14日提交的美国临时专利申请NO.60/248,357,描述了用到达时间识别无线资产位置的技术,其内容通过引用包括在这里。该组位置是一条双曲线。在有些实施例中,各TOA评估装置有一用于量化TOA的内部时钟或计数器。包含在网内诸TOA评估装置里的时钟经同步或校正,可以计算从不同TOA评估装置得到的TOA里导出的TDOA。
这里把第一对TOA评估装置产生的TDOA称为第一TDOA,把对应于第一TDOA的一组可能的位置称为第一求解组。识别资产位置时,附加位置信息可结合第一求解组使用。在有些实施例中,可充分迅速地获取附加位置信息,以保证在获取TOA评估装置的位置标识信息期间,资产位置只发生很小变化。
附加位置信息包括例如至少一个附加TDOA求解组,它可限定第二条与第一双曲线相交的双曲线,且可从不同于第一对TOA评估装置的TOA评估装置求出。该附加TDOA求解组可从第一对的一个TOA和不包含在第一对里的TOA评估装置的一个TOA求出。可以使用许多附加TODA求解组。可将资产位置标识定义成两个求解组最有可能或最精密地估算的相交。在有些实施例中,可用交点的最小二乘方估值识别资产位置。在有些实施例中,可用交点的最大似然估计量识别资产位置。
附加位置信息包括来自原来TOA评估装置对外部TOA评估装置的距离(或范围)估值。当发送与接收时间都已知时,通过接收来自移动资产的通信序列可确定范围。通过从TOA评估装置向移动资产发射信号,接收来自该移动资产的“回波”信号,并用往返运行时间计算范围,可确定该范围。如在802.11通信网中,返回信号是802.11确认帧(ACK)。在有些实施例中,精密地控制被发射信号接收与回波信号广播之间的延迟,可提供精密的往返运行时间。通过接收来自无线资产的通信信号并应用信号强度衰减估算范围,可测定该范围。还可用任何其他合适的方法测定范围。
附加位置信息包括对移动资产位置在物理、地域或几何上的限制。例如第一TDOA可经历网内若干扇区。若已知移动资产不在一个或多个扇区内,则可排除这些扇区作为可能的位置,而用其余扇区识别资产位置。
在本发明有些实施例中,把TDOA定义为指定一对TOA评估装置的多个TOA差值的平均值,如第一TOA评估装置接收来自移动资产的通信序列,它产生三个不同的TOA。第二TOA评估装置接收来自移动资产的通信序列而产生三个对应的TOA。计算这三队相应TOA的差值,产生三个TDOA,然后将这三个TDOA求均而定义为一有效TDOA。对该通信序列反复应用同一相关函数,应用不同的连续相关函数,应用单个产生多个TOA估计量的相关函数(见下述),或应用任何其他合适方法,在各TOA评估装置产生连续的TOA。
在有些实施例中,当对接收的通信序列产生多个TDOA时(如当多对独立的TOA评估装置接收该通信序列时),必须求出两个以上求解组的交点。当出现两个以上求解组时,可应用最小二乘方、最大似然度或任何其它适合估算位置最可能标识的方法来测定资产位置。
当出现两个以上求解组时,必须废弃其中的一个或多个。如在有些实施例中,若与基准TOA数据关联的噪声高于测定阈值,就废弃有噪声的求解组。有些实施例废弃相对于其它对同一通信序列导出的求解组成为“极端数”的求解组。在应用最大似然评估法确定位置同一性的实施例中,对各求解组按其内出现的噪声量加权,这样相对于噪声小的TDOA求解组,可对噪声较大的TDOA求解组打折。
本发明有些实施例包括一条定时电缆,用于使网内TOA评估装置时钟同步。在有些实施例中,该电缆可提供高频正弦波。在有些这类实施中,该电缆可提供高频方波。同步信号由网资源产生,并由TOA评估装置例如应用锁相回路倍频。在TOA评估装置,该信号作放大、滤波、波整形,或以任何其它合适方式的处理。该信号经处理,可产生配置成驱动数字计数器的数字信号。在通信网中,数字计数器用作TOA评估装置的TOA时钟。
在有些实施例中,定期调制同步信号,使网内TOA评估装置时钟同步。定期调制可用作全网时钟复位。TOA评估装置里的解调器可用来检测定期调制,使数字计数器复位。在有些实施例中,对选择的周期数或脉冲数去除信号里的高频分量,实施定期调制。为了检测遗漏的脉冲并产生时钟复位,可使用暂停时间大于单个脉冲的可再触发单稳态电路。TOA评估装置包括一大型计数器,如多达32位。在有些实施例中,计数器大于32位。
本发明有些实施例包括校正处理,以补偿与各个TOA评估装置相关的不同固定延迟。这些延迟包括但不限于接收机与电缆的延迟。延迟经量化,可调整用TOA评估装置产生的TOA估值计算的无线资产位置估值。在有些实施例中,延迟可存入存储器。
按本发明原理构制的示例实施例示于图1~24。
图1示出包括接收机110与处理器120的示例TOA评估装置100,它包括向资产130等无线资产发射信号的发射机。在有些实施例中,TOA评估装置100可以是或部分是无线网接入点,如802.11兼容接入点或任何其它合适的接入点。在有些实施例中,装置100可以不包括通常与接入点相关的元件,如发射机。接收机110接收来自130等无线资产的通信信号112。无线资产130可以是移动个人计算机、笔记本计算机、手持个人计算机、汽车个人计算机、个人数字助理器(PDA)、蜂窝电话、蜂窝电话/PDA组合机、无线标牌、无线购物设备、无线盘存设备,或者任何其它适合于发射无线通信信号的装置。无线资产130通过布线发射通信信号。
接收机110包括任何对来自无线资产130的通信信号112作接收、解调与译码所需的硬件、固件或软件。在有些实施例中,在接收机110与处理器120之间分配或分担信号处理任务,如接收机110解调通信信号112,处理器120执行译码和TOA分析任务。在有些实施例中,处理器120接收来自接收机110的通信信号112并对其解调,还应用合适的信号处理和/或分析硬件或软件执行TOA分析任务。在有些实施例中,将接收机110与处理器120的任务集中于单个元件(如集中于接入点)。
