CN101365868B - 内燃机及改进燃烧室的方法 - Google Patents

内燃机及改进燃烧室的方法 Download PDF

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CN101365868B
CN101365868B CN200680015695.4A CN200680015695A CN101365868B CN 101365868 B CN101365868 B CN 101365868B CN 200680015695 A CN200680015695 A CN 200680015695A CN 101365868 B CN101365868 B CN 101365868B
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chamber
firing chamber
fuel
air
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CN101365868A (zh
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约翰·扎杰克
伊恩·F·史密斯
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ZAJAC OPTIMUM OUTPUT MOTORS IN
Zajac Optimum Output Motors Inc
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Abstract

一种恒压内燃机，具有长条形的燃烧室，在一些实施例中该燃烧室向自身折回并具有凹凸不平的、曲折的内侧壁，用于将燃料引入燃烧室燃料入口，与该燃烧室相通的压缩室，用于改变燃烧室和压缩室容积以形成燃料空气混合物的装置，该混合物在穿过燃烧室时燃烧并被凹凸不平的、曲折的燃烧室侧壁进一步混合，与燃烧室相通的膨胀室，以及在压缩室中的输出元件，该输出元件由燃烧混合物产生的压力驱动，由于具有改变压缩室容积的装置以及膨胀室中的输出元件连接在一起以一致运动，这样燃烧室中的压力基本保持恒定。燃料入口附近的气流隔离器在燃烧室中形成一个或者多个更小的容积，在此处燃料可以与引入燃烧室中的仅仅一部分空气混合并燃烧。长的、尖锐的突起从燃烧室壁向内延伸而这些突起与燃烧室中的湍流器一起促进燃料和空气的完全混合以及燃烧。

Description

内燃机及改进燃烧室的方法
相关申请 
临时申请号60/660045，2005年3月9日提交， 
临时申请号60/660046，2005年3月9日提交， 
临时申请号60/660050，2005年3月9日提交， 
临时申请号60/760478，2006年1月20日提交， 
临时申请号60/760641，2006年1月20日提交， 
临时申请号60/760642，2006年1月20日提交， 
本申请要求以上申请的优先权。 
技术领域
本发明大体上涉及内燃机，更特别地涉及一种具有改进的燃烧室的内燃机极其运行方法。 
背景技术
大多数内燃机，例如典型的奥图(Otto)循环发动机、狄塞尔(Diesel)柴油机和汪克尔(Wankel)发动机在变化的压力下运行，该压力由燃料燃烧产生的热量引起气体在有限容积中的膨胀产生。该压力驱动机器的运动部件产生运动。 
迄今为止，有一些设计运行在恒定压力下的旋转发动机的尝试。在专利号为3862622、3989011、4657009以及5709188的美国专利中有这些设计的例子。然而，这些设计有一些问题，例如与旋转发动机通常相关的润滑和密封问题。 
发明内容
大体上，本发明的一个目的是提供一种新的和改进的内燃机和方法，其中燃烧室中的压力保持基本恒定。 
