CN101167658B - 操纵器系统 - Google Patents

操纵器系统 Download PDF

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CN101167658B
CN101167658B CN2007101674711A CN200710167471A CN101167658B CN 101167658 B CN101167658 B CN 101167658B CN 2007101674711 A CN2007101674711 A CN 2007101674711A CN 200710167471 A CN200710167471 A CN 200710167471A CN 101167658 B CN101167658 B CN 101167658B
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CN101167658A (zh
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大森繁
佐野弘明
一柳正雄
神野诚
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Karl Stoss & Co KG GmbH
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Toshiba Corp
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/90—Identification means for patients or instruments, e.g. tags
    • A61B90/94—Identification means for patients or instruments, e.g. tags coded with symbols, e.g. text
    • A61B90/96—Identification means for patients or instruments, e.g. tags coded with symbols, e.g. text using barcodes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00—Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/70—Manipulators specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00—Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/70—Manipulators specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/71—Manipulators operated by drive cable mechanisms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00—Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/70—Manipulators specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/72—Micromanipulators
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/90—Identification means for patients or instruments, e.g. tags
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/90—Identification means for patients or instruments, e.g. tags
    • A61B90/98—Identification means for patients or instruments, e.g. tags using electromagnetic means, e.g. transponders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B2017/00367—Details of actuation of instruments, e.g. relations between pushing buttons, or the like, and activation of the tool, working tip, or the like
    • A61B2017/00398—Details of actuation of instruments, e.g. relations between pushing buttons, or the like, and activation of the tool, working tip, or the like using powered actuators, e.g. stepper motors, solenoids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B2017/0046—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets with a releasable handle; with handle and operating part separable
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B2017/00477—Coupling
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/08—Accessories or related features not otherwise provided for
    • A61B2090/0803—Counting the number of times an instrument is used
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    • A61B90/08—Accessories or related features not otherwise provided for
    • A61B2090/0804—Counting number of instruments used; Instrument detectors
    • A61B2090/0805—Counting number of instruments used; Instrument detectors automatically, e.g. by means of magnetic, optical or photoelectric detectors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/30—Devices for illuminating a surgical field, the devices having an interrelation with other surgical devices or with a surgical procedure
