CA2535848A1 - Electrical profile monitoring system for detection of utilities theft - Google Patents
Electrical profile monitoring system for detection of utilities theft Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2535848A1 CA2535848A1 CA002535848A CA2535848A CA2535848A1 CA 2535848 A1 CA2535848 A1 CA 2535848A1 CA 002535848 A CA002535848 A CA 002535848A CA 2535848 A CA2535848 A CA 2535848A CA 2535848 A1 CA2535848 A1 CA 2535848A1
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- theft
- transformer
- transformers
- electrical
- utilities
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R22/00—Arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. electricity meters
- G01R22/06—Arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. electricity meters by electronic methods
- G01R22/10—Arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. electricity meters by electronic methods using digital techniques
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R22/00—Arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. electricity meters
- G01R22/06—Arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. electricity meters by electronic methods
- G01R22/061—Details of electronic electricity meters
- G01R22/066—Arrangements for avoiding or indicating fraudulent use
Description
1 "ELECTRICAL PROFILE MONITORING SYSTEM FOR DETECTION OF
2 UTILITIES THEFT"
3
4 FIELD OF THE INVENTION
Embodiments of the invention relate to systems for monitoring 6 usage of utilities, such as electrical, for alterations in normal patterns of 7 consumption of utilities and, more specifically, to a system of detection of 8 patterns indicative of theft of electrical utilities, such as in the indoor cultivation of 9 marijuana.
12 It is estimated that electrical theft alone results in millions of dollars 13 of loss per year. Ontario, Canada reports an estimated cost of $500 million 14 dollars per year. It is believed that the most significant contributor to electrical theft is the indoor cultivation of marijuana known as grow operations or "grow-16 ops". While recent case law has made the recovery of lost energy revenue 17 possible, the reality is that very little monetary recovery is made through court 18 actions.
19 Along with the staggering costs related to the electrical theft, there are additional costs to the community which include property damage, increased 21 potential for fires due to wiring required to tap into the grid, electrical brown-outs 22 and power outages due to blown transformers.
23 Typically, relatively new single family residential properties having 24 underground power lines are targeted as sites for grow-ops. The electrical power lines are readily bypassed and are more suitable than older services to provide 26 the sustained amperage, typically a 120 amp draw that is required for a large 1 commercial operation. Older services typically provide only 60 amp or 100 amp 2 overhead lines which are more susceptible to malfunction.
3 Monitoring of electrical services at a location in the service which 4 would detect bypassing of conventional metering is uncommon. Applicant is unaware of systems currently in use which are capable of economically 6 identifying atypical usage patterns at the primary level and thereafter pinpointing 7 specific households which may be of interest to the utility providers and to law 8 enforcement.
9 Systems are known to monitor consumption at secondary lines which feed electricity from the transformer to the residence which are capable of 11 detecting over usage, being typically in excess of 50% of the expected for a 12 single household. Over usage due to a grow operation or the like at the primary 13 level however becomes more difficult to detect as the over usage is typically not 14 seen as a significant alteration in measurement using conventional metering.
There is great interest in systems which can be used to identify 16 uncommon consumption patterns at the primary level, which may be indicative of 17 utility theft and which do not infringe upon existing laws which protect individual 18 rights and freedoms.
2 Figure 1 illustrates a conventional electrical grid system which 3 provides electricity to a plurality of residential properties;
4 Figure 2 is a perspective view of an underground electrical pull box which supplies electricity through a primary power line;
6 Figure 3 is a rolled-out elevation schematic according to Fig. 2;
7 Figure 4 is a rolled-out top view according to Fig. 2;
8 Figure 5 is a top view according to Fig. 2;
9 Figure 6 is a schematic of a system according to an embodiment of the invention for monitoring consumption of electricity at the primary line;
11 Figure 7a is a graphical illustration of amperage results from a 12 primary line meter without a grow operation;
13 Figure 7b a graphical illustration of amperage results from a 14 primary line meter with a grow operation;
Figure 8 is a schematic of the system according Fig. 5 comprising 16 determination of heat patterns indicative of consumption of electricity at a 17 plurality of transformers fed from the primary line and which, in turn, each feed a 18 plurality of residences; .
19 Figure 9 is a schematic of the system according to Figs. 5 and 6 further comprising identification of consumption patterns at each of a plurality of 21 individual residences connected to each of the transformers to identify a 22 residence of interest; and 23 Figure 10 is a schematic illustrating a meter suitable for measuring 24 amperage in increments of 0.1 amp and transmitting said measurement via a digital modem to a central computer.