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种具有上述改进的燃烧室的内燃机和方法。 
这些和其它目的通过按照本发明提供的一种具有伸长的燃烧室的恒压内燃机实现。所述燃烧室在一些实施例中向自身折回并具有凹凸不平的、曲折的内部侧壁、用于将燃料引入燃烧室的燃料入口、压缩室、与燃烧室相通的膨胀室以及膨胀室中由燃烧混合物产生的压力驱动的输出元件，在所述压缩室中空气被压缩然后注入燃烧室中以形成当穿过燃烧室时能持续燃烧的燃料和空气的混合物。 
通过燃烧室并进入膨胀室的气流是由阀门控制的，而在一些实施例中，阀门被控制，因此燃烧室中压力保持基本恒定。 
在一些实施例中，燃烧室具有多个回转或弯曲的迂回形状，此形状有助于湍流气流通过该室并在进入膨胀室的气体膨胀之前进一步促进燃料的充分燃烧。在其它实施例中，燃烧室自身是直的，但是输送气体到室以及把气体从腔室中输送出去的通道将一般具有弯曲和回转，这些弯曲和回转引起湍流并因此促进室中的混合和燃烧。 
在一些公开的实施例中，燃烧室具有初始空气燃料比的燃料和空气的混合物可以被点燃的第一区段和另外的空气被添加到混合物以形成更稀薄混合物的第二区段。气流隔离器设置在燃料入口附近以在燃烧室中形成一个或者多个更小的容积，在燃烧室中燃料可以仅仅与进入室中的一部分空气混合并燃烧。另外的空气由压缩室提供并与下游的燃烧混合物混合以提供一种实际上更稀薄的总和混合物。准确的比例取决于载荷和被燃烧的燃料，但是使用汽油时，例如，点燃可以发生的区段的空气和燃料的比例可以是，例如14∶1到16∶1的级别，且更稀薄的混合物可具有空气和燃料的比例在14∶4到160∶1的级别。该比例是优选的，使得燃料被注入区域的温度大于1400K°以便CO将与O2相结合而形成CO2并因此避免产生污染物CO。 
在一些实施例中，气流隔离器包括一个可移动的气流分配器，该分配器可以连续调整以在燃料注入和不注入的区段之间提供任何希望的空气分配，因此使得将燃烧温度设定为任何希望的功率级别并在不同的功率级别之间变化变得容易。 
一些实施例也具有长的、尖锐的突起，该突起从燃烧室的壁向内延伸和形成高温点，该高温点有助于燃料混合物在整个燃烧室中达到完全燃烧。该突起也产生湍流并因此进一步促进完全混合和燃烧，且在一些实施例中，气流湍流器产生湍流并促进燃料和空气的完全混合和燃烧。 
附图说明
图1是本发明的具有改进的燃烧室的恒压内燃机的一个实施例的示意图； 
图2是图1的实施例中的内燃机的垂直剖面图； 
图3是图2中沿着3-3线截取的剖面图； 
图4是本发明的内燃机的另一个实施例的垂直截面图； 
图5和6是本发明的内燃机的其它实施例的剖面图； 
图7-9是本发明的燃烧室的另外的实施例的垂直截面图； 
图10图9中沿着10-10线截取的放大截面图； 
图11是本发明的燃烧室的另一个实施例的垂直截面图； 
图12A-12D是说明了图11中实施例的不同相对尺寸和间距的湍流器周围涡流和气流的简图； 
图13和14是本发明的燃烧室的其它实施例的垂直截面图。 
具体实施方式
如图1中所示，该发动机有与燃烧室13相对端相通的压缩室11和膨胀室12，在压缩室和膨胀室中具有往复运动的活塞14、16。活塞通过曲轴(简略显示为枢转杆17)链接在一起以在相反方向运动从而在燃烧室中保持基本上恒定的压力水平。 
空气通过活塞14的下行行程经由入口18吸入压缩室，然后压缩并因此在活塞的上行行程中加热并被注入燃烧室13的入口端19。在燃烧室中，加热的压缩空气与通过燃料入口引入燃烧室的燃料混合以形成混合物，该混合物在整个腔中燃烧并引起气体容积膨胀。膨胀器从燃烧室中取出一定容积的气体，该气体膨胀到大于压缩器输入燃烧室的空气或者气体的容积。通过控制离开燃烧室的气体的量，燃烧室中的压力可以得到控制。 
因此膨胀器活塞16的直径和表面积大于活塞14，活塞16被与两个活塞表面积的差额相关的力向下驱动。废气通过排气口21在膨胀活塞的上行行程过程中排出。入口和排气口以及室之间的联通由阀22-25控制。 