    • A61B2090/309—Devices for illuminating a surgical field, the devices having an interrelation with other surgical devices or with a surgical procedure using white LEDs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/36—Image-producing devices or illumination devices not otherwise provided for
    • A61B90/361—Image-producing devices, e.g. surgical cameras
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/36—Image-producing devices or illumination devices not otherwise provided for
    • A61B90/37—Surgical systems with images on a monitor during operation

Abstract

本发明提供一种操纵器系统。操纵器(10)具有带有电动机(40、41、42)的致动器块(30)和相对于该致动器块(30)可自由拆装的作业部(16)，该作业部(16)在连结轴(48)的前端具有与电动机(40、41、42)连动地转动的前端动作部(12)。作业部(16)具有保持个体识别用的个体信号的二维的代码(104)。致动器块(30)具有以与代码(104)非接触的方式识别该代码(104)的个体信号并供给至控制器(514)的红外线照相机(106)。控制器(514)根据所供给的个体信号来控制作业部(16)。

Description

操纵器系统
技术领域
本发明涉及操纵器以及控制该操纵器的操纵器系统，特别是涉及具有由致动器部和作业部构成的操纵器的操纵器系统，其中，致动器部具有致动器，作业部具有可相对于该致动器部自由拆装，与致动器协动地进行动作的动作部。
背景技术
在腹腔镜下的手术中，在患者的腹部等开设几个小孔，插入内窥镜、操纵器(或钳子)等，操作者一面通过显示器观看内窥镜的影像一面进行手术。这样的腹腔镜下的手术由于不需要剖腹，所以对患者的负担少，从而能够大幅度缩短手术后的恢复天数以及住院天数，因此期待着扩大应用范围。
例如在日本特开2004-105451号公报中所述，操纵器系统由操纵器本体和控制该操纵器本体的控制装置构成。操纵器本体由通过人手进行操作的操作部和可相对于操作部自由更换地拆装的作业部构成。
作业部具有长的连结轴和设置在该连结轴的前端的前端动作部(也称为末端执行器)，通过金属丝驱动前端的作业部的电动机设置在操作部上。金属丝在基端侧卷绕在滑轮上。控制装置驱动设置在操作部的电动机以便通过滑轮循环驱动金属丝。
作业部侧不包括传感器等的电子设备以便易于进行清洗、杀菌，因此是无法直接地检测出前端动作部以及后端的滑轮的位置或原点的结构，因此采用了根据电动机的旋转量来计算前端动作部的姿势的结构。
在腹腔镜下的手术中，根据处置方法使用各种作业部，例如，夹钳、剪、电刀、超声波手术刀、医用钻头等。这些作业部构成为相对于操作部可自由拆装，并构成为在安装时作业部基端侧的滑轮与设置在操作部的电动机的旋转轴卡合。
这样，将多个不同的作业部与一个操作部连接，在以此为前提的系统的情况下，需要设定使所有的作业部唯一通用并成为能够拆装的姿势的电动机相位(例如，参照日本特开2004-105451号公报)。将此作为原点(或初始位置)。
作为操纵器系统的现有技术，有日本特开2004-105451号公报、日本特开2004-208922号公报、以及美国专利第6331181号说明书(日本)。
在日本特开2004-105451号公报中，提出了无需考虑拆装时的电动机励磁转换和电气构成的结构。
在日本特开2004-208922号公报中，记载了多个前端工具(作业部)的电拆装。
在美国专利第6331181号说明书中，记载了关于医疗用操纵器的拆装，在前端的操纵器上具有用于获取ID的存储器，控制装置获取该信息以进行控制的技术。存储器是ROM或闪存等，通过电接点来传输ID。
以外在进行外科手术时，外科医生为了能够一面直接看到患者的内部一面进行手术而切开大的切口。大的切口使患者恢复慢。近年来，许多外科医生在内窥镜下进行低侵害的外科手术，能够显著地缩小切口。
机器人外科器具使低侵害的外科手术进一步发展。这些外科器具是高度专业的。这些外科器具必须效仿外科医生的最小化的动作。外科医生对脏器进行切除、剥离以及缝合等多种不同的操作。要求各种不同的外科器具具有各种不同的功能。为了各种功能而制造了不同的医疗器具。但是，根据功能来替换只是与控制单元连接的外科器具是经济的方法。为了准确地控制外科器具，必须识别供安装的各种外科器具。
即，在能够相对于致动器部安装各种作业部的情况下，需要在控制部进行与作业部的种类相对应的控制，这需要作业部的个体信息。
并且，如上所述，例如以原点位置为基准来计算前端动作部的姿势，因此，在手术中途更换作业部的情况下，为了准备下一作业而希望该作业部准确地形成与原点一致的轴位置后卸下。在与原点位置不一致的状态下卸下时，最好发出规定的警报以督促重新安装该作业部，但此时需要识别作业部，以便不会安装其他的作业部。
在上述的美国专利第6331181号说明书中，能够从ROM读取工具的个体信息，从而能够根据该个体信息进行与作业部的种类相对应的控制。但是，如上所述，由于作业部要在一连串的手术结束后进行清洗和杀菌，所以最好不包括电子设备，特别是最好不包括电接点。
并且，如果根据获取的个体信息了解到各作业部的使用情况，则容易进行作业部的管理。但是，也有准备了多台用于连接的控制部的情况，若事先将作业部的使用历史信息保存在规定的控制部，则将该作业部与其他的控制部连接，也不能了解使用情况，非常不便。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供能够获取作业部的个体信息的操纵器系统。
本发明的其他目的是提供能够简便地对作业部进行清洗和杀菌的操纵器系统。
另外，本发明的目的是使操纵器上的作业部为无电接点的结构。
本发明的操纵器系统具有操纵器以及控制该操纵器的控制部，其特征在于，所述操纵器具有：致动器部，其带有致动器；和作业部，其相对于所述致动器可自由拆装，并在轴的前端具有前端动作部，所述前端动作部与所述致动器连动而以与所述轴不平行的轴为基准进行转动，所述作业部具有保持个体识别用的个体信号的ID保持部，所述致动器部具有ID识别部，该ID识别部以与所述ID保持部非接触的方式来识别该ID保持部的所述个体信号并供给至所述控制部，所述控制部根据所供给的所述个体信号来控制所述作业部。
这样，通过使用非接触的ID保持部以及ID识别部，能够取得作业部的个体信息，并且没有电接点，能够简便地对作业部进行清洗和杀菌。并且，由于没有电接点，因此不会发生由于该接点不良引起的通信错误。一般来说，非接触装置的使用寿命高于电接点。
本发明提供对安装在机器人外科装置上的外科器具进行识别的装置和方法，以便能够使机器人控制准确且可靠性高地控制外科器具。具体是，装置包括外科器具和外科器具控制机构，但不局限于此。外科器具包括识别外科器具的发送器和外科器具，但不局限于此。外科器具控制机构具有接收发送来的ID信息的接收器。但不局限于此。
其他具体示例是，外科装置包括外科器具和外科器具控制机构。但不局限于此。外科器具包括外科器具和限定外科器具的识别部。但不局限于此。外科器具控制机构包括读取识别部的读取装置。但不局限于此。
其他的具体示例提供自动识别用于低侵害手术的外科器具的方法。该方法包括利用接收器接收个别信息，根据该信息来控制外科器具的方法。但不局限于此。在将外科器具设置在装置上的状态下进行识别。
其他的具体示例提供自动识别用于低侵害手术的外科器具的方法。该方法包括利用接收器接收个别信息，根据该信息来控制外科器具的方法。但不局限于此。在将外科器具安装在装置上的状态下进行识别。
附图说明
图1是本实施方式的操纵器系统的示意性构成图。
图2是本实施方式的操纵器系统的构成组合说明图。
