CN102217296A - 用于场景变化触发的系统和方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
使用光学场景的直方图示出了一种用于表单读取器的触发系统及方法。表单读取器的三个侧面敞开,同时相机朝向压板,在压板上放置有表单。相机将从压板反射的光线转换为发送到处理器的视频流。第一光强度等级量相对于第二光强度等级量的变化被用于确定表单在何时进入场景。说明性地,第一光强度等级表示为黑色等级,而第二光强度等级表示为白色等级。预先确定将第一光强度量区分出来的阈值,并当第一光强度量(在表单出现之后)保持恒定时认为表单是静止状态的,在静止状态中系统可以随后读取表单上的信息。
Description
相关申请
本发明是2006年3月14日提交的、且题为“用于对表单进行处理的系统和方法”的第11/376,052号美国专利申请的部分接续申请,该美国专利申请要求于2005年3月14日提交的、序列号为60/661,698的美国临时专利申请的优先权。这些专利申请中的每个与本发明属于共同的所有权。这些较早的申请在此处通过参引合并到本文中。
技术领域
本发明涉及对表单的读取,更特别地,涉及检测何时表单(通常为纸制的)被重新置入读取器中并停止移动。
背景技术
因为自动表单读取已广泛普及,因此诸多产业对表单的自动读取已有需求。可以以下述多种方式激活或触发这些机器来读取表单:例如,通过智能体(agent)按压按钮、通过由表单阻断光束所激活的光学开关、通过由表单在物理上激活的微开关,或通过以检测表单视场内的光域(表单)的方式来检测表单出现的相机。
通常,表单读取终端具有带光敏表面(CCD、发光二极管/晶体管等的阵列)的相机。光学上,光敏表面可以定位在距位于压板(platen)或平板(flatbed)上的表单几英寸到一英尺处或更远处。系统的光学焦点在压板上,而焦点的景深适于容纳广泛类型的表单。此处“相机”被广泛限定为几乎任何光学读取器。
图1表示已知的具有腔体4的终端系统2,表单6被馈送到该腔体4中。此处,腔体4可以很大程度地屏蔽外部光,并且可以具有输纸器(tractor)驱动装置以保持表单6在其被引入腔体4时是平坦的。相机和光源可以被固定在腔体6中,并且通过较之加黑的压板的、反射到相机的额外的光,可以检测出更具反射性的表单。
在其他系统中,支承表单的压板或平板可以相对开放并容易进入,因此容易使用。在这些系统中,环境光更多地从表单而不是从压板反射,从而发送更多光能量给相机。从表单的白色区域照到相机的光能量的增加用来检测表单的出现,而该能量或白色区域量的相对恒定分别用来确定表单的出现和静止。然而,在此应用和类似的应用中存在限制。例如,用户接近终端可能投射出阴影,用户的手可能进入相机的视场,当打开或关闭灯以及天色(time of day)改变时,任意环境光可能改变,并且用户的衣服或珠宝可能增加反射光。
除了外部和环境问题,由于系统或者相机的操作,仍可能发生其他问题。例如,机器可能难于确定何时表单是静止状态的。来自相机的重复照片可以不断地指示白色量的变化,这些变化可能是表单移动或环境光变化或阴影被移除等。在这些已知系统中,确定表单的出现和静止可能是困难的。由于场景由相机所测量,而相机电子装置输出视频流,所以例如电子装置必须处理视频流。分析场景并设置阈值以指示新出现了不动的表单。然而,确定表单的出现和静止需要时间和处理功率,并且重复这样的努力是低效的,并且如果降低或升高是/否阈值以加快处理则可能出错误。
如果降低白色量阈值以指示表单已被插入并且为静止状态,则可能导致正被测量且光改变了的移动中的票被识别为新插入的表单。任一情况都可能导致错误。升高该阈值可能导致表单不能被识别。所有这些情况将可能导致票务代理方和用户失望。下文中,术语“表单”指的是可以被机器读取的任意纸制产品,诸如票或印制的纸片。在一些应用中,表单可以包括博彩票和游戏纸片(play slip)。
具有容易使用的、带有向本地环境相对开放的压板的终端将是有利的。但是必须克服以上列举的限制。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种开放的压板系统,用于通过观察场景的黑色量而不是白色量来确定何时表单被新置于压板上,以及何时表单是静止状态的。当表单首次被引入时,场景的黑色区域减少,但然后当表单为静止状态时,黑色区域保持约为恒定。