压缩室和膨胀室的尺寸、活塞在其中的运动以及阀门的定时都是这样的，即燃烧室中的压力在内燃机整个运行循环过程中保持基本恒定，尽管一些压力峰值可能出现并可能在一些情况下是希望的。在所图解的实施例中，通过将膨胀活塞的直径制造的比压缩活塞的大提供尺寸差额。然而，其也可以通过使用更多数量的膨胀活塞、更长的膨胀行程，不同的阀门定时或者这些的结合完成。 
如果需要，该机器可以包括在室中具有温度和压力传感器的控制系统和计算机或者其它响应温度和压力传感器的控制器以调节阀门的定时和注入燃烧室的燃料的量。这些传感器和控制器使用的例子可以在序列号为__(代理人文档号A-71789)和___(代理人文档号A-75064)中找到，两者同一日提交，该公开被引入本发明。 
室的相对尺寸是这样：燃烧室足够大以平均来自压缩活塞的脉冲并减小压力变化的速度以便计算机和其它控制器有时间反应并保持对整个过程的控制。燃烧室优选具有大约10倍发动机每次循环进入该燃烧室的压缩气体的容积，且在实际中，1到100倍的范围是可能的。然而，非常小的室很难控制，而非常大的燃烧室可能降低发动机的响应性并增加发动机的成本和尺寸。非常大的燃烧室还可能增加热损失并因此降低发动机总的效率。即使燃烧室的尺寸与机器每个循环进入该燃烧室的压缩气体的容积相同，燃烧时间仍然比传统机器的时间长，在传统机器中，燃烧仅仅在循环的一半中发生。燃烧室的容积不仅仅包括该室自身的容积，其也包括将燃烧室与其它室分隔开的两组阀门之间通道的容积。 
在图1-3中显示的实施例中，燃烧室为长条形的向自身后部折回的管道以在压缩室和膨胀室之间提供曲折的扭曲的通道。该燃烧室具有用诸如钢或者其它合适的金属和/或复合材料等结构足够强度的材料制成的外壁或外壳27和用诸如二氧化硅、氮化硅、氧化铝、氧化锆、氮化硼及其组合物等隔热陶瓷材料制成的衬套28。该外壳为容纳该室中的压力提供足够的强度，而陶瓷衬套减少室内壁中的径向和轴向热传递。在其它实施例中，该室可以具有其它结构并可以不向自身后部折回。 
因为所述发动机设计为在加热气体的膨胀下运转而不是在气体压力的增大下运转，燃烧室中的峰值压力与奥图循环发动机和狄塞尔柴油机相比可以相对较低。燃烧室中的压力在一定程度上取决于发动机的压缩比，例如该压力范围可以从对于压缩比8∶1的机器为大约270PSI到对于压缩比为18∶ 1的机器大约为800PSI。在一些实施例中，出口阀门23从压缩室中打开和入口阀门24打开到膨胀室的定时可能引起压力波动。然而，由于与由压缩室提供的空气的容积相比燃烧室的容积相对较大，所以该压力波动相对较小。因此，该波动将不明显影响机器的效率。 
在显示的实施例中，衬套厚度等级为0.5到2英寸并形成在部分28a、28b中，并在室的相对侧上带有重叠的凸缘。该凸缘无约束的配合在一起，因此气体可以在它们之间通过以便平衡衬套内外的压力并因此避免否则可能破坏陶瓷材料的压力。另外，衬套可以形成有用于平衡压力的穿孔(未显示)。类似的，此衬套可以形成有不同数目的可以通过其它方法连接到一起的部分。 
燃料入口32设置在靠近燃烧室的入口端19以将燃料引入该燃烧室。此燃料与从压缩室注入的热压缩空气混合并通过该室的残余热量或者通过诸如电热塞(未显示)等其它合适的装置引燃。 
衬套的内壁33是凹凸不平的或者不平的以进一步促进燃料和空气混合物在穿过燃烧室时的彻底混合和完全燃烧。此外，尖锐的突出34从衬套壁延伸到燃烧室并在整个燃烧室中产生热点，该热点进一步确保任何注入燃烧室中的燃料完全燃烧。 
例如，此突出可以是嵌入该衬套壁中的陶瓷细针或者金属线。该突出不被冷却，并且没有将热量从其导出的良好途经。从而，这些突出足够热，例如850°K-1700°K，以引燃任何可能与其接触的未燃烧燃料。 
一个或者多个温度传感器和压力传感器36、37设置在燃料入口的下游。燃烧室中的温度因此被监控和控制，因此该温度不能达到形成NOX的程度。在那方面，燃烧温度优选为保持在大约1700°K以下并不允许超过大约1800°K，因为这是NOX形成的温度。来自压力传感器的信息被车载微处理器(未显示)利用以控制阀门定时和运行以提供所希望的燃烧室压力、最高的效率以及启动的和制动的简易。 