图3是作业部和操作部分离后的操纵器的侧视图。
图4是操作部的立体图。
图5是连接部的局部剖面立体图。
图6是操作部的局部放大立体图。
图7是前端动作部的立体图。
图8是前端动作部的分解立体图。
图9是控制器的主视图。
图10是控制器的构成框图。
图11是多个控制器和主计算机通过LAN连接的状态的构成框图。
图12是表示使用历史信息表的内容的图。
图13是表示显示在监视器上的连接信息表格的图。
图14是表示控制操纵器的控制器的处理顺序的流程图。
图15是变形例的操纵器的局部剖面立体图。
图16是表示控制变形例的操纵器的控制器的处理顺序的流程图。
图17是第二实施方式的机器人外科装置整体的立体图。
图18是第二实施方式的机器人外科装置的第一变形例的图。
图19是第二实施方式的机器人外科装置的第二变形例的图。
图20是将作业部与机械手的前端连接的手术用机器人系统的示意性立体图。
具体实施方式
以下参照图1至图20来说明作为本发明实施方式的医疗用操纵器系统500。操纵器系统500(参照图1)用于腹腔镜下的手术等。
如图1所示，操纵器系统500具有操纵器10和控制器514。
在操纵器10和控制器514的连接部设置有可拆装的连接器520。
操纵器10用于在前端动作部12把持生物体的一部分或弯曲针等进行规定的处理。操纵器10的基本构成由操作部14和作业部16构成。控制器514对操纵器10进行电气控制，该控制器514通过连接器520与从握持手柄26的下端部延伸出的电缆61连接。
控制器514能够独立地同时控制三台操纵器10。在控制器514中，也将控制第一、第二以及第三操纵器10的部分统称为第一端口515a、第二端口515b以及第三端口515c。图1和图2所示的主计算机602将在后面说明。
如图2所示，操纵器系统500可选择性地采用各种构成。即，关于操作部14，作为变更准备了操作部14a～14d，关于作业部16，作为变更准备了作业部16a～16d。
在控制器514上能够安装操作部14b、14c以及14d来代替操作部14a。并且，相对于各操作部14a～14d，能够安装作业部16b、16c以及16d来代替作业部16a。即，操作者可以根据处置方法的种类和习惯等来选择性地组合构成操作部14a～14d和作业部16a～16d。其中，作业部16b的前端动作部12是剪。作业部16c的前端动作部12是刀片型电刀。作业部16d的前端动作部12是钩型电刀。各作业部16a～16d与连接部15内的滑轮50a、50b和50c(参照图1)成为通用的结构。
如上所述，控制器514由于可同时控制三台操纵器10，所以能够将操作部14a～14d中的任意三个与第一端口515a、第二端口515b以及第三端口515c连接。
以下对由操作部14和作业部16构成的操纵器10进行说明。
操纵器10用于在前端动作部12把持生物体的一部分或弯曲针等进行规定的处理，通常也称为把持钳或持针器等。
如图1和图3所示，操纵器10具有通过人手把持和操作的操作部14以及相对于该操作部14可自由拆装的作业部16。
在以下的说明中，将图1中的宽度方向规定为X方向，将高度方向规定为Y方向，将连结轴48的延伸方向规定为Z方向。并且，将右方规定为X1方向、左方为X2方向、上方为Y1方向、下方为Y2方向、前方为Z1方向、后方为Z2方向。而且，只要不事先说明，这些方向的记载以操纵器10是中立姿势的情况为基准进行表示。这些方向是为了便于说明，操纵器10当然可以在任意的朝向上使用。
作业部16具有进行作业的前端动作部12、与操作部14的致动器块(致动器部)30连接的连接部15以及连接前端动作部12和连接部15的长的空心连结轴48。通过致动器块30的规定的操作，作业部16能够脱离操作部14，从而能够进行清洗、杀菌以及保养等。在此，致动器块30是指安装作业部16的部位，不局限于收纳电动机40、41、42的部位，包括与桥部28的连接面30a。
前端动作部12和连结轴48形成为细直径，以便能够从设置在患者腹部等的圆筒形的套管针20插入体腔22内，通过操作部1 4的操作，能够在体腔22内进行患部的切除、把持、缝合以及结扎等各种处置。
操作部14具有通过人手把持的握持手柄26、从该握持手柄26的上部延伸的桥部28以及与该桥部28的前端连接的致动器块30。
如图1所示，操作部14的握持手柄26从桥部28的端部起向Y2方向延伸，是适合于人手把持的长度，该握持手柄26具有作为输入装置的扳柄32、复合输入部34以及开关36。
在桥部28的上表面(或侧面)上的视觉容易确认的部位设置有LED(指示器)29，LED 29是显示操纵器10的控制状态的指示器，是操作者容易识别的大小并且小而轻不妨碍操作。LED 29设置在桥部28的上表面的大约中间部并且位于视觉容易确认的位置。
在握持手柄26的下端设置有与控制器514连接的电缆61。握持手柄26与电缆61一体连接。握持手柄26与电缆61也可以通过连接器连接。
复合输入部34是向前端动作部12发出翻滚方向(轴旋转方向)以及偏转方向(左右方向)的旋转指令的复合输入装置，例如通过在轴旋转方向进行动作的第一输入装置进行翻滚方向的指示，通过在横向进行动作的第二输入装置进行偏转方向的指示。扳柄32是发出使前端动作部12的夹钳59(参照图1)进行开闭的指令的输入装置。开关36是用于设定操纵器10的动作状态有效还是无效的输入装置。
如图3和图4所示，在复合输入部34、扳柄32上设置有分别检测动作量的输入传感器39a、39b和39c，检测到的动作信号(例如模拟信号)供给到控制器514。
扳柄32是在桥部28的稍下方且稍微在Z1方向突出的手柄，该扳柄32设置在食指容易操作的位置。
扳柄32通过臂98与握持手柄26连接，并可相对于该握持手柄26进退。
开关36是可相对于该握持手柄26进退的操作机构，扳柄32和开关36配置在握持手柄26上的Z1方向的面上，并在握持手柄26的长度方向(Y方向)上并排设置。开关36设置在扳柄32的正下方(Y2方向)。在开关36和扳柄32之间设置有薄的板材130。
开关36是交替式，通过将开关36向近前(Z2方向)拉入一次而锁定在接通状态，从而操作件36a保持在近前侧的位置。通过将开关36再次向近前侧拉入而解除接通状态成为关断状态，从而通过无图示的弹性体复位到前端侧(Z1方向)的位置。通过这样的操作，开关36保持在接通状态或关断状态，而无需连续按压开关36。因此，只在切换接通状态和关断状态时操作开关36即可，除此之外的时候能够操作扳柄32，非常适于同时存在开关36和扳柄32。
并且，由于开关36在接通和关断的状态下操作件36a的突出量不同，所以通过目视或触摸操作件36a就能够确认状态。
开关36可变换模式。模式的状态通过LED 29和控制器514的规定的灯的点亮状态来显示。具体是，LED 29和规定的灯在动作模式时为绿灯亮，在停止模式时灯不亮。并且，在自动原点归位动作时以及复位动作时绿灯闪烁，发出警报时红灯闪烁。
通过开关36的操作能够改变这些模式和动作。即，控制器514读取开关36的状态，在接通状态时成为动作模式，从接通状态向关断状态转换时作为自动原点归位动作使电动机40、41、42归位到规定的原点，归位到原点后成为停止模式。
动作模式是使操作部14的操作指令有效以驱动电动机40、41和42的模式。停止模式是不论是否有操作部14的操作指令都使电动机40、41和42停止的模式。并且，归位动作是在进行规定的操作时使电动机40、41和42自动归位到规定的原点的动作。由于自动原点归位动作和复位动作是不论是否有操作指令都使电动机40、41和42动作，因此归到自动模式类。
这些模式和动作由控制器514区别地进行控制，并切换LED 29和规定的灯的亮灯状态。
在致动器块30上，与前端动作部12所具有的三自由度的机构相对应地设置有电动机40、电动机41以及电动机42，这些电动机40、41、42沿着连结轴48的延伸方向排列。这些电动机40、41和42是小而细的，以便致动器块30形成紧凑的扁平形状。致动器块30设置在操作部14的Z1方向端部的下方。并且，电动机40、41和42根据操作部14的操作而在控制器514的作用下旋转。