已发现,测量场景的黑色量优于测量其白色量,这是因为与白色区域相比,黑色区域受到上述限制的影响较小。结果是当关于灰度等级的阈值应用于黑色等级的区域或暗区域时,此阈值更容易选取。这些区域受到环境光变化和其他这样的变化的影响较小。
在一个实施例中,相机观看到约为9英寸宽7英寸长的压板的场景,并且相机提供由像素组成的视频流,该视频流由电子装置进行处理。电子装置/软件可以被配置为与对像素进行操作的其他程序一起生成场景的直方图。
视频场景的直方图是指示给定光强度的像素数量的图。在通常的直方图中没有位置信息。即,相同光强度的两个像素可能彼此根本不接近。在一个实施例中,相机可以被布置为将9英寸×7英寸的场景呈现为1280×1024像素的阵列。每个像素的光等级可以由相机测量为大量灰色等级,例如,在由相机输出的每个像素中可以呈现八位或256的灰色等级。
在上述情况下,直方图可以通过输出动态范围为0到255的8位的灰度等级来显示照到相机的高强度或高光等级(白色区域)。此处,最白的白色在255处,而最黑的黑色在0处。在一个实施例中,白色等级被限定为256个灰色等级中的57或更高处,而黑色等级被限定为256个灰色等级中的56或更低处。即,黑色等级接近256个等级的低端,而白色等级占剩余等级的大部分直至灰色等级的高端。以下相反的情况也可以用于其他应用中:黑色在0-255范围的高端,而白色在0-255范围的低端。
说明性地,实际上,场景的黑色区域可以以低分辨率测量,使得减少处理需要而同时增加处理速度。例如,可以处理减少的像素阵列。可以减少并处理每个像素携带8-位的二进制灰度码的1280×1024的像素阵列,例如,可以每八个像素进行累积,因此形成160×128的阵列。启发式地确定基于灰度的阈值。例如,在8-位的灰度下,黑色等级可以具有设定在25/256处的阈值,该阈值仅接受黑色动态范围的约20%。观察区域中没有表单时,如图4的实曲线A所示,整个场景可以低于56/256等级。当表单被引入到观察区域时,黑色区域的大小明显减少-系统检测到已进入观察区域的表单。例如,如图4的虚曲线B所示,黑色区域的大小可以减少到观察区域的约1/2或更少,而白色区域增加以实现场景中像素的相同总数量。然后,系统测量优选为至少三帧的连续场景的黑色区域减少大小的恒定性,直到减少大小稳定。这表示表单是静止状态的。
再次启发性地确定黑色区域减少大小的恒定性(用于确定表单是静止状态的),并对其进行设定以使假触发最小化。如果在一些应用中直方图中的黑色区域大小的变化小于约5%,但在其他应用中,该变化可能小于1%,那么新引入的表单被确定是静止状态的并且系统可以读取该表单上的信息。
本领域的普通技术人员应当理解,尽管下述详细说明将参照说明性实施例、附图和使用方法来进行,但本发明并不意在受这些实施例和使用方法的限制。相反,本发明属于的广义的范围,并意在仅根据所附权利要求的内容而限定。
附图说明
参照附图对本发明进行以下说明,其中:
图1是现有技术的光学读取器的框图;
图2A是根据本发明的终端的等距视图;
图2B示出根据本发明的终端的另一立体图;
图3是根据本发明的系统的示意性框图;以及
图4是带有代表本发明的操作的迹线的直方图。
具体实施方式
图2A示出了表单读取系统20,其三个侧面是开放的。在俯视场景22的顶部安装有相机39。场景区域优选地是大约9英寸×7英寸,并且被布置为使表单24放置在场景22中。
如图2B所示,在一些应用中,护罩35可以置于系统20的至少一部分周围和上方,以减少杂散光进入到观察区域。护罩35可以遮盖侧面的全部或部分,并且也可以遮盖部分其中引入表单24的前部。如本领域普通技术人员将了解的,护罩35可以具有实现这些功能目的的任何配置。
图3示意性地示出具有场景22和相机39的表单读取终端,该相机39将信号馈送到相机电子装置40。160×124个携带8位灰度的像素的视频数据流42进入电子组件41,在该电子组件41中,优选地包括DSP(数字信号处理器)的处理器系统34接收视频数据流42。基于此说明的目的,帧速率可以约为每秒20帧;然而,也可以使用其他帧速率。在一些应用中可以使用微处理器。处理系统34包括至少用于按钮、显示器、通信设备以及可能的打印机的输入/输出设备驱动器和缓冲器电子装置。存储器至少包括一个或多个图像缓冲器、操作应用和可能的缓存器。在一个实施例中,使用外部可移除闪存36来为处理器系统34上载应用程序。从终端20移除快速存储器36会从终端移除所有软件。处理步骤由处理器基于加载到存储器的程序指令来执行。但是处理步骤也可以由分布在整个网络上的程序模块来执行。
