CA2415563A1 - Electromagnetic wave resistivity tool with tilted antenna - Google Patents

Electromagnetic wave resistivity tool with tilted antenna Download PDF

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Publication number
CA2415563A1
CA2415563A1 CA002415563A CA2415563A CA2415563A1 CA 2415563 A1 CA2415563 A1 CA 2415563A1 CA 002415563 A CA002415563 A CA 002415563A CA 2415563 A CA2415563 A CA 2415563A CA 2415563 A1 CA2415563 A1 CA 2415563A1
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Prior art keywords
tool
electromagnetic wave
formation
angle
response
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CA002415563A
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French (fr)
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CA2415563C (en
Inventor
Michael S. Bittar
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Halliburton Energy Services Inc
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Dresser Industries, Inc.
Michael S. Bittar
Dii Industries, Llc
Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.
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Application filed by Dresser Industries, Inc., Michael S. Bittar, Dii Industries, Llc, Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. filed Critical Dresser Industries, Inc.
Priority to CA2689859A priority Critical patent/CA2689859C/en
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/02—Determining slope or direction
    • E21B47/022—Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism
    • E21B47/0228—Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism using electromagnetic energy or detectors therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
    • G01V3/18—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V3/26—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified either by the surrounding earth formation or by the detecting device
    • G01V3/28—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified either by the surrounding earth formation or by the detecting device using induction coils
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
    • G01V3/18—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V3/30—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging operating with electromagnetic waves

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
  • Excavating Of Shafts Or Tunnels (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Length, Angles, Or The Like Using Electric Or Magnetic Means (AREA)

Abstract

A downhole method and apparatus for simultaneously determining the horizontal resistivity, vertical resistivity, and relative dip angle for anisotropic earth formations uses an antenna configuration in which a transmitter antenna (T1-TN) and a receiver antenna (R1, R2) are oriented in non-parallel planes such that the vertical resistivity and the relative dip angle are decoupled.
Preferably, either the transmitter or the receiver is mounted in a conventional orientation in a first plane that is normal to the tool axis, and the other antenna is mounted in a second plane that is not parallel to the first plane. Also disclosed is a method and apparatus for steering a downhole tool during a drilling operation in order to maintain the borehole within a desired earth formation. The steering capability is enabled by computing the difference or the radio of the phase-based or amplitude-based responses of the receiver antennas (R1, R2) which are mounted in planes that are not parallel to the planes of the transmitter antennas (T1-TN).

Claims (62)