在电动机40、41和42上设置有能够检测旋转角度的角度传感器43、44和45，检测到的角度信号被供给到控制器514。角度传感器43、44和45例如使用旋转编码器。
作业部16具有与致动器块30连接的连接部15和从该连接部15沿Z1方向伸出的中空连结轴48。与电动机40、41和42的驱动轴连接的滑轮50a、滑轮50b以及滑轮50c可自由旋转地设置在连接部15上。分别在滑轮50a～50c上设置连结器。
金属丝52、金属丝53以及金属丝54卷绕在滑轮50a、滑轮50b以及滑轮50c上，并穿过连结轴48的中空部分48a(参照图7)而延伸到前端动作部12。金属丝52、金属丝53以及金属丝54能够分别采用相同的种类、相同的直径。
通过致动器块30的规定操作，作业部16的连接部15能够脱离操作部14，以便能够进行清洗、杀菌以及保养等。并且，作业部16也可以更换成其他形式的作业部，根据处置方法可安装连结轴48的长度不同的或前端动作部12的机构不同的作业部。
连接部15的构成是，电动机40、41和42的旋转轴40a、40b以及40c与滑轮50a、50b以及50c的中心孔嵌合。在滑轮50a、50b以及50c的Y2方向下端分别设置有十字形的结合凸部，在旋转轴40a、40b以及40c上设置有十字形的结合凹部。结合凸部和结合凹部能够相互卡合，电动机40、41和42的旋转能够可靠地传递到滑轮50a、50b以及50c。并且，结合凸部和结合凹部在原点位置以外不进行卡合。而且，这些卡合部不局限于十字形。
在致动器块30的与桥部28的连接面30a上设置有照相机(ID识别部、摄像装置)106、两个白色LED(发光装置)105。连接面30a是与作业部16的连接部15上的罩37的端面相抵接的面，构成XY平面。照相机106是对后述的图像码104(参照图5)进行拍摄的照相机，例如是CCD形式或CMOS形式。白色LED 105被设定为朝向使光轴照亮图像码104的方向，以便照相机106能够更可靠地识别图像码104。白色LED 105设置在隔着摄像机106左右对称的位置，以便能够平衡地照亮图像码104。白色LED 105也可以隔着摄像机106而上下设置，也可以等间隔地设置三个以上。白色LED105在具有足够光量的情况下也可只设置一个。
在用于安装连接部15的致动器块30的上表面30b上，在Z2方向的端部附近设置有检测连接部15的有无的作业部检测装置107。作业部检测装置107由设置在相对位置上的发光器107a和受光器107b组成，通过在该发光器107a和受光器107b之间插入连接部15的后端部的被检测片109进行遮光，能够检测出已安装该连接部15。发光器107a和受光器107b在X方向是相对的朝向，且设置在接近的位置上。发光器107a例如是LED，受光器107b例如是光电二极管。
如图5所示，在连接部15的滑轮收纳体300的上表面，在Z2方向端部附近设置有二维的图像码(ID保持部)104。图像码104例如是大致正方形的矩阵形状，按照方格印刷成黑和白。图像码104粘贴在构成XY平面的板104a上，设置在从罩37的后端部向前方(Z1方向)偏移适当的距离P的位置。
图像码104包括作业部16的个体信息、规格、计时印记(制造日期等)以及序列号、使用次数上限等信息。对图像码104所保持的个体信息付与不同的数值，以便能够按照作业部进行识别。
图像码104不只限于一张，也可是由多张构成。在图像码104由两张组成的情况下，可以是一张显示个体信息、制造日期、序列号等个体特有的信息，另一张显示规格、使用次数上限等机型共同的信息。
图像码104不局限于二维数据，也可以是一维形状的条形码。图像码104上的方格的颜色不局限于白色和黑色，也可以是红外线吸收色和红外线反射色，或者通过三种颜色以上的颜色区别表示信息。
图像码104所包含的信息由控制器514读取并显示在动作状态显示部530(参照图1)上，或者进行规定的判断后提醒注意或发出警告。
在滑轮收纳体300的后端面的下端，小的被检测片109朝向后方突出。连接部15一旦安装在致动器块30上，则被检测片109就插入到发光器107a和受光器107b之间，遮住发光器107a向受光器107b发出的光，并且，图像码104和照相机106是相距照相机106的焦点距离P而相对的。
此时，罩37覆盖这些部位，以使图像码104和照相机106在大致封闭的空间内。这样，能够防止弄脏图像码104和照相机106，并能够遮挡干扰光以进行稳定的拍摄。并且，即使是封闭空间，也能够通过白色LED 105照亮图像码104，因此能够进行稳定的拍摄。覆盖图像码104和照相机106的罩37也可设置在致动器块30上。由于图像码104和照相机106的相对位置以及朝向是固定的，所以在照相机106侧无需限定图像码104的位置和朝向，不需要用于限定这些的编码或者用少量编码即可，因此能够使图像码104上的可记录的信息量增加。
利用作业部检测装置107，能够在控制器514上识别出作业部16是否安装在致动器块30上。在作业部16安装在致动器块30上时(在此，所谓作业部16安装在致动器块30上时，不严密地讲，包括例如从作业部16安装在致动器块30上的瞬间到开始实际作业的期间。)，控制器514控制照相机106和白色LED 105以便从图像码104获取个体信号。这样，在控制器514上，至少在作业部16安装在致动器块30上时获取个体信号即可，除此之外的时候可以使照相机106和白色LED 105的动作停止，从而能降低处理负荷并省电。
照相机106的拍摄不局限于可视光，也可使用例如红外光。通过使用红外光，即使在昏暗的地方也能够明亮地拍摄图像码104。在使用红外光的情况下，也可利用规定的红外线LED照射图像码104。
作业部检测装置107不局限于由发光器107a和受光器107b构成，也可以是例如通过被检测片109操作的限位开关。并且，通过控制器514能够获取作业部16的个体信息，并能够根据该个体信息进行与作业部16的种类相对应的控制。
图像码104无需直接通电，在连接部15和作业部16没有电接点也没有电池等蓄电体。因此，从操作部14上卸下的作业部16易于进行清洗、杀菌等。即，由于电动机和开关、传感器等电器设备都设置在操作部14侧，只有由连结轴48及前端动作部12构成的机械构成部件所形成的部分设置在作业部16侧，因此提高了清洗性。对于作业部16和操作部14，由于污浊情况、污浊种类、清洗方法不同，而且要进行不同的维护保养，所以最好拆开进行清洗。
在将连接部15从操作部14卸下时，按压设置在致动器块30的两侧面的操作杆206以使其倾斜而分别向外侧打开，将该操作杆206的楔形部206a从设置在连接部15的两侧面的卡合片200上解除。这样，能够将连接部15从操作部14向上方(Y1方向)拔起、卸下。在致动器块30的上表面设置有三根校正销212，通过使这些校正销212与设置在连接部15上的嵌合孔202嵌合，能够稳定地保持该连接部15。在将连接部15安装在操作部14上时，三根校正销212分别与各嵌合孔202对准并嵌合，并且将连接部15向下方(Y2方向)压下。这样，操作杆206通过先向外侧扩展之后返回原位置而与卡合片200卡合，从而完成连接。
如图7和图8所示，前端作业部12是具有第一自由度机构(偏斜机构、枢轴)、第二自由度机构(翻滚旋转机构)和第三自由度共计三个自由度的机构，第一自由度机构是，以Y方向的第一旋转轴Oy为中心，比其靠前的部分在偏转方向转动；第二自由度机构以第二旋转轴Or为中心在翻滚方向转动；第三自由度是以第三旋转轴Og为中心，使前端的夹钳59开合。
将作为第一自由度的机构的第一旋转轴Oy设定成能够与从连结部16的基端侧向前端侧延伸的轴线C非平行地转动即可。将作为第二自由度的机构的第二旋转轴Or形成为能够以前端动作部1 2的前端部(即夹钳59)的延伸方向的轴线为中心转动的装置，将前端部设定成可翻滚旋转即可。
前端动作部12通过金属丝52、金属丝53以及金属丝54而被驱动，各金属丝52、53、54卷绕在分别对应的筒体60c、60b、60a上。
在前端动作部12，齿轮51和55在金属丝52和54的作用下旋转，并通过使无图示的平面齿轮(face gear)旋转而能够使前端部在翻滚方向旋转。并且，在金属丝54的作用下，齿轮51旋转，从而能够通过平面齿轮57和齿轮58来使夹钳59开合。而且，在金属丝52、53、54的作用下，通过主轴部件62能够使前端部在偏转方向旋转。