例如,处理器120同个人计算机、掌上计算机、手持个人计算机、汽车个人计算机、个人计算机、个人数字助理器(PDA)、蜂窝电话、蜂窝电话/PDA组合机、机顶盒、便携计算机、因特网服务器、网服务器、薄型服务器或任何其它适合处理通信信号或支持信号分析工具的装置相关联。
用户140通过任何合适的有线或无线方式与系统100通信。有些系统100的实施例中,140等用户通过键板、键盘、触摸板或任何其它合适接口与处理器120互作用。用户140可以是客户机或主控处理器。
图2的示例TOA评估装置200,提供类似于结合TOA评估装置100描述的功能。TOA评估装置200包括的天线210,能接收来自无线资产的无线信号。在有些实施例中,天线210可对无线资产发射无线信号。在有些实施例中,TOA评估装置200通过有线媒体向用户传送TOA评估信息,在有些实施例中,通过无线媒体向用户传送TOA评估信息。在有些实施例中,装置200不包括发射功能。
在有些实施例中,与无线电模块230和/或高分辨率定时模块240互作用的中央处理单元220,可以解调无线210收到的信号,译码该信号,执行串行或并行相关任务,执行串行并行混合相关任务,并对系统200接收的通信序列提供产生或输出TOA估值所需的缓存、数据处理和数据格式化。处理单元220可应用任一合适的信号处理和/或分析硬件或软件。
在本发明有些实施例中,无线电模块230对高分辨率定时模块240分别提供同相与正交无线电信号分量I与Q。无线电模块230向定时模块240提供辅助信号,如提供RSSI信号(用于测量信号强度)。MD-ROY信号(数据成帧)、RXCLK信号(对数据进行定时)和RXD信号(传送收到的数据)。
在有些实施例中,定时模块240包括数据采集模块241、RSST A/D模块242、定时器模块243、资产ID分析器模块244、配置寄存器245、相关模块246和任何其它合适的模块。数据采集模块241采集来自信号I与Q的通信序列,把模拟信号转换到数字信号。定时器模块243包括振荡器与计数器,为标时系统200收到的通信信号提供时间基准,可对无线电模块230发射的信号标时。发射信号的标时可结合使用收到信号的TOA,以估算信号在TOA评估装置200与无线资产之间的往返运行时间。定时器模块243与出现在网内的TOA评估装置里的其它定时模块同步,故可计算两个在不同TOA评估装置收到的TOA之差。在有些实施例中,定时器模块接收来自网资源的同步信号。例如,为分析出现在收到的通信序列中的无线资产标识信息(如MAC地址),可以有资产ID分析器模块244,它包括分析该标识信息的数据滤波器。可以有配置寄存器245,如可用于对选择的标时存贮无线资产标识信息(如上所述)。提供的相关模块246对通信序列应用相关函数,产生TOA估值。该模块246包括多径处理元件。
在有些实施例中,定时模块240向中央处理单元220提供资产ID、TOA估值、I/Q数据、RSST或任何其它合适的信息,单元220处理接收自定时单元240的信息,通过无线或有线方式向其它网资源提供资产ID、TOA估值、I/Q数据、RSSI、信号强度、往返传播时间、与无线资产的距离等信息或任何其它合适的信息;还向集中型资产位置标识处理器提供资产ID与TOA,以计算TDOA。
图3示出的TOA评估装置300类似于TOA评估装置100与200,被汇入通信网310。通信网310由网服务器320支持,它可以是局域网、广域网、市区网、内部网、外部网、任一类其它通信网,或者任一该网的任何无线或部分无线形式。网服务器320可与因特网330或任何其它电子通信网通信。网310包括有线资产340。这里把TOA评估装置300、服务器320、因特网330、有线资产340与无线资产350等特征称为网资源。有线资产340可以是个人计算机、掌上计算机、手持个人计算机、个人数字助理器、机顶盒、便携计算机、因特网服务器、LAN服务器、薄型服务器或任何其它合适的处理装置。一个或多个TOA评估装置300可以估算接收自350等无线资产的信号的TOA。网服务器320、有线资产340之一、TOA评估装置300之一或任何其它合适的网资源,都可产生同步信号,使出现在TOA评估装置的300里的时钟同步。
图4示出的广义示例步骤流程图,涉及本发明有些与识别通信网内无线资产位置相关的实施例。图4的步骤仅作示例,可以任何合适的次序执行,实际上还有附加步骤,或可剔除某些步骤。图4的某些步骤涉及接收无线信号,有些步骤涉及发射无线信号,有些步骤涉及处理信号。这些步骤可用任何合适的设备执行,包括图1系统100、图2系统200和图3系统310的某些或全部元件。
在步骤410,一个或一组TOA评估装置接收至少一个来自无线资产的通信序列。在有些实施例中,用工作于不同频率的TOA评估装置接收通信序列。在步骤420,对一个或多个通信序列标时。在有些实施例中,在TOA评估装置就地标时。在步骤422,中央处理器收集来自网TOA评估装置TOA估值,对成对TOA计算TDOA。在步骤424,用TDOA产生无线资产TDOA求解组,用于识别无线资产位置(如应用双曲三角测量法)。
在步骤426,TOA与测距信号广播时间(下称TOB)一起用于估算TOA评估装置与无线资产的距离,如可用TOB、TOA和任何涉及信号处理的延迟计算往返信号传播时间。应用信号的传播速度,可估算出距离。
在有些实施例中,在步骤430估算收到通信序列的信号强度。在有些这类实施例中,在TOA评估装置就地估算信号强度。在有些实施例中,接收机的信号强度与无线资产发射机的信号强度一起用于计算信号衰减。在步骤426,用信号强度或衰减估算无线资产与TOA评估装置的距离。在步骤428。例如应用三角测量法,可运用来自己知位置的不同接收机的距离估值识别无线资产位置。
在步骤440,用通信序列载波信号相位估算通信序列在TOA评估装置的到达角(下称AOA)。当知道了来自无线资产的一通信序列或多个通信序列的一个以上AOA时,可用两个或更多载波信号传播方向矢量的交点识别无线资产位置。