I claim:
1. A tool for steering a downhole drilling apparatus with respect to a geological bed boundary in as earth formation, said tool having a tool axis and comprising:
a first transmitter antenna disposed within a plane oriented at a first angle With respect to the tool aids for transmitting a first transmitted electromagnetic wave into said formation, wherein said first transmitted electromagnetic wave induces a first electric current in said formation, and wherein said first electric current generates a first induced electromagnetic wave in said formation, said first induced electromagnetic wave having characteristics representative of the electrical resistivity of said formation;
a second transmitter antenna spaced apart from said first transmitter antenna along the tool axis and disposed within a plane oriented at a second angle with. respect to the tool axis for transmitting a second transmitted electromagnetic wave into said formation, wherein said second transmitted electromagnetic wave induces a second electric current in said formation, and wherein said second electric current generates a second induced electromagnetic wave in said formation said second induced electromagnetic wave having characteristics representative of the electrical resistivity of said formation;
a receiver antenna located between said first and second transmitter antennas along the tool axis and disposed within a plane oriented at a third angle with respect to the tool axis, said third angle being different from said first and second angles, for receiving said first arid second induced electromagnetic waves and generating first and second response signals based upon said first and second induced electromagnetic waves, respectively, said first and second response signals thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation; and a processor in communication with said receiver antenna for (a) receiving said first and second response signals and (b) correlating said first and second response signals to identify a portion of said first and second response signals indicative of an approaching portion of said formation and (e) generating an output signal based on said correlated first and second response signals, wherein said output signal provides an operator of said drilling apparatus with as indication of the relative position of said tool with respect to said geological bad boundary ae said tool approaches said geological bed boundary.
2. The tool of claim 1 wherein said first and second angles are substantially the same.
8. The tool of claim 2 wherein said first and second angles are substantially right angles.
4. the tool of claim 1 wherein said third angles is less than 90 degrees.
5. A tool far steering a downhole drilling apparatus with respect to a geological bed boundary in an earth formation, said tool having a tool axis and comprising:
a transmitter antenna disposed withal a plane oriented at g first angle with respect to the tool axis for transmitting a first electromagnetic wave into said formation, wherein said first electromagnetic wave induces an electric current in said formation and said electric current generates a second electromagnetic wave in said formation, said second electromagnetic wave having characteristics representative of the electrical resistivity of said formation;
a first receiver antenna spaced apart from said transmitter antenna at a specified receiver location along the tool axis and disposed within a plane oriented at a second angle with respect to tho tool axis, said second angle being different from said first angle, for receiving said second electromagnetic wave and generating a first response signal based upon said second electromagnetic wave, said first response signal. thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion o~ said formation;
a second receiver antenna spaced apart from said transmitter antenna at said specified receiver location and disposed within a plane oriented at a third angle with respect to the tool axis, said third angle being substantially the negative of said second angle, for receiving said second electromagnetic wave and generating a second response signal based upon said second electromagnetic wave, said second response signal thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation; and a processor in communication with said first and second receiver antennas for (a) receiving said first and second response signals and (b) correlating said first and second response signals to identify a portion of sad first and second response signals indicative of an approaching portion of said formation and (c) generating an output signal based on said correlated first and second response signals, wherein said output signal provides era operator of said drilling apparatus with an indication of the relative position of said tool with respect to said geological bed boundary as said tool approaches said geological bed boundary.
6. The tool of claim 6 wherein said first angle ie substantially a right angle.
7. The tool of claim 6 wherein said second angle is about +45 degrees and said third angle ins about -45 degrees.
8. A tool for steering a downhole drilling apparatus with respect to a geological bed boundary in an earth formation, said tool having a tool axis anal being rotatable about the tool axis, comprising:
a transmitter antenna disposed within a plane oriented at a first angle with respect to the tool aids for transmitting a first electromagnetic wave into said formation, therein said first electromagnetic wave induces an electric current in said formation and said electric current generates a second electromagnetic wane in said formation, said second electromagnetic wave having characteristics representative of the electrical resistivity of said formation;
a rotational position indicator for generating an orientation signal representative of the radial orientation of said tool with respect to a borehole radial reference direction;
a receiver antenna spaced apart from said transmitter antenna along the tool oafs sad disposed within a plane oriented at a second angle with respect to the tool axis, said second angle being different from said first angle, for receiving said second electromagnetic wave and generating a response signal based upon said second electromagnetic wave, said response signal thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation; and a processor in communication with said receiver antenna and said rotational position indicator for (a) receiving said response signal and said orientation signal and (b) correlating said response signal and said orientation signal to identify a portion of said response signal indicative of an approaching portion of said formation and (c) generating an output signal based on said correlated response signal and said orientation signal, wherein said output signal provides an operator of said drilling apparatus with an indication of the relative position of said tool with respect to said geological bed boundary as said tool approaches said geological bed boundary.
9. The tool of claim 8 wherein said first angle is substantially a right angle.
10. The tool of claim a wherein said second angle is substantially a right angle.
11. The tool of claim 8 wherein said rotational position indicator comprises a gravitational sensor for indicating the orientation of said tool with respect to the direction of the earth's gravity.
12. The tool of chime 8 wherein said rotational position indicator comprises a magnetic sensor for indicating the orientation of said tool with respect to the direction of the earth's magnetic field.
13. A tool, for steering a downhole, drilling apparatus with respect to a geological bed boundary in an earth formation, said tool having a tool axis and comprising.
a first transmitter antenna disposed within a plane oriented at a first angle with respect to the tool axis for transmitting a first transmitted electromagnetic wave into said formation, wherein said first transmitted electromagnetic wave induces a first electric current in said formation, and wherein said first electric current generates a first induced electromagnetic wave in said formation, said first induced electromagnetic wave having characteristics representative of the electrical resistivity of said formation;
a second transmitter antenna spaced apart from said first transmitter antenna along the tool axis and disposed within a plane oriented at a second angle with respect to the tool axis for transmitting a second transmitted electromagnetic ware into said formation, wherein, said second transmitted , electromagnetic wave induces a second electric current in said formation, and wherein said second electric current generates a second induced electromagnetic wave in said formation, said second induced electromagnetic wave having characteristics representative of the electrical resistivity of said formation;
a first receiver antenna located at a first receiver location along said tool axis between said first and second transmitter antennas for receiving said first and second induced electromagnetic waves, said first receiver antenna being oriented at a third angle with respect to said tool axis, and said third angle being different from said first and second angles;
a second receiver antenna located at a second receiver location along said tool axis between said first and second transmitter antennas for receiving said first and second induced electromagnetic waves, said second receiver location being different from said first receiver location, said second receiver antenna being oriented at a fourth angle with respect to said tool axis, and said fourth angle being different from said first anal second angles; and a processor in communication with said first and second receiver antennas;
wherein said first receiver antenna generates a first response signal based on said first induced electromagnetic wave, and said second receiver antenna generates a second response signal based on said first included electromagnetic wave, said first and second response signals thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation;