在图4的实施例中，气流隔离器39设置在燃料/空气混合物发生引燃和燃烧的燃烧室的入口端。该隔离器为延伸穿过燃烧室并将燃烧室的入口部分分成两区段或者两段40的叶片，而燃料入口仅仅将燃料注入其中的一个。燃料因此开始仅仅被与注入一区段的部分空气混合并引燃。当气体向燃烧室下部运动并通过隔离器时，燃烧混合物与来自其它区段中的空气混合，而相 应的混合物平均压力较低并具有可能十分低的有效燃烧温度(例如低于大约1400°K)以至于否则将产生一氧化碳(CO)污染。这与在极低的温度下燃烧极度稀薄的空气/燃料混合物具有相同的效果。因此，发动机将在具有高的有效空气燃料比的稀薄混合物下运行，该比率的混合物在其它发动机中将不能燃烧，而这样的运行也不产生污染。 
在图5的实施例中，隔离器有四个轴向延伸的径向叶片41，该叶片将燃烧室的入口部分分成四个区段或段42，燃料入口仅仅向其中之一注入燃料。又在此处，燃料仅仅被与注入一个区段的空气混合并开始引燃。当气体向燃烧室下部运动并经过隔离器时，燃烧的混合物与来自其它区段的空气混合。 
作为示例，通常当空气燃料比在大约10∶1到20∶1之间时发动机的燃料将燃烧，而对于多数普通的燃料，空气燃料比为大约14.6∶1时发生完全燃烧。如果载荷状态仅仅需要60∶1的空气燃料比而相应量的燃料被注入燃烧室的全部入口区域，一些燃料可能不会燃烧，或者燃烧温度可能不是足够高到允许一氧化碳的完全氧化。然而，当一些量的燃料仅仅被注入气流隔离器四个区段中的一个时，该区段中的有效空气燃料比为15∶1，混合物将燃烧的非常好。 
该发动机可以燃烧几乎不限多么稀薄的汽油。限制不在于燃烧，而在于混合物提供足够能量以保持机器空转的能力。在燃烧室中具有隔离器的发动机中，最小的区段接收14.6∶1的空气燃料比混合物和总空气流的大约10％，净效应将与在空气燃料比为146∶1时运行相等。当在高功率等级下运行时，燃烧室的超过一个区段可以接收注入的燃料，而实际燃烧温度将保持在1400°K和1700°K之间以减少空气污染。 
由于燃料开始仅仅被与注入燃烧室中的部分空气混合并引燃，该机器可以比其它发动机使用相当高的总空气燃料比。因此，该发动机可以在更稀薄时运行并甚至在例如启动和空转的低载荷条件下也具有高的燃料效率。 
气流隔离器的引导端可以为宽度或厚度比叶片其它部分更大的杆或者管道。隔离物表面的不连续性将在通过其的混合物中产生涡流和附加湍流，因此提供了更充分的空气和燃料混合以及燃料的更完全燃烧。 
气流隔离器可以将燃烧室分成任何希望的区段，而不是仅仅将燃烧室分成相等尺寸的区段或者单元，同时燃料被注入一个或者多个这些区段，如在特定应用中所希望或者需要。 
因此在图6中的实施例中，例如，气流隔离器43将燃烧室的入口部分分成截面积为燃烧室截面积10％、30％以及60％级别的三区段44、46、47，燃料注射器48、49、51用于将燃料引入各自单元。这个特殊的设置有利之处在于其用最小数量的注射器提供了最大范围的空气燃料比。 
如果需要，一个计算机或者其它控制器可以与压力和/或温度传感器结合使用以调整注入每个区段中的燃料的量以及所注入区段的数目以为特定的运行条件提供合适的空气燃料比。 
图7的实施例与图1-3中的实施例相似，除了燃烧室是直的而不是自身向后部折回。此燃烧室具有用诸如钢或者其它合适的金属和/或复合材料等结构足够强度的材料制成的外壁或外壳53和用隔热陶瓷材料制成的衬套54。除了是直的之外，外壁53和衬套54与图1-3中实施例的外壁27和衬套28类似，且内壁56为凹凸不平的或者崎岖不平的并具有尖锐的突起57以产生局部热点。燃料入口58设置在燃烧室入口端附近，而温度和压力传感器59、61设置在燃料入口下游。 