在有些实施例中,可用混合法识别无线资产位置,这类方法组合了TDOA求解组、无线资产与TOA评估装置的距离、载波信号传播方向或它们的任意组合或子组合。
图5示出示例蜂窝无线通信网500的结构,它可以应用多频合估法识别无线资产位置。网500包括图3的网310的某些或全部元件,具有工作于选定频率的多个区。网500区所示的频率是基本工作频率(如“分配的”频率)。在有些实施例中,TOA评估装置可工作于至少一个不同于基本频率的频率。各区有一个或多个接收装置或接入点。在有些实施例中,各区有一个或多个诸如100的TOA评估装置。网500有三个基本工作频率f1、f2与f3,但本发明包括具有更多或更少基本工作频率的网。位于f3区内的无线资产520,处于工作于频率f1、f2与f3的附近接收装置的范围内。若这三个工作频率之一被其它通信业务“占用”,无线资产520就试用另两个频率之一通信。
在有些实施例中,各区的TOA评估装置配置成主要以分配给该区的工作频率进行发射和接收。例如,若无线资产520以f1广播通信序列,位于区D、E与B里的TOA评估装置可接收该通信序列,并对其标时。在本发明有些实施例中,无线资产520在至少一个附加频率广播通信序列,以允许在其它(如较近的)TOA评估装置上标时,如无线资产520先以频率f1、再以频率f2、又以频率f3广播通信序列,让附近小区A、B、C内的装置对该通信序列标时。在有些实施例中,无线资产520可用并行的发射机以多个频率同时广播通信序列。在有些实施例中,无线资产520以多个频率连续广播通信序列。
在有些实施例中,区内的TOA评估装置配置成从基本频率切换到第二频率、第三频率或某个不同频率。区内的TOA评估装置可以从一个频率切换到另一个频率,以接收来自例如配置成以单频(这里称为“目标”频率)广播的通信序列,并对其标时。在有些实施例中,可将网内部分或全部TOA评估装置配置成几乎同时切换到目标频率,以接收通信序列作标时。
图6~9示出示例步骤的广义流程图,涉及在通信网内应用多频合估法识别无线资产位置。图6~9的步骤仅作示例,可按任一合适的次序执行,其实还有些附加步骤,或某些步骤可以删除。图6的某些步骤涉及用无线资产产生和/或发射无线信号,可用任一合适的设备执行,如图6的部分或全部步骤可用图1的无线资产130等无线资产执行。图7~9的有些步骤涉及接收无线信号或处理信号,可用任一合适的设备执行,包括图1的系统100、图2的系统200、图3的网310和图5的网500的部分元件。
在图6的步骤610,无线资产在广播供通信网内接收装置用于标时的信号之前,可以等候一段选择的时间。该网类似于图3的网310或图5的网500。在涉及诸如网500的多频蜂窝网的实施例中,在选择的时间结束时,无线资产以频率f1广播通信序列(步骤620)。在步骤630,无线资产发射机切换到频率f2广播通信序列。在步骤640,无线资产发射机切换到频率f3广播通信序列。
在有些实施例中,无线资产发射机对应于通信网内可用的工作频率,切换到附加频率,如步骤640以f2+m所示。在有些实施例中,以不同频率广播的诸通信序列几乎相同,在有些实施例中,以不同频率广播的诸通信序列不同。
图7示出用于多频合估方案的示例步骤,其中每个工作于分配给该组频率的成组TOA评估装置,用于识别通信网内无线资产的位置。为便于示例,把网分成三组TOA评估装置(组1、组2、与组3)。在有些实施例中,网分成较少的组,或分成较多的组。在步骤700,网利用组1装置接收无线资产以频率f1广播的通信序列。在步骤705,组1装置对该通信序列标时。在步骤710,网处理器按组1估算的成对TOA计算TDOA。在步骤715,产生求解组,包括由组1的TOA导出的每个TDOA的一个或多个无线资产位置。
在步骤720,网用组2装置接收无线资产以频率f2广播的通信序列。涉及组2装置与以频率f2接收的通信序列的步骤725~735的处理,类似于涉及组1装置与频率f1接收的通信序列步骤705~715的处理。在步骤740,网用组3装置接收无线资产以频率f3广播的通信序列。步骤745~755的处理涉及组3装置和以频率f3接收的通信序列,类似于涉及组1装置和以频率f1接收的通信序列的步骤705~715处理。在步骤760,网处理器应用步骤715、735、755产生的一个或多个求解组识别该无线资产的位置。若步骤715、735、755全体只产生一个求解组,则识别无线资产位置要求收集更多的信息。步骤760之后返回步骤700,开始新一轮多频标时。
图8示出用于多频合估方案的示例步骤,其中用包括一个或多个辅接收机的TOA评估装置识别通信网内无线资产的位置。TOA评估装置中的辅接收机(如除了工作于基频的诸接收机外)以基本工作频率以外的频率接收信号,并不中断基频接收。在步骤820,工作于等同频率的诸辅接收机接收来自无线资产的通信序列。在步骤830,估算各接收机的通信序列的TOA(如应用与各接收机相关的TOA评估装置)。在步骤840,由接收机估算的成对TOA计算TDOA。在步骤850,产生求解组,包括步骤840导出的各TDOA的一个或多个可能的无线资产位置。在步骤860,用一个或多个在步骤850产生的求解组识别无线资产位置。若步骤850只产生一个求解组,识别无线资产位置就要求附加信息。在步骤870,把辅接收机切换到新的等同频率,利用以新频率接收的通信序列重复无线资产定位循环。在本发明有些实施例中,没有辅接收机。在这些实施例中,把主接收机配置成切换到不同频率执行步骤820~870。