wherein said first receiver antenna generates a third response signal based on said second induced electromagnetic wave, and said second receiver antenna generates a fourth response signal based on said second induced electromagnetic wave, said third and fourth response signals thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation; and wherein said processor (a) receives said first, second, third, and fourth response signals, and (b) correlates said first, second, third, and fourth response signals to identify a portion of said first, second, third, and fourth response signals indicative of an approaching portion of said formation and (c) generates an output signal based on said correlated first, second, third, and fourth response signals, wherein said output signal provides an operator of said drilling apparatus with an indication of the relative position of said tool with respect to said geological bed boundary as said tool approaches said geological bed boundary.
14. The tool of claim 13 wherein said first and second angles are substantially the same.
15. The tool of claim 13 wherein said first and second angles are substantially right angles.
16. The tool of claim 13 wherein said third and fourth angles are substantially the same.
17. A tool for steering a downhole drilling apparatus with respect to a geological bed boundary in an earth formation, said tool having a tool axis and comprising:
a transmitter antenna disposed within a plane oriented at a first angle with respect to the tool axis for transmitting a first electromagnetic wave into said formation, wherein said first electromagnetic wave induces an electric current in said formation and said electric current generates a second electromagnetic wave in said formation, said second electromagnetic wave having characteristics representative of the electrical resistivity of said formation:
a first receiver antenna spaced apart from said transmitter antenna at a first receiver location along the tool axis and disposed within a plane oriented at a second angle with respect to the tool axis, said second angle being different from said first angle, for receiving said second electromagnetic wave and generating a first response signal based upon said second electromagnetic wave, said first response signal thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation;
a second receiver antenna spaced apart from said transmitter antenna at a second receiver location along the tool axis and disposed within a plane oriented at a third angle with respect to the tool axis, said third angle being different from said first angle, for receiving said second electromagnetic wave and generating a second response signal based upon said second electromagnetic wave, said second response signal thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation;
a third receiver antenna spaced apart from said transmitter antenna at said first receiver location along the tool axis and disposed within a plane oriented at a fourth angle with respect to the tool axis, said fourth angle being different from said first angle, for receiving said second electromagnetic wave and generating a third response signal based upon said second electromagnetic wave, said third response signal thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation;
a fourth receiver antenna spaced apart from said transmitter antenna at said second receiver location along the tool axis and disposed within a plane oriented at a fifth angle with respect to the tool axis, said fifth angle being different from said first angle, for receiving said second electromagnetic wave and generating a fourth response signal based upon said second electromagnetic wave, said fourth response signal thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation; and a processor is communication with said first, second. third, and fourth receiver antennas for (a) receiving said first, second, third, and fourth response signals and (b) correlating said first, second, third, and fourth response signals to identify a portion of said first, second, third, and fourth response signals indicative of an approaching portion of said formation and (c) generating an output signal based on said correlated first, second, third, and fourth response signals, wherein said output signal provides an operator of said drilling apparatus with an indication of the relative position of said tool with respect to said geological bed boundary as said tool approaches said geological bed boundary.
18. The tool o~ claim 17 wherein sand first angle is substantially a right angle.
19. The tool of claim 17 wherein said second and third angles are substantially the same, said fourth angle is substantially the negative of said second angle, and said fifth angle is substantially the negative of said third angle.
20. The tool of claim 19 Wherein each of said second and third angles is about +45 degrees and each of said fourth and fifth ,angles is about -45 degrees.
21. A tool for steering a downhole drilling apparatus with respect to a geological bed boundary in an earth formation, seed tool having a tool axis and being rotatable about the tool axis, comprising:
a transmitter antenna disposed within a plane oriented at a first angle with respect to the tool axis for transmitting a first electromagnetic wave into said formation, wherein said first electromagnetic wave induces as electric current in said formation and said electric current generates a second electromagnetic wave in said formation, said second electromagnetic wave having characteristics representative of the electrical resistivity of said formation;
a first receiver antenna spaced apart from said transmitter antenna at a first receiver location along the tool axis and disposed within a plane oriented at a second angle with respect to the tool axis, said second angle being different from said first angle, for receiving said second electromagnetic wave and generating a first response signal based upon said second electromagnetic wave, said first response signal thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation, a second receiver antenna spaced apart from said transmitter antenna at a second receiver location along the tool axis and disposed within a place oriented at a third angle with respect to the tool axis, said second receiver location being different from said first receiver location and said third angle being difference from said first angle; for receiving said second electromagnetic wave and generating a second response signal based upon said second electromagnetic wave, said second response signal thereby characterizing they electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation;
a rotational position indicator for generating an orientation signal representative of the radial orientation of said tool with respect to a borehole radial reference direction; and a processor in communication with said first and second receiver antennas and said rotational position indicator for (a) receiving said first and second response signals and said orientation signal, and (b) correlating said first and second response signals and said orientation signal to identify a portion of said first and second response signals indicative of an approaching portion of said formation and (c) generating an output signal based on said correlated first and second response signals and said orientation signal, wherein said output signal provides an operator of said drilling apparatus with an indication of the relative position of said tool with respect to said geological bed boundary as said tool approaches said geological bed boundary.
22. The tool of claim 21 wherein said first angle ie substantially a right angle.
23. The tool of claim 21 wherein said second and third angles are substantially the same.
24. The tool of claim 23 wherein said second and third angles are substantially right angles.
25. The tool of claim 21 wherein said rotational position indicator comprises a gravitational sensor for indicating the orientation of said tool with respect to the direction of the earth's gravity.
26. The tool of claim 21 wherein said rotational position indicator comprises a magnetic sensor for indicating the orientation of said tool with respect to the direction of the earth's magnetic field.
27. A method for steering a downhole drilling apparatus with respect to a geological bed boundary in an earth formation, said drilling apparatus including an electromagnetic propagation logging tool.
having a tool axis, a first transmitter antenna disposed within a plane oriented at a first angle with respect to the tool axis, a second transmitter antenna spaced apart from said first transmitter antenna along the tool axis and disposed with a plane oriented at a second angle with respect to the tool axis, a receiver antenna located between said first and second transmitter antennas along the tool axis and disposed within a plane oriented at a third angle with respect to the tool axis, said third angle being different from said first and second angles, and a processor in communication with said first and second transmitter antennas and said receiver antenna, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) transmitting a first transmitted electromagnetic wave into said formation using said first transmitter antenna, wherein said first transmitted electromagnetic wave induces a first electric current in said formation, and wherein said first electric current generates a first induced electromagnetic wave in said formation, said first induced electromagnetic wave having characteristics representative of the electrical resistivity of said formation;
(b) transmitting a second transmitted electromagnetic wave into said formation using said second transmitter antenna, wherein said second transmitted electromagnetic wave induces a second electric current in said formation, and wherein said second electric current generates a second induced electromagnetic wave in said formation, said second induced electromagnetic wave having characteristics representative of the electrical resistivity of said formation;