以下，参照图9和图10就控制器514进行说明。
如图9所示，在控制器514的正面设置有动作状态显示部530、电源信息显示部532、报警部534、有源复位部536、第一端口515a、第二端口515b以及第三端口515c。
动作状态显示部530具有显示操纵器10的动作状态和规定的应对指示的液晶显示画面，以便操作者和参与手术的助手等容易确认操作状态。
第一端口515a、第二端口515b以及第三端口515c是使操纵器10能够与各自的插座连接器572连接的端口，其设有各自单独的信息显示部和复位开关570。
以下参照图10来说明控制器514的内部构成。在图10中，为了简单起见，示出了与第一端口515a有关的部分，而省略了与第二端口515b以及第三端口515c有关的部分。第二端口515b以及第三端口515c的构成中的一部分与第一端口515a的相关部分相同(例如运算部110等)，一部分独立地(例如驱动器116)构成。在图10中，省略了控制器514的表面(参照图9)的构成。
如图10所示，控制器514具有运算部110、电源部112、保护装置114以及驱动器116。电源部112具有调整从外部电源119得到的电力并供给各部，并且对电池112a进行充电，并在没有外部电源119供电时，自动地切换为从电池112a进行供电的功能，发挥所谓的不问断电源的作用。电池112a通常与内部的变压整流器并联连接。
保护装置114根据运算部110的运算周期信息、驱动器信息、规定的停止指令等的各信息切断向操纵器10的供电。在保护装置114的作用下切断驱动器116的供电，从而能够使操纵器10的动作立即停止。
运算部110与角度传感器43、44、45、输入传感器39a、39b、39c以及开关36连接，根据从这些各部得到的信号来决定操纵器10的动作，并将规定的指令信号供给驱动器116，并且在动作状态显示部530显示规定的状态量。运算部110还与LED 29连接，以控制该LED 29的亮灯状态。
运算部110与照相机106和白色LED 105连接，以控制拍摄和发光。
而且，运算部110与控制器514的表面(参照图9)的动作状态显示部530、电源信息显示部532、报警部534、有源复位部536、第一端口515a、第二端口515b和第三端口515c的各开关及灯连接以进行控制。运算部110由CPU、ROM以及RAM等构成，通过读取程序并运行来进行规定的软件处理。
控制器116与电动机40、41和42连接，并根据从运算部110得到的指令来驱动该电动机40、41和42。这些电动机40、41和42的驱动系统首先根据输入传感器39a、39b和39c求出针对前端动作部的动作角度指令值，并求出该动作角度指令值与从角度传感器43、44、45得到的角度信号的偏差，然后根据该偏差进行规定的补偿处理，并将指令信号供给驱动器116。因此，这些各电动机40、41和42的驱动系统形成闭环。
运算部110具有ID识别部120、拆卸判断部121、原点识别部122、警告部124以及通信部126。ID识别部120通过照相机106识别图像码10所包含的个体信息。拆卸判断部121根据由ID识别部120识别的个体信息来判断作业部16在操作部14的致动器块30上拆装时的同一性。
在扳柄32以及复合输入部34(参照图1)上，向检测人手的操作量的输入传感器39a、39b和39c(电位器等)施加规定的电压，并将该电压的规定范围设定为操作范围。这样，能够将扳柄32以及复合输入部34兼用作操作量的输入装置和操作部14的拆卸识别装置。
原点识别部122根据角度传感器43、44以及45的信号来识别前端动作部12是规定的原点还是非原点。警告部124在根据从原点识别部122得到的信号判断出前端动作部12是非原点的情况下，根据从作业部检测装置107得到的信号判断出作业部16已从操作部14上卸下时发出拆卸警告。
并且，警告部124在发出拆卸警告时，监视从ID识别部120得到的个体信息，以识别作业部16的再连接，并在得到的个体信息与拆卸前识别出的个体信息相同时解除拆卸警告，在得到的个体信息与拆卸前识别出的个体信息不同时发出错误连接警告。
拆卸警告和错误连接警告能够通过声音、语音装置或动作状态显示部530上的信息显示来进行。拆卸警告和错误连接警告最好能够容易区别，利用声音、语音装置进行的情况下，可以是鸣响间隙或频率不同的蜂鸣声。
通信部126与外部的LAN(Local Area Network，局域网)600连接，以便能够收发规定的信息。
在通过作业部检测装置107判断出已卸下了作业部16的情况下，或者通过原点识别部122判断出前端动作部12位于原点的情况下，运算部110在保护装置114的作用下停止向驱动器116供电。
如图11所示，设置有多台(例如三台)控制器514，分别通过LAN连接。作为使用历史信息管理装置的主计算机602与LAN 600连接。主计算机602将图12所示的使用历史信息表604存储在内部的存储装置中，并针对各控制器514收发与所请求的个体编号对应的使用历史信息数据，进行集中管理。主计算机602不限于与控制器514独立的构成，也可以由任一个控制器514保持使用历史信息表604并进行主计算机602的处理。
并且，LAN 600可以使用有线、无线、电源线等，当然也可以用其他通信方法来代替。LAN 600不局限于本地的方式，例如也可以是多个医疗设施使用共同的网络，也可以是操纵器的生产厂家准备主计算机602，并通过一般的网络与控制器514进行通信，由该生产厂家代替进行历史信息管理。
如图12所示，使用历史信息表604具有个体信息栏、规格栏、使用时间栏、使用次数栏、杀菌处理日期栏、错误历史信息栏、制造日期栏以及备注栏。并且，除此之外，还可以存储相位修正值(或原点修正值)等的固有信息。个体信息栏表示作业部16的个体信息。规格栏表示作业部16的规格，具体表示前端动作部12的种类、连结轴48的长度等。使用次数栏表示所对应的作业部16已使用的次数。杀菌处理栏表示所对应的作业部16最后一次进行杀菌处理的日期。错误历史信息栏表示在所对应的作业部16，过去所发生过的错误的历史信息。制造日期栏表示所对应的作业部16的制造日期。备注栏是表示其他的信息的栏，可填写任何信息。
杀菌处理栏以及备注栏的信息通过键盘和鼠标等输入装置输入主计算机602。
如图13所示，在主计算机602的显示器602a上显示连接信息表606。连接信息表606表示与主计算机602连接着的三台控制器514的各连接端口1～3的信息。关于正连接着的端口，参照使用历史信息表604，在连接信息表606的对应的地方显示使用历史信息数据。在没有连接的部位显示为“未连接”。
各控制器514根据从作业部检测装置107得到的信号，在将作业部16安装在致动器块30上时控制照相机106和白色LED 105以取得图像码104的个体信号，并从主计算机602取得与该个体信号对应的使用历史信息数据。并且，在从致动器块30卸下作业部16后对使用历史信息数据进行更新并供给到主计算机602，该主计算机602将取得的使用历史信息数据根据个体信号存储在使用历史信息表604中。
需要说明的是，作为设置使用历史信息管理装置的地方，不局限于主计算机602，如图11的虚拟线所示，也可在多个控制器514中的任意一个或全部上设置具有与使用历史信息管理装置同等功能的管理部608。
若管理部608设置在任意一个控制器514上，则该管理部608与主计算机602一样，与其他控制器514进行通信以进行信息的收发，并集中管理使用历史信息表604。
若管理部608设置在所有的控制器514上，则也可以操作使任何一个管理部608有效的选择开关，使其他管理部608无效。
并且，若管理部608设置在所有的控制器514上，则也可以分散管理相当于使用历史信息表604的信息。例如，当规定的作业部16与某个控制器514连接时，该控制器514与其他所有的控制器514进行通信，取得所连接的作业部16的个体信息的最新使用历史信息数据，并在自己的管理部608进行所连接的作业部16的信息更新和管理即可。也可以在提供信息侧的控制器514上附加表示删除该信息或信息已发送的标志进行管理。