图9示出由网执行的示例步骤,用于“选听”无线资产。在有些实施例中,可对接收自预选组无线资产一员的无线资产的通信序列作标时。在步骤910,选择一个或多个无线资产标识符,它们对应于希望识别其位置的无线资产。在步骤920,存贮选择的标识符。在步骤930,网接收来自无线资产的通信序列。在步骤940,根据通信序列分析资产标识符,确定在发射的无线资产的标识。在步骤950,将收到的标识符与预选标识符比较,若不相配,就不出现TOA或位置识别处理,过程回到步骤930,为可能的位置识别接收新的通信序列。若收到的标识符与预选标识符相配,则在步骤960估算通信序列TOA。步骤930~960可在网内多个接收装置上执行,故在步骤960可估算对应于多个接收装置装置的多个TOA。在步骤970,用步骤960的TOA估值识别无线资产位置。在有些实施例中,步骤960和970涉及估算和/或处理用于位置识别的非TOA量,例如步骤960和970包括图4的一个和多个步骤424、426、428、430、440和442。
图10示出无线标牌1000的示例结构,该标牌结构可贴到移动物件作位置识别。天线1010可与通信网的设备(如图1的系统100和图2的系统200)收发信号。无线电发射机1020产生对网广播的通信序列,它被配置成用不同频率的载波信号调制通信序列。在有些实施例中,可选择有利于无线资产位置识别的通信序列,有些通信序列包括无线资产标识信息。控制器1040装在标牌1000里,可与无线电接收机1030和无干扰信道检测器1060互作用,检测通信信道上存在的射频业务。在有些实施例中,设有无线电接收机1030。在这些实施例中,用无干扰信道检测器1060判断信道是否无干扰。检测器1060可以是检能器。标牌1000利用接收机1030和检测器1060“听”信道上的通信业务,若信道无干扰,就在其上广播通信序列。若信道上有业务,控制器1040就把接收机1030切换到后续的不同听频率,直到检出无干扰的信道。然后,控制器1040把发射机1020切换到该无干扰信道,广播通信序列。可以设置由控制器1040控制的收发开关1050,以把天线1010切换成与发射机1020或接收机1030通信。
在有些实施例中,接收机1030配置成接收来自网的信号,其中包括指令该机广播通信序列,使网能识别标牌的位置。标牌1000由电源1080供电。在有些实施例中,为减轻电源的负担,将元件组1070配置成工作于低功率。
图11是示例步骤的广义流程图,涉及向通信网提供有关移动物件的位置标识信息。图11的步骤仅为示例,可以任何合适的次序执行。实际上还有附加步骤,或可删除某些步骤。图11的有些步骤涉及用标牌产生和/或发射无线信号,并可用任何合适的设备的执行,如图11的部分或全部步骤可用图1的无线资产130等无线资产(包括图10的标牌1000)或任何合适设备执行。为简化起见,假定用1000等标牌执行图11步骤。
在步骤1110,标牌保持睡眠模式。在本发明有些实施例中,睡眠模式可节省电力,如在图10的电源1080中。作为网发射机的发射机向标牌发送唤醒信号,该信号是标牌附近发射的强RF信号。在步骤1120,标牌用检能器接收唤醒信号。若在预定时间结束时收不到唤醒信号,可将标牌配置成在步骤1120自动醒来。在步骤1125,发射机和接收机电路(如图10的元件组1070中)被赋能。若收到唤醒信号,发射机和接收机电路可在步骤1125被赋能。之后,在步骤1140,标牌判断信道对广播通信序列是否无干扰。在有些实施例中,步骤1140用检能器执行。图11的有些步骤可用标牌(如类似于图10中标牌1000的标牌)执行,它被配置成广播802.1 信号,但不完全遵照802.11,如标牌不含接收机。若信道对广播不无干扰,标牌可在步骤1150激活延迟。步骤1150包括应用退避(back-off)算法提供预选的延迟,之后返回步骤1140再检查该信道。该退避算法是符合802.11的退避算法。在有些实施例中,步骤1150之后返步骤1110,把标牌送回睡眠模式。在有些实施例中,步骤1140检测连续不同频率上的通信业务。
在步骤1140检出无干扰的信道时,标牌可在步骤1160广播通信序列,该通信序列可在步骤1140检出的无干扰信道上广播。步骤1160广播的通信序列包括识别标牌或贴标牌物件的信息。例如,若该步骤由一不同类的无线资产执行,可在该通信序列中包含任何合适的标识信息。通信序列可以包含位置标识信息,也可包含与IEEE802.11通信标准兼容的码元。
在步骤1170,标牌将数据上行发送至网。标牌用802.11通信协议将数据上行发送至网,上行数据包括电池状态信息、标牌温度信息或任何其他合适的信息。在有些实施例中,标牌可在步骤1180在不同的信道上广播通信序列。这样广播过程就返回步骤1140,搜索新的无干扰信道;否则,过程可返回1110,使标牌回到睡眠模式。
在本发明提供通信序列标时的诸实施例中,涉及到图12~20示出的一些原理、方法与设备。
可用相关函数检测出现在通信序列中的码元模式。相关函数中的本地或全局极值对应于具有强自相关特性的码元模式。具有强自相关特性的码元模式可产生易观察和可再现的相关函数峰。这种峰的时间值可用作收到数据信号的TOA估值或标时。在有些实施例中,相关函数C(τ)定义为:
C ( τ ) = ∫ - T T D ( t ) R ( t - τ ) dt - - - - ( 1 )
式中t是时间量度,D(t)代表时间相关的解调接收信号,R(t)代表参考信号。R(t)对应于出现在D(t)里的码元模式。-T与T分别是C(τ)评估(或极值扫描)时间间隔的开始与结束。D(t)的TOA估值定义为使C(τ)有极值的τ值,该极值可以是最大值或最小值。把对应于C(τ)的极值的t值称为
图12对示例的D(t)和R(t)示出一例C(τ)。该例中,D(t)是通信序列,包括级联的三个连续的通用信息码元。用“+”指示的各码元示作PN码,如该PN码可以是Barker码。虽然将码元示为PN码,但是这里讨论的原理也适用于PBCC、CCK、OFDM或其他合适的码元。将R(t)选成对应于出现在D(t)中的信息码元或信息码元模式。在图12例中,R(t)与单一重复的信息码元(“+”)一样。D(t)中每出现一次R(t),C(τ)就有一个峰值。可将分别对应于本地C(τ)峰C1、C2与C3的任一估计量 选作TOA估值。在有些实施例中,可将D(t)的TOA定义为 等估计量的平均值。例如,可将D(t)的TOA定义为:
< &tau; ^ > &equiv; 1 N &Sigma; i N &tau; ^ i
其中 对指定D(t)而言是N个
Figure A0181879400239
估值的平均值。
图13的一例D(t)类似于图12的情况,但将图12中用“-”标识的第二信息码元“极性”反转。(这里使用的相反“极性”的信息码元,对指定的相关函数产生正负号相反的相关信号。)C(τ)中相应的第二峰为负值。由于指定时间点C(τ)的值取决于一系列t值(即-T~T),所以C(τ)对D(t)的极性变化很敏感,结果在C(τ)中可观察到诸如1300的交叉相关噪声。噪声1300很难将视线信号分量与多径分开,因为该噪声与视线分量同幅值。
图14示出两例C(τ)。波形1400与图12的同,波形1450相对1400有增强的峰值。应用等同于出现在D(t)中的级联信息码元的参考信号,可增大峰值。例如定义为
C &prime; ( &tau; ) = &Integral; - T T D ( t ) R &prime; ( t - &tau; ) dt - - - - ( 3 )
的相关函数C′(τ)包括信号R′(t),而R′(t)包括级联的D(t)信息码元。例如,R′(t)是图12所示级联的三个连续码元(各自标为“+”)。
图15示出示例步骤的一般流程图,涉及本发明的一些实施例。图15的步骤仅作示例,可按任何合适的次序执行,实际上还有附加步骤,或可以删除某些步骤。图15的有些步骤涉及接收无线信号,有些涉及处理信号,种种步骤可用任何合适的设备执行,包括图1的接收机110等接收机和包含在图2中TOA评估装置200里的设备。
为简明起见,下述讨论把图15的步骤描述成由“系统“执行,该系统包括适合执行这些步骤的任何系统。系统在步骤1510接收数据信号,该数据信号接收自无线资产,如图1的无线资产130或图3的无线资产350。数据信号在步骤1520解调,得出解调信号。系统在步骤1530缓存数据信号。如下所述,在检测信号序列时,可使用缓存的数据。例如在步骤1540,通过相关与数字化,可将解调信号译码成译码二进制数据序列,译码的二进制数据在步骤1550缓存。
在有些实施例中,在步骤1560分析缓存的二进制数据,检测存在的有利的信息码元模式。在步骤1570,评估C(τ)等相关函数,包括R(t)等参考信号。(为简明起见,虽然结合图15~17示出并讨论了应用C(τ)与R(t)的步骤,但是当把级联的信息码元选为参考函数而分别代替C(τ)与R′(t)时,图15~17及其这里的说明的范围还包括相应的应用C′(τ)与R′(t)的步骤。)
在步骤1575,检验相关信号质量(如对C(τ))。应用某种客观量度,如信噪比、峰值或任何其他合适的指标,量化相关信号质量。
若相关信号C(τ)的质量足够高,就可在步骤1580将视线信号分量与多径分开。步骤1580包括前沿检测步骤1585、信道评估步骤1590。信道评估包括超分辨技术,如MUSIC,或任何其他合适的信道评估技术。
在步骤1580,系统估算TOA。在有些实施例中,系统使C(τ)最大,以确定 在有些实施例中,系统使C(τ)最小,以确定
Figure A0181879400243
在有些实施例中,系统把TOA定义为相关峰的前沿。例如在步骤1590,将图15A的视线峰1502与多径峰1504(也示于图15A)分开。可将视线峰1502的前沿1503定义为通信序列的TOA。峰1502可与峰1504区分,因为视线脉冲先于多径脉冲收到。(多径信号比视线信号的传播路径更长。)在有些场合中,视线峰1502可能同多径峰1504重叠或交汇,此时可在步骤1585将交汇脉冲的前沿定义为TOA。
图16示出的示例步骤涉及诸如图15的步骤1560,这些步骤仅作示例,可以任何合适的次序执行,实际上还有附加步骤,或可删除某些步骤。在步骤1610,系统断定或确定收到的数据信号为TOA编码,如无线资产发射的数据信号包括有利于TOA评估的预选的通信序列,而该预选的通信序列以预定位置位于数据包内(如从数据包的第n位开始)。在有些实施例中,系统配置成检测数据包内的指示符,TOA评估通信序列位于包内的指定位置。预选的通信序列包括PBCC、CCK与OFDM码元,预选的信息序列包括PN码。
系统接收预选的通信序列时,步骤1610后接步骤1620,可将参考信号置成等于一个或多个CCK码元、PBCC码元、OFDM码元或PN码的序列。
当系统接收未对标时编码的数据包时,可监视数据信号,如步骤1630所示。数据信号监视包括对存在的有利于标时的信息码元模式监视译码版的数据信号(如来自步骤1550)。译码数据的每一位对应于出现在诸如图12与13中D(t)的通信序列里的一个信息码元。在位流中检测了有利模式后,可选择对应于该模式的参考信号,用于与标时的解调信号相关。
例如,缓存器按N位的接收与译码次序存贮该N位,每位对应于D(t)中的某一码元。这样,若在位流中检出了有利于标时的位序列,系统就可瞄准缓存数据信号中对应于标时位流序列的码元。为简明起见,这里把针对标时的码元组记为“M”。当M包括一个以上信号符时,系统可对M的子组“P”相关,P是M的中心子组。例如若M有5个信息码元,系统可配置成选择与P强相关的参考信号(R(t)或R′(t)),而P为三个M的中心信息码元(即M的第二、第三与第四码元)。
在有些实施例中,系统可以不执行步骤1610。在有些这类实施例中,系统可配置成使参考信号与通信序列中预定的信息码元相关,如系统配置成对通信序列中的第一信息码元应用相关函数。在另一例中,系统配置成应用通信序列中第二到第四信息码元相关。可选择通信序列任一合适的码元与参考信号相关。