(c) receiving said first and second induced electromagnetic waves with said receiver antenna thereby generating first and second response signals based upon said first and second induced electromagnetic waves, respectively, said first sad second response signals thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation;
(d) sending said first and second response signals to said processor;
(e) operating said processor to generate a first differential signal derived from a determination of differences in signal characteristics between said first response signal and said first transmitted electromagnetic wave;
(f) operating said processor to generate a second differential signal derived from a determination of differences in signal characteristics between said second response signal and said second transmitted electromagnetic wave;
(g) operating said processor to produce an output signal based on said first and second differential signals, wherein said output signal provides an operator of said drilling apparatus with an indication of the relative position of said tool with respect to said geological bed boundary ae said tool approaches said geological bed boundary; and (h) controlling the drilling direction of said drilling apparatus in response to said output signal.
28. The method of claim 27 wherein:
said first differential signal comprises the phase difference between said first response signal and said first transmitted electromagnetic wave; and said second differential signal comprises the phase difference between said second response signal and said second transmitted electromagnetic wave.
29. The method of claim 27 wherein said first differential signal comprises the amplitude ratio of said first response signal and said first transmitted electromagnetic.
wave; and said second differential signal comprises the amplitude ratio of said second response signal and said second transmitted electromagnetic wave.
30. The method of claim 27 wherein said output signal comprises the difference of said first and second differential. signals.
31. The method of claim 27 wherein said output signal comprises the ratio of said first and second differential signals.
32. A method for steering a downhole drilling apparatus with respect to a geological bed boundary in an earth formation, said drilling apparatus including an electromagnetic propagation logging tool having s tool axis, a transmitter antenna disposed within a plane oriented at a first angle with respect to the tool axis, a first receiver antenna spaced apart from said transmitter antenna at a specified receiver location along the tool axis and disposed within a plane oriented at a second angle with respect to the tool axis, said second angle being different from said first angle, a second receiver antenna spaced apart from said transmitter antenna at said specified receiver location and disposed within a plane oriented at a third angle with respect to the tool axis, said third angle being substantially the negative of said second angle, anal a processor in communication with said transmitter antenna and said first and second receiver antennas, said method comprising the steps of:

(a) transmitting a first electromagnetic wave into said formation using said transmitter antenna, wherein said first electromagnetic wave induces an electric current in said formation and said electric current generates a second electromagnetic wave in said formation, said second electromagnetic wave having characteristics representative of the electrical resistivity of said formation;

(b) receiving said second electromagnetic wave with said first receiver antenna thereby generating a first response signal based upon said second electromagnetic wave, said first response signal thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation;

(c) receiving said second electromagnetic wave with said second receiver antenna thereby generating a second response signal based upon said second electromagnetic wave, said second response signal thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation;

(d) sending said first and second response signals to said processor;

(e) operating said processor to generate a first differential signal derived from a determination of differences in signal characteristics between said first response signal and said first electromagnetic wave;

(f) operating said processor to generate a second differential signal derived from a determination of differences in signal characteristics between said second response signal aid said first electromagnetic wave;

(g) operating said processor to produce an output signal based on said first and second differential signals, wherein said output signal provides an operator of said drilling apparatus with an indication of the relative position of said tool with respect to said geological bed boundary as said tool apgroaches said geological bed boundary; and (h) controlling the drilling direction of said drilling apparatus in response to said output signal.
33. The method of claim 32 wherein:
said first differential signal comprises the phase difference between said first response signal and said first electromagnetic wave;
and said second differential signal comprises the phase difference between said second response signal and said first electromagnetic wave.
34. The method of claim 32 wherein:
said first differential signal comprises the amplitude ratio of said first response signal and said first electromagnetic wave; and said second differential signal comprises the amplitude ratio of said second response signal and said first electromagnetic wave.
35. The method of claim 32 wherein said output signal comprises the difference of said first and second differential signals.
36. The method of claim 32 wherein said output signal comprises the ratio of said first and second differential signals.
37. A method for steering a downhole drilling apparatus with respect to a geological bed boundary in an earth formation, said drilling apparatus including an electromagnetic propagation logging tool having a tool axis, a transmitter antenna disposed within a plane oriented at a first angle with respect to the tool axis, a receiver antenna spaced apart from said transmitter antenna along the tool axis and disposed within a plane oriented at a second angle with respect to the tool axis, said second angle being different from said first angle, a rotational position indicator attached to said logging tool, and a processor in communication with said transmitter antenna, said receiver antenna, and said rotational position indicator, said method comprising the steps of:

(a) rotating said logging tool about said tool axis as said drilling apparatus drills a borehole in said formation;

(b) using said rotational position indicator to generate an orientation signal representative of the radial orientation of said tool with respect to a borehole radial reference direction;

(c) transmitting a first electromagnetic wave into said formation using said transmitter antenna, wherein said first electromagnetic wave induces an electric current in said formation and said electric current generates a second electromagnetic wave in said formation, said second electromagnetic wave having characteristics representative of the electrical resistivity of said formation;