作业部16的使用历史信息数据也可以在最后连接作业部16的(或目前连接的)控制器514上进行更新和管理，也可以在最初连接的控制器514上进行更新和管理，或者在所有的控制器514上进行冗余的更新和管理。
在显示使用历史信息表604和连接信息表606的信息的情况下，将显示器602a连接在控制器514上，或者作为显示器将主计算机602连接在LAN 600中即可。
以下就这样构成的操纵器系统500的个体信息的信息处理顺序进行说明。在没有特别说明的情况下，以下的处理在控制器514中进行。
在图14的步骤S1中，控制器514从作业部检测装置107取得信号，以确认作业部16是否与操作部14的致动器块30连接。在已连接作业部16时，进入步骤S2，在未连接时待机。
在步骤S2中，控制照相机106和白色LED 105以读取图像码104的信息。作为该信息，能够列举出个体信息、规格以及制造日期等。取得这些信息后，使照相机106和白色LED 105停止。
在步骤S3中，与主计算机602进行通信，发送个体信息以及连接作业部16的端口的信息以请求发送数据。主计算机602根据取得的个体信息对使用历史信息表604进行检索，并将对应的使用历史信息数据供给至控制器514。主计算机602在连接信息表606中的对应栏中显示与个体信息对应的使用历史信息数据。
在使用历史信息表604内没有对应的个体信息的情况下，也就是连接了新的作业部16的情况下，将该内容通知给控制器514，并在使用历史信息表604内设置新的该个体信息用栏。
在步骤4中，根据从主计算机602得到的信息，将使用时间的数据代入变量Hr，将使用次数的数据代入变量No，将错误历史信息数据代入变量Er。在收到了主计算机602没有对应的个体信息的使用历史信息数据存在的通知的情况下，将0分别代入变量Hr、变量No和变量Er。变量Er例如是包括错误的种类数的位的二进制数据。
在步骤S5中，启动规定的计时器，对所连接的作业部16的动作时间ΔHr进行计数。动作时间ΔHr的计数也可以只在作业部16为动作模式时累加。
在步骤S6中，进行规定的错误检测处理，在发生错误的情况下，进入步骤S7，在没有错误的情况下进入步骤S8。
在步骤S7中，对所发生的错误进行适当的对应处理，并且将变量Er中与该错误对应的位设定为“1”。之后，通过参照该位就能够知道发生过该错误这一历史信息，之后进入步骤S8。
在步骤S8中，从作业部检测装置107取得信号，以确认作业部16是否从操作部14的致动器块30上拆下。当作业部16已被拆下时，进入步骤S9，在仍然安装着时进入步骤S6。
在步骤S9中，使计时器停止，取得此时的动作时间AHr，并将变量Hr更新为Hr←Hr+AHr。并且，将变量No增量为No←No+1。
在步骤S10中，与主计算机602进行通信，发送拆下后的作业部16的个体信息、其端口的信息、变量No、变量Hr以及变量Er以请求写入数据。主计算机602根据取得的个体信息对使用历史信息表604进行检索，并写入对应的使用历史信息数据。这样，以后从三台中的任何一台控制器514收到发送数据的请求时，都能够提供对应的作业部16的个体信息的正确的使用历史信息数据。之后返回步骤S1。
主计算机602不显示连接信息表606中的对应栏的信息，显示为“未连接”。
如上所述，本实施方式中的操纵器系统500通过使用非接触的图像码104和照相机106能够取得作业部16的个体信息，并且不需要电力，没有电接点，从而能够简单地对作业部16进行清洗和杀菌。并且，由于没有电接点，所以没有该接点不良所引起的通信错误。一般来说，非接触式装置的使用寿命高于电接点。
图像码104将各种信息作为图像信息进行显示，能够简单地实现非接触通信。
由于多台控制器514通过LAN 600与主计算机602连接，从而能够对使用历史信息表604进行访问，因此，将作业部16与任何一个控制器514连接都能够知道使用历史信息，非常方便。
图像码104设置在连接部15的后方，能够缩短图像码104和照相机106的距离，从而能够可靠地提供个体信息。
并且，前端动作部12的姿势例如是以原点位置为基准计算出的，因此，若在手术中更换作业部，则为了准备以下的作业，最好是前端动作部12以及作业部16的各滑轮50a～50c成为与原点一致的轴位置后拆下。以与原点位置不一致的状态拆下时，最好发出规定的警报以督促重新安装该作业部，但此时需要识别作业部16，以确认没有安装其他的作业部16。此时，能够根据从图像码104得到的个体信息识别作业部16，发出规定的警报。
以下参照图15就操纵器10的变形例的操纵器10a进行说明。在操纵器10a上，与操纵器10相同的部位使用相同的标号，省略其详细说明。操纵器10a设置RFID 610和收发器612来代替图像码104和照相机106，是省略了白色LED 105的方式。
如图15所示，在操纵器10a的连接部15的后端部附近设置有RFID(Radio Frequency Identification，射频识别(ID保持部))610。RFID是将产品的个别信息存储在微小的IC芯片中，并利用无线进行信息的读取和更新等的无线认证系统，也称为无线标签、IC标签或μ芯片。在RFID 610中包括上述图像码104所包含的信息，即，作业部16的个体信息、规格、计时印记(制造日期等)或序列号、使用次数上限等信息。并且，RFID 610是可写入的，存储有使用次数、使用时间、错误历史信息、杀菌日期、相位修正值(或原点修正值)等的固有信息。
在致动器块30上，在与连接有连接部15的状态下的RFID 610相对的位置上设置有收发器(ID识别部、数据发送部)612，利用电波与RFID 610进行发送和接收。由于在连接部15安装在致动器块30上的状态下，RFID 610和收发器612的相对位置和朝向是固定的，因此，能够缩小各自的电波的指向性，并且如果使指向性的主瓣指向目标的方向以增强该方向的电波，则能够省电且可靠地收发信息。并且，在主瓣以外的方向电波减弱，电波不会无用地到达较宽的范围，不用担心产生干扰。在图15中，用虚线614表示RFID 610以及收发器612所发出和接收的电波的强度和灵敏度最强的轴。最好使RFID 610和收发器612双方的电波的指向性最强的方向完全一致，但实际上，例如用主瓣的波束宽度进行设定，以使电波方向图在-3dB的范围相互面向对方。
当RFID 610和收发器612非常接近而使用能量小的短距离型时，能够实现低功耗化，并且不用担心产生干扰。
这样，为了固定相对的位置和朝向，且进行近距离通信，最好使用例如13.56MHz频带、2.45GHz频带或5GHz频带的RFID。
控制操纵器10a的控制器514进行与RFID 610和收发器612相对应的控制，省略具体说明。并且，由于RFID能够写入数据，所以也能够写入使用次数、使用时间、错误历史信息以及杀菌处理日期等数据。对于RFID的个体信息、序列号、规格等数据，为了防止不小心被改写，也可以设置规定的禁止改写装置。
控制操纵器10a的控制器514进行图16所示的控制。图16中的步骤S101～S103相当于上述步骤S1～S3(参照图14)，步骤S105～S111相当于上述步骤S4～S10。步骤S102与上述的步骤S2不同，不是从图像码104而是从RFID 610读取规定的信息。
步骤S104是在步骤S103和步骤S105之间进行的处理，向RFID610写入必要的信息。该信息是主计算机602中的使用历史信息表604(参照图12)的对应的所有的个体信息的使用历史信息数据。
在具有这样的变形例的操纵器10a的系统中，通过使用非接触的RFID 610和收发器612，能够取得作业部16的个体信息，并且不存在电接点，而且也没有电池等蓄电体。因此，能够对作业部16简单地进行清洗和杀菌。并且，RFID 610和收发器612使用电波收发各信号，因此能够简单地实现非接触通信。RFID 610是小型简便的结构，能够简便地进行通信。RFID 610通过接收使用历史信息数据并进行记录，能够容易地按照每个作业部16进行使用历史信息的管理。