图8的实施例也与图1-3的实施例类似，但在这个实施例中，绝缘材料28设置在燃烧室壁27的外侧。否则这两个实施例将相同，其中对应的部件用相同的数字标记表示。与在图1-3中的实施例一样，壁27由结构强度足够并可以经受高温的材料制成，绝热材料28是绝热陶瓷材料，例如二氧化硅、氮化硅、氧化铝、氧化锆、氮化硼及其组合物。 
在图9-10中的实施例中，燃烧室具有直的侧壁63，与图7中的实施例一样。在壁外侧上有绝热材料64，与图8中的实施例一样。在此实施例中，壁63由结构强度足够并可以经受高温的材料制成，绝热材料64为绝热陶瓷材料，例如二氧化硅、氮化硅、氧化铝、氧化锆、氮化硼及其组合物。 
图7-10的实施例运行和使用与图1-3的实施例类似。 
图11的实施例与图2的实施例类似，此实施例具有附加湍流器以进一步促进燃烧室中空气和燃料的产生湍流及混合。在图示的实施例中，湍流器为在燃烧室中的气流路径横向或者横贯延伸的长条形的杆或者圆柱。将湍流器设置在燃料进入燃烧室的区域尤其有利，这样在燃烧完成之前混合达到最大限度。这可以用作限制微观最大燃烧温度并因此有助于减少诸如NOX等高温污染物的形成。 
图12A说明了由一个湍流器66产生的湍流67。如图12B中所示，如果 一个或者多个湍流器彼此间隔设置在第一个下游，湍流将会更大。所产生的湍流的量取决于湍流器的相对大小和间距，并且申请人发现，当湍流器之间的间隔至少为湍流器直径的四倍时，即，当L/D＝4时，发生更高层级的涡流和混合，此处L是湍流器中心到中心的间距而D是湍流器的直径。 
当使用多个湍流器时，从上游湍流器逼近下游湍流器的气流为湍流，当两个湍流器之间的距离减小到直到该距离为湍流器直径的四倍时，在上游湍流器后面发散的旋涡被更加干扰。这个干涉引起流体力特性的变化和流动引起的混合的发生。 
湍流器之间不同间隔的湍流器效应在图12B-12D中说明。在图12B中L/D＝3，间距太近而不允许上游湍流器后面的涡流完全发散。在图12C中L/D＝4以及在图12C中L/D＝5时，涡流和混合相当大。 
在图13中的实施例中，燃烧室71的入口部分被静止的叶片74分为两个区段72、73，且燃料注射器76将燃料注射到两个区段之一，即区段72。一个可调节的流体分流器77将从压缩室输入的加压空气根据机器此时的需要在两个区段之间分配。在这个特殊的实施例中，流体分流器包括一个运动叶片78，该叶片铰接在静止叶片74的上游端以旋转运动来控制到两个区段的入口的打开的相对大小。 
操作杆79连接到运动叶片并横向延伸穿过燃烧室的绝热侧壁82中的小孔81。杆的外端连接到燃烧室外的一个线性致动器83，且波纹管84为燃烧室开口周围的壁提供了高温密封。通过在接近铰节的点将致动杆连接到叶片，制动器和波纹管所需要的运动量都可以最小。 
波纹管是由能够经受高温的材料制成，例如，钽。虽然致动杆可以从室内传导一些热量到波纹管，但是这并不是个问题，因为运动的叶片和杆在室中温度只有大约850K°的较冷的部分。另外，因为波纹管在燃烧室壁外部，所以该波纹管稍微被绝热壁所保护，并且波纹管也被周围空气冷却。 
温度传感器86、87监控燃料被注入并被引燃的区段72和燃烧室在分段区段下游的区域内以及燃烧混合物与通过区段73的剩余空气发生混合的区域的温度。来自传感器的信息可以被计算机或者其它控制器利用以分配气流以保持希望的燃烧温度。 
图14中显示的实施例大体上与图13的实施例相似，除了在这个实施例中气流分配器包含一个形式为隔板或者平板88的可调节阀门，该阀门横向 或者横贯延伸穿过燃烧室以改变进气口相对于两个区段的大小。操作杆89连接到该阀门并延伸穿过燃烧室侧壁92中的开口91。杆的外端连接到燃烧室外的一个线性致动器93，而波纹管94为燃烧室壁提供高温密封。滑动阀门的线性移动提供更大的线性气流控制而比铰接的叶片需要更小的移动力，但该阀门从最小功率到最大功率需要更多的移动。 
图13和14的实施例的运行类似。在其每一个中，输送到两个区段的每一个中的压缩空气的相对量是由气流分配器的位置决定。可用于初始引燃和下游附加燃烧的空气的量可以非常精确的确定，而燃烧温度可以被确定为任何希望的功率级别并可以被在不同的功率级别之间平稳而持续调节。 