(d) receiving said second electromagnetic wave with said receiver antenna thereby generating a response signal based upon said second electromagnetic wave, said response signal thereby characterizing to the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation;

(e) sending said orientation signal and said response signal to said processor;

(f) using said processor to correlate said response signal with said orientation signal at a first radial orientation of said tool and a second radial orientation of said tool;

(g) operating said processor to generate a first differential signal derived from a determination of differences in signal characteristics between said response signal at said first radial orientation of said tool and said first electromagnetic wave;

(h) operating said processor to generate a second differential signal derived from a determination of differences in signal characteristics between said response signal at said second radial orientation of said tool and said first electromagnetic wave;

(i) operating said processor to produce an output signal based on said first and second differential signals, wherein said output signal provides an operator of said drilling apparatus with an indication of the relative position of said tool with respect to said geological bed boundary as said tool approaches said geological bed boundary; and (j) controlling the drilling direction of said drilling apparatus in response to said output signal.
38. The method of claim 37 wherein:

said first differential signal comprises the phase difference between said response signal at said first radial orientation of said tool and said first electromagnetic wave; and said second differential signal comprises the phase difference between said response signal at said second radial orientation of said tool and said first electromagnetic wave.
39. The method of claim 37 wherein:
said first differential signal comprises the amplitude ratio of said response signal at said first radial orientation of said tool and said first electromagnetic wave; and said second differential signal comprises the amplitude ratio of said response signal at said second radial orientation of said tool and said first electromagnetic wave.
40. The method of claim 37 wherein said output signal comprises the difference of said first end second differential signals.
41. The method of claim 37 wherein said output signal comprises the ratio of said first and second differential signals.
42. A method for steering a downhole drilling apparatus with respect to a geological bed boundary in an earth formation, said drilling apparatus including an electromagnetic propagation logging tool having a tool axis; a first transmitter antenna disposed within a plane oriented at a first angle with respect to the tool axis; a second transmitter antenna spaced apart from said first transmitter antenna along the tool axis and disposed within a plane oriented at a second angle with respect to the tool axis; a first receiver antenna located at a first receiver location along said tool axis between said first and second transmitter antennas, said first receiver antenna being oriented at a third angle with respect to said tool axis, said third angle being different from said first and second angles; a second receiver antenna located at a second receiver location along said tool axis between said first and second transmitter antennas, said second receiver location being different from said first receiver location, said second receiver antenna being oriented at a fourth angle with respect to said tool axis, said fourth angle being different from said first and second angles; and a processor in communication with said first and second transmitter antennas and said first and second receiver antennas; said method comprising the steps of:

(a) transmitting a first transmitted electromagnetic wave into said formation using said first transmitter antenna, wherein said first transmitted electromagnetic wave induces a first electric current in said formation, and wherein said first electric current generates a first induced electromagnetic wave in said formation, said first induced electromagnetic wave having characteristics representative of the electrical resistivity of said formation;

(b) transmitting a second transmitted electromagnetic wave into said formation using said second transmitter antenna, wherein said second transmitted electromagnetic wave induces a second electric current in said formation, and wherein said second electric current generates a second induced electromagnetic wave in said formation, said second induced electromagnetic wave having characteristics representative of the electrical resistivity of said formation;

(c) receiving said first induced electromagnetic wave with said first receiver antenna thereby generating a first response signal based upon said first induced electromagnetic wave, said first response signal thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation;

(d) receiving said first induced electromagnetic wave with said second receiver antenna thereby generating a second response signal based upon said first induced electromagnetic wave, said second response signal thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation;

