CN1039352A - 组织移植组合物及其制备方法 - Google Patents

组织移植组合物及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN1039352A
CN1039352A CN89104864A CN89104864A CN1039352A CN 1039352 A CN1039352 A CN 1039352A CN 89104864 A CN89104864 A CN 89104864A CN 89104864 A CN89104864 A CN 89104864A CN 1039352 A CN1039352 A CN 1039352A
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斯蒂芬·F·巴迪拉克
莱斯利·A·吉迪斯
加里·兰特茨
阿瑟·C·科菲
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Abstract

本发明涉及从小肠部分移植组合物的方法。所述的组织移植组合物包括温血脊椎动物小肠部分的粘膜下层,其中该粘膜下层是从肌织膜和粘膜的至少腔部分脱层而来的。在作为血管自体移植物、血管同种移植物和血管杂种移植物应用时,该组织移植组合物显示出优异的力学性质以及非变应原性和非血小板遗传性。

Description

本发明涉及新的组织移植组合物。该组合物具有强度,不闭合抗感染,显示出非免疫遗传性,非血栓形成性,以及抗动脉瘤形成等性质,因而优于众多的合成移植材料。更具体地说,本发明涉及包含小肠粘膜下层部分和基底粘膜部分的组织移植组合物,涉及这类组合物的制备方法以及它们的应用。
当今,组织移植材料具有重要的临床价值和经济价值。据估计,1986年光是花在血管移植物上的费用就达一亿三千美元,还不包括冠状动脉旁通管移植物。然而,与大多数其它外科手术相比,血管移植手术的成功率便暗然失色。例如,对于小直径血管移植物来说,五年的累积开放率达到50%就相当不错了。如此低的成功率在很大程度上是由于目前应用于临床的移植材料存在着一种或多种物理或功能上的缺陷。
鉴别材料是否适用于组织移植物尤其困难,因为这类材料必须具有多种特殊的性质。例如,血管移植材料在连续应力下不仅应具具机械稳定性,而且必须具有能足以实现毛细管化的多孔性,类似于宿主组织的顺应性,以及较高的负Z电位(为不致血栓形成)。此外,它们应是非变应原的和非致癌的,并且最好生产成本低廉。
很少有移植材料具备所有理想的性质。有关血管移植物领域内的研究和开发的文献报导表明,人们正在进行有效的努力,以克服目前采用的移植材料所共有的缺点。
目前合成材料和自体材料均已被用作血管移植物。在合成材料中,多孔聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)是常用的血管移植材料,特别用于小血管分流术。然而,多孔PTFE移植物易引起新内膜增生和移植后的血栓形成(例如,对股胭胭 旁通管来说,6年的累积开放率大约为50%)。据报导,PTFE移植物用于静脉循环时的成功率更低。
另一种合成材料-Dacron
Figure 891048642_IMG3
常用于大血管移植手术(例如,肾下主动脉移植物)。然而,编织的Dacron
Figure 891048642_IMG4
具有较高的多孔性,移植前必须预凝块,以避免大范围出血。这种预凝块手段并不总是可行或成功的。当编织的Dacron
Figure 891048642_IMG5
的孔较少时,其顺应能力仅为正常主动脉的20%。至于在用于血流较慢的小动脉或静脉时,Dacron
Figure 891048642_IMG6
移植物的功能更差。