收发器612是天线。与收发器612连接的电路可以设置在操作部14或控制器514上。
作业部16和操作部14之间的信息传输除了使用图像码104(即图像信息)或RFID 610(即电波)以外，如果使用磁、光(例如红外线通信)，也能够以非接触方式进行个体信息传输，从而能够容易进行作业部16的清洁和清洗。
虽然就医疗用的操纵器10进行了说明，但使用用途不局限于此，例如，当然也能够应用于能量设备等的狭隘部维修或是从远离患者的地方通过电通信装置等进行处置的远程操作机构。
以下就第二实施方式的医疗用操纵器系统1100进行说明。首先，示出操纵器系统1100的各构成部分和上述操纵器系统500中的对应的构成部分。
即，操纵器系统1100中主要包括以下的构成部分：操纵器1102(a)、控制单元1104(b)、外科器具1106(c)、外科器具控制单元1112(d)、动作部控制器1107(e)、动作部1122(f)、轴1116(g)、手柄1110(h)、按钮1114(i)、发送器1210(j)、电动机1212(k)、通信电路1216(l)、驱动组件1204(m)、个体识别件1300(n)以及个体信号读取器1302(o)，它们依次与上述的操纵器系统500中的以下构成部分对应，即：操纵器10(a)、控制器514(b)、作业部16(c)、致动器块30(d)、连接部15(e)、前端动作部12(f)、连结轴48(g)、握持手柄26(h)、扳柄32(i)、RFID 610(j)、电动机41～42(k)、收发器612(l)、滑轮50a～50c(m)、图像码104(n)以及照相机106(o)。另外，带括号的标号用于参考，以便容易对比。
图18表示第二实施方式的操纵器系统1100。操纵器系统1100包括医疗用操纵器1102和控制单元1104。操纵器1102包括外科器具(作业部)1106和外科器具控制机构1108。外科器具1106包括动作部控制器1107、动作部1122以及轴1116。轴1116具有第一端1118和其相反侧的第二端1120。动作部1122设置(mount)在轴1116的第一端1118，进行现在以及将来本领域技术人员所公知的各种动作。动作部控制器1107设置(mount)在轴1116的第二端1120，进行现在以及将来本领域技术人员所公知的各种动作。本说明书中使用的设置(mount)包括连接(join)、卡合(engage)、一体化(unite)、连接(connect)、联合(associate)、插入(insert)、悬挂(hang)、保持(hold)、固定(affix)、附加(attach)、紧固(fasten)、捆绑(bind)、粘贴(paste)、牢牢地固定(secure)、拴住(bolt)、旋紧(screw)、铆接(rivet)、软钎焊(solder)、焊接(weld)及其他类似用语。
外科器具控制机构1108是现在到将来本领域技术人员所公知的机械的，电动机械的、电的机构。外科器具控制机构1108包括手柄1110和外科器具控制单元(致动器部)1112。外科医生使用动作部1122以便进行现在以及将来所公知的低侵害外科手术而操作手柄1110。手柄1110包括使动作部1122进行旋转、摁压、钻孔等所需要的动作的机构。例如，手柄1110具有将动作部1122打开或关闭的按钮1114。外科器具控制机构1108通过电线束1115与控制单元1104电连接。
控制单元1104通过电线束1115从外科器具控制机构1108接收或发送电信号。这样，通过动作部控制器1107来控制动作部的动作。例如，控制软件接收到按钮1114的动作所示的电信号，将其转换成使动作部1122进行动作的适当的信号。电信号可以是模拟的也可以是数字的。为了确定向控制动作部1122的外科器具控制机构1108发送的控制指令，控制单元1104对从固定在手柄1110上的传感器(transducer)接收的角度测定值进一步进行变换。
在图19中，动作部控制器1107包括多个驱动组件1204、多条金属丝1206、多个连接器1208以及发送器(ID保持部)1210。发送器1210包括RFID。轴1116一般包括细长的管，管中有多条金属丝1206延伸。多条金属丝1206以可操作的方式与动作部1122和动作部控制器1107连接。动作部1122为了切除、剥离、缝合、把持等目的，具有各种形式的器具。
在图18中，外科器具控制机构1108将多个电动机1212、多条电缆1214、通信电路(ID识别部)1216、控制电缆1218固定在外科器具控制单元1112内。通信电路1216具有接收器。外科器具1106固定在外科器具控制机构1108上时，发送器1210将个体识别信号发送到通信电路1216。个体识别信号对动作部1122的类型进行限定，然后操纵器系统1100进行所需要的动作。通信电路1216收到个体识别信号，通过电线束1115内的控制电缆1218将该个体识别信号发送至控制单元1104。
控制单元1104从通信电路1216接收个体识别信号。控制单元1104根据所识别的外科器具的种类来理解其动作，并通过电线束1115中的多条电缆1214向多个电动机1212发送控制信号。外科器具1106能够从外科器具控制机构1108脱离，从而能够简单且迅速地换装多个不同种类的外科器具。通过将外科器具控制机构1108和外科器具1106在物理上连接的多个连接器1208，多个电动机1212与能够拆下的多个驱动组件1204结合。
多个驱动组件1204包括从控制单元1104向动作部1122的机械动作传递信号的机械构成部分。例如，多个电动机1212产生使多个驱动组件1204旋转的转矩。多个驱动组件1204的旋转成为使动作部1122进行动作的多条金属丝1206的动作。由于动作部1122具有多个不同的例如切除、解体、缝合等的器具，所以多条金属丝1206与动作部1122的不同的动作相对应。因此，控制单元1104识别动作部的种类，以便根据该种类产生适当的控制信号。
如图19所示，动作部控制器1107包括多个驱动组件1204、多条金属丝1206、多个连接器1208以及个体识别件(ID保持部)1300。个体识别件1300固定在外科器具1106的外侧表面。例如，个体识别件1300固定在与外科器具控制机构1108相邻的动作部控制器1107的外侧表面。个体识别件1300包括现在或将来本领域技术人员所公知的条形码等。外科器具控制机构1108包括固定在外科器具控制单元1112上的多个电动机1212、多条电缆1214、个体信号读取器(ID识别部)1302以及控制电缆1218。个体信号读取器1302包括使用红外线读取个体识别件1300的个体信号的条形码读取器。当外科器具1106固定在外科器具控制机构1108上时，个体信号读取器1302读取个体识别件1300的个体信号，并通过电线束1115内的控制电缆1218向控制单元1104传输个体识别件1300的个体信号。控制单元1104从个体信号读取器1302接收个体信号。控制单元(控制部)1104识别动作部的种类，理解该动作，并如在图19中所说明的那样通过电线束1115中的多条电缆1214向电动机1212传输控制信号。
根据这样的操纵器系统1100，能够在动作部控制器1107和外科器具控制机构1108之间非接触地传输个体信息，动作部控制器1107成为没有接点的构成，从而能够容易地进行清洗和杀菌。
对作业部16连接在利用人手进行操作的操作部14上的情况进行了说明，但也可应用于例如图20所示的手术用机器人系统700。
手术用机器人系统700具有机器人臂702和控制台704，作业部16与机器人臂702的前端连接。通过在机器人臂702的前端设置与上述致动器块30相同的机构，能够连接以及驱动作业部16。这种情况下的操纵器10由机器人臂702和作业部16构成。机器人臂702只要是使作业部16移动的装置即可，不局限于落地式，例如也可是自律移动式。控制台704可采用工作台式、控制盘式等的构成。
机器人臂702如果具有六个以上的独立关节(转动轴和滑动轴等)，则能够自由地设定作业部16的位置和朝向。前端的致动器块30与机器人臂702的前端部708一体化。
在致动器块30上设置照相机106(或收发器612)、白色LED 105以及作业部检测装置107，在作业部16的连接部15上设置有图像码104(或RFID 610)以及被检测片109。