(e) receiving said second induced electromagnetic wave with said first receiver antenna thereby generating a third response signal based upon said second induced electromagnetic wave, said third response.
signal thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation;
(f) receiving said second induced electromagnetic wave with said second receiver antenna thereby generating a fourth response signal based upon said second induced electromagnetic wave, said fourth response signal thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation;
(g) sending said first, second, third, and fourth response signals to said processor, (h) operating said processes to generate a first differential signal derived from a determination of differences in signal characteristics between said first and second response signals;
(i) operating said processor to generate a second differential signal derived from a determination of differences in signal characteristics between said third and fourth response signals;
(j) operating said processor to generate an output signal based an said first and second differential signals, wherein said output signal provides an operator of said drilling apparatus with an indication of the relative position of said tool with respect to said geological had boundary as said tool approaches said geological bed boundary; and (k) controlling the drilling direction of said drilling apparatus in response to said output signal.
43. The method of claim 42 wherein, said first differential signal comprises the phase difference between said first and second response signals; and said second differential signal comprises the phase difference between said third and fourth response signals.
44. The method of claim 42 wherein-said first differential signal comprises the amplitude ratio of said first and second response signal; and said second differential signal comprises the amplitude ratio of said third and fourth response signals.
45. The method of claim 42 wherein:
said first differantial signal comprises a phase shift resistivity value based on the phase difference between said first and second response signals: and said second differential signal comprises a phase shift resistivity value based on the phase difference between said third and fourth response signals.
46. The method of claim 42 wherein:
said first differential signal comprises an amplitude attenuation resistivity value based cu the amplitude ratio of said first and second response signals; end said second differential signal comprises an amplitude attenuation resistivity value based on the amplitude ratio of said third and fourth response signals.
47. The method of claim 42 wherein said output signal.
comprises the difference of said first and second differential signals.
48. The method of claim 42 wherein said output signal comprises the ratio of said first and second differential signals.
49. A method for steering a downhole drilling apparatus with respect to a geological bed boundary in an Earth formation, said drilling apparatus including an electrormagnetic propagation logging tool having a tool axis; a transmitter antenna disposed within a plane oriented at a first angle with respect to the tool axis; a first receiver antenna spaced apart from said transmitter antenna at a first receiver location along the tool axis and disposed within a plane oriented at a second angle with respect to the tool axis, said second angle being different from said first angle; a second receiver antenna spaced apart from said transmitter antenna at a second receiver location along the tool axis and disposed within a plane oriented at a third angle with respect to the tool axis, said third angle being different from said first angle; a third receiver antenna spaced apart from said transmitter antenna at said first receiver location along the tool axis and disposed within a plane oriented at a fourth angle with respect to the tool axis, said fourth angle being different from said first angle; a fourth receiver antenna spaced apart from said transmitter antenna at said second receiver location along the tool axis and disposed within a plane oriented at a fifth angle with respect to the tool axis, said fifth angle being different from said first angle; and a processor in communication with said transmitter antenna and said first, second, third, and fourth receiver antennas; said method comprising the steps of:
(a) transmitting a first electromagnetic wave into said formation using said transmitter antenna, wherein said first electromagnetic wave induces an electric current in said formation and said electric current generates a second electromagnetic wave in said formation, said second electromagnetic wave having characteristics representative of the electrical resistivity of said formation;
(b) receiving said second electromagnetic wave with said first receiver antenna thereby generating a first response signal based upon said second electromagnetic wave, said first response signal thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation, (c) receiving said second electromagnetic wave with said second receiver antenna thereby generating a second response signal based upon said second electromagnetic wave, said second response signal thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation;
(d) receiving said second electromagnetic wave with said third receiver antenna thereby generating a third response signal based upon said second electromagnetic wave, said third response signal thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation;
(e) receiving said second electromagnetic wave with said fourth receiver antenna thereby generating a fourth response signal based upon said second electromagnetic wave, said fourth response signal thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation;
(f) sending said first, second, third, and fourth response signals to said processor;
(g) operating said processor to generate a first differential signal derived from a determination of differences in signal characteristics between said first and second response signals;
(h) operating said processor to generate a second differential signal derived from a determination of differences in signal characteristics between said third and fourth response signals;
(i) operating said processor to generate an output signal based on said first and second differential signals, wherein said output signal provides an operator of said drilling apparatus with an indication of the relative position of said tool with respect to said geological bed boundary as said tool approaches said geological bed boundary; and (j) controlling the drilling direction of said drilling apparatus in response to said output signal.
50. The method of claim 49 wherein:
said first differential signal comprises the phase difference between said first and second response signals; and said second differential signal comprises the phase difference between said third and fourth response signals.
51. The method of claim 49 wherein:
said first differential signal comprises the amplitude ratio of said first and second response signals; and said second differential signal comprises the amplitude ratio of said third and fourth response signals.
52. The method of claim 49 wherein:
said first differential signal comprises a phase shift resistivity value based on the phase difference between said first and second response signals; and said second differential signal comprises a phase shift resistivity value based on the phase difference between said third and fourth response signals.
58. The method of claim 49 wherein:
said first differential signal comprises an amplitude attenuation resistivity value based on the amplitude ratio of said first and second response signals; and said second differential signal comprises an amplitude attenuation resistivity value based on the amplitude ratio of said third and fourth response signals.
54. The method of claim 49 wherein said output signal comprises the difference of said first and second differential signals.
55. The method o~ claim 49 wherein said output signal comprises the ratio of said first and second differential signals.
56. A method for steering a downhole drilling apparatus with respect to a geological bed boundary in an earth formation, said drilling apparatus including an electromagnetic propagation logging tool having a tool axis; a transmitter antenna disposed within a plane oriented at a first angle with respect to the tool axis; a first receiver antenna spaced apart from said transmitter antenna at a first receiver location along the tool axis and disposed within a plane oriented at a second angle with respect to the tool axle, said second angle being different from said first angle; a second receiver antenna spaced apart from said transmitter antenna at a second receiver location along the tool axis and disposed within a plane oriented at a third angle with respect to the tool axis, said second receiver location being different from said first receiver location and said third angle being different from said first angle; a rotational position indicator attached to said logging tool; and a processor in communication with transmitter antenna, said first and second receiver antennas, and said rotational position indicator; said method comprising the steps of:
(a) rotating said logging tool about said tool axis as said drilling apparatus drills a borehole in said formation;
(b) using said rotational potation indicator to generate an orientation signal representative of the radial orientation of said tool with respect to a borehole radial reference direction;
(e) transmitting a first electromagnetic wave into said formation using said transmitter antenna, wherein said first electromagnetic wave induces an electric current in said formation and said electric current generates a second electromagnetic wave in said formation, said second electromagnetic wave having characteristics representative of the electrical resistivity of said formation;
(d) receiving said second electromagnetic wave with said first receiver antenna thereby generating a first response signal based upon said second electromagnetic wave, said first response signal thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation;
(e) receiving said second electromagnetic wave with said second receiver antenna thereby generating a second response signal based upon said second electromagnetic wave, said second response signal thereby characterizing the electrical resistivity of a portion of said formation;
(f) sending said orientation signal and said first and second response signals to said processor, (g) using said processor to correlate said first and second response signals with said orientation signal at a first radial orientation of said tool and a second radial orientation of said tool;