利用合成材料作移植材料所产生的更为严重的问题之一是合成材料的抗感染能力差。植入的合成移植物后感染的死亡率为66%。当受到污染时,合成材料的小间隙内易聚集微生物,一旦受微生物污染,极难通过抗菌治疗加以控制。实际上,只能移出受感染的合成移植药。
近来,研究人员报导了利用活人体细胞剂制备合成皮肤和血管等同物的方法。见美国专利4,604,346;4,546,500;4,539,716;4,485,097;4,485,096。
就自体材料而言,已得到应用的有隐静脉、人的脐静脉、翻转的小肠和桡动脉,但这些材料同样具有严重的缺点。隐静脉的大小可能不适合于某些手术,或可能因疾病损伤而无法利用。此外,隐静脉可能具有不可接受的静脉曲张,在“动脉硬化”后会加速动脉粥样化形成。脐静脉移植物和翻转小肠移植物均可引起早期血栓形成和新动脉瘤形成。而桡动脉的应用也是有限的,因为它较难获取,并且在移植后可能退化。
因此,本发明的目的之一在于提供一种组织移植材料,这种材料未显露出目前临床上使用的众多移植材料的缺点。
本发明的目的之二是提供一种用部分小肠制备新颖组织移植材料的方法。
本发明的目的之三是提供新颖的多用途组织移植材料在自身移植、同种移植和异种移植方面的应用。
本发明的目的之四是提供一种利用新颖组织移植组合物进行血管替换的方法。
图1是一部分小肠的剖面图。
本发明涉及的组织移植组合物主要包含温血脊椎动物小肠部分的粘膜下层。该粘膜下层是从肌织膜和至少是小肠部分粘膜腔部分分层而得到的。由于本发明的组织移植组合物作为血管自身移植物和血管同种移植物的应用中已显示出优异的功能特性,可以预言,本发明的组织移植组合物可作为异种移植物广泛地应用于血管和其它组织移植。申请人已发现,本发明的组织移植组合物具有多重物物理和生理的特性,使其特别适合于组织移植的应用中。
在本发明的一个优选实施例中,组织移植材料包括粘膜下层组织和基底粘膜组织,它们是从小肠部分分层而得到的,更好的是从空肠(即在十二指肠和回肠间小肠的一部分)分层而获得的组织移植材料。在为获得本发明的移植材料而对小肠作处理(分层)前,小肠是由许多分散的组织层组成的。图1提供了小肠的剖面图,显示以标记A至G表示的分散组织层(分别表示外层至内层),它们总起来表示肠壁。最外层的组织层A代表肠系膜组织。为说明起见,将肠系膜组织作为特殊的组织层来描述。通常这类组织不以分散层出现,而作为不连续的组织部分出现。组织层B和C分别代表浆膜和肌织膜。组织层D系粘膜下层,它是稠密的不规则的胶原结缔组织,通常聚集许多肥大细胞。由这些细胞产生的肝素至少是导致该移植材料没有早期血栓形成的部分原因。
组织层E、F和G总起来代表所谓的粘膜层。层E是平滑肌细胞层,称之为粘膜肌层。层F是致密层(蜕膜),由无细胞胶原和弹性硬蛋白纤维组成。层G由上皮粘膜层及其粘膜固有层组成,以绒毛突状集合排列成为一系列粘膜指状赘疣。
为制备本发明的移植物材料,对下述肠组织部分进行处理后,组织学检查表明,如同肌织膜和粘膜被除去一样,上皮粘膜层及其粘膜固有层已被除去。因此,本发明的优选移植物材料包括粘膜下层D以及粘膜的基底部分,尤其是粘膜肌层E和致密层(蜕膜)F。下文将这些组织层总称为小肠粘膜下层(“SIS”)。
通过下述方法,可制得本发明的SIS自体移植物。例如,沿中线剖腹切开后,首先切除自体邻接空肠部分。然后,将切下的空肠部分用外科用纱布包起来。所述的纱布已在生理盐水中浸泡过。将小肠吻合之后,按本发明的下述方法制备切出的小肠部分(空肠),用作组织移植材料。同样,用从同一种类的器官/组织供体上取下的肠组织制备同种移植物。利用屠宰场上由安死术处死的猫、猪或牛的肠组织制备异种移植物。然而,迄今为止已发现,从不同种类获得的小肠组织相互之间存在的形态学差异极小。事实上,本发明的人体移植物的组织形态几乎与狗的组织形态相同。唯一可识别的形态学差异在于人体组织中的致密层(蜕膜)略稀一些。