由于具有可调节气流分配器，燃烧室的入口区域仅仅需要被分为两部分，并且只需要一个燃料注射器来就可以为燃烧温度提供必须的无限控制。因此，燃烧温度很容易保持在避免污染的最高和最低值之间，并很容易的为任何希望的功率级别设定。 
在所有公开的实施例中，进入燃烧室的空气的温度比燃烧室内的空气温度或者排出燃烧室的低，因此，进入燃烧室的管道可以是外部绝热而不是内部绝热。没有内部绝热的话，管道的直径可以更小，这可以节省空间并允许更紧凑的弯管。 
除了防止产生NOX和CO外，燃烧室也被认为可以防止第三种污染-未燃烧的碳氢化合物。燃烧室具有非常热的壁，该壁不熄灭火焰前锋，这在水冷气缸中发生燃烧的发动机中可能发生。另外，任何与燃烧室的壁接触的燃料将汽化并被引燃。因此，高温内壁是具有很显著优势的一个特征。 
本发明有许多重要的调整和优势。具有凹凸不平表面壁的、长的、绝热的专用燃烧室，在燃烧室入口或其附近的弯管，用于完全燃烧燃料并加热工作气体的气流湍流器。燃烧室足够大以平均来自压缩活塞的冲击并降低压力变化的速度以便计算机和控制器有时间反应并对整个过程保持控制。 
燃烧室的尺寸或长度也影响气体充分燃烧的时间。例如，在3000RPM并且燃烧室的容积为每一个循环进入燃烧室的压缩气体的10倍时，气体将有0.1到0.2秒之间的点燃和燃烧时间，取决于载荷。这是对气缸中具有燃烧室的常规3000RPM的内燃机显著改进，该常规内燃机仅有大约0.01秒的完全燃烧时间。这对于完全燃烧是不充分的时间，而未燃烧气体通过排放系统作为污染物排放，该污染物可能需要进一步处理。反之，本发明的内燃机的 燃烧室中用于点燃和燃烧的时间可以比其它相同的转速(RPM)运行的内燃机长很多(一般在2到100倍长的级别)。 
在燃烧室中有绝热衬套的实施例中，衬套防止热量的损失，热量损失将降低内燃机的效率。该衬套也保持金属管或外壳不与高温气体直接接触并避免使用诸如钨或钽等熔点足够高而能承受燃烧室中例如1700°K(1425℃)高温的金属。 
绝热衬套也防止沿着燃烧室内壁轴向和径向的热传递或者热损失。因为燃烧室端部连接到内燃机其它可能水冷的部分，所以尽可能的减小轴向热损失很重要。因此，此衬套提供径向和轴向绝热的同时允许燃烧室使用常用的、廉价的、低熔点的金属，例如钢铁。 
燃烧室内壁的绝热允许该燃烧室的所有部分具有高温，这防止燃料凝结在燃烧室内壁上，如在奥图发动机和狄塞尔内燃机中发生的。这有助于进一步改进燃料效率并减少空气污染，因为在排气行程中没有凝结的碳氢化合物排放到大气中。 
此分段的燃烧室可以燃烧任何非常稀薄燃料空气混合物并可以保持合适的温度范围以避免CO和NOX以及未燃烧的碳氢化合物的产生，而且在一些实施例中，这是在高温高压的燃烧室中没有运动部件下完成的。 
从上述内容显然看出，本发明提供了一种新的并且改进的内燃机和方法。而这里仅仅描述了表述上优选的一些实施例。明显，对本领域技术人员来说，一定的变化和修改可以在不背离本发明的如所附权利要求所限定的范围内做出。 

Claims (45)

1.一种内燃机，包括：长条形的燃烧室；用于将压缩空气输送到燃烧室的压缩室；用于控制入口到压缩室的联通的阀门；用于控制压缩室和燃烧室之间联通的出口阀门；用于将燃料引入燃烧室的燃料入口，在这里所述燃料与来自压缩室的空气混合以形成混合物，该混合物当通过所述燃烧室时连续燃烧；具有输出元件的膨胀室，该输出元件由燃烧燃料混合物产生的膨胀气体驱动；用于控制燃烧室和膨胀室之间联通的入口阀门；排气口，废气通过该排气口从所述膨胀室被排出，以及用于控制通过所述排气口联通的阀门。
2.如权利要求1所述的内燃机，其中所述压缩室和燃烧室的相对尺寸是这样：来自每个压缩循环的空气停留在所述燃烧室中的时间比压缩循环的持续时间长。
3.如权利要求2所述的内燃机，其中来自每个压缩循环的空气在燃烧室中的停留时间至少为压缩循环持续时间的两倍。