如本领域普通技术人员所熟知的,相机电子装置40通常以X/Y光栅类型格式(也可以使用飞点类型)扫描相机39的光敏表面。照到相机39的光敏表面的光强度被转化为以灰度等级编码的像素,例如八位编码。由相机电子装置40以光栅格式产生的视频流42对场景从左到右、从上到下进行编码。该格式携带了顶部、每条线的开始和光栅的末端的指示符。
图4示出了两条图示迹线A和B,其中纵轴表示像素的数量,而横轴表示从黑色到白色的灰度。在以上所描述的系统的八个光等级强度下,黑色在0端处,而白色在255端处。迹线A示出了如下场景,在该场景中相机39仅观察到只有压板的场景22-所有像素接近于黑色端。典型地,由于压板的场景22会以随机类型模式反射某些光,因此将存在一个范围。如果相机电子装置40以减小的分辨率方式处理视频图像数据,则每20个像素中仅有1个被处理。这提高了处理速度。
在图4中,当表单24进入场景22时,迹线B下方的白色区域50从接近零改变到像素总数的一半或多于一半,而曲线A的黑色部分以下的区域52将相应地减小。任一变化都可以用来确定表单24已进入场景22。然而,以上所列举的限制使得白色量的变化不能作为确定表单24在何时为静止状态的可靠来源。
A迹线下方的面积,即,对于所有灰色等级值将处于每个灰色等级值的像素的数量相加之和,将等于所处理的像素的数量。当将表单24插入到场景22时,产生迹线B。此处,表单24使黑色区域52减少了此时在白色区域50内的像素的数量。像素的总数量保持恒定。如以上所提及的,白色量的增加的发生可以用于检测表单的出现,而黑色区域量的减少也可以用于此目的。
取决于表单24和场景22的大小而启发性地建立阈值55。例如,如果最大的表单覆盖了大约一半的场景区域而最小的覆盖了大约三分之一,则阈值55可以设置在场景的大约四分之一处。即,在迹线A中、阈值55以上的像素总数被设置为场景像素总数的约五分之一。当任意表单24被置入场景22时,四分之一或更多的像素从黑色区域(在曲线A下方)转移到白色区域(在曲线B下方),并且可以到达阈值55。在这种情况下,系统20确定了表单20在场景中。当然,在其他应用中阈值55可以改变。
一旦检测到表单,系统20就在场景的随后的图像上使用建立黑色范围内的等级的、不同的阈值54。例如,阈值54可以设置在值25处。在此情况下,系统20合计在阈值54左侧、迹线B下方的像素的数量。一旦该数量保持恒定,则认为表单24是静止状态的。该数量可能是在从黑色等级0到黑色等级25的像素总数的5%到35%的范围内。并且(系统20确定表单24是静止状态的)像素数量在帧之间的变化可以启发式地确定。即,帧之间的变化可以通过使假触发最小化来确定。实际上,该变化可以在从低于1到大于5%的范围内。
系统20可以用来检测表单的连续出现。
应当理解,上述实施例在此处仅作为示例提出,并且其诸多变型和改进也是可能的。因此,本发明应当被广义地认为仅由所附权利要求所阐述的内容来限定。
权利要求如下:
Claims (14)
1.一种用于在场景内检测静止的表单的系统,所述系统包括:
相机,所述相机接受从场景反射的光并将所述光转换为视频帧,每帧包括像素的流;其中,每个像素具有光强度从第一光强度等级到第二光强度等级的灰度范围;
处理电子装置,所述处理电子装置接收像素的所述流并根据其生成直方图;
比较器,所述比较器从一系列帧中将所述直方图中第一光强度像素的部分进行比较,其中,当所述部分保持约为恒定时,所述表单被确定是静止状态的。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,第一光强度像素的所述部分约为所述场景的20%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的系统,进一步包括选自灰度的阈值,所述阈值用于确定将由所述比较器进行比较的所述第一光强度像素的所述部分。
4.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,当所述表单被确定为静止状态时,在所述一系列帧中第一光强度像素的所述部分的变化约为1%。
5.根据权利要求1所述的系统,进一步地,所述系统对多于一个帧的像素求平均以生成所述直方图。
6.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述第一光强度等级表示黑色等级,而所述第二光强度等级表示白色等级。