本发明的组织移植材料的制备方法如下:刮擦肠组织,以除去包括浆膜和肌织膜(图1中的层B和层C)在内的外层以及至少包括粘膜(图1中的层E至层G)的腔部分(层G)的内层。在轻度的刮擦状态下,粘膜在蜕膜(层F)和层G的粘膜固有层之间分层。更具体的方法是:利用Adson-Brown镊和Metzenbaum剪,从切出的肠上除去任何肠系膜组织之后,用手术刀柄和湿润纱布进行纵向磨擦,将浆膜和肌织膜(外组织层)同肠部分分离。将肠部分外翻后,采用相同的磨擦方法,将浆膜的腔部分同下层组织分离。应小心地操作,以避免穿破粘膜下层。同样,从分离层上除去移植物表面上残存的任何“附属物”。任意地,先将肠部分外翻,剥离腔层,然后再翻回除去浆膜和肌织膜时的原位。该移植材料为带白色的半透明管状组织,厚度约为0.1mm,一般由粘膜下层,与之连接肌层和致密层(蜕膜)组成。就血管移植应用而言,将制备的移植物翻转到其原来的方法,使致密层(蜕膜)成为移植腔表面。
一般将制备的移植材料用盐水清洗,并在10%的硫酸新霉素溶液中放置大约20分钟,此后该移植材料便可使用。按惯用的组织移植外科方法应用该移植物。就非血管组织移植应用而言,可将管状的移植材料纵向切开,展平形成组织移植片。实际上,将切下的肠部分纵向切开,并将其“展开”形成预移植片后,再进行上述整个组织脱层步骤更为方便。例如,可将制备的移植组织片用作皮肤移植材料,或用于修补其它机体组织缺陷,因此这种移植组织片适宜于外科应用,具有本发明移植组合物的物理和功能特征。
就血管移植物的应用而言,移植物的直径应大致上同受体血管直径相同。可通过以下手段实现这一要求,即:对组织移植物进行处理,确定一个直径与受体血管大体相等的管型,将组织移植物纵向缝合,或采用其它手段纵向固定。形成所述血管移植物。因此,血管移植物可通过下述方法制备,例如:选用外径等于受体血管的无菌玻璃杆,将玻璃插入移植物腔内,然后将余下的组织聚集,沿移植物的长度缝合(例如,采用两条连续缝线或一条简单的间断缝线)或采用其它专业上公知的组织固定技术,得到所期望腔径的血管移植物。
根据本发明的目的,SIS组合物具有组织移植材料所需的力学性能,包括低孔隙指数,高顺应性以及高破裂压力点。就孔隙指数而言,专业人员可以理解到,组织移植材料的孔隙指数非常低,以防止手术中的出血,但另一方面又要求其具有足够的孔隙,以便使新生长的血管滋养管穿过移植材料,滋养新内膜和腔表面。一般在120mmHg的压差下,按每cm2min-1通过的水量(ml)来测定移植材料的孔隙指数。SIS移植材料的孔隙指数为10,大大低于现有的其它移植材料的孔隙。(例如,Woven Dacron
Figure 891048642_IMG7
的孔隙指数为50)。虽然孔隙指数较低,但SIS仍然具充分的多孔性,从而保证了在SIS内产生新的毛细管化作用。就血管移植应用而言,SIS组合物在手术后的第四天便可使移植物壁内形成的充血毛细血管扩展到腔表面。
有关移植物的顺应性,先有技术中已描述了顺应性和开放性之间的直接联系。理想的移植材料的顺应性应至少与替换组织的顺应性相同用间隔为5.0cm的两道墨水标记形成原始长度计。以32cm/cm/min的张力速率加载试样,据此测定延长部分和施加的力,得到以下结果:
SIS移植物的顺应性:0.045cm/N每cm长
正常狗主动脉的顺应性:0.017cm/N每cm长
由此可见,SIS移植材料的顺应性实际上高于正常主动脉的顺应性。与先有技术的血管移植物相比,这是一个显著的进步。所有现有合成移植物的顺应性均低于天然动脉3至10倍,因而比天然动脉更易形成血栓。先有技术中弥补这种顺应性失配的方法是采用直径大于邻接天然动脉的移植材料。然而,这种技术带来了附加的问题。血液在通过大直径移植物部分时速度较慢。因此,移植物壁处的剪切应力较小。在此情况下,更易发生血小板和纤维蛋白沉淀以及随后的血栓形成。对比之下,由于SIS材料具有上述高顺应性,采用等径的SIS移植物就不会产生这类问题。