4.如权利要求1所述的内燃机，其中所述压缩室包括压缩气缸和在该气缸中往复运动的活塞，在所述活塞的压缩行程中空气被压缩且气体通过所述燃烧室的平均流动时间大于所述压缩行程的持续时间。
5.如权利要求4所述的内燃机，其中气体通过所述燃烧室的平均流动时间至少是所述压缩行程持续时间的两倍。
6.如权利要求1所述的内燃机，所述燃烧室包括压缩气缸和在该压缩气缸中往复运动的活塞，所述燃烧室具有1到100倍所述内燃机每次循环进入所述燃烧室的压缩气体的容积。
7.如权利要求1所述的内燃机，其中所述压缩室包括具有运动部件，该运动部件压缩空气并连接到所述膨胀室中的输出元件并与之配合从而将所述燃烧室中的压力保持为恒定水平。
8.如权利要求1所述的内燃机，其中所述压缩室包括具有可移动活塞的压缩气缸，所述膨胀室包括膨胀气缸，且所述输出元件包括在所述膨胀气缸中的活塞，包括一个将所述活塞互相连接以在所述膨胀气缸和压缩气缸中顶部和底部死点位置之间往复运动的曲轴。
9.如前述权利要求中任何一条所述的内燃机，其中所述燃烧室在所述压缩室和所述膨胀室之间提供曲折扭曲的通道。
10.如权利要求1-8中任何一条所述的内燃机，其中所述燃烧室具有形式为直圆柱的侧壁。
11.如权利要求1-8中任何一条所述的内燃机，其中所述燃烧室向自身折回并具有凹凸不平的、曲折的内侧壁，且燃料空气混合物在通过所述燃烧室时进一步通过该凹凸不平的、曲折的侧壁混合。
12.如权利要求1-8中任何一条所述的内燃机，其中所述燃烧室具有多个长的、尖锐的突起，该突起在所述燃烧室中延伸以形成促进燃料空气混合物燃烧的热点。
13.如权利要求12所述的内燃机，其中所述长的、尖锐的突起由从包括金属线、陶瓷材料的细针及其组合物的组中选出的材料制成。
14.如权利要求1-8中任何一条所述的内燃机，包括多个气流湍流器，该湍流器在所述燃烧室的横向延伸并在所述燃烧室长度方向间隔开。
15.如权利要求14所述的内燃机，其中所述湍流器截面为圆形，而所述湍流器之间的距离和湍流器直径之比至少为4。
16.如权利要求1-8中任何一条所述的内燃机，其中所述燃烧室的壁包括绝热陶瓷材料。
17.如权利要求1-8中任何一条所述的内燃机，其中所述燃烧室的侧壁包括结构强度足够的材料制成的外壁和绝热陶瓷材料制成的内衬套。
18.如权利要求16所述的内燃机，其中所述绝热陶瓷材料是从包括二氧化硅、氮化硅、氧化铝、氧化锆、氮化硼及其组合物的组中选出。
19.如权利要求17所述的内燃机，其中衬套以允许其内部和外部的气体压力相等的方式形成。
20.如权利要求17所述的内燃机，其中所述衬套形成在装配在一起的区段：这些区段以使得气体可以通过所述区段之间并在所述衬套内部和外部实现压力相等的方式装配到一起。
21.如权利要求17所述的内燃机，其中所述外壁由从包括金属、复合材料及其组合物的组中选出的材料制成。
22.如权利要求1-8中任何一条所述的内燃机，其中所述燃烧室具有用结构强度足够的材料制成并可以经受高温的内壁和用绝热材料制成的外套。
23.如权利要求22所述的内燃机，其中所述外套是由从包括二氧化硅、氮化硅、氧化铝、氧化锆、氮化硼及其组合物的组中选出的陶瓷材料制成。
24.如权利要求1-8中任何一条所述的内燃机，包括在所述燃料入口附近的气流隔离器，该隔离器在燃烧室中形成了一个更小的容积，在此处燃料开始可以仅仅与所述室中的一部分空气混合并燃烧。
25.如权利要求24所述的内燃机，其中所述气流隔离器在所述燃烧室的端部轴向延伸并将该端部分成多个区段，具有用于将空气引入所述室的装置，其将压缩空气注入所述室的端部以便其通过所有区段，且所述燃料入口将燃料仅仅引入一部分的所述区段，因此燃料开始仅仅与所述室中的部分空气混合并燃烧并随后与所述室中剩余的空气混合并进一步燃烧。
26.如权利要求24所述的内燃机，其中所述气流隔离器将所述燃烧室分成截面面积为所述室截面面积10％、30％以及60％级别的区段，并具有用于将燃料引入每个所述区段的燃料入口。