图17示出图16的步骤1630中所含的几例N、D(t)和P,以及图16的步骤1640中所含R(t)的几个相应例。(为作示例,R(t)指单个和级联的参考信号,如在公式3中表示为R′(t)的信号。)
图17中实例1~5各自包括一规模为N个12位的缓存器,保存了一段译码的数据信号D(t)。D(t)中各码元用“+”或“-”表示,分别指示正或负极化码元(后接图12与13使用的惯例)。M是一组出现在D(t)中的码元。P是位子组,可能出现在M中,以与参考信号R(t)相关为目标。R(t)中各码元用“+”表示,指示正极性码元。虽然图17示出只有正极性码元的R(t),若有必要,R(t)可以包括一个或多个负极性码元。在有些实施例中,R(t)是一信息码元序列,与出现在P中的信息码元序列相同。
在实例1中,只出现隔离的正极性码元。系统选择与单个P码元相关的单一码元参考信号R(t)。实例2中,M包含2个码元,系统选择与M中单个目标码元P相关的单个码元参考信号R(t)。系统瞄准M中的尾码元以减小C(τ)中所得峰前沿的噪声(如交叉相关噪声),提高TOA评估精度(如存在多径时)。实例3中,M包括三个码元,系统瞄准与单码元R(t)相关的中心符P。为了与码元比出现在M中的码元少的R(t)相关,瞄准M的中心自组码元是有利的,可以减小C(τ)(或C′(τ))中的噪声。实例4和5示出瞄准M中的中心码元。实例4中,系统瞄准的两个码元(P)在M中的四个码元里居中,P与具有2码元的R(t)相关。实例5中,系统瞄准的三个码元(P)在M中的五个码元里居中,P与具有三码元的R(t)相关。
在有些实施例中,可在查找表中存贮参考信号R(t)库,查找表用一系列可能检出的序列作索引,这样就可用检出的序列选择能产生优化相关信号的参考信号。有些实施例提供的规则可对收到数据信号中指定的检出序列优先选择可能的R(t)。选择合适的R(t)产生的相关信号,其脉冲很少有或者没有图14那样的交叉相关噪声。
图18示出本发明有些实施例涉及的示例步骤的一般流程图。图18的步骤仅作示例,可以任何合适的次序执行,实际上还有附加步骤,且可删除某些步骤。图18的有些步骤涉及接收无线信号和处理信号。各种步骤可用任何合适的设备执行,包括图1中接收机110等接收机和图12中包含在TOA评估装置200里的那些设备。
为简明起见,以下将图18的步骤描述成由“系统”执行,该系统包括任何适于执行这些步骤的系统。系统在步骤1810接收数据信号,数据信号接收自无线资产,如图1的无线资产130或图3的无线资产350。数据信号在步骤1812被解调,得到解调信号,它类似于结合图15描述的信号。解调信号在步骤1814分离,以作并行处理,包括并行相关和任何其他合适的处理、滤波或缓存步骤。
在步骤1820、1822、1824、1826和1828,把对应于公式(1)或(3)中的D(t)的解调信号同时馈给多个相关器。步骤1822、1824和1826允许同时执行1码元、2码元与3码元相关。步骤1822的相关可应用对应于公式(1)中R(t)的参考信号。步骤1824~1828的相关可应用对应于公式(3)中R′(t)的参考信号,因为步骤1824~1828涉及到级联的参考信号。涉及信息码元序列比步骤1822~1826中的序列更长的相关,可在步骤1828与步骤1822~1826中的部分或全部步骤同时执行。在任一步骤1822~1828中,系统存贮了足量的码元,可用上述结合图17定义的目标码元组M或目标码元子组P作相关。
系统利用步骤l820和l830检测解调数据信号中的序列。例如在步骤1820用1码元相关器译码该解调数据信号。译码相关器类似或等同于步骤1822所使用的1码元相关器。随着解调数据流在步骤1820通过译码器,可将得到的位存入缓存器,用于在步骤1830作序列检测。检出序列后,在步骤1840,根据已知与检出序列强相关的参考信号,选一相关信号(如在步骤1822~1828生成)。步骤1832~1838是多径处理步骤(图18中的MPP),用于从步骤1822~1828中产生的相关信号里滤除多径信号。
在步骤1850,系统使选出的相关函数最大化,把一TOA估值定义为估计量,如 在有些实施例中,则以要求最小化的方式限定该相关函数而评估
Figure A0181879400272
在有些实施例中,系统在步骤1832~1838用前沿检测、信道评估及其组合来限定TOA估值。(前沿检测与信道评估已结合图15和15A作过讨论。)在这些实施例中,步骤1840涉及从步骤1832~1838的结果中选一TOA估值。在这些实施例中,可以不必在步骤1850确定诸如
Figure A0181879400273
的TOA估计量而限定TOA估值。
图19示出可用于执行图18所示某些步骤的示例缓存器1900(对译码的数据)、1922(对信息码元)和1932(对信息码元)。解调信号1902传给译码器1904、相关器1920和1930。译码器1904把输出1906传给序列检测器1907里的缓存器1900,用于检测诸如1908的模式。该例中,模式1908包括5个连续的相同位,包含起始位1909与最终位1910。值与模式1908中的值不同位1911通知模式1908结束。各个缓存器1922和1932中的一码元相关器1920与三码元相关器1930同时产生各自的相关信号Cl与C3。对于一码元和三码元相关器,M1、P1与R1和M3、P3与R3分别对应于图17中的M、P与R。
可用检出的模式1908选一个相关器输出(如C1或C3)用于确定TOA。在图19例中,由于预期C3比C1强,所以选择C3。C3比C1强的原因在于,三码元参考信号(R(t))与在五码元子组(M)居中的三码元子组(P)相关。反之,C1则基于一码元参考信号(R1(t))与在一码元子组(M)居中的一码元子组(P)相关。