已发现,本发明的SIS移植材料的破裂压力点远远高于生理上可能碰到的破裂压力点。将管状SIS移植物部分同两个25mm直径的管子连接,以恒定流速的氮气对移植物加压,由此进行破裂压力试验。采用两种流速。在较低的流速下,压力最初是上升的,然后下降,随着通过移植物壁的气体流出量同气体流入量的平衡,压力趋于稳定。在较高流速下,压力迅速增加,达到大约400mmHg的破裂压力,表明移植材料能够轻易地承受连续的脉压,即,可作为正常生理条件下的血管移植物之用。
实施例1
用作大直径动脉移植物的小肠粘膜下层
进行了一系列的实验,以测试三种不同构型的小肠用作狗肾下主动脉的血管移植物的功能。在第一个实验中将全厚的非翻转的空肠部分(具有完整的肠系膜血管神经的空肠或未分离的空肠部分)用作移植材料。肠粘膜是血液-移植物界面。实验中的四条狗均在手术后的18小时内死去,这是由于移植物部分的血栓形成和缝合线造成的出血所致。
第二个实验采用分离的和翻转的空肠部分作为移植物,以浆膜作为血液-移植物界面。该实验采用两只狗。第一只狗体内的移植物于手术后4小时导致血栓形成;第二只狗于手术后的第四天死于邻接吻合部位处的急性出血。
在第三个实验中仅将一部分肠壁用作移植材料。从每条狗获取自体上端空肠的游离部分,然后用手术刀柄粗粗地刮擦腔表面,由此除去大部分粘膜。按相同的方式,随后除去浆膜和肌织膜。在对肠部分进行这种似乎残忍的处理后,剩余的组织为100μm厚的粘膜下层和基底粘膜部分。然后将该移植物置于15只狗的肾下主动脉中,效果极为显著。第三个实验的结果概述如下。
15只狗中,13只植有开放性移植物,直至处死。在手术后的各个时间,例如4天至1年内,将11只狗处死,检查动物未见移植感染、动脉瘤形成或血栓形成的迹象。有两只狗移植失败,这是由于技术失误引起的,它包括金属钳的误放以及吻合技术差等。在撰写本说明书时,仍有两只动物存活,正对其进行更长时间的移植物开放性观察。
采用阳性对照放射照相术来证实手术后4天至7天内以及此后每6至8周的移植物的开放性。此外,通过观察强股脉的存在和无后肢水肿,临床上监测移植物的开放性。
保持开放性移植物的11只狗于手术后的各个不同阶段被处死(第4,7,10和14天,以及第9,11,13,17,26,44和52周)。在动物被处死前,给动物加做一次血管造影,用以证实移植物的开放性和提供评价移植物的扩张,狭窄和动脉瘤形成的对比放射照片。11只动物全部显示出完全的开放性,没有出现有害的腔变化迹象。
对这些移植物所作的肉眼病理学检查表明,光滑腔表面带有任意排列的红和白区域,没有血栓形成的迹象。周围有坚固的结缔组织积聚,与移植物壁融合。在手术后的6个月内,对所有试样所作的检查表明,在移植物表面上没有内皮细胞生长的迹象。这些移植物的表面复盖着一层平坦的、中度致密的胶原组织层。
对26,44和52周的试样所作的病理组织学检查显示:有平坦的、“内皮样”细胞部分地覆盖在致密的纤维蛋白组织层(约500μm厚)上。整个组织渗透着充血的毛细血管,原始移植材料外壁与周围结缔组织对腔表面所作的扫描电子显微检查显示一层平坦的细胞,它不能区别平于内皮细胞,具有蔓延的“假足”。对这些移植物部分进行透射电子显微镜检查,同样表明内皮细胞覆盖着腔表面。此外,根据免疫荧光法检测,存在因子VII:相关抗原,进一步显示了这些移植物腔表面细胞的内皮起源。另外,对移植材料进行试验,通过测试内皮衍生的释放因子的存在来测定内皮细胞的存在。将乙酰胆碱应用于移植物试样表面,收集流出物。通过观察含内皮衍生的释放因子的鼠主动脉的平滑肌的松弛状况来证实流出物。
对10只被处死狗中的每一只测定移植物的头侧,远侧和SIS移植物内的血压。在每只狗的所有三个位置,血压均相同,表明采用SIS移植材料对血液动力学不产生有害的影响。