27.如权利要求1-8中任何一条所述的内燃机，其中长条形的燃烧室具有多个区段，所述燃料入口将燃料引入至少一个所述区段，以及用于在接收燃料的区段和一个不接收燃料的区段之间分配空气的可调节气流分配器。
28.如权利要求27所述的内燃机，其中所述可调节气流分配器包括铰接的叶片。
29.如权利要求27所述的内燃机，其中所述可调节气流分配器包括阀门，该阀门在与所述室垂直的横向方向上延伸并可以相对于所述区段横向移动。
30.如权利要求27所述的内燃机，包括操作杆，该操作杆连接到所述气流分配器并延伸贯穿所述室的壁上的开口，并具有在所述开口周围的壁形成高温密封的波纹管。
31.如权利要求1-8中任何一条所述的内燃机，其中所述燃烧室中的压力在250到1000PSI之间。
32.如权利要求1-8中任何一条所述的内燃机，其中在稳定运行期间，所述燃烧室中的压力变化小于所述燃烧室中平均压力的20％。
33.一种运转内燃机的方法，包括的步骤有：
在压缩室中压缩空气，将来自压缩室的空气引入长条形的、容积大于压缩室的燃烧室，将燃料引入燃烧室，在这里将所述燃料与来自压缩室的空气混合以形成燃料空气混合物，点燃该混合物以便其在穿过燃烧室时持续燃烧，以及将由燃烧混合物产生的膨胀气体输送到单独的膨胀室以驱动输出元件。
34.如权利要求33所述的方法，其中所述压缩室和所述燃烧室的相对尺寸使得来自压缩循环的空气在所述燃烧室中停留的时间比压缩循环的持续时间长。
35.如权利要求34所述的方法，其中来自每个压缩循环的空气停留在所述燃烧室中的时间至少为所述压缩循环持续时间的两倍。
36.如权利要求33所述的方法，其中空气通过所述压缩室中的活塞的压缩行程被压缩，且气体穿过所述燃烧室的平均流动时间大于所述压缩行程持续的时间。
37.如权利要求36所述的方法，其中气体通过所述燃烧室的平均流动时间至少是所述压缩行程持续时间的两倍。
38.如权利要求33所述的方法，其中所述压缩室包括压缩气缸以及在所述压缩气缸中往复运动的活塞，并且所述方法包括打开阀门以允许来自所述压缩室的空气进入所述膨胀室的步骤，当打开时，所述燃烧室的容积至少是所述压缩气缸容积的两倍。
39.如权利要求38所述的方法，其中当所述阀门打开时，所述燃烧室的容积至少是所述压缩气缸容积的十倍。
40.如权利要求33所述的方法，其中所述压缩室中的空气被可移动元件压缩，该可移动元件连接到并与输出元件配合以保持所述燃烧室中的压力恒定。
41.如权利要求33所述的方法，其中所述燃烧室向自身折回并具有凹凸不平的、曲折内侧壁，且燃料空气混合物在通过所述室时被该凹凸不平的曲折侧壁进一步混合。
42.如权利要求33所述的方法，其中由所述燃烧室中长的、锋利的突起形成的热点促进燃料空气混合物的燃烧。
43.如权利要求33所述的方法，其中通过所述燃烧室中的气流湍流器促进燃料和空气的混合。
44.如权利要求33所述的方法，包括将燃料引入所述燃烧室中多个区段之一以及将接收燃料的区段和不接收燃料的区段之间的空气分开的步骤。
45.如权利要求33所述的方法，还包括的步骤有：将空气和燃料引入燃烧室的第一区域以形成具有第一空气燃料比的混合物，在第一区域中点燃该混合物；点燃后为所述混合物中增加空气而不改变所述燃烧室的容积以增大空气燃料的有效比例并因此提供一种稀薄混合物，使稀薄混合物通过容积恒定的燃烧室的第二区域以进行额外燃烧。
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US20070012024A1 (en) 2007-01-18
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US20070017201A1 (en) 2007-01-25
US7905204B2 (en) 2011-03-15
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