2 As shown in Fig. 1, in residential electrical services, electricity is 3 provided by a primary electrical line extending from a pull box and which 4 provides power to a plurality of transformers which in turn feed electricity through secondary lines to each of the residences connected thereto. In newer 6 neighbourhoods, the primary line is an underground line which is connected from 7 a source to a plurality of underground pull boxes which each feed a number of 8 transformers. Typically, each pull box might feed 8-10 separate transformers 9 which in turn each feed 8-12 residences. In older neighbourhoods, the primary line is an overhead line. For the purposes of the following description, 11 embodiments of the invention are discussed in the context of an underground 12 system. As one of skill would understand, the embodiments of the invention are 13 also equally applicable to overhead services.
14 Having reference to Figs. 1-5, each pull box provides electricity to the plurality of transformers, which reduces the supplied voltage, typically 16 13000V or 25000V to 220V and each transformer then provides electricity 17 through secondary lines to a plurality of residential properties. In a typical urban 18 setting, each pull box might service about 100 residential homes, with about 10 19 homes connected to each of 10 transformers.
As shown in Fig. 6, in an embodiment of the invention, a system for 21 detection of utility theft comprises a meter, such as shown in Fig. 10, connected 22 to the primary electrical line which feeds each transformer connected thereto to 23 monitor for fluctuations in consumption (Figs. 7a and 7b) relative to a mean or 24 average consumption which has been determined for a particular area.
Depending upon the type of transformer and the voltage provided through the 1 primary line, the average consumption can generally be predicted and can be 2 verified using historical consumption records by the utility provider.
Applicant is 3 aware that an average consumption per household for a commonly used 4 transformer in Calgary, Alberta, Canada might be about 1-2 amps at 110 VAC.
Preferably, the meter measures the electrical consumption in 6 amperage and, most preferably, is capable of measuring consumption in 0.1 7 amp increments or even more preferably in 0.01 amp increments. In a preferred 8 embodiment, the meter only actuates at predetermined intervals, such as every 9 15 minutes to take a reading and collects a number of interval reading over a predetermined time. Thus a low-power battery system can be used. The 11 collected data is then transmitted to a central computer, such as by wireless 12 technology. Primary lines which exhibit an increase in consumption which 13 exceeds an established threshold over a specified period of time (Fig. 7b) are 14 flagged as being of interest.
Having reference to Fig. 8, once identified, infrared laser 16 technology is used to determine heat signatures for all of the transformers which 17 are fed by the primary line from the pull box of interest. The transformers are 18 compared to other transformers having a similar draw from the same primary line 19 and the transformer which exhibits an excessive heat signature, indicating an unexpected draw, is flagged as being suspect. The infrared laser is thus capable 21 of narrowing the number of residential properties of interest to those which are 22 fed by one or more suspect transformer(s).
23 As shown in Fig. 9, having located a transformer of interest, load 24 testing is performed on the plurality of secondary service lines within the transformer to identify the suspect service.
Embodiments of the invention relate to systems for monitoring 6 usage of utilities, such as electrical, for alterations in normal patterns of 7 consumption of utilities and, more specifically, to a system of detection of 8 patterns indicative of theft of electrical utilities, such as in the indoor cultivation of 9 marijuana.
12 It is estimated that electrical theft alone results in millions of dollars 13 of loss per year. Ontario, Canada reports an estimated cost of $500 million 14 dollars per year. It is believed that the most significant contributor to electrical theft is the indoor cultivation of marijuana known as grow operations or "grow-16 ops". While recent case law has made the recovery of lost energy revenue 17 possible, the reality is that very little monetary recovery is made through court 18 actions.
19 Along with the staggering costs related to the electrical theft, there are additional costs to the community which include property damage, increased 21 potential for fires due to wiring required to tap into the grid, electrical brown-outs 22 and power outages due to blown transformers.
23 Typically, relatively new single family residential properties having 24 underground power lines are targeted as sites for grow-ops. The electrical power lines are readily bypassed and are more suitable than older services to provide 26 the sustained amperage, typically a 120 amp draw that is required for a large 1 commercial operation. Older services typically provide only 60 amp or 100 amp 2 overhead lines which are more susceptible to malfunction.