测定了以下全部狗的实验参数,包括手术前,手术后第一天,此后若干月内的其它时间的参数,即,血细胞比容,前凝血酶时间、激活的部分凝血激酶时间、血小板计数、全血计数以及简要的血清化学概况。结果表明,在所有的时间,所有动物的实验测试参数均是正常的。在手术过程中,给这些动物以低剂量肝素进行治疗(600个单位IV),但在手术后未进行抗凝血处理。在凝血试验中没有任何变化;鉴于狗的凝血系统的反应活性相对比人高,血小板计数特别令人鼓舞。
实施例2
用作小动脉移植物的小肠粘膜下层
本实验涉及将36个的移植物同时植入18只狗的股动脉和颈动脉。36个移植物中的33个仍然具有开放性。如同第一个实验中所采取的方式,对这些动物进行相同的实验测定,未观察到异常现象。此外,利用常规的两维超声成象法测定开放性和断面脉管直径。
手术后第四天,对处死狗的移植物组织进行病理学检查,结果表明腔表面没有血栓形成和轻度狭窄的邻接吻合。组织学检查表明移植物壁内存在早期的充血毛细血管-防感染的潜在自然保护体,在撰写本说明书时,这些狗中的五只仍然存活,供进一步测定之用本实验中,手术后后的狗现已存活了7个月。
实施例3
用作静脉移植物的小肠粘膜下层
在本实施例中,将SIS移植物置于两只狗的后腔静脉(类似于人的“下”腔静脉)以及五只狗的前腔静脉(类似于人的“上”腔静脉)内。虽然前腔静脉移植物的开放性仅分别达11和14天,但病理学检查表明,移植物的失败可归因于技术失误,即:下吻合部位狭窄(直径为8mm,而自然静脉和邻接移植物的直径为16mm)。此外,两种移植物的腔表面均覆盖着不形成血栓的“假内乳头”,它由致密的纤维蛋白和未成熟的胶原结缔组织组成。
手术后直到第7,14和21天,三只狗才被处死,但前腔静脉移植物仍具开放性。在手术后第7周,即撰写本说明书时,其中有开放性移植物的两只狗仍然存活。所有三只狗的邻接缝合处显示出早期的血栓形成迹象,其中移植物的瓣已被翻转,造成血流不止但移植的其余部分仍未形成血栓。此外,肉眼病理学和组织学检查表明,移植物被一层闪光的平滑红色表面所覆盖,该表面在外观上同前述实验中研究的移植物表面相同。
实施例4
用作动脉同种移植的小肠粘膜下层
将SIS作为大直径同种移植用于狗的主动脉。按照与前述制备主动脉自体移植物的相同方法制备同种移植物。在撰写本说明书时,正是手术后的第8周,然而试验动物未显示出如下迹象:移植物的血栓形成、感染或动脉瘤形成(正如血管图象所证实)。
实施例5
小肠粘膜下层用作动脉异种移植物
将SIS作为异种移植物用于狗。按照前述步骤制备的SIS移植物,并将其植入狗内。在撰写本说明书时,试验动物正处于手术后的第2周,未显示不利的迹象。

Claims (10)

1、一种组织移植组合物包括温血脊椎动物小肠部分的粘膜下层,所述粘膜下层是从肌织膜和至少是从所述小肠部分的粘膜腔部分分层得到的。
2、按权利要求1的组织移植组合物,其中小肠部分是从空肠切除的。
3、按权利要求1的组织移植组合物,其中粘膜下层连接粘膜肌层和粘膜致密层。
4、按权利要求3的组织移植组合物,其中小肠部分是从空肠切除的。
5、一种由小肠部分制备组织移植组合物的方法,所述包括刮擦小肠部分,以除去浆膜、肌织和至少是粘膜的腔部分。
6、按权利要求5的方法,其中小肠部分是从空肠切除的。
7、按权利要求5的方法,其中刮擦小肠部分,以除去所有的组织层,提供基本上由小肠部分的粘膜下层和邻近粘膜肌层以及致密层等组织层构成的移植材料。
8、按权利要求5的制备组织移植组合物的方法,该方法进一步包括纵向切割肠部分,形成片状移植材料。
9、按权利要求5的制备取代受体血管的血管移植物的方法,所述方法进一步包括对所述组织移植组合物进行处理,构成一个直径大致等于受体血管的管型,将所述组织移植物沿纵向缝合,形成所述血管移植物。
10、按权利要求5的方法,其中小肠部分是从空肠切除的。
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