在有些实施例中,序列检测器1907配置成改变用于在译码器输出1906中搜索信息序列判据。例如检测器1907编程后可搜索五个连续同符的序列。若在分析了预定位数后仍检不出这种序列(或经过一段预定时间后,或二者),译码器就自动偏向搜索更容易寻找的模式(如更短的模式)。在有些实施例中,可应用多种搜索策略。在有些实施例中,检测器1907具有适合重扫部分或全部译码器输出1906的处理特征与缓存容量,可识别不同的位模式。
图20示出的示例TOA评估装置2000,可执行部分图16和18的步骤。无线电接收机2010类似于图1的接收机110,也类似于图2中中央处理单元220与无线电模块230的组合。系统2000的其他元件集中入系统100的处理器120、系统200的定时模块240或任何其他合适的信号处理设备里。系统2000与图3的网310等通信网通信。
天线2012接收来自图1中无线资产130等无线资产的在载波信号上调制的通信序列,可向载波跟踪电路2020提供分别被A/D转换器2014与2016数字化的基带同相(I)与正交(Q)信号。电路2020包括载波信号跟踪和/或定时回路,用该载波信号同步系统2000的定时。跟踪电路2020向切片码相关器提供同步的通信序列,用于译码该通信序列。反馈回路2032向电路2020反馈,以跟踪控制。相关器2030向译码器2050提供相关信号,后者对通过路径2035接收自跟踪电路2020的高数据速率调制码元作译码。高数据速率调制码元包括PBCC、CCK等802.11数据结构和任何其他合适的高数据速率调制码元。设置的解扰器2060对译码的解调通信序列解扰。MAC接口2070向网资源提供解扰的通信序列。
电路2020向标时电路2040提供同步的通信序列作TOA评估。设置的支路2022让电路2040几乎与相关器2030并行地执行任务,电路2040包括一个或多个TOA估值相关器。在有些实施例中,电路2040可执行图18的数据信号译码步骤1820,或执行诸如序列检测步骤1830、多位相关步骤1822~1828、多径处理步骤1832~1836、估计量选择步骤1840、TOA数据输出步骤1850等图18所示的步骤,或任何其他适合标时的步骤。MAC接口2070接收来自电路2040的TOA估值并把它供给网资源。
图21示出可用于识别无线资产位置的示例网2100,它包括多个TOA评估装置。为简明起见,图21只示出三个TOA评估装置A(2110)、B(2120)和C(2130),它们以电缆2102作电子通信。无线资产位于还未被识别的位置P,可广播被TOA评估装置A~C接收的通信序列。可用一对指定的TOA评估装置的TDOA产生包含点P的求解组(如上所述)。例如可用TDOABC产生由无线资产与每个系统B和C的距离差限定的双曲线,而该TDOABC可对到达TOA评估装置B和C的通信序列算出。TDOABC与距离差的关系为
TDOA BC = 1 C ( r B - r C ) - - - - ( 4 )
式中C是通信序列的传播速度,rB为无线资产与TOA评估装置B的距离,rC为无线资产与TOA评估装置C的距离。然后,用量(rB-rC)限定一条包含P或其估值的曲线(如双曲线)。例如,应用系统对A与B或A与C产生的TDOA,可产生含P的第二求解组。可用来自其他TOA评估装置(未示出)的TOA估值产生一个或多个求解组,用于识别位置P。
主控时钟2104经电缆2102向TOA评估装置提供同步信号,以同步装置内设置的时钟、定时器或计数器。同步信号向TOA评估装置发送复位脉冲,迫使装置时钟同时复位。当电缆2102包括输电线时(如Ethernet直流电力线),可用该电力线发射同步信号,如将同步信号加到或电容耦合到直流电信号里。当电缆2102包括数据传输线时,可用数据传输线发射同步符,如电缆2102可以包括一对扭绞线(如Ethernet数据传输线)。同步信号可以重叠在扭绞对载送的数据信号上。在TOA评估装置,可用滤波、共模抑制及其组合方法分离定时与数据信号。不同的TOA评估装置有不同的固定延迟。例如若时钟2104与TOA评估装置间的电缆长度不同,或诸装置的处理速率不一,那么装置产生的TOA即使在同步后仍包含了偏差。偏差可以量化,而TOA估值可在计算TDOA之前自动补偿。在有些实施例中,设置一种信标,对装置2110~2130广播无线同步信号。
图22和图23示出的示例步骤一般流程图,涉及本发明用TDOA识别无线资产位置的一些实施例。图22和图23的步骤仅作示例,可用任何合适的次序执行,实际上还有其他步骤,也可删除某些这类步骤。图22和23的某些步骤涉及接收无线信号和处理信号。各种步骤可用任何合适的设备执行,包括图1的系统100(含例如接收机110)和图2的系统200。
在步骤2210,使用于无线资产位置识别的网TOA评估装置的时钟同步于选择的网时间信号或计数器。在步骤2220,第一TOA评估装置接收来自无线资产的通信序列并产生TOA1(第一TOA估值)。在步骤2230,网时间参照TOA1。在步骤2240,第二TOA评估装置接收通信序列并产生TOA2(第二TOA估值)。在步骤2250,网时间参照TOA2。在步骤2260,用TOA1与TOA2计算TDOA。然后在步骤2270,产生一组可能的无线资产位置。重复步骤2210~2260,产生一个或多个附加求解组的可能的无线资产位置。
图23示出的示例步骤,可在多个TOA评估装置提供多个TDOA估值时执行。在步骤2310,收集与广播通信序列一起产生的TOA估值。在步骤2320,将一TOA评估装置定为参考TOA评估装置。在步骤2330,来自非参考TOA评估装置的TOA与参考系统产生的TOA一起用来计算各非参考系统的TDOA。在有些实施例中,可指定一个以上的参考系统。在步骤2340,用各TDOA产生一个资产位置求解组。在步骤2350,废丢受噪声劣化的实际不可行或不可能(“越限”)的求解组或其他质次求解组。在步骤2360,若在步骤2350选择后留下至少两个求解组,则用余下的求解组和求解评估法,诸如最小二乘方评估、最大似然评估、噪声加权最大似然评估或任何其他合适的评估法,来识别无线资产位置。若在步骤2350之后留下的求解组少于2个,则过程进到步骤2370,不识别位置。