3 Monitoring of electrical services at a location in the service which 4 would detect bypassing of conventional metering is uncommon. Applicant is unaware of systems currently in use which are capable of economically 6 identifying atypical usage patterns at the primary level and thereafter pinpointing 7 specific households which may be of interest to the utility providers and to law 8 enforcement.
9 Systems are known to monitor consumption at secondary lines which feed electricity from the transformer to the residence which are capable of 11 detecting over usage, being typically in excess of 50% of the expected for a 12 single household. Over usage due to a grow operation or the like at the primary 13 level however becomes more difficult to detect as the over usage is typically not 14 seen as a significant alteration in measurement using conventional metering.
There is great interest in systems which can be used to identify 16 uncommon consumption patterns at the primary level, which may be indicative of 17 utility theft and which do not infringe upon existing laws which protect individual 18 rights and freedoms.
2 Figure 1 illustrates a conventional electrical grid system which 3 provides electricity to a plurality of residential properties;
4 Figure 2 is a perspective view of an underground electrical pull box which supplies electricity through a primary power line;
6 Figure 3 is a rolled-out elevation schematic according to Fig. 2;
7 Figure 4 is a rolled-out top view according to Fig. 2;
8 Figure 5 is a top view according to Fig. 2;
9 Figure 6 is a schematic of a system according to an embodiment of the invention for monitoring consumption of electricity at the primary line;
11 Figure 7a is a graphical illustration of amperage results from a 12 primary line meter without a grow operation;
13 Figure 7b a graphical illustration of amperage results from a 14 primary line meter with a grow operation;
Figure 8 is a schematic of the system according Fig. 5 comprising 16 determination of heat patterns indicative of consumption of electricity at a 17 plurality of transformers fed from the primary line and which, in turn, each feed a 18 plurality of residences; .
19 Figure 9 is a schematic of the system according to Figs. 5 and 6 further comprising identification of consumption patterns at each of a plurality of 21 individual residences connected to each of the transformers to identify a 22 residence of interest; and 23 Figure 10 is a schematic illustrating a meter suitable for measuring 24 amperage in increments of 0.1 amp and transmitting said measurement via a digital modem to a central computer.
2 As shown in Fig. 1, in residential electrical services, electricity is 3 provided by a primary electrical line extending from a pull box and which 4 provides power to a plurality of transformers which in turn feed electricity through secondary lines to each of the residences connected thereto. In newer 6 neighbourhoods, the primary line is an underground line which is connected from 7 a source to a plurality of underground pull boxes which each feed a number of 8 transformers. Typically, each pull box might feed 8-10 separate transformers 9 which in turn each feed 8-12 residences. In older neighbourhoods, the primary line is an overhead line. For the purposes of the following description, 11 embodiments of the invention are discussed in the context of an underground 12 system. As one of skill would understand, the embodiments of the invention are 13 also equally applicable to overhead services.
14 Having reference to Figs. 1-5, each pull box provides electricity to the plurality of transformers, which reduces the supplied voltage, typically 16 13000V or 25000V to 220V and each transformer then provides electricity 17 through secondary lines to a plurality of residential properties. In a typical urban 18 setting, each pull box might service about 100 residential homes, with about 10 19 homes connected to each of 10 transformers.
As shown in Fig. 6, in an embodiment of the invention, a system for 21 detection of utility theft comprises a meter, such as shown in Fig. 10, connected 22 to the primary electrical line which feeds each transformer connected thereto to 23 monitor for fluctuations in consumption (Figs. 7a and 7b) relative to a mean or 24 average consumption which has been determined for a particular area.
Depending upon the type of transformer and the voltage provided through the 1 primary line, the average consumption can generally be predicted and can be 2 verified using historical consumption records by the utility provider.
Applicant is 3 aware that an average consumption per household for a commonly used 4 transformer in Calgary, Alberta, Canada might be about 1-2 amps at 110 VAC.
Preferably, the meter measures the electrical consumption in 6 amperage and, most preferably, is capable of measuring consumption in 0.1 7 amp increments or even more preferably in 0.01 amp increments. In a preferred 8 embodiment, the meter only actuates at predetermined intervals, such as every 9 15 minutes to take a reading and collects a number of interval reading over a predetermined time. Thus a low-power battery system can be used. The 11 collected data is then transmitted to a central computer, such as by wireless 12 technology. Primary lines which exhibit an increase in consumption which 13 exceeds an established threshold over a specified period of time (Fig. 7b) are 14 flagged as being of interest.