(h) operating said processor to generate a first differential signal derived from a determination of differences in signal characteristics between said first and second response signals at said first radial orientation of said tool;
(i) operating said processor to generate a second differential signal derived from a determination of differences in signal characteristics between said first and second response signals at said second radial orientation of said tool;
(j) operating said processor to produce an output signal based on said first and second differential signals, wherein said output signal provides an operator of said drilling apparatus with an indication of the relative position of said tool with respect to said geological bed boundary as said tool approaches said geological bed boundary; and (k) controlling the drilling direction of said drilling apparatus in response to said output signal.
57. The method of claim 56 wherein:
said first differential signal comprises the phase difference between said first and second response signals at said first radial orientation of said tool; and sand second differential signal comprises the phase difference between said first end second response signals at said second radial orientation of said tool.
58. The method of claim 56. wherein:
said first differential signal comprises the amplitude ratio of said first and second response signals at said first radial orientation of said tool; and said second differential signal comprises the amplitude ratio of said first and second response signals at said second radial orientation of said tool.
59, The method of claim 56 wherein:

said first differential signal comprises a phase shift resistivity value based on the phase difference between said first and second response signals at said first radial orientation of said tool; and said second differential signal comprises a phase shift resistivity value based on the phase difference between said first and second response signals at said second radial orientation of said tool.
60. The method of claim 56 wherein:
said first differential signal comprises an amplitude attenuation resistivity value based on the amplitude ratio of said first and second response signals at said first radial orientation of said tool; and said second differential signal comprises an amplitude attenuation resistivity value based an the amplitude ratio of said first and second response signals at said second radial orientation of said tool.
61. The method of claim 56 wherein said output signal comprises the difference of said first and second differential signals.
62. The method of claim 56 wherein said output signal comprises the ratio of said first and second differential signals.
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