图24示出与无线资产广播的通信序列相关的示例相关信号CA(τ)与CB(τ)。该通信信号被多个TOA评估装置接收,各装置产生一相关信号。例如可用图21分别示作A与B的TOA评估装置产生CA(τ)与CB(τ),它们类似于图12的C(τ)。图25中,CA和CB分别依赖于时间变量τA与τB,它们分别指系统A与B里的内部时钟或计数器。这些内部是时钟同步后,使τA与τB同步并参照同一标准。例如,CA具有峰CA1~CA4,分别对应于TOA估计量
Figure A0181879400301
CB具有峰CB1~CB4,分别对应于TOA估计量 这些估计量用公式1确定。运用成对TOA估计量,包括来自系统A与B的估计量,可产生多个TDOA。例如可由
Figure A0181879400303
产生图24的TDOA1,由 产生TDOA2。虽然图24示出四个TDOA,但有些实施例可产生四个以上的TDOA。尽管图24的TDOA基于
Figure A0181879400308
等TOA估值,但有些实施例可应用基于前沿检测、信道评估及其组合方法的TOA估值来计算平均TDOA。图24的TDOA称为“初步TDOA”。在有些实施例中,对于参照图21~23讨论的无线资产,可用初步TDOA的平均值产生一求解组的可能的资产位置。
由此提供了在无线通信网内识别无线资产位置的设备与方法。本领域的技术人员明白,本发明可用其他实施例来实施,本文描述的诸实施例用于示例而非限制,所以本发明仅受制于下述的诸权利要求。

Claims (23)

1.一种提供位置标识信息的方法,所述位置信息对应于通信网内一移动资产的位置,其特征在于,所述方法包括:
等候一段预定的时间;
检测第一信道上存在的射频能量;和
若所述射频能量基本上小于预定阈值,就发射所述位置标识信息。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述发射包括发射802.11数据包。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,若所述射频能量基本上不小于所述阈值,还包括:
检测第二信道上存在的射频能量;和
若所述第二信道上的射频能量基本上小于预定阈值,就在所述第二信道上发射所述位置标识信息。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,若所述射频能量基本上不小于所述阈值,还包括:
一直等到所述射频能量基本上小于所述阈值;和
发射所述位置标识信息。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述检测包括应用检能器。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述发射包括发射资产标识信息。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述发射包括发射至少一个为到达时间评估而选择的信息序列。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括接收来自网发射机的通信序列。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括接收来自所述网内的发射机的唤醒信号,其中在收到所述唤醒信号时启动所述检测。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于,仅在收到所述唤醒信号时才起动所述检测。
11.一种提供位置标识信息的方法,所述位置信息对应于通信网内一移动资产的位置,其特征在于,所述方法包括:
接收来自所述网内一发射机的唤醒信号;和
发射所述位置标识信息。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,所述发射包括发射802.11数据包。
13.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,所述发射包括发射资产标识信息。
14.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,所述发射包括发射至少一个为到达时间评估而选择的信息序列。
15.一种提供位置标识信息的系统,所述位置信息对应于通信网内一移动资产的位置,其特征在于,所述系统包括:
延迟一段预定时间的装置;
检测第一信道上射频能量的装置;和
在所述第一信道上发射所述位置标识信息的装置。
16.如权利要求15所述的系统,其特征在于,所述发射装置配置成发射802.11数据包。
17.如权利要求15所述的系统,其特征在于,还包括:
检测出现在第二信道上的射频能量的装置;和
在所述第二信道上发射所述位置标识信息的装置。
18.如权利要求15所述的系统,其特征在于,所述检测装置包括检能器。
19.如权利要求15所述的系统,其特征在于,所述发射装置配置成发射资产标识信息。
20.如权利要求15所述的系统,其特征在于,所述发射装置配置成发射至少一个为到达时间评估而选择的信息序列。
21.如权利要求15所述的系统,其特征在于,还包括接收来自网发射机的通信序列。
22.如权利要求15所述的系统,其特征在于,还包括:
接收来自所述网内的发射机的唤醒信号的装置;和
响应于收到的所述唤醒信号启动所述位置标识信息发射的装置。
23.如权利要求15所述的系统,其特征在于,所述发射装置配置成发射至少一个为到达时间评估而选择的信息序列。
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