Having reference to Fig. 8, once identified, infrared laser 16 technology is used to determine heat signatures for all of the transformers which 17 are fed by the primary line from the pull box of interest. The transformers are 18 compared to other transformers having a similar draw from the same primary line 19 and the transformer which exhibits an excessive heat signature, indicating an unexpected draw, is flagged as being suspect. The infrared laser is thus capable 21 of narrowing the number of residential properties of interest to those which are 22 fed by one or more suspect transformer(s).
23 As shown in Fig. 9, having located a transformer of interest, load 24 testing is performed on the plurality of secondary service lines within the transformer to identify the suspect service.
5 1 In use, as shown in Figs. 6-9, embodiments of the invention are 2 typically implemented by positioning a meter on each primary line in the grid.
3 This minimizes the number of meters by about 10-fold over transformer-based 4 meters. The meter is typically powered by a high capacity lithium battery and is programmed to actuate at specified intervals, such as every 15 minutes, to take
3 This minimizes the number of meters by about 10-fold over transformer-based 4 meters. The meter is typically powered by a high capacity lithium battery and is programmed to actuate at specified intervals, such as every 15 minutes, to take
6 a reading of the primary line amperage. Subsets of the ongoing data are stored
7 at the meter and after several readings are taken, such as readings collected
8 over the period of an hour, the subset of data is transmitted, such as by a
9 wireless technology to a centralized computer for comparison of the readings to predetermined thresholds for the primary line consumption. The meter is located 11 off property such as in a laneway in compliance with local, provincial and federal 12 laws to avoid violation of the rights and privileges of the property owners.
13 The main computer system analyzes and compares the amperage 14 readings for each meter and identifies primary lines having unusually high draws.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, excessive draws from the primary 16 line which exceed a predetermined threshold over a predetermined period of 17 time, sufficient to eliminate spikes due to non-criminal activities, are flagged as 18 suspect. The predetermined threshold is established through historical 19 consumption records maintained by the utility and is set to accommodate peak high usage periods and is typically established having a buffer, such as 25%
21 over and above the peak high usage to avoid incorrectly flagging high usage 22 non-grow-op services. Further, typical expected consumption rates may also be 23 predicted by experts taking into consideration the size of the residences, the type 24 of transformer and the voltage supplied by the primary line.
1 As shown in Table A, an example of a hypothetical comparison or 2 ratio of amperage is made between an average dwelling and a grow operation 3 where the primary line exiting the pull box supplies 10 transformers which in turn 4 supply 100 residential dwellings. The results are illustrative of the type of increase is as follows:
Residential Total Total Community Residential amps Community at primary line Average draw over a predetermined 2 amps 200 amps 5 amps period of time per dwelling Average draw over a predetermined 100 amps 300 amps 7.5 period of time per dwelling with a single amps grow operation Percent increase 50%
8 Once a primary line has been identified as being suspect, 9 notification is sent by the system to Utility Trouble Services personnel who are trained in the use of infrared laser technology and which typically carry such 11 equipment for use in other routine servicing and monitoring functions. The Utility 12 Trouble Services personnel perform an infrared laser scan of each transformer 13 connected to the suspect primary line. Measurements are often performed at 14 night when temperature differences are greatest and the transformers are not affected by sunlight. The laser is typically directed to approximately the same 16 position on each transformer. The measurements can be performed without 17 access to private property.
18 Load testing of a transformer having an excessive heat signature is 19 also performed by the Utility Trouble Services personnel on each of the service 1 lines within the transformer. Once a specific residence is identified, notification of 2 the appropriate authorities and measures taken are governed by individual Utility 3 provider policies and are beyond the scope of the embodiments described herein 4 A first example of heat signature comparisons made using a 3M
Scotchtrak Infrared IR-60L2 Series infrared laser, available from 3M Canada, 6 London Ontario, Canada, is shown in Table B. The emissivity values of the unit 7 was operated at 0.92 (unit preset) and 0.80 (value for steel) without appreciable 8 difference. The comparisons were performed on a sunny day (not preferred) at 9 10:30 am at an ambient temperature of 8.4 C (47.1 F). A digital recording ammeter placed on one of two incoming services lines from a suspect 11 transformer gave a reading of 31 amps over a predetermined period of time.
12 Without load testing, a presumption was made that the amperage load was 13 approximately double or 62 amps. Three additional transformers in the grid of 14 ten transformers being fed from the primary line were measured for comparison.
The three additional transformers were selected to have approximately the same 16 sun exposure as the measurements were made during the day. Of note, all 17 dwellings in the residential area were of approximately the same size.
18 Table B
Transformer # of Heat Heat services reading reading (Celsius) Fahrenheit Suspect 7 13.5 56.3 1 10 9.4 48.9 2 7 9.3 48.7 3 4 9.2 48.6 Margin from highest to second 4.1 7.4 highest 1 A second example of heat comparison made using the same 2 equipment identified in the first example is shown in Table C. The comparisons 3 were performed at dawn at an ambient temperature of 8.9 C (48.0 F).
4 Approximately three hours later, a load test was performed on both secondary lines into the now identified grow operation. The results were 60.3 amps and 6 71.8 amps. Once inside the residence, it was confirmed from the timers that the 7 amperage readings at the time the heat comparisons were performed were the 8 same as when the load testing was done. Seven additional transformers in the 9 grid of ten transformers being fed from the primary line were measured for comparison. Of note, all dwellings in the residential area were of approximately 11 the same size.
1 Table C
Transformer # of Heat Heat services reading reading (Celsius) (Fahrenheit) Suspect 10 16.8 62.2 1 9 10.6 51.1 2 10 10.5 50.9 3 11 10.6 51.1 4 11 10.5 50.9 11 10.5 50.9 6 9 8.5 47.3 7 8 8.9 48.0 Margin from highest to second 6.2 11.1 highest 3 A further advantage of the system, as described above, is 4 detection of power outages, for any reason often unrelated to grow operations.
5 Typically, utilities personnel are unaware of power outages unless notified by the 6 affected individuals or as a result of random sweeps performed by Utility Trouble 7 Services personnel who may notice an absence of street lights or the like.
8 Interval monitoring of all primary lines quickly alerts the system to a complete 9 drop in draw from a primary line consistent with a power outage.
An additional advantage of the system to the utility is the ability to 11 accumulate usage data to reconcile with retailer usage data from metered sites.
13 The main computer system analyzes and compares the amperage 14 readings for each meter and identifies primary lines having unusually high draws.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, excessive draws from the primary 16 line which exceed a predetermined threshold over a predetermined period of 17 time, sufficient to eliminate spikes due to non-criminal activities, are flagged as 18 suspect. The predetermined threshold is established through historical 19 consumption records maintained by the utility and is set to accommodate peak high usage periods and is typically established having a buffer, such as 25%
21 over and above the peak high usage to avoid incorrectly flagging high usage 22 non-grow-op services. Further, typical expected consumption rates may also be 23 predicted by experts taking into consideration the size of the residences, the type 24 of transformer and the voltage supplied by the primary line.
1 As shown in Table A, an example of a hypothetical comparison or 2 ratio of amperage is made between an average dwelling and a grow operation 3 where the primary line exiting the pull box supplies 10 transformers which in turn 4 supply 100 residential dwellings. The results are illustrative of the type of increase is as follows:
Residential Total Total Community Residential amps Community at primary line Average draw over a predetermined 2 amps 200 amps 5 amps period of time per dwelling Average draw over a predetermined 100 amps 300 amps 7.5 period of time per dwelling with a single amps grow operation Percent increase 50%
8 Once a primary line has been identified as being suspect, 9 notification is sent by the system to Utility Trouble Services personnel who are trained in the use of infrared laser technology and which typically carry such 11 equipment for use in other routine servicing and monitoring functions. The Utility 12 Trouble Services personnel perform an infrared laser scan of each transformer 13 connected to the suspect primary line. Measurements are often performed at 14 night when temperature differences are greatest and the transformers are not affected by sunlight. The laser is typically directed to approximately the same 16 position on each transformer. The measurements can be performed without 17 access to private property.
18 Load testing of a transformer having an excessive heat signature is 19 also performed by the Utility Trouble Services personnel on each of the service 1 lines within the transformer. Once a specific residence is identified, notification of 2 the appropriate authorities and measures taken are governed by individual Utility 3 provider policies and are beyond the scope of the embodiments described herein 4 A first example of heat signature comparisons made using a 3M
Scotchtrak Infrared IR-60L2 Series infrared laser, available from 3M Canada, 6 London Ontario, Canada, is shown in Table B. The emissivity values of the unit 7 was operated at 0.92 (unit preset) and 0.80 (value for steel) without appreciable 8 difference. The comparisons were performed on a sunny day (not preferred) at 9 10:30 am at an ambient temperature of 8.4 C (47.1 F). A digital recording ammeter placed on one of two incoming services lines from a suspect 11 transformer gave a reading of 31 amps over a predetermined period of time.
12 Without load testing, a presumption was made that the amperage load was 13 approximately double or 62 amps. Three additional transformers in the grid of 14 ten transformers being fed from the primary line were measured for comparison.
The three additional transformers were selected to have approximately the same 16 sun exposure as the measurements were made during the day. Of note, all 17 dwellings in the residential area were of approximately the same size.
18 Table B
Transformer # of Heat Heat services reading reading (Celsius) Fahrenheit Suspect 7 13.5 56.3 1 10 9.4 48.9 2 7 9.3 48.7 3 4 9.2 48.6 Margin from highest to second 4.1 7.4 highest 1 A second example of heat comparison made using the same 2 equipment identified in the first example is shown in Table C. The comparisons 3 were performed at dawn at an ambient temperature of 8.9 C (48.0 F).
4 Approximately three hours later, a load test was performed on both secondary lines into the now identified grow operation. The results were 60.3 amps and 6 71.8 amps. Once inside the residence, it was confirmed from the timers that the 7 amperage readings at the time the heat comparisons were performed were the 8 same as when the load testing was done. Seven additional transformers in the 9 grid of ten transformers being fed from the primary line were measured for comparison. Of note, all dwellings in the residential area were of approximately 11 the same size.
1 Table C
Transformer # of Heat Heat services reading reading (Celsius) (Fahrenheit) Suspect 10 16.8 62.2 1 9 10.6 51.1 2 10 10.5 50.9 3 11 10.6 51.1 4 11 10.5 50.9 11 10.5 50.9 6 9 8.5 47.3 7 8 8.9 48.0 Margin from highest to second 6.2 11.1 highest 3 A further advantage of the system, as described above, is 4 detection of power outages, for any reason often unrelated to grow operations.
5 Typically, utilities personnel are unaware of power outages unless notified by the 6 affected individuals or as a result of random sweeps performed by Utility Trouble 7 Services personnel who may notice an absence of street lights or the like.
8 Interval monitoring of all primary lines quickly alerts the system to a complete 9 drop in draw from a primary line consistent with a power outage.
An additional advantage of the system to the utility is the ability to 11 accumulate usage data to reconcile with retailer usage data from metered sites.
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002535848A CA2535848A1 (en) | 2006-02-10 | 2006-02-10 | Electrical profile monitoring system for detection of utilities theft |
| CA 2549087 CA2549087C (en) | 2006-02-10 | 2006-05-31 | Electrical profile monitoring system for detection of atypical consumption |
| US11/421,331 US7402993B2 (en) | 2006-02-10 | 2006-05-31 | Electrical profile monitoring system for detection of atypical consumption |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002535848A CA2535848A1 (en) | 2006-02-10 | 2006-02-10 | Electrical profile monitoring system for detection of utilities theft |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2535848A1 true CA2535848A1 (en) | 2007-08-10 |
Family
ID=38337909
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002535848A Abandoned CA2535848A1 (en) | 2006-02-10 | 2006-02-10 | Electrical profile monitoring system for detection of utilities theft |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7402993B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2535848A1 (en) |
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| CN103616542A (en) * | 2013-11-28 | 2014-03-05 | 国家电网公司 | Method for calculating electricity quantity and electric charge based on time intervals |
| US20160161539A1 (en) * | 2014-12-09 | 2016-06-09 | Powerhive, Inc. | Electricity theft detection system |
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| US6980090B2 (en) | 2002-12-10 | 2005-12-27 | Current Technologies, Llc | Device and method for coupling with electrical distribution network infrastructure to provide communications |
| US6965303B2 (en) | 2002-12-10 | 2005-11-15 | Current Technologies, Llc | Power line communication system and method |
-
2006
- 2006-02-10 CA CA002535848A patent/CA2535848A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-05-31 US US11/421,331 patent/US7402993B2/en active Active - Reinstated
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3023883A1 (en) * | 2014-11-20 | 2016-05-25 | Alcatel Lucent | Method of determining suspiciousness of consumer |
| CN110148938A (en) * | 2019-05-28 | 2019-08-20 | 国网吉林省电力有限公司长春供电公司 | A kind of method of holographic perception and layering line loss calculation |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20070200553A1 (en) | 2007-08-30 |
| US7402993B2 (en) | 2008-07-22 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| FZDE | Discontinued |