7.一种用于在场景内检测静止的表单的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
接受从场景反射的光并将所述光转换为视频帧,每个帧包括像素的流,其中,每个像素具有光强度从第一光强度等级到第二光强度等级的灰度范围;
处理像素的所述流并根据其生成直方图;以及
从一系列帧中将所述直方图中第一光强度像素的部分进行比较,其中,当所述部分保持约为恒定时,所述表单被确定是静止状态的。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中,所述比较步骤对所述场景的约20%进行比较。
9.根据权利要求7所述的方法,进一步包括以下步骤:以灰度定阈值,并确定将由所述比较器进行比较的所述第一光强度像素的所述部分。
10.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中,当所述表单被确定为静止状态时,在所述一系列帧中第一光强度像素的所述部分的变化约为1%。
11.根据权利要求7所述的方法,进一步包括以下步骤:对来自多于一个帧的所述像素求平均以生成所述直方图。
12.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中,所述第一光强度表示黑色,而所述第二光强度表示白色。
13.一种计算机可读介质,包括为了实施根据权利要求7所述的方法而用于在处理器上执行的指令。
14.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中,所述方法由分布在网络上的程序模块来执行。
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US12/234,992 US8059168B2 (en) | 2005-03-14 | 2008-09-22 | System and method for scene change triggering |
US12/234,992 | 2008-09-22 | ||
PCT/US2009/057610 WO2010033886A2 (en) | 2008-09-22 | 2009-09-21 | System and method for scene change triggering |
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EP (1) | EP2340643A2 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2012503258A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR20110090898A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN102217296A (zh) |
AU (1) | AU2009293027A1 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2738009A1 (zh) |
GB (1) | GB2476221A (zh) |
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KR20110090898A (ko) | 2011-08-10 |
US20090015697A1 (en) | 2009-01-15 |
IL211833A0 (en) | 2011-06-30 |
GB201106463D0 (en) | 2011-06-01 |
EP2340643A2 (en) | 2011-07-06 |
WO2010033886A3 (en) | 2010-07-01 |
JP2012503258A (ja) | 2012-02-02 |
US8059168B2 (en) | 2011-11-15 |
AU2009293027A1 (en) | 2010-03-25 |
CA2738009A1 (en) | 2010-03-25 |
WO2010033886A2 (en) | 2010-03-25 |
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