机器人臂702在控制台704的作用下进行动作，也可形成根据程序进行自动动作或模仿设置在控制台704上的控制杆(机器人操作部)706的动作以及这些的复合动作。控制台704包括上述控制器514的功能。
在控制台704上设置有两个控制杆706和显示器710，该控制杆706是上述操作部14中的除了致动器块30以外的机构的操作部。通过两个控制杆706能够分别单独操作两台机器人臂702，这里省略了图示。两个控制杆706设置在容易用两只手操作的位置。在显示器710上显示通过内窥镜看到的图像等信息。
控制杆706能够进行上下动作、左右动作、扭转动作以及偏斜动作，其能够根据这些动作使机器人臂702动作。控制杆706也可是主机械手。机器人臂702和控制台704之间的通讯方法可以是有线、无线、网络或者这些的组合。

Claims (15)

1.一种操纵器系统，具有操纵器(10)以及控制该操纵器(10)的控制部(514)，其特征在于，
所述操纵器(10)具有：
致动器部(30)，其带有致动器(40、41、42)；和
作业部(16)，其相对于所述致动器部(30)可自由拆装，并在轴(48、1116)的前端具有前端动作部(12)，所述前端动作部(12)与所述致动器(40、41、42)连动而以与所述轴(48、1116)不平行的轴为基准进行转动，
所述作业部(16)具有保持个体识别用的个体信号的ID保持部(104、610、1210、1300)，
所述致动器部(30)具有ID识别部(106、120、612、1216、1302)，该ID识别部以与所述ID保持部(104、610、1210、1300)非接触的方式来识别该ID保持部(104、610、1210、1300)的所述个体信号并供给至所述控制部(514)，
所述控制部(514)根据所供给的所述个体信号来控制所述作业部(16)，
所述致动器部(30)具有检测所述作业部(16)的有无的作业部检测装置(107)，
所述作业部检测装置(107)作为与所述ID识别部独立的结构而设置，
所述控制部(514)根据从所述作业部检测装置(107)得到的信号，识别所述作业部是否被安装在了所述致动器部(30)上，并在所述作业部没有安装在所述致动器部(30)上时进行控制使所述ID识别部的动作停止，在所述作业部安装在所述致动器部(30)上时根据从所述作业部检测装置(107)得到的信号控制所述ID识别部(106、120、612、1216、1302)，以取得所述ID保持部(104、610、1210、1300)的所述个体信号。
2.如权利要求1所述的操纵器系统，其特征在于，
所述ID保持部(104、610、1210、1300)是使用电波发送所述个体信号的发送器，
所述ID识别部(106、120、612、1216、1302)是接收所述保持部所发出的所述个体信号的接收器。
3.如权利要求2所述的操纵器系统，其特征在于，
所述ID保持部(104、610、1210、1300)是RFID。
4.如权利要求3所述的操纵器系统，其特征在于，
所述RFID的规格是13.56MHz频带、2.45GHz频带或5GHz频带，并且在电波的指向性最强的主瓣的波束宽度内，使电波方向图在-3dB的范围面向所述ID识别部(106、120、612、1216、1302)。
5.如权利要求3所述的操纵器系统，其特征在于，
所述致动器部(30)具有利用电波发送操纵器系统的使用历史信息数据的数据发送部，
所述RFID接收所述使用历史信息数据并存储在存储装置中。
6.如权利要求1所述的操纵器系统，其特征在于，
所述ID保持部(104、610、1210、1300)是将所述个体信号作为图像信息进行保持的显示装置，
所述ID识别部(106、120、612、1216、1302)是对所述显示装置进行拍摄的拍摄装置。
7.如权利要求6所述的操纵器系统，其特征在于，
所述显示装置是代码或二维码。
8.如权利要求6所述的操纵器系统，其特征在于，
所述作业部(16)和/或所述致动器部(30)具有覆盖所述ID保持部(104、610、1210、1300)和所述拍摄装置的罩(37)，以便在所述作业部(16)和所述致动器部(30)连接时，所述显示装置和所述拍摄装置处于大致封闭的空间内。
9.如权利要求6所述的操纵器系统，其特征在于，
所述拍摄装置是检测红外线的装置。
10.如权利要求6所述的操纵器系统，其特征在于，
所述致动器部(30)具有照亮所述显示装置的发光装置(105)。
11.如权利要求1所述的操纵器系统，其特征在于，
所述作业部检测装置(107)由设置在相对位置的发光器和受光器构成，通过在该发光器和受光器之间插入所述作业部(16)的一部分进行遮光而检测出安装了该作业部(16)。
12.如权利要求1所述的操纵器系统，其特征在于，
所述控制部(514)还具有使用历史信息管理装置(602)，
所述致动器部(30)具有检测所述作业部(16)的有无的作业部检测装置(107)，
所述控制部(514)根据从所述作业部检测装置(107)得到的信号，在所述作业部(16)安装在所述致动器部(30)上时控制所述ID识别部(106、120、612、1216、1302)，以取得所述ID保持部(104、610、1210、1300)的所述个体信号，并且从使用历史信息管理装置(602)取得与该个体信号对应的使用历史信息数据，在所述作业部(16)从所述致动器部(30)上卸下后，更新所述使用历史信息数据并供给至所述使用历史信息管理装置(602)，该使用历史信息管理装置(602)根据所述个体信号将取得的使用历史信息数据存储在存储装置中。
13.如权利要求1所述的操纵器系统，其特征在于，
具有能够与多个所述控制部(514)进行通信的使用历史信息管理装置(602)，
所述致动器部(30)具有检测所述作业部(16)的有无的作业部检测装置(107)，
所述控制部(514)根据从所述作业部检测装置(107)得到的信号，在所述作业部(16)安装在所述致动器部(30)上时控制所述ID识别部(106、120、612、1216、1302)，以取得所述ID保持部(104、610、1210、1300)的所述个体信号，并且从使用历史信息管理装置(602)取得与该个体信号对应的使用历史信息数据，在所述作业部(16)从所述致动器部(30)上卸下后，更新所述使用历史信息数据并供给至所述使用历史信息管理装置(602)，该使用历史信息管理装置(602)根据所述个体信号将取得的使用历史信息数据存储在存储装置中。
14.如权利要求13所述的操纵器系统，其特征在于，
多个所述控制部(514)的任意一个或者全部具有所述使用历史信息管理装置(602)。
15.如权利要求1所述的操纵器系统，其特征在于，
在所述作业部(16)中，通过所述轴(48、1116)连接所述前端动作部(12)和与所述致动器部(30)连接的连接部(15)，
所述ID保持部(104、610、1210、1300)设置在所述连接部(15)上。
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CN101167658A (zh) 2008-04-30
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EP2042120B1 (en) 2012-05-02
EP2042120A2 (en) 2009-04-01
DE602007005200D1 (de) 2010-04-22
ATE460128T1 (de) 2010-03-15
JP5085996B2 (ja) 2012-11-28
JP2008104855A (ja) 2008-05-08
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US20080262654A1 (en) 2008-10-23
ATE555738T1 (de) 2012